151
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Li QY, Cheng S, Ye Z, Huang T, Yang F, Lin YM, Gong L. Visible light-triggered selective C(sp 2)-H/C(sp 3)-H coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6366. [PMID: 37821440 PMCID: PMC10567795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct and selective coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation using readily available starting materials, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this study, we have developed a simplified photochemical system that incorporates catalytic amounts of iron(III) halides as multifunctional reagents and air as a green oxidant to address this synthetic problem. Under mild conditions, the reaction between a strong C(sp2)-H bond and a robust C(sp3)-H bond has been achieved, affording a broad range of cross-coupling products with high yields and commendable chemo-, site-selectivity. The iron halide acts as a multifunctional reagent that responds to visible light, initiates C-centered radicals, induces single-electron oxidation to carbocations, and participates in a subsequent Friedel-Crafts-type process. The gradual release of radical species and carbocation intermediates appears to be critical for achieving desirable reactivity and selectivity. This eco-friendly, cost-efficient approach offers access to various building blocks from abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks, and demonstrates the potential of iron halides in sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fuxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China.
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152
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Cai L, Lai Q, Zhang L, Xue G, Zhang Y, He N, Huang M, Hu S, Cai S. Visible-Light-Enabled Lanthanum-Mediated Intramolecular Epoxy-Ring Opening/Dehydrogenative Lactonization. Org Lett 2023; 25:7126-7131. [PMID: 37754837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization has afforded great opportunities to prepare organic substances, facilitating the derivatization of complex drugs and natural molecules. This letter describes an efficient and practical protocol for lanthanum-catalyzed continuous epoxy-ring opening and oxidative dehydrogenative lactonization under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the lanthanum catalyst also acts as a photocatalyst while acting as a Lewis acid in this reaction; therefore, no additional photocatalyst is required. We can conveniently prepare a series of diverse isochromanones with oxygen-containing spirocyclic structural units under a balloon-oxygen atmosphere at room temperature. Mechanistic studies and control experiments reveal that the in situ-generated lanthanum bromide should be crucial in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qihong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guotao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Mingqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shirong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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153
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Cui XC, Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang YP, Qu JP, Kang YB. Synthesis of α-Hydroxyl and α-Amino Pyridinyl Esters via Photoreductive Dual Radical Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2023; 25:7198-7203. [PMID: 37747960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of α-hydroxyl and α-amino pyridinyl esters via photoreductive dual radical cross-coupling catalyzed by the super-organoreductant CBZ6 has been developed. A wide range of 2-pyridinylation and 4-pyridinylation of either α-ketoesters or imine derivatives has been achieved. The applications in the synthesis of pyridinyl amino-hydroxyl acids as well as a new chiral oxazoline ligand have also been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Chao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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154
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Li Y, Guo S, Li QH, Zheng K. Metal-free photoinduced C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 3)-H cross-coupling to access α‑tertiary amino acid derivatives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6225. [PMID: 37802984 PMCID: PMC10558569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is the most direct and efficient method for constructing α-tertiary amino acids (ATAAs), which avoids the pre-activation of C(sp3)-H substrates. However, the use of transition metals and harsh reaction conditions are still significant challenges for these reactions that urgently require solutions. This paper presents a mild, metal-free CDC reaction for the construction of ATAAs, which is compatible with various benzyl C-H substrates, functionalized C-H substrates, and alkyl substrates, with good regioselectivity. Notably, our method exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage applicability. According to mechanistic studies, the one-step synthesized and bench-stable N-alkoxyphtalimide generates a highly electrophilic trifluoro ethoxy radical that serves as a key intermediate in the reaction process and acts as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent. Therefore, our metal-free and additive-free method offers a promising strategy for the synthesis of ATAAs under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qing-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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155
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Matsumoto A, Maeda N, Maruoka K. Bidirectional Elongation Strategy Using Ambiphilic Radical Linchpin for Modular Access to 1,4-Dicarbonyls via Sequential Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20344-20354. [PMID: 37490759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules that can be connected to multiple substrates by sequential C-C bond formations can be utilized as linchpins in multicomponent processes. While they are useful for rapidly increasing molecular complexity, most of the reported linchpin coupling methods rely on the use of organometallic species as strong carbon nucleophiles to form C-C bonds, which narrows the functional group compatibility. Here, we describe a metal-free, radical-mediated coupling approach using a formyl-stabilized phosphonium ylide as a multifunctional linchpin under visible-light photoredox conditions. The present method uses the ambiphilic character of the phosphonium ylide, which serves as both a nucleophilic and an electrophilic carbon-centered radical source. The stepwise and controllable generation of these radical intermediates allows sequential photocatalysis involving two mechanistically distinct radical additions, both of which are initiated by the same photocatalyst in one pot with high functional group tolerance. The methodology enables a bidirectional assembly of the linchpin with two electronically differentiated alkene fragments and thus offers rapid and modular access to 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds as versatile synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Natsumi Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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156
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Palani V, Wendlandt AE. Strain-Inducing Positional Alkene Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20053-20061. [PMID: 37647593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Small, strained ring systems are important pharmacophores in medicinal chemistry and versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. However, the kinetic and thermodynamic instability of many strained organic molecules renders them challenging to prepare. Here, we report a strain-inducing positional alkene isomerization reaction that provides mild and selective access to cyclobutene building blocks from readily obtained cyclobutylidene precursors. This endergonic isomerization relies on the sequential and synergistic action of a decatungstate polyanion photocatalyst and cobaloxime co-catalyst to store potential energy in the form of ring strain. The versatility of the cyclobutene products is demonstrated through diverse subsequent strain-releasing transformations. Mechanistic studies reveal a steric basis for strain-selective product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Palani
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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157
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Li S, Zheng C, Wang S, Li XX, Zhang Q, Fan S, Feng YS. Ketone Synthesis via Irradiation-Induced Generation of a Persistent Ketyl Radical from Acyl Azolium Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:6522-6527. [PMID: 37642302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-component α-acylated difunctionalization of alkenes strategy has been developed on the basis of a direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of photoinduced acyl azolium salts. With simple irradiation without the catalyst, a variety of olefins can be directly converted into ketone derivatives, including 1,4-dione, β-silyl ketone, 1,5-dione, etc. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the unique reactivity of the acyl azonium triplet excited state is crucial to the strategy's success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shilu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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158
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He BQ, Wu X. Deuterium- and Electron-Shuttling Catalysis for Deoxygenative Deuteration of Alcohols. Org Lett 2023; 25:6571-6576. [PMID: 37646435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A practical and precise method for visible-light-promoted deoxygenative deuteration of common aliphatic alcohols using D2O as the deuterium source is reported. Upon intermediacy of xanthate anions, a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can be facilely transformed into deuterioalkanes with excellent D-incorporation at predicted sites. The deoxygenation and deuteration sequence is catalyzed by in situ formed deuterated 2-mercaptopyridine, which plays dual roles as a deuterium atom transfer catalyst and an electron shuttle as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Qing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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159
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Raymenants F, Masson TM, Sanjosé-Orduna J, Noël T. Efficient C(sp 3 )-H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308563. [PMID: 37459232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C-H functionalization at sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C-H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C-H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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160
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Du YD, Wang S, Du HW, Chang XY, Chen XY, Li YL, Shu W. Organophotocatalysed synthesis of 2-piperidinones in one step via [1 + 2 + 3] strategy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5339. [PMID: 37660185 PMCID: PMC10475035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Six-membered N-containing heterocycles, such as 2-piperidinone derivatives, with diverse substitution patterns are widespread in natural products, drug molecules and serve as key precursors for piperidines. Thus, the development of stereoselective synthesis of multi-substituted 2-piperidinones are attractive. However, existing methods heavily rely on modification of pre-synthesized backbones which require tedious multi-step procedure and suffer from limited substitution patterns. Herein, an organophotocatalysed [1 + 2 + 3] strategy was developed to enable the one-step access to diverse substituted 2-piperidinones from easily available inorganic ammonium salts, alkenes, and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This mild protocol exhibits exclusive chemoselectivity over two alkenes, tolerating both terminal and internal alkenes with a wide range of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Wu Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Long Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, 643000, Zigong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, P. R. China.
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161
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Yang C, Arora S, Maldonado S, Pratt DA, Stephenson CRJ. The design of PINO-like hydrogen-atom-transfer catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:653-666. [PMID: 37464019 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) is a valuable hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) catalyst for selective C-H functionalization. To advance and optimize PINO-catalysed HAT reactions, researchers have been focused on modifying the phthalimide core structure. Despite much effort and some notable advances, the modifications to date have centred on optimization of a single parameter of the catalyst, such as reactivity, solubility or stability. Unfortunately, the optimization with respect to one parameter is often associated with a worsening of the others. The derivation of a single catalyst structure with optimal performance across multiple parameters has therefore remained elusive. Here we present an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of PINO and its derivatives as HAT catalysts, which we hope will stimulate further development of PINO-catalysed HAT reactions and, ultimately, lead to much improved catalysts for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sahil Arora
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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162
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Li P, Zhou C, Wang M, Wang L. Metal-Free Synthesis of 2 H-Indazole Skeletons by Photochemistry or Thermochemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12341-12356. [PMID: 37582245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple and tuned synthesis of a 2H-indazole skeleton under metal-free conditions was developed. Under visible-light irradiation at room temperature, 2-((aryl/alkyl/H)ethynyl))aryltriazenes reacted with arylsulfinic acids to afford 3-functionalized 2H-indazoles without extra photocatalyst via an electron donor-acceptor complex. In the presence of arylsulfinic acid, 2-(ethynyl)aryltriazenes underwent an intramolecular oxidation/cyclization to provide 2H-indazole-3-carbaldehydes at 50 °C in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Scienes, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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163
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Liao W, Hou J, Tang H, Guo X, Sheng G, Jin M. Photoredox Catalysis with Visible Light for Synthesis of Thioxanthones Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:6352-6356. [PMID: 37584450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-promoted and transition-metal-free photoredox-catalysis strategy is developed for the synthesis of thioxanthone derivatives (TXs). The mechanistic study and density functional theory calculations suggest that visible-light-promoted intramolecular cyclization can be divided into hydrogen atom transfer, C-C formation, and oxidative dehydrogenation with high regioselectivity and reactivity. Significantly, this C-C formation strategy can be used in TXs-based commercial photoinitiators and drugs at the gram level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liao
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jing Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Sheng
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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164
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Chakraborty N, Mitra AK. The versatility of DABCO as a reagent in organic synthesis: a review. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6830-6880. [PMID: 37605948 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) has garnered a lot of interest for numerous organic transformations since it is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, reactive, manageable, non-toxic and basic organocatalyst with a high degree of selectivity. Moreover, DABCO functions as a nucleophile as well as a base in a variety of processes for the synthesis of a wide array of molecules, including carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds. Protection and deprotection of functional groups and the formation of carbon-carbon bonds are also catalyzed by DABCO. The reagent also finds applications in the synthesis of functional groups like isothiocyanate, amide and ester. Application of DABCO in cycloaddition, coupling, aromatic nucleophilic substitution, ring-opening, oxidation and rearrangement reactions is also noteworthy. This is a state of the art review that has encompassed a variety of processes for the synthesis of organic frameworks using DABCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, Pin: 826004, India
| | - Amrit Krishna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Singur, Singur, Hooghly, West Bengal, Pin: 712409, India.
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165
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Chen PF, Li DS, Ou WT, Xue F, Deng HP. 2-Isopropylthioxanthone-Catalyzed Divergent Functionalization of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes under Visible-Light Irradiation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6184-6188. [PMID: 37559181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Functionalized cyclobutane structural motifs are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Photoinduced alkylation of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) offers a step-economical strategy for accessing 1,3-functionalized cyclobutane motifs. Herein, we disclose a general and mild photocatalytic protocol of bromoallylation and alkylation of BCBs in a metal, additive-free manner by using the same photocatalyst, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, in different catalytic roles. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of these products was illustrated in the synthesis of various valuable and complex cyclobutane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Tong Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ping Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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166
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Kumari S, Joshi A, Borthakur I, Kundu S. Activation of Ethanol via Conjunction of a Photocatalyst and a HAT Reagent for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11523-11533. [PMID: 37525430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of ethanol to value-added chemicals has tremendous potential. However, generally, harsh reaction conditions are needed for the functionalization of ethanol due to its high dehydrogenation energy. Herein, a metal-free photo-mediated activation of challenging ethanol and higher aliphatic alcohols for the synthesis of differently functionalized benzimidazoles under mild conditions is disclosed. The interplay of a photocatalyst and a HAT reagent facilitated the activation of aliphatic alcohols. A wide array of diamines with different functional groups were well tolerated, and the protocol was also extended to N-substituted diamines for the synthesis of industrially important benzimidazoles. A probable catalytic cycle was proposed based on various mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhisek Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishani Borthakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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167
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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168
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Nemoto DT, Bian KJ, Kao SC, West JG. Radical ligand transfer: a general strategy for radical functionalization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1225-1233. [PMID: 37614927 PMCID: PMC10442530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The place of alkyl radicals in organic chemistry has changed markedly over the last several decades, evolving from challenging-to-generate "uncontrollable" species prone to side reactions to versatile reactive intermediates enabling construction of myriad C-C and C-X bonds. This maturation of free radical chemistry has been enabled by several advances, including the proliferation of efficient radical generation methods, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), alkene addition, and decarboxylation. At least as important has been innovation in radical functionalization methods, including radical-polar crossover (RPC), enabling these intermediates to be engaged in productive and efficient bond-forming steps. However, direct engagement of alkyl radicals remains challenging. Among these functionalization approaches, a bio-inspired mechanistic paradigm known as radical ligand transfer (RLT) has emerged as a particularly promising and versatile means of forming new bonds catalytically to alkyl radicals. This development has been driven by several key features of RLT catalysis, including the ability to form diverse bonds (including C-X, C-N, and C-S), the use of simple earth abundant element catalysts, and the intrinsic compatibility of this approach with varied radical generation methods, including HAT, radical addition, and decarboxylation. Here, we provide an overview of the evolution of RLT catalysis from initial studies to recent advances and provide a conceptual framework we hope will inspire and enable future work using this versatile elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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169
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Maity B, Dutta S, Cavallo L. The mechanism of visible light-induced C-C cross-coupling by C sp3-H bond activation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5373-5387. [PMID: 37464786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Csp3-C cross-coupling by activating Csp3-H bonds is a dream reaction for the chemical community, and visible light-induced transition metal-catalysis under mild reaction conditions is considered a powerful tool to achieve it. Advancement of this research area is still in its infancy because of the chemical and technical complexity of this catalysis. Mechanistic studies illuminating the operative reaction pathways can rationalize the increasing amount of experimental catalysis data and provide the knowledge allowing faster and rational advances in the field. This goal requires complementary experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies, as each of them is unfit to clarify the operative mechanisms alone. In this tutorial review we summarize representative experimental and computational mechanistic studies, highlighting weaknesses, strengths, and synergies between the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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170
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Constantinou CT, Gkizis PL, Lagopanagiotopoulou OTG, Skolia E, Nikitas NF, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aminochlorination of Alkenes without the Use of an External Catalyst. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301268. [PMID: 37254681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The niche field of photochemistry offers opportunities that are not found in "traditional" ground state chemical pathways. Aminochlorinated derivatives are an interesting family of 1,2-difunctionalised compounds that provide access to a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical active substances. A practical, catalyst-free chloroamination protocol is described herein, providing access to intermediates of great importance, utilising mild and photochemical reaction conditions (370 nm), where N-chlorosulfonamides are used as both nitrogen and chlorine sources. A wide variety of olefins, decorated with a plethora of functional groups, was tested providing excellent results (28 examples, 18-88 % yield). Mechanistic studies (UV-Vis, control experiments and quantum yield measurement) were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos T Constantinou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Thomais G Lagopanagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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171
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Chen K, Zeng Q, Xie L, Xue Z, Wang J, Xu Y. Functional-group translocation of cyano groups by reversible C-H sampling. Nature 2023; 620:1007-1012. [PMID: 37364765 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations that introduce, remove or manipulate functional groups are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry1. Unlike conventional functional-group interconversion reactions that swap one functionality for another, transformations that alter solely the location of functional groups are far less explored. Here, by photocatalytic, reversible C-H sampling, we report a functional-group translocation reaction of cyano (CN) groups in common nitriles, allowing for the direct positional exchange between a CN group and an unactivated C-H bond. The reaction shows high fidelity for 1,4-CN translocation, frequently contrary to inherent site selectivity in conventional C-H functionalizations. We also report the direct transannular CN translocation of cyclic systems, providing access to valuable structures that are non-trivial to obtain by other methods. Making use of the synthetic versatility of CN and a key CN translocation step, we showcase concise syntheses of building blocks of bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the combination of C-H cyanation and CN translocation allows access to unconventional C-H derivatives. Overall, the reported reaction represents a way to achieve site-selective C-H transformation reactions without requiring a site-selective C-H cleavage step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrui Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhuan Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zisheng Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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172
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Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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173
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Jiang Y, Liu D, Rotella ME, Deng G, Liu Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ, Yang X. Net-1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Amidyl Radicals: Toward the Synthesis of 1,2-Diamine Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16045-16057. [PMID: 37441806 PMCID: PMC10411589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes are among the most useful approaches for the selective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. 1,5-HAT with heteroatom-centered radicals (O•, N•) have been well established and are favored relative to other 1,n-HAT processes. In comparison, net 1,2-HAT processes have been observed infrequently. Herein, the first amidyl radicalls are reported that preferentially undergo a net 1,2-HAT over 1,5-HAT. Beginning with single electron transfer from 2-azaallyl anions to N-alkyl N-aryloxy amides, the latter generate amidyl radicals. The amidyl radical undergoes a net-1,2-HAT to generate a C-centered radical that participates in an intermolecular radical-radical coupling with the 2-azaallyl radical to generate 1,2-diamine derivatives. Mechanistic and EPR experiments point to radical intermediates. Density functional theory calculations provide support for a base-assisted, stepwise-1,2-HAT process. It is proposed that the generation of amidyl radicals under basic conditions can be greatly expanded to access α-amino C-centered radicals that will serve as valuable synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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174
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Malandain A, Molins M, Hauwelle A, Talbot A, Loreau O, D'Anfray T, Goutal S, Tournier N, Taran F, Caillé F, Audisio D. Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion by Photoinduced Equilibration between Formate Salts and [ 11C, 13C, 14C]CO 2: Application to Carbon Isotope Radiolabeling. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The need for carbon-labeled radiotracers is increasingly higher in drug discovery and development (carbon-14, β-, t1/2 = 5730 years) as well as in positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo molecular imaging applications (carbon-11, β+, t1/2 = 20.4 min). However, the structural diversity of radiotracers is still systematically driven by the narrow available labeled sources and methodologies. In this context, the emergence of carbon dioxide radical anion chemistry might set forth potential unexplored opportunities. Based on a dynamic isotopic equilibration between formate salts and [13C, 14C, 11C]CO2, C-labeled radical anion CO2•- could be accessed under extremely mild conditions within seconds. This methodology was successfully applied to hydrocarboxylation and dicarboxylation reactions in late-stage carbon isotope labeling of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. The relevance of the method in applied radiochemistry was showcased by the whole-body PET biodistribution profile of [11C]oxaprozin in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Malandain
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Molins
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Hauwelle
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Alex Talbot
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Timothée D'Anfray
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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175
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Sun B, Li W, Liu Q, Zhang G, Mo F. Transition metal-free visible light photoredox-catalyzed remote C(sp 3)-H borylation enabled by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Commun Chem 2023; 6:156. [PMID: 37488210 PMCID: PMC10366130 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The borylation of unreactive carbon-hydrogen bonds is a valuable method for transforming feedstock chemicals into versatile building blocks. Here, we describe a transition metal-free method for the photoredox-catalyzed borylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bond, initiated by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The remote borylation was directed by 1,5-HAT of the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic reduction of hydroxamic acid derivatives. The method accommodates substrates with primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds, yielding moderate to good product yields (up to 92%) with tolerance for various functional groups. Mechanistic studies, including radical clock experiments and DFT calculations, provided detailed insight into the 1,5-HAT borylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenke Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qianyi Liu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gaoge Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
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176
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Peng Q, Gogoi AR, Rentería-Gómez Á, Gutierrez O, Scheidt KA. Visible-light-induced coupling of carboxylic acids with alcohols/amines via a phosphorous linchpin strategy. Chem 2023; 9:1983-1993. [PMID: 37547627 PMCID: PMC10399973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The combination of activated carboxylic acids and alcohols/amines to access esters and amides, respectively, is a cornerstone of organic chemistry and has been well developed over the past century. These dehydrations are extensively used in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis due to the prevalence of these functional groups in bioactive molecules. Here, we report a divergent process from the expected ester/amide outcomes through a light-induced coupling of activated carboxylic acids and alcohols/amines to efficiently prepare α-hydroxy/amino ketones or β-ketophosphonates via single-electron chemistry. A phosphorus linchpin strategy allows for the combination of these simple reagents through an intramolecular triplet state radical process, thereby enabling new carbon-carbon bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiupeng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Lead contact
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177
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Zhang S, Findlater M. Electrochemically Driven Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis: A Tool for C(sp 3)/Si-H Functionalization and Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8731-8751. [PMID: 37441236 PMCID: PMC10334887 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically driven hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis provides a complementary approach for the transformation of redox-inactive substrates that would be inaccessible to conventional electron transfer (ET) catalysis. Moreover, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis could promote organic transformations with either hydrogen atom abstraction or donation as the key step. It provides a versatile and effective tool for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H/Si-H bonds and the hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. Despite these attractive properties, electrochemically driven HAT catalysis has been largely overlooked due to the lack of understanding of both the catalytic mechanism and how catalyst selection should occur. In this Review, we give an overview of the HAT catalysis applications in the direct C(sp3)-H/Si-H functionalization and hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. The mechanistic pathways, physical properties of the HAT mediators, and state-of-the-art examples are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institutes
of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of
Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry
of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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178
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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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179
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Regni A, Bartoccini F, Piersanti G. Photoredox catalysis enabling decarboxylative radical cyclization of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives: formal synthesis of 6,7-secoagroclavine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:918-927. [PMID: 37404801 PMCID: PMC10315889 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An unusual photoredox-catalyzed radical decarboxylative cyclization cascade reaction of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives containing unactivated alkene moieties has been developed, providing green and efficient access to various six-, seven-, and eight-membered ring 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles. This type of cyclization, which was hitherto very difficult to comprehend in ergot biosynthesis and to accomplish by more conventional procedures, enables the synthesis of ergot alkaloid precursors. In addition, this work describes a mild, environmentally friendly method to activate, reductively and oxidatively, natural carboxylic acids for decarboxylative C-C bond formation by exploiting the same photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Regni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
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180
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Wang R, Wang C. Asymmetric imino-acylation of alkenes enabled by HAT-photo/nickel cocatalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6449-6456. [PMID: 37325152 PMCID: PMC10266448 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
By merging nickel-mediated facially selective aza-Heck cyclization and radical acyl C-H activation promoted by tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalyst, we accomplish an asymmetric imino-acylation of oxime ester-tethered alkenes with readily available aldehydes as the acyl source, enabling the synthesis of highly enantioenriched pyrrolines bearing an acyl-substituted stereogenic center under mild conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies support a Ni(i)/Ni(ii)/Ni(iii) catalytic sequence involving the intramolecular migratory insertion of a tethered olefinic unit into the Ni(iii)-N bond as the enantiodiscriminating step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
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181
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Zondag SDA, Mazzarella D, Noël T. Scale-Up of Photochemical Reactions: Transitioning from Lab Scale to Industrial Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:283-300. [PMID: 36913716 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-074313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have witnessed a rapid emergence of new and powerful photochemical and photocatalytic synthetic methods. Although these methods have been used mostly on a small scale, there is a growing need for efficient scale-up of photochemistry in the chemical industry. This review summarizes and contextualizes the advancements made in the past decade regarding the scale-up of photo-mediated synthetic transformations. Simple scale-up concepts and important fundamental photochemical laws have been provided along with a discussion concerning suitable reactor designs that should facilitate scale-up of this challenging class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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182
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Piedra HF, Valdés C, Plaza M. Shining light on halogen-bonding complexes: a catalyst-free activation mode of carbon-halogen bonds for the generation of carbon-centered radicals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5545-5568. [PMID: 37265729 PMCID: PMC10231334 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new activation modes for the creation of carbon-centered radicals is a task of great interest in organic chemistry. Classical activation modes for the generation of highly reactive radical carbon-centered intermediates typically relied on thermal activation of radical initiators or irradiation with unsafe energetic UV light of adequate reaction precursors. In recent years, photoredox chemistry has emerged as a leading strategy towards the catalytic generation of C-centered radicals, which enabled their participation in novel synthetic organic transformations which is otherwise very challenging or even impossible to take place. As an alternative to these activation modes for the generation of C-centered radicals, the pursuit of greener, visible-light initiated reactions that do not necessitate a photoredox/metal catalyst has recently caught the attention of chemists. In this review, we covered recent transformations, which rely on photoactivation with low-energy light of a class of EDA complexes, known as halogen-bonding adducts, for the creation of C-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F Piedra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos Valdés
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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183
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Chen Z, Cai Q, Boni YT, Liu W, Fu J, Davies HML. N-Phthalimide as a Site-Protecting and Stereodirecting Group in Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization with Donor/Acceptor Carbenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37253354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds by means of donor/acceptor carbene-induced C-H insertion was extended to substrates containing nitrogen functionality. The rhodium-stabilized donor/acceptor carbenes were generated by rhodium-catalyzed decomposition of aryldiazoacetates. The phthalimido group was the optimum nitrogen protecting group. C-H functionalization at the most sterically accessible methylene site was achieved using Rh2(S-2-Cl-5-BrTPCP)4 as catalyst, whereas Rh2(S-TPPTTL)4 was the most effective catalyst for C-H functionalization at tertiary C-H bonds and for the desymmetrization of N-phthalimidocyclohexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qinyan Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yannick T Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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184
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Wang W, Chamoreau LM, Izzet G, Proust A, Orio M, Blanchard S. Multi-Electron Visible Light Photoaccumulation on a Dipyridylamine Copper(II)-Polyoxometalate Conjugate Applied to Photocatalytic Generation of CF 3 Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and characterization of an organic-inorganic hybrid polyoxometalate functionalized by a short link with a tripodal N-based ligand and its copper complex. Upon visible light irradiation, the latter is able to store up to three reducing equivalents. The locus of the reduction is discussed based on physicochemical measurements and DFT calculations. In the presence of Togni's reagent, this complex allows for the photocatalytic generation of CF3 radicals, opening the road to valuable synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Wang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lise-Marie Chamoreau
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Izzet
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Proust
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maylis Orio
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR CNRS 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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185
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Panda SP, Hota SK, Dash R, Roy L, Murarka S. Photodecarboxylative C-H Alkylation of Azauracils with N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Lett 2023; 25:3739-3744. [PMID: 37184284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a transition-metal-free NaI/PPh3-mediated direct C-H alkylation of azauracils using N-(acyloxy)pthalimides (NHPIs) as readily available alkyl surrogates under visible light irradiation. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal formation of a photoactivated electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between NaI/PPh3, TMEDA, and alkyl NHPI ester and establish the crucial role of TMEDA in increasing the activity of the photoredox system. The reaction demonstrates a broad scope, scalability, and appreciable functional group tolerance. A variety of azauracils are shown to undergo alkylation by primary, secondary, and tertiary NHPI esters under mild conditions, furnishing the desired products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Rupashri Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
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186
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Song J, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. Decatungstate-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Alkylation of a Val Residue Proximal to the N-Terminus Controlled by an Electrostatic Interaction. Org Lett 2023; 25:3708-3712. [PMID: 37184355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The decatungstate photocatalyst [W10O32]4- efficiently promoted the C(sp3)-H alkylation of the trifluoroacetic acid salt of valine methyl ester (H-Val-OMe·TFA) with electron-deficient alkenes under UV irradiation. The electrostatic interaction between the cationic ammonium group (+NH3) of the main chain and anionic [W10O32]4- played an important role in this reaction. The influence of various protected amino acids in the C(sp3)-H alkylation was investigated as the model reaction for the alkylation of Val-containing peptides. The introduction of an alkyne moiety into Val through this alkylation was successful, and successive copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) was demonstrated. The C(sp3)-H bond of a Val residue located at the second from the N-terminus was also successfully converted. C(sp3)-H alkylation of oligopeptides containing two Val residues selectively proceeded proximally to the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Song
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
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187
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Sheng XX, Du YJ, Li JH, Teng QQ, Chen M. Photoinduced Nitrogen-to-Alkyl Radical Relay Heck Reaction of o-Alkylbenzamides with Vinyl Arenes by Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:3664-3669. [PMID: 37171228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, a palladium-catalyzed photoinduced N-to-alkyl radical relay Heck reaction of o-alkylbenzamides at benzylic sites with vinyl arenes is described. The reaction employs neither exogeneous photosensitizers nor external oxidants. It is proposed to proceed via a N-to-alkyl hybrid palladium-radical mechanism which occurs under mild conditions that are compatible with a wide range of functional groups. The products are easily transformed to azepinone derivatives, which are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Xin Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu-Jia Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jun-Hua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
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188
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Emmanuel MA, Bender SG, Bilodeau C, Carceller JM, DeHovitz JS, Fu H, Liu Y, Nicholls BT, Ouyang Y, Page CG, Qiao T, Raps FC, Sorigué DR, Sun SZ, Turek-Herman J, Ye Y, Rivas-Souchet A, Cao J, Hyster TK. Photobiocatalytic Strategies for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5459-5520. [PMID: 37115521 PMCID: PMC10905417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has revolutionized chemical synthesis, providing sustainable methods for preparing various organic molecules. In enzyme-mediated organic synthesis, most reactions involve molecules operating from their ground states. Over the past 25 years, there has been an increased interest in enzymatic processes that utilize electronically excited states accessed through photoexcitation. These photobiocatalytic processes involve a diverse array of reaction mechanisms that are complementary to one another. This comprehensive review will describe the state-of-the-art strategies in photobiocatalysis for organic synthesis until December 2022. Apart from reviewing the relevant literature, a central goal of this review is to delineate the mechanistic differences between the general strategies employed in the field. We will organize this review based on the relationship between the photochemical step and the enzymatic transformations. The review will include mechanistic studies, substrate scopes, and protein optimization strategies. By clearly defining mechanistically-distinct strategies in photobiocatalytic chemistry, we hope to illuminate future synthetic opportunities in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sophie G Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Catherine Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022,Spain
| | - Jacob S DeHovitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryce T Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yao Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Claire G Page
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Felix C Raps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Damien R Sorigué
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joshua Turek-Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ariadna Rivas-Souchet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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189
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Li S, Wang S, Feng H, Tang F, Yang W, Li XX, Zhang Q, Fan S, Feng YS. Visible-Light-Mediated NHC and Tertiary Amine Catalysis Enabling α-H Acylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:3369-3374. [PMID: 37144912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An intermolecular direct α-C-H acylation of alkenes was revealed by the visible-light-mediated N-heterocyclic carbene and quinuclidine catalysis. This convenient protocol provides a facile synthesis toward novel natural products and drug derivatives of α-substituted vinyl ketones. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the transformation proceeded via sequential radical addition, radical coupling, and an elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Huiyi Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Fei Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shilu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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190
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Zhou J, Jiao T, Fu Q, Wang J, Lu J, Yang L, Wei J, Wei S, Cong X, Hao N. Catalytic C-H alkynylation of benzylamines and aldehydes with aldimine-directing groups generated in situ. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6355-6358. [PMID: 37139669 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01414b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iridium-catalysed regioselective C-H alkynylation of unprotected primary benzylamines and aliphatic aldehydes has been achieved using in situ-installed aldimine directing groups. This protocol provides a straightforward route for the synthesis of the alkynylated primary benzylamine and aliphatic aldehyde derivatives, featuring good substrate compatibility and high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Tenggang Jiao
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Ji Lu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jun Wei
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Siping Wei
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Na Hao
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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191
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Zheng H, Fan Y, Blenko AL, Lin W. Sequential Modifications of Metal-Organic Layer Nodes for Highly Efficient Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9994-10000. [PMID: 37125994 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a bifunctional photocatalyst, Zr-OTf-EY, through sequential modifications of metal cluster nodes in a metal-organic layer (MOL). With eosin Y and strong Lewis acids on the nodes, Zr-OTf-EY catalyzes cross-coupling reactions between various C-H compounds and electron-deficient alkenes or azodicarboxylate to afford C-C and C-N coupling products, with turnover numbers of up to 1980. In Zr-OTf-EY-catalyzed reactions, Lewis acid sites bind the alkenes or azodicarboxylate to increase their local concentrations and electron deficiency for enhanced radical additions, while EY is stabilized by site isolation on the MOL to afford a long-lived catalyst for hydrogen atom transfer. The proximity between photostable EY sites and Lewis acids on the nodes of Zr-OTf-EY enhances the catalytic efficiency by approximately 400 times over the homogeneous counterpart in the cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yingjie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Abigail L Blenko
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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192
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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193
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Zheng CY, Yue JM. Allylic hydroxylation of enones useful for the functionalization of relevant drugs and natural products. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2399. [PMID: 37100800 PMCID: PMC10133259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enones are privileged structural motifs in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals, but the γ-hydroxylation of enones is challenging. Here we show a mild and efficient method for the direct C(sp3)-H hydroxylation of enones via visible-light-induced hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), which facilitates γ-hydroxylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary C-H bonds of different enones without involving metal and peroxide. The mechanism study shows that Na2-eosin Y serves as both the photocatalyst and the source of catalytic bromine radical species in the HAT-based catalytic cycle, and finally sacrifices itself completely by oxidative degradation to produce bromine radical and a major product phthalic anhydride in an environmentally friendly way. This scalable method was demonstrated by plenty of substrates (41 examples) including 10 clinical drugs and 15 natural products to be useful for the late-stage functionalization of enone-containing compounds, and, in particular, has potential application in industry for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Research Units of Discovery of New Drug Lead Molecules, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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194
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Tan H, Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang M, Cheng X, Wu J, Zheng D. Photoinduced Radical Sulfinylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds with Sulfinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2023; 25:2883-2888. [PMID: 37052454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A direct C(sp3)-H sulfinylation reaction of alkanes with sulfinyl sulfones via decatungstate photocatalysis is reported. The sulfinyl sulfones generated in situ from sulfinates in the presence of an acylating reagent were able to trap the alkyl radicals that were produced via the photoinduced direct hydrogen atom transfer of alkanes, leading to a range of sulfoxides. This radical sulfinylation process provides an efficient and concise method for the synthesis of sulfoxides from abundant alkanes under mild conditions. Using the same strategy, aldehydes can also be transferred to the corresponding sulfoxides via decarbonylative sulfinylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Changmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yangling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Danqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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195
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Zhu K, Ma Y, Wu Z, Wu J, Lu Y. Energy-Transfer-Enabled Regioconvergent Alkylation of Azlactones via Photocatalytic Radical–Radical Coupling. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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196
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Panda C, Anny-Nzekwue O, Doyle LM, Gericke R, McDonald AR. Evidence for a High-Valent Iron-Fluoride That Mediates Oxidative C(sp 3)-H Fluorination. JACS AU 2023; 3:919-928. [PMID: 37006763 PMCID: PMC10052241 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
[FeII(NCCH3)(NTB)](OTf)2 (NTB = tris(2-benzimidazoylmethyl)amine, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) was reacted with difluoro(phenyl)-λ3-iodane (PhIF2) in the presence of a variety of saturated hydrocarbons, resulting in the oxidative fluorination of the hydrocarbons in moderate-to-good yields. Kinetic and product analysis point towards a hydrogen atom transfer oxidation prior to fluorine radical rebound to form the fluorinated product. The combined evidence supports the formation of a formally FeIV(F)2 oxidant that performs hydrogen atom transfer followed by the formation of a dimeric μ-F-(FeIII)2 product that is a plausible fluorine atom transfer rebound reagent. This approach mimics the heme paradigm for hydrocarbon hydroxylation, opening up avenues for oxidative hydrocarbon halogenation.
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197
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Tran HN, West JG. RECENT ADVANCES IN BASE METAL-CATALYZED COOPERATIVE TRANSFER HYDROGENATION AND HYDRODEUTERATION OF ALKENES. Tetrahedron Lett 2023; 118:154404. [PMID: 38505129 PMCID: PMC10947216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic alkene hydrogenation is a powerful method that has been widely used in the syntheses of valuable products ranging from commodity chemicals to pharmaceuticals. Hydrogenation has also been a key strategy for selectively introducing heavy hydrogen isotopes to small molecules, a key strategy for metabolism studies and even the synthesis of "heavy drugs," where the hydrogen isotope is a key element of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Traditional hydrogenations with pressurized H2 gas are atom economic but often require complex reaction setups or expensive metal catalysts. Further, use of diatomic hydrogen necessarily limits the ability to incorporate different hydrogen isotopes at each alkene position, with H2, D2, and T2 each resulting in compete labeling of the alkene. In response to these challenges, a recent and growing movement has sought to develop transfer hydrogenation methods using non-H2 hydrogen sources and earth abundant element catalysts to simplify reaction operation. Excitingly, recent developments have delivered transfer hydrogenations that proceed using cooperative hydrogen donor reagents, permitting the controllable incorporation of different hydrogen isotopes at each position of the alkene via reagent control. In this Digest, we disclose recent advances in Earth-abundant metal-catalyzed cooperative transfer hydrogenation of alkenes with various combinations of two distinct transfer hydrogen reagents as non-H2 hydrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai N. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX, USA 77005
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX, USA 77005
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198
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Tu JL, Hu AM, Guo L, Xia W. Iron-Catalyzed C(Sp 3)-H Borylation, Thiolation, and Sulfinylation Enabled by Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7600-7611. [PMID: 36958308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization has provided enormous opportunities to construct organic molecules, facilitating the derivatization of complex pharmaceutical compounds. Within this framework, direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalysis becomes an appealing approach to this goal. However, the viable substrates utilized in these protocols are limited, and the site selectivity shows preference to activated and thermodynamically favored C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein, we describe the development of undirected iron-catalyzed C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation reactions enabled by the photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. These reactions exhibit remarkably broad substrate scope (>150 examples in total), and most importantly, all of these three reactions show unconventional regioselectivity, with the occurrence of C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation preferentially at the distal methyl position. The procedures are operationally simple and readily scalable and provide access to high-value products from simple hydrocarbons in one step. Mechanistic studies and control experiments indicate that the afforded site selectivity is not only relevant to the HAT species but also largely affected by the use of boron- and sulfone-based radical acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao-Men Hu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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199
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Glotz G, Püschmann S, Haas M, Gescheidt G. Direct detection of photo-induced reactions by IR: from Brook rearrangement to photo-catalysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00406-4. [PMID: 36933157 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In situ IR detection of photoreactions induced by the light of LEDs at appropriate wavelengths provides a simple, cost-effective, and versatile method to get insight into mechanistic details. In particular, conversions of functional groups can be selectively followed. Overlapping UV-Vis bands or fluorescence from the reactants and products and the incident light do not obstruct IR detection. Compared with in situ photo-NMR, our setup does not require tedious sample preparation (optical fibers) and offers a selective detection of reactions, even at positions where 1H-NMR lines overlap or 1H resonances are not clear-cut. We illustrate the applicability of our setup following the photo-Brook rearrangement of (adamant-1-yl-carbonyl)-tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, address photo-induced α-bond cleavage (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone), study photoreduction using tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II), investigate photo-oxygenation of double bonds with molecular oxygen and the fluorescent 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium photocatalyst, and address photo-polymerization. With the LED/FT-IR combination, reactions can be qualitatively followed in fluid solution, (highly) viscous environments, and in the solid state. Viscosity changes during the reaction (e.g., during a polymerization) do not obstruct the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sabrina Püschmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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200
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Lu WH, Yang D, Wang GQ, Wang T, Zhou YX, Jing LH. Photocatalytic synthesis of alkyl-alkyl sulfones via direct C(sp 3)-H bond functionalization. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2822-2827. [PMID: 36928523 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00276d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly efficient one-pot, three-component strategy for the construction of alkyl-alkyl sulfones through a photoinduced TBADT-catalyzed C(sp3)-H sulfonylation of unactivated hydrocarbon compounds. A wide range of commercially available hydrocarbon compounds and bioactive molecules can be successfully applied to the catalytic system, affording the corresponding alkyl-alkyl sulfones in good to excellent yields (>50 examples, up to 87% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Lu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Guo-Qin Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Yuan-Xia Zhou
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Lin-Hai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
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