151
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Yan X, Qin J, Ning G, Li J, Ai T, Su X, Wang Z. A novel poly(triazine imide) hollow tube/ZnO heterojunction for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation under visible light irradiation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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152
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Xiao Y, Tian G, Li W, Xie Y, Jiang B, Tian C, Zhao D, Fu H. Molecule Self-Assembly Synthesis of Porous Few-Layer Carbon Nitride for Highly Efficient Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2508-2515. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Guohui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Baojiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Chungui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
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153
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Qiu C, Xu Y, Fan X, Xu D, Tandiana R, Ling X, Jiang Y, Liu C, Yu L, Chen W, Su C. Highly Crystalline K-Intercalated Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Alkenes and Alkynes Deuterations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801403. [PMID: 30643725 PMCID: PMC6325627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the significance of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, the utilization of the in situ generated H/D (deuterium) active species from water splitting for artificial photosynthesis of high value-added chemicals is very attractive and promising. Herein, photocatalytic water splitting technology is utilized to generate D-active species (i.e., Dad) that can be stabilized on anchored 2nd metal catalyst and are readily for tandem controllable deuterations of carbon-carbon multibonds to produce high value-added D-labeled chemicals/pharmaceuticals. A highly crystalline K cations intercalated polymeric carbon nitride (KPCN), rationally designed, and fabricated by a solid-template induced growth, is served as an ultraefficient photocatalyst, which shows a greater than 18-fold enhancement in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over the bulk PCN. The photocatalytic in situ generated D-species by superior KPCN are utilized for selective deuteration of a variety of alkenes and alkynes by anchored 2nd catalyst, Pd nanoparticles, to produce the corresponding D-labeled chemicals and pharmaceuticals with high yields and D-incorporation. This work highlights the great potential of developing photocatalytic water splitting technology for artificial photosynthesis of value-added chemicals instead of H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Qiu
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yangsen Xu
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Xin Fan
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225002China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNational University of Singapore1 Engineering Drive 2117576Singapore
| | - Rika Tandiana
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Xiang Ling
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225002China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3117543Singapore
| | - Chenliang Su
- SZU‐NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
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154
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Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI) over a Novel Square Nanotube Poly(Triazine Imide)/TiO2 Heterojunction. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) pollution makes has a harmful impact on human health and the ecological environment. Photocatalysis reduction technology exhibits low energy consumption, high reduction efficiency and stable performance, and is playing an increasingly important role in chromium pollution control. Graphite-phase carbon nitride has been used to reduce Cr(VI) to the less harmful Cr(III) due to its visible light catalytic activity, chemical stability and low cost. However, it has a low specific surface area and fast recombination of electron–hole pairs, which severely restrict its practical application. In this work, a TiO2-modified poly(triazine imide) (PTI) square nanotube was prepared by the one-step molten salts method. The results showed the PTI had a square hollow nanotube morphology, with an about 100–1000 nm width and 60–70 nm thickness. During the formation of the PTI square tube, TiO2 nanoparticles adhere to the surface of the square tube wall by strong adsorption, and eventually form a PTI/TiO2 heterojunction. The PTI/TiO2-7 wt% heterojunction exhibited very good Cr(VI) reduction efficiency within 120 min. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the efficient separation and transport of photo-induced electron–hole pairs and the high specific surface area in the heterojunction structure.
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155
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Jang E, Kim WJ, Kim DW, Hong SH, Ali I, Park YM, Park TJ. Atomic layer deposition with rotary reactor for uniform hetero-junction photocatalyst, g-C3N4@TiO2 core–shell structures. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33180-33186. [PMID: 35529132 PMCID: PMC9073377 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterojunction of TiO2 grown on g-C3N4 particles is demonstrated using atomic layer deposition (ALD), equipped with a specifically designed rotary reactor for maintaining stable mechanical dispersion of g-C3N4 particles during ALD. The photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4@ALD-TiO2 core–shell composites was examined using the degradation of rhodamine B dye under visible light irradiation. The optimal composite with 5 ALD cycles of TiO2 exhibited the highest photocatalytic reaction rate constant among the composites with a range of ALD cycles from 2 to 200 cycles, which was observed to be 3 times higher than that of pristine g-C3N4 and 2 times higher than that of g-C3N4@TiO2 composite prepared using a simple impregnation method. The ALD-TiO2 were well-dispersed on the g-C3N4 surface, while TiO2 nanoparticles were agglomerated onto the g-C3N4 in the g-C3N4@TiO2 composite prepared by the impregnation method. This created uniform and stable heterojunctions between the g-C3N4 and TiO2, thus, enhancing the photocatalytic activity. A heterojunction of TiO2 grown on g-C3N4 particles is demonstrated using atomic layer deposition (ALD), equipped with a specifically designed rotary reactor for maintaining stable mechanical dispersion of g-C3N4 particles during ALD.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyong Jang
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
| | - Dae Woong Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Hong
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Surface Technology Group
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology
- Incheon 31056
- Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Ansan 15588
- Korea
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering
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156
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Jia Q, Zhang S, Gao Z, Yang P, Gu Q. In situ growth of triazine–heptazine based carbon nitride film for efficient (photo)electrochemical performance. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02105h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nitride polymer film with a triazine–heptazine network on FTO as a bifunctional electrode shows boosted (photo)electrochemical performance for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Quan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
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157
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Jia Q, Zhang S, Jia X, Dong X, Gao Z, Gu Q. Photocatalytic coupled redox cycle for two organic transformations over Pd/carbon nitride composites. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a photocatalytic coupling approach to promote simultaneously two organic transformations using Pd/carbon nitride composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Xiaoyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
| | - Quan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
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158
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Chen P, Xing P, Chen Z, Hu X, Lin H, Zhao L, He Y. In-situ synthesis of AgNbO3/g-C3N4 photocatalyst via microwave heating method for efficiently photocatalytic H2 generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 534:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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159
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Heymann L, Bittinger SC, Klinke C. Molecular Doping of Electrochemically Prepared Triazine-Based Carbon Nitride by 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine for Improved Photocatalytic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:17042-17048. [PMID: 30613810 PMCID: PMC6312646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copolymerization of melamine with 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) in an electrochemically induced polymerization process leads to the formation of molecular doped poly(triazine imide) (PTI). The polymerization is based on the electrolysis of water and evolving radicals during this process. The incorporation of TAP is shown by techniques such as elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopies, and powder X-ray diffraction, and it is shown that the carbon content can be tuned by the variation of the molar ratio of the two precursors. This incorporation of TAP directly influences the electronic structure of PTI and as a result, a red shift can be observed in UV-vis spectroscopy. The smaller band gap and the increased absorption in the visible range lead to improved photocatalytic properties. In dye degradation experiments, it was possible to observe an increase of the rate of the degradation of methylene blue by a factor of 4 in comparison to undoped PTI or 7 if compared to melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Heymann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia C. Bittinger
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Klinke
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP Swansea, U.K.
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160
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Xu C, Zhang W, Tang J, Pan C, Yu G. Porous Organic Polymers: An Emerged Platform for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Front Chem 2018; 6:592. [PMID: 30564569 PMCID: PMC6289060 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs), known for its high surface area and abundant porosity, can be easily designed and constructed at the molecular level. The POPs offer confined molecular spaces for the interplay of photons, excitons, electrons and holes, therefore featuring great potential in catalysis. In this review, a brief summary on the recent development of some current state-of-the-art POPs for photocatalytic water splitting and their design principles and synthetic strategies as well as relationship between structure and photocatalytic hydrogen or oxygen evolution performance are presented. Future prospects including research directions are also proposed, which may provide insights for developing POPs for photocatalytic water splitting with our expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juntao Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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161
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Huang J, Cheng W, Shi Y, Zeng G, Yu H, Gu Y, Shi L, Yi K. Honeycomb-like carbon nitride through supramolecular preorganization of monomers for high photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:324-334. [PMID: 30077113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free modified carbon nitride MCU(DMSO)-C3N4 (3:3:1) with a honeycomb-like morphology was prepared via firstly introducing cyanuric acid and urea into melamine in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the precursor for the MCU-C3N4. A variety of characterization methods, including XRD, XPS, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and photocurrent generation, were applied to investigate the structure, morphology, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of the g-C3N4 and MCU-C3N4 (3:3:1). Rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and bisphenol A (BPA) were selected as target pollutants to evaluate photocatalytic activity of the MCU-C3N4 (3:3:1) under visible light irradiation. MCU-C3N4 (3:3:1) exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with g-C3N4, where 99.49% RhB is removed within 40min, 97.7% MB is removed within 80 min, and 84.37% BPA is removed within 90 min. The improved photodegradation efficiency was mainly due to the larger surface area, the stronger REDOX ability, and the increased separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The active radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance tests indicated that h+ and O2- radicals were the dominant active species whereas OH radicals could be a minor factor. A possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed. This strategy here provides an ideal platform for the design of photocatalysts with large surface area and high porosity for various pollutant controlling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Wenjian Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Hanbo Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yanling Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Lixiu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Kaixin Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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162
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Wang J, Xu Z, Zhuang C, Wang H, Xu X, Li T, Peng T. Drastically enhanced visible light-driven H 2 evolution by anchoring TiO 2 nanoparticles on molecularly grafted carbon nitride nanosheets via a multiple modification strategy. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14556-14565. [PMID: 30255903 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of graphitic carbon nitride (CN) based photocatalysts towards efficient visible light-driven H2 evolution is highly desired for solar energy conversion. It is well-known that bulk CN materials possess three intrinsic problems, namely, high charge recombination loss, low specific surface area, and limited sunlight harvesting range. To simultaneously overcome the abovementioned drawbacks of CN, we report an innovative multiple modification strategy, involving molecular grafting of the CN network, exfoliation to ultrathin nanosheets, and hybridization with TiO2 photocatalysts. The visible light utilization ability, specific surface area, and charge separation efficiency of the CN materials improved accordingly. As expected, the TiO2/CNX-NS heterojunction photocatalyst exhibited remarkably enhanced visible light-driven H2 production rate of 138.4 μmol h-1, which was about 4.6 times higher than that of pristine CN. The excellent photocatalytic performance under visible light confirmed the successful improvement in the corresponding drawbacks of CN by each modification. In this study, we propose the possibility of combining multiple modifications in the same system to synthesize an excellent visible light-driven photocatalyst for solar-to-fuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
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163
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Teixeira IF, Barbosa ECM, Tsang SCE, Camargo PHC. Carbon nitrides and metal nanoparticles: from controlled synthesis to design principles for improved photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7783-7817. [PMID: 30234202 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is of paramount importance towards a sustainable future. Among several photocatalysts, earth-abundant polymeric carbon nitride (PCN, often wrongly named g-C3N4) has emerged as an attractive candidate due to its ability to absorb light efficiently in the visible and near-infrared ranges, chemical stability, non-toxicity, straightforward synthesis, and versatility as a platform for constructing hybrid materials. Especially, hybrids with metal nanoparticles offer the unique possibility of combining the catalytic, electronic, and optical properties of metal nanoparticles with PCN. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of PCN materials and their hybrids, emphasizing heterostructures with metal nanoparticles. We focus on recent advances encompassing synthetic strategies, design principles, photocatalytic applications, and charge-transfer mechanisms. We also discuss how the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of some noble metals NPs (e.g. Au, Ag, and Cu), bimetallic compositions, and even non-noble metals NPs (e.g., Bi) synergistically contribute with PCN in light-driven transformations. Finally, we provide a perspective on the field, in which the understanding of the enhancement mechanisms combined with truly controlled synthesis can act as a powerful tool to the establishment of the design principles needed to take the field of photocatalysis with PCN to a new level, where the desired properties and performances can be planned in advance, and the target material synthesized accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F Teixeira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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164
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Huang C, Wen J, Shen Y, He F, Mi L, Gan Z, Ma J, Liu S, Ma H, Zhang Y. Dissolution and homogeneous photocatalysis of polymeric carbon nitride. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7912-7915. [PMID: 30542549 PMCID: PMC6249756 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
After dissolution, a homogeneous carbon nitride photocatalyst showed boosted activity; meanwhile, the hallmarks of heterogeneous catalysts (facile separation and recycling) were retained.
As a metal-free conjugated polymer, carbon nitride (CN) has attracted tremendous attention as a heterogeneous (photo)catalyst. By following the example of enzymes, making all of the catalytic sites accessible via homogeneous reactions is a promising approach toward maximizing CN activity, but hindered due to the poor solubility of CN. Herein, we report the dissolution of CN in environmentally friendly methanesulfonic acid, and homogeneous photocatalysis (two biomimetic/pharmaceutical photocatalytic oxidation reactions) driven by CN for the first time with the activity boosted up to 10-times compared to the heterogeneous counterparts. Moreover, facile recycling and reusability, the hallmarks of heterogeneous catalysts, were kept for the homogeneous CN photocatalyst via reversible precipitation using poor solvents. This study opens a new vista for CN in homogeneous catalysis and offers a successful example of a polymeric catalyst that bridges the gap between homo/heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Huang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Fei He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Li Mi
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Ziyu Gan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Haibo Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China .
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device , Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
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165
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Wang X, Chen L, Chong SY, Little MA, Wu Y, Zhu WH, Clowes R, Yan Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Sulfone-containing covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1180-1189. [PMID: 30275507 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses organic molecules for light harvesting and photosynthesis, but most man-made water splitting catalysts are inorganic semiconductors. Organic photocatalysts, while attractive because of their synthetic tunability, tend to have low quantum efficiencies for water splitting. Here we present a crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) based on a benzo-bis(benzothiophene sulfone) moiety that shows a much higher activity for photochemical hydrogen evolution than its amorphous or semicrystalline counterparts. The COF is stable under long-term visible irradiation and shows steady photochemical hydrogen evolution with a sacrificial electron donor for at least 50 hours. We attribute the high quantum efficiency of fused-sulfone-COF to its crystallinity, its strong visible light absorption, and its wettable, hydrophilic 3.2 nm mesopores. These pores allow the framework to be dye-sensitized, leading to a further 61% enhancement in the hydrogen evolution rate up to 16.3 mmol g-1 h-1. The COF also retained its photocatalytic activity when cast as a thin film onto a support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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166
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Huang J, Lin Y, Liu S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Fu R, Wu D. A stepwise crosslinking strategy toward lamellar carbon frameworks with covalently connected alternate layers of porous carbon nanosheets and porous carbon spacers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10332-10335. [PMID: 30141798 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05479g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar carbon frameworks with covalently connected alternate layers of porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs) and porous carbon spacers (PCSs) were successfully fabricated based on the stepwise crosslinking of self-assembled lamellar block copolymers. The intrinsic porous structure of PCSs can maximize the utilization of well-developed surfaces/interfaces of the PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Huang
- Materials Science Institute, PCFM Lab and GDHPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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167
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Jia J, White ER, Clancy AJ, Rubio N, Suter T, Miller TS, McColl K, McMillan PF, Brázdová V, Corà F, Howard CA, Law RV, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Fast Exfoliation and Functionalisation of Two-Dimensional Crystalline Carbon Nitride by Framework Charging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12656-12660. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jia
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Current address: Dept. Materials; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | | | - Adam J. Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Theo Suter
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Kit McColl
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | | | - Furio Corà
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Robert V. Law
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Dept. Materials; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
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168
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Jia J, White ER, Clancy AJ, Rubio N, Suter T, Miller TS, McColl K, McMillan PF, Brázdová V, Corà F, Howard CA, Law RV, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Fast Exfoliation and Functionalisation of Two-Dimensional Crystalline Carbon Nitride by Framework Charging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jia
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Current address: Dept. Materials; University of Science and Technology Beijing; Beijing 100083 China
| | | | - Adam J. Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Theo Suter
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Kit McColl
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | | | - Furio Corà
- Dept. Chemistry; University College London; London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | | | - Robert V. Law
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Dept. Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Dept. Materials; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
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169
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Two-dimensional polymeric carbon nitride: structural engineering for optimizing photocatalysis. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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170
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Fabrication of B doped g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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171
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Huang W, Byun J, Rörich I, Ramanan C, Blom PWM, Lu H, Wang D, Caire da Silva L, Li R, Wang L, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Asymmetric Covalent Triazine Framework for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis via Energy Transfer Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8316-8320. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Irina Rörich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Run Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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172
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Huang W, Byun J, Rörich I, Ramanan C, Blom PWM, Lu H, Wang D, Caire da Silva L, Li R, Wang L, Landfester K, Zhang KAI. Ein asymmetrisches kovalentes Triazin‐Netzwerk für effiziente Photoredox‐Katalyse durch Energietransfer‐Kaskaden unter sichtbarem Licht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Irina Rörich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Hao Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Di Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Run Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Lei Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Kai A. I. Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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173
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Wang H, Wang G, Liu Z, Jin Z. Strategy of nitrogen defects sponge from g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets and Ni-Bi-Se complex modification for efficient dye-sensitized photocatalytic H 2 evolution. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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174
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Zhang G, Lin L, Li G, Zhang Y, Savateev A, Zafeiratos S, Wang X, Antonietti M. Ionothermal Synthesis of Triazine-Heptazine-Based Copolymers with Apparent Quantum Yields of 60 % at 420 nm for Solar Hydrogen Production from “Sea Water”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9372-9376. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guigang Zhang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Lihua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Guosheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Spiros Zafeiratos
- Institut de Chimie et des Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); UMR 7515 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg cedex France
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
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175
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Zhang G, Lin L, Li G, Zhang Y, Savateev A, Zafeiratos S, Wang X, Antonietti M. Ionothermal Synthesis of Triazine-Heptazine-Based Copolymers with Apparent Quantum Yields of 60 % at 420 nm for Solar Hydrogen Production from “Sea Water”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guigang Zhang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Lihua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Guosheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Spiros Zafeiratos
- Institut de Chimie et des Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); UMR 7515 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg cedex France
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14476 Potsdam Germany
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176
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Han Q, Cheng Z, Wang B, Zhang H, Qu L. Significant Enhancement of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution by Structure Regulation of Carbon Nitrides. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5221-5227. [PMID: 29757621 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution by utilizing solar energy has a great significance for high-density solar energy storage and environmental sustainability. Here, a defect-rich amorphous carbon nitride (DACN) photocatalyst has been synthesized by simply direct calcination of the rationally size-reduced urea crystals. The introduction of nitrogen vacancies combined with disordered structure cause a broad visible-light-reponsive range, countless lateral edge/exposed surface bonding sites, and quenched radiative recombination, suggesting that this DACN enhances photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production. A record high hydrogen evolution rate of 37,680 μmol h-1 g-1 under visible-light irradiation and an extraordinary apparent quantum efficiency of 34.4% at 400 nm were achieved, higher than most of the existing graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Eletrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Eletrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Eletrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Eletrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Eletrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
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177
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Haiber DM, Crozier PA. Nanoscale Probing of Local Hydrogen Heterogeneity in Disordered Carbon Nitrides with Vibrational Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5463-5472. [PMID: 29767996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In graphitic carbon nitrides, (photo)catalytic functionality is underpinned by the effect that residual hydrogen content, manifesting in amine (N-H x) defects, has on its optoelectronic properties. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the variation in the local structure of graphitic carbon nitrides is key for understanding structure-activity relationships. Here, we apply aloof-beam vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to locally detect variations in hydrogen content in two different layered carbon nitrides with nanometer resolution. Through low dose rate TEM, we obtain atomically resolved images from crystalline and disordered carbon nitrides. By employing an aloof-beam configuration in a monochromated STEM, radiation damage can be dramatically reduced, yielding vibrational spectra from carbon nitrides to be assessed on 10's of nanometer length scales. We find that in disordered graphitic carbon nitrides the relative amine content can vary locally up to 27%. Cyano (C≡N) defects originating from uncondensed precursor are also revealed by probing small volumes, which cannot be detected by infrared absorption or Raman scattering spectroscopies. The utility of this technique is realized for heterogeneous soft materials, such as disordered graphitic carbon nitrides, in which methods to probe catalytically active sites remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Haiber
- School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy , Arizona State University , 501 E. Tyler Mall , Tempe , Arizona 85287-6106 , United States
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy , Arizona State University , 501 E. Tyler Mall , Tempe , Arizona 85287-6106 , United States
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178
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Dong R, Zhang T, Feng X. Interface-Assisted Synthesis of 2D Materials: Trend and Challenges. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6189-6235. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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179
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Gope S, Malunavar S, Bhattacharyya AJ. Li–Ion‐Conducting Pillar‐Like Graphitic Carbon Nitrides as Novel Anodes for Li–Ion Batteries. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Gope
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry UnitIndian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012
| | - Sneha Malunavar
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry UnitIndian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012
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180
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Muñoz‐Batista MJ, Rodríguez‐Padrón D, Puente‐Santiago AR, Kubacka A, Luque R, Fernández‐García M. Sunlight‐Driven Hydrogen Production Using an Annular Flow Photoreactor and g‐C
3
N
4
‐Based Catalysts. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario J. Muñoz‐Batista
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC C/Marie Curie, 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Daily Rodríguez‐Padrón
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain
| | - Alain R. Puente‐Santiago
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain
| | - Anna Kubacka
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC C/Marie Curie, 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain
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181
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Heymann L, Schiller B, Noei H, Stierle A, Klinke C. A New Synthesis Approach for Carbon Nitrides: Poly(triazine imide) and Its Photocatalytic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3892-3900. [PMID: 29732448 PMCID: PMC5928491 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) (PTI) is a material belonging to the group of carbon nitrides and has shown to have competitive properties compared to melon or g-C3N4, especially in photocatalysis. As most of the carbon nitrides, PTI is usually synthesized by thermal or hydrothermal approaches. We present and discuss an alternative synthesis for PTI which exhibits a pH-dependent solubility in aqueous solutions. This synthesis is based on the formation of radicals during electrolysis of an aqueous melamine solution, coupling of resulting melamine radicals and the final formation of PTI. We applied different characterization techniques to identify PTI as the product of this reaction and report the first liquid state NMR experiments on a triazine-based carbon nitride. We show that PTI has a relatively high specific surface area and a pH-dependent adsorption of charged molecules. This tunable adsorption has a significant influence on the photocatalytic properties of PTI, which we investigated in dye degradation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Heymann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Schiller
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heshmat Noei
- DESY
NanoLab, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- DESY
NanoLab, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics
Department, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Klinke
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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182
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Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Under Visible Light Illumination in Systems Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-018-9541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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183
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Wang Y, Hou X, Zhang J, Xu T, Liu S, Liu B. Highly Crystalline Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Ultrahigh Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
| | - Shengjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, 96; Jinzhai road Hefei China 230026
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184
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Wu HZ, Zhong QH, Bandaru S, Liu J, Lau WM, Li LL, Wang Z. Exploring the formation and electronic structure properties of the g-C 3N 4 nanoribbon with density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:155303. [PMID: 29488471 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab2ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties and condensation degree (structure) of polymeric g-C3N4 depend strongly on the process temperature. For polymeric g-C3N4, its structure and condensation degree depend on the structure of molecular strand(s). Here, the formation and electronic structure properties of the g-C3N4 nanoribbon are investigated by studying the polymerization and crystallinity of molecular strand(s) employing first-principle density functional theory. The calculations show that the width of the molecular strand has a significant effect on the electronic structure of polymerized and crystallized g-C3N4 nanoribbons, a conclusion which would be indirect evidence that the electronic structure depends on the structure of g-C3N4. The edge shape also has a distinct effect on the electronic structure of the crystallized g-C3N4 nanoribbon. Furthermore, the conductive band minimum and valence band maximum of the polymeric g-C3N4 nanoribbon show a strong localization, which is in good agreement with the quasi-monomer characters. In addition, molecular strands prefer to grow along the planar direction on graphene. These results provide new insight on the properties of the g-C3N4 nanoribbon and the relationship between the structure and properties of g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhang Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, The Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Applications, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, People's Republic of China
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185
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Matta SK, Zhang C, Jiao Y, O'Mullane A, Du A. Versatile two-dimensional silicon diphosphide (SiP 2) for photocatalytic water splitting. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6369-6374. [PMID: 29560982 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of two-dimensional (2D) photocatalysts with excellent visible light absorption and favorable band alignment is critical for highly-efficient water splitting. Here we systematically study the structural, electronic and optical properties of an experimentally unexplored 2D Silicon Diphosphide (SiP2) based on density functional theory (DFT). We found that the single-layer SiP2 is highly feasible to obtain experimentally by mechanical cleavage and it is dynamically stable by analyzing its vibrational normal mode. Two dimensional SiP2 possesses a direct band gap of 2.25 eV, which is much smaller than those of more widely studied photocatalysts including titania (3.2 eV) and graphitic carbon nitride (2.7 eV), thus displaying excellent ability for sunlight harvesting. Most interestingly, the positions of the conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM) in 2D SiP2 fit perfectly the water oxidation and reduction potentials, making it a potential new 2D material that is suitable as a nanoscale photocatalyst for photo-electrochemical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Kasi Matta
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Yalong Jiao
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anthony O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD 4001, Brisbane, Australia.
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186
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Xiang Q, Liu Y, Zou X, Hu B, Qiang Y, Yu D, Yin W, Chen C. Hydrothermal Synthesis of a New Kind of N-Doped Graphene Gel-like Hybrid As an Enhanced ORR Electrocatalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10842-10850. [PMID: 29547254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, g-C3N4@GO gel-like hybrid is obtained by assembling intentionally exfoliated g-C3N4 sheets on graphene oxide (GO) sheets under a hydrothermal condition. A specific N-doping process is first designed by heating the g-C3N4@GO interlaced hybrid in vacuum to form nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (NGS) with high level of pyridinic-N (56.0%) and edge-rich defect structure. The prepared NGS exhibited a great electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in terms of the activity, durability, methanol tolerance, and the reaction kinetics. And the excellent electrocatalytic performance stems from the effective N-doped sites that the nitrogen atom is successfully doped at the defective edges of graphene, and the annealing temperature can play significant role of the doping pattern and location of N. The research provides a new insight into the enhancement of electrocatalysis for ORR based on nonmetal carbons by using the novel N-doping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Yuping Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Xuefeng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Bingbing Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Yujie Qiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Danmei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Wei Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Changguo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
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187
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Lakhi KS, Park DH, Al-Bahily K, Cha W, Viswanathan B, Choy JH, Vinu A. Mesoporous carbon nitrides: synthesis, functionalization, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:72-101. [PMID: 27809326 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00532b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous carbon nitrides (MCNs) with large surface areas and uniform pore diameters are unique semiconducting materials and exhibit highly versatile structural and excellent physicochemical properties, which promote their application in diverse fields such as metal free catalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, energy storage and conversion, gas adsorption, separation, and even sensing. These fascinating MCN materials can be obtained through the polymerization of different aromatic and/or aliphatic carbons and high nitrogen containing molecular precursors via hard and/or soft templating approaches. One of the unique characteristics of these materials is that they exhibit both semiconducting and basic properties, which make them excellent platforms for the photoelectrochemical conversion and sensing of molecules such as CO2, and the selective sensing of toxic organic acids. The semiconducting features of these materials are finely controlled by varying the nitrogen content or local electronic structure of the MCNs. The incorporation of different functionalities including metal nanoparticles or organic molecules is further achieved in various ways to develop new electronic, semiconducting, catalytic, and energy harvesting materials. Dual functionalities including acidic and basic groups are also introduced in the wall structure of MCNs through simple UV-light irradiation, which offers enzyme-like properties in a single MCN system. In this review article, we summarize and highlight the existing literature covering every aspect of MCNs including their templating synthesis, modification and functionalization, and potential applications of these MCN materials with an overview of the key and relevant results. A special emphasis is given on the catalytic applications of MCNs including hydrogenation, oxidation, photocatalysis, and CO2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripal S Lakhi
- Future Industries Institute, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Dae-Hwan Park
- Future Industries Institute, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Khalid Al-Bahily
- SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center at KAUST, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wangsoo Cha
- Future Industries Institute, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Balasubramanian Viswanathan
- National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Jin-Ho Choy
- Center for Intelligent Nano-Bio Materials (CINBM), Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Future Industries Institute, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia. and SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center at KAUST, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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188
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Li X, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T. Polymeric carbon nitride for solar hydrogen production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 28627526 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
If solar hydrogen production from water is to be a realistic candidate for industrial hydrogen production, the development of photocatalysts, which avoid the use of expensive and/or toxic elements is highly desirable from a scalability, cost and environmental perspective. Metal-free polymeric carbon nitride is an attractive material that can absorb visible light and produce hydrogen from water. This article reviews recent developments in polymeric carbon nitride as used in photocatalysis and then develops the discussion focusing on the three primary processes of a photocatalytic reaction: light-harvesting, carrier generation/separation/transportation and surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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189
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Shi L, Yang L, Zhou W, Liu Y, Yin L, Hai X, Song H, Ye J. Photoassisted Construction of Holey Defective g-C 3 N 4 Photocatalysts for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven H 2 O 2 Production. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703142. [PMID: 29319230 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Holey defective g-C3 N4 photocatalysts, which are easily prepared via a novel photoassisted heating process, are reported. The photoassisted treatment not only helps to create abundant holes, endowing g-C3 N4 with more exposed catalytic active sites and crossplane diffusion channels to shorten the diffusion distance of both reactants from the surface to bulk and charge carriers from the bulk to surface, but also introduces nitrogen vacancies in the tri-s-triazine repeating units of g-C3 N4 , inducing the narrowing of intrinsic bandgap and the formation of defect states within bandgap to extend the visible-light absorption range and suppress the radiative electron-hole recombination. As a result, the holey defective g-C3 N4 photocatalysts show much higher photocatalytic activity for H2 O2 production with optimized enhancement up to ten times higher than pristine bulk g-C3 N4 . The newly developed synthetic strategy adopted here enables the sufficient utilization of solar energy and shows rather promising for the modification of other materials for efficient energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Liuqing Yang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Faculty of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Faculty of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lisha Yin
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiao Hai
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hui Song
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jinhua Ye
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- TU-NIMS Joint Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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190
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Sick T, Hufnagel AG, Kampmann J, Kondofersky I, Calik M, Rotter JM, Evans A, Döblinger M, Herbert S, Peters K, Böhm D, Knochel P, Medina DD, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Bein T. Oriented Films of Conjugated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks as Photocathodes for Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2085-2092. [PMID: 29249151 PMCID: PMC6400428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Light-driven water electrolysis at
a semiconductor surface is a
promising way to generate hydrogen from sustainable energy sources,
but its efficiency is limited by the performance of available photoabsorbers.
Here we report the first time investigation of covalent organic frameworks
(COFs) as a new class of photoelectrodes. The presented 2D-COF structure
is assembled from aromatic amine-functionalized tetraphenylethylene
and thiophene-based dialdehyde building blocks to form conjugated
polyimine sheets, which π-stack in the third dimension to create
photoactive porous frameworks. Highly oriented COF films absorb light
in the visible range to generate photoexcited electrons that diffuse
to the surface and are transferred to the electrolyte, resulting in
proton reduction and hydrogen evolution. The observed photoelectrochemical
activity of the 2D-COF films and their photocorrosion stability in
water pave the way for a novel class of photoabsorber materials with
versatile optical and electronic properties that are tunable through
the selection of appropriate building blocks and their three-dimensional
stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Sick
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander G Hufnagel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kampmann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilina Kondofersky
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mona Calik
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julian M Rotter
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Austin Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Böhm
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Engineering and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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191
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Zhao Q, Fu L, Jiang D, Xi Y, Yang H. A nanoclay-induced defective g-C3N4 photocatalyst for highly efficient catalytic reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8249-8252. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04100h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A kaolinite nanoclay-induced defective graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) catalyst was successfully prepared for highly efficient degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Zhao
- Department of Inorganic Materials
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Liangjie Fu
- Department of Inorganic Materials
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Denghui Jiang
- Department of Inorganic Materials
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Yunfei Xi
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Huaming Yang
- Department of Inorganic Materials
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
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192
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Jia B, Zhao W, Fan L, Yin G, Cheng Y, Huang F. Silver cyanamide nanoparticles decorated ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver cyanamide nanoparticle decorated carbon nitride nanosheets are synthesized to build up a type-II semiconductor heterojunction for visible-light-driven photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
| | - Linggang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
| | - Guoheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- P.R. China
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193
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Xu C, Zhang W, Tang J, Pan C, Yu G. Porous Organic Polymers: An Emerged Platform for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Front Chem 2018. [PMID: 30564569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00130.10.3389/fchem.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs), known for its high surface area and abundant porosity, can be easily designed and constructed at the molecular level. The POPs offer confined molecular spaces for the interplay of photons, excitons, electrons and holes, therefore featuring great potential in catalysis. In this review, a brief summary on the recent development of some current state-of-the-art POPs for photocatalytic water splitting and their design principles and synthetic strategies as well as relationship between structure and photocatalytic hydrogen or oxygen evolution performance are presented. Future prospects including research directions are also proposed, which may provide insights for developing POPs for photocatalytic water splitting with our expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juntao Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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194
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Liu W, Xu S, Guan S, Liang R, Wei M, Evans DG, Duan X. Confined Synthesis of Carbon Nitride in a Layered Host Matrix with Unprecedented Solid-State Quantum Yield and Stability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704376. [PMID: 29178148 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have drawn tremendous attention for their intriguing optical performances, but their employment in solid-state luminescent devices is rather limited as a result of aggregation-induced photoluminescence quenching. Herein, ultrathin carbon nitride (CN) is synthesized within the 2D confined region of layered double hydroxide (LDH) via triggering the interlayer condensation reaction of citric acid and urea. The resulting CN/LDH phosphor emits strong cyan light under UV-light irradiation with an absolute solid-state quantum yield (SSQY) of 95.9 ± 2.2%, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest value of carbon-based fluorescent materials ever reported. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong luminescence stability toward temperature, environmental pH, and photocorrosion. Both experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the host-guest interactions between the rigid LDH matrix and interlayer carbon nitride give the predominant contribution to the unprecedented SSQY and stability. In addition, prospective applications of the CN/LDH material are demonstrated in both white light-emitting diodes and upconversion fluorescence imaging of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Simin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shanyue Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruizheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - David G Evans
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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195
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Ehrmaier J, Janicki MJ, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting with triazine-based carbon nitrides: insights from ab initio calculations for the triazine–water complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14420-14430. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valuable theoretical insights into the mechanism of photocatalytic water-splitting using triazine as a model system for carbon-nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehrmaier
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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196
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Liu G, Zhen C, Kang Y, Wang L, Cheng HM. Unique physicochemical properties of two-dimensional light absorbers facilitating photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6410-6444. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00396c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials with a large lateral size and extremely small thickness has significantly changed the development of many research areas by producing a variety of unusual physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Chao Zhen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yuyang Kang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre
- School of Chemical Engineering and AIBN
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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197
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Molecular engineering of polymeric carbon nitride: advancing applications from photocatalysis to biosensing and more. Chem Soc Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00840f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different designs and constructions of molecular structures of carbon nitride for emerging applications, such as biosensing, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
| | - Yuye Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
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198
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Sun L, Hong W, Liu J, Yang M, Lin W, Chen G, Yu D, Chen X. Cross-Linked Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Photonic Crystal Structure for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44503-44511. [PMID: 29200261 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly cross-linked graphitic carbon nitride has been prepared by a thermal copolymerization of dicyanodiamide with tetramethylammonium salts. The cross-linking can be evidenced by (i) increased C/N ratio without new carbon species, (ii) decreased specific surface area, and (iii) Tyndall effect after dissolution in concentrated sulfuric acid. The cross-linked graphitic carbon nitride with photonic crystal structure has highly efficient photocatalytic activity for water splitting under visible light due to the synergistic enhancement by the greatly suppressed photoluminescence, red-shifted absorption edges, strong inner reflections, and effective PCs stop band overlaps. It exhibits an enhanced photodegradation kinetic of methyl orange and a high visible-light-driven hydrogen-evolution rate of 166.9 μmol h-1 (25 times higher than that of the pristine graphitic carbon nitride counterpart). This work presents a facile method for designing and developing high-performance graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts, providing a broad range of application prospects in the fields of electronics and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Meijia Yang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guojian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
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199
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Zhou M, Yang P, Yuan R, Asiri AM, Wakeel M, Wang X. Modulating Crystallinity of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4451-4456. [PMID: 28868731 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting efficient photocatalysts with strengthened structure for solar-driven alcohol oxidation is of great significance. The photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitrides can be considerably promoted by modulating its crystallinity. Results confirmed that a high crystallinity accelerates the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, thus providing more free charges for photoredox reactions. More importantly, the high crystallinity facilitated the adsorption of benzyl alcohol and desorption of benzaldehyde and simultaneously lowered the energy barrier for O2 activation. As a result, the crystalline carbon nitride exhibited a roughly twelvefold promotion with respect to the normal carbon nitride. The remarkable enhancement of activity can be attributed to the synergistic effects of increased electron-hole separation and increased surface reaction kinetics. These findings will open up new opportunities to modulate the structure of polymers for a wide variety of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Pengju Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Rusheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Wakeel
- Department of Environmental Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
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200
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Zhao Z, Ge G, Zhang D. Heteroatom-Doped Carbonaceous Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Guifang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
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