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Hao Y, Wang X, Zhang T, Sun D, Tong Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Tong L, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Ding J, Xie H, Xu Y, Li H. Discovery and Structural Optimization of N5-Substituted 6,7-Dioxo-6,7-dihydropteridines as Potent and Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors against L858R/T790M Resistance Mutation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7111-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Hao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Division
of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Deheng Sun
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuqiong Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Linjiang Tong
- Division
of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division
of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Division
of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of
Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Lelais G, Epple R, Marsilje TH, Long YO, McNeill M, Chen B, Lu W, Anumolu J, Badiger S, Bursulaya B, DiDonato M, Fong R, Juarez J, Li J, Manuia M, Mason DE, Gordon P, Groessl T, Johnson K, Jia Y, Kasibhatla S, Li C, Isbell J, Spraggon G, Bender S, Michellys PY. Discovery of (R,E)-N-(7-Chloro-1-(1-[4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl]azepan-3-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylisonicotinamide (EGF816), a Novel, Potent, and WT Sparing Covalent Inhibitor of Oncogenic (L858R, ex19del) and Resistant (T790M) EGFR Mutants for the Treatment of EGFR Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6671-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Lelais
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Epple
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas H. Marsilje
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yun O. Long
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew McNeill
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bei Chen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wenshuo Lu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jaganmohan Anumolu
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India
| | - Sangamesh Badiger
- Aurigene Discovery Technologies, 39-40, Electronic City Phase 2, Bangalore 560 100, India
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rina Fong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jose Juarez
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mari Manuia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel E. Mason
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shailaja Kasibhatla
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Isbell
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steven Bender
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Michellys
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John
J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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153
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Copper-catalyzed synthesis of 1-amino-5-arylindazolo[3,2- b ]quinazolin-7(5 H )-ones via a ring-opening reaction of 4-halogenated isatin. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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154
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Oxnard GR, Thress KS, Alden RS, Lawrance R, Paweletz CP, Cantarini M, Yang JCH, Barrett JC, Jänne PA. Association Between Plasma Genotyping and Outcomes of Treatment With Osimertinib (AZD9291) in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:3375-82. [PMID: 27354477 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.66.7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated potent activity against TKI resistance mediated by EGFR T790M. We studied whether noninvasive genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) is a useful biomarker for prediction of outcome from a third-generation EGFR-TKI, osimertinib. METHODS Plasma was collected from all patients in the first-in-man study of osimertinib. Patients who were included had acquired EGFR-TKI resistance and evidence of a common EGFR-sensitizing mutation. Genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA was performed by using BEAMing. Plasma genotyping accuracy was assessed by using tumor genotyping from a central laboratory as reference. Objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed in all T790M-positive or T790M-negative patients. RESULTS Sensitivity of plasma genotyping for detection of T790M was 70%. Of 58 patients with T790M-negative tumors, T790M was detected in plasma of 18 (31%). ORR and median PFS were similar in patients with T790M-positive plasma (ORR, 63%; PFS, 9.7 months) or T790M-positive tumor (ORR, 62%; PFS, 9.7 months) results. Although patients with T790M-negative plasma had overall favorable outcomes (ORR, 46%; median PFS, 8.2 months), tumor genotyping distinguished a subset of patients positive for T790M who had better outcomes (ORR, 69%; PFS, 16.5 months) as well as a subset of patients negative for T790M with poor outcomes (ORR, 25%; PFS, 2.8 months). CONCLUSION In this retrospective analysis, patients positive for T790M in plasma have outcomes with osimertinib that are equivalent to patients positive by a tissue-based assay. This study suggests that, upon availability of validated plasma T790M assays, some patients could avoid a tumor biopsy for T790M genotyping. As a result of the 30% false-negative rate of plasma genotyping, those with T790M-negative plasma results still need a tumor biopsy to determine presence or absence of T790M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kenneth S Thress
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryan S Alden
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rachael Lawrance
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cloud P Paweletz
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mireille Cantarini
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James Chih-Hsin Yang
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J Carl Barrett
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Geoffrey R. Oxnard, Ryan S. Alden, Cloud P. Paweletz, and Pasi A. Jänne, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Kenneth S. Thress and J. Carl Barrett, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA; Rachael Lawrance and Mireille Cantarini, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom; and James Chih-Hsin Yang, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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155
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Yver A. Osimertinib (AZD9291)—a science-driven, collaborative approach to rapid drug design and development. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1165-1170. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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156
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Hennessy EJ, Chuaqui C, Ashton S, Colclough N, Cross DAE, Debreczeni JÉ, Eberlein C, Gingipalli L, Klinowska TCM, Orme JP, Sha L, Wu X. Utilization of Structure-Based Design to Identify Novel, Irreversible Inhibitors of EGFR Harboring the T790M Mutation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:514-9. [PMID: 27190603 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of covalent inhibitors of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) kinase was discovered through a combination of subset screening and structure-based design. These compounds preferentially inhibit mutant forms of EGFR (activating mutant and T790M mutant) over wild-type EGFR in cellular assays measuring EGFR autophosphorylation and proliferation, suggesting an improved therapeutic index in non-small cell lung cancer patients would be achievable relative to established EGFR inhibitors. We describe our design approaches, resulting in the identification of the lead compound 5, and our efforts to develop an understanding of the structure-activity relationships within this series. In addition, strategies to overcome challenges around metabolic stability and aqueous solubility are discussed. Despite limitations in its physical properties, 5 is orally bioavailable in mice and demonstrates pronounced antitumor activity in in vivo models of mutant EGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Hennessy
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Claudio Chuaqui
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Susan Ashton
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Darren A. E. Cross
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Judit É. Debreczeni
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Cath Eberlein
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Teresa C. M. Klinowska
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Orme
- Oncology iMed & Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Li Sha
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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157
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Strategies to overcome acquired resistances conferred by mutations in the kinase domain of EGFR. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:853-78. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of EGFR is involved in the development of many cancers. The inhibition of EGFR kinase activity has been clinically validated as a promising approach for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, all NSCLC patients who initially benefited from first-generation EGFR inhibitors eventually develop drug resistance. A point mutation at the gatekeeper position, T790M in EGFR kinase domain accounts for more than 50% of acquired resistance. Therefore, second- and third-generation EGFR inhibitors have been developed to overcome the resistance conferred by the gatekeeper mutation. This review has highlighted recent advances in overcoming acquired resistance for the development of each generation of EGFR inhibitors along with their potential issues, and urgent quest for the development of new generation of EGFR inhibitors.
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158
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Wang S, Cang S, Liu D. Third-generation inhibitors targeting EGFR T790M mutation in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:34. [PMID: 27071706 PMCID: PMC4830020 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are widely used in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, EGFR T790M mutation leads to resistance to most clinically available EGFR TKIs. Third-generation EGFR TKIs against the T790M mutation have been in active clinical development. These agents include osimertinib, rociletinib, HM61713, ASP8273, EGF816, and PF-06747775. Osimertinib and rociletinib have shown clinical efficacy in phase I/II trials in patients who had acquired resistance to first- or second-generation TKIs. Osimertinib (AZD9291, TAGRISSO) was recently approved by FDA for metastatic EGFR T790M mutation-positive NSCLC. HM61713, ASP8237, EGF816, and PF-06747775 are still in early clinical development. This article reviews the emerging data regarding third-generation agents against EGFR T790M mutation in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shundong Cang
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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159
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Gao X, Le X, Costa DB. The safety and efficacy of osimertinib for the treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:383-90. [PMID: 26943236 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1162103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
First- and second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the evidence-based first-line treatment for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) that harbor sensitizing EGFR mutations (i.e. exon 19 deletions or L858R). However, acquired resistance to EGFR TKI monotherapy occurs invariably within a median time frame of one year. The most common form of biological resistance is through the selection of tumor clones harboring the EGFR T790M mutation, present in >50% of repeat biopsies. The presence of the EGFR T790M mutation negates the inhibitory activity of gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib. A novel class of third-generation EGFR TKIs has been identified by probing a series of covalent pyrimidine EGFR inhibitors that bind to amino-acid residue C797 of EGFR and preferentially inhibit mutant forms of EGFR versus the wild-type receptor. We review the rapid clinical development and approval of the third-generation EGFR TKI osimertinib for treatment of NSCLCs with EGFR-T790M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Xiuning Le
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Daniel B Costa
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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160
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Stinchcombe TE. AZD9291 in epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:92-4. [PMID: 26958499 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.07.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer have an objective response rate (ORR) of approximately 60-70% and a median progression free-survival (PFS) of approximately 10-13 months. Studies of tumor biopsies performed after progression on EGFR TKI revealed that 50-60% of EGFR mutant NSCLC developed an EGFR exon 20 T790M mutation as a mechanism of acquired resistance. AZD9291 is a third generation irreversible EGFR TKI with activity against the activating EGFR mutation, the T790M acquired resistance mutation, and relative sparing of the wild-type EGFR. AZD9291 was investigated in a phase I trial with expansion cohorts in patients with disease progression after EGFR TKI. Patients with and without detectable T790M mutations were enrolled in the trial. The ORR in patients with centrally confirmed and without detectable T790M mutations was 61% (95% CI, 52-70%) and 21% (95% CI, 12-34%), respectively. The PFS observed in patients with centrally confirmed and without detectable T790M mutations was 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.3 to not reached) and 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.1-4.3 months), respectively. At the dose for further investigation, 80 mg daily, the rate of all grade 3-5 drug related adverse events was 11%, and the rates of grade 3 diarrhea and rash were 1% and 0%, respectively. The identification of the T790M resistance mutation and the subsequent development of an agent against the mechanism of resistance provide a template for future drug development for acquired resistance to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Stinchcombe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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161
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Song Z, Ge Y, Wang C, Huang S, Shu X, Liu K, Zhou Y, Ma X. Challenges and Perspectives on the Development of Small-Molecule EGFR Inhibitors against T790M-Mediated Resistance in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6580-94. [PMID: 26882288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the development of drug-resistance mutations, particularly the "gatekeeper" threonine(790)-to-methionine(790) (T790M) mutation in the ATP-binding pocket of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the current generation of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors lost their clinical efficacy. Recently, a large number of small-molecule inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency against EGFR mutants with the T790M change have been identified. In particular, the inhibitors rociletinib and osimertinib, which can selectively target both sensitizing mutations and the T790M resistance while sparing the wild-type (WT) form of the receptor, have been designated as breakthrough therapies in the treatment of mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by the U.S. FDA in 2014. We hope that this review on the small-molecule EGFR T790M inhibitors, along with their discovery strategies, will assist in the design of future T790M-containing EGFR inhibitors with high levels of selectivity over WT EGFR, broad kinase selectivity, and desirable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Yang Ge
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E8, Canada
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, P. R. China
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162
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Cheng H, Nair SK, Murray BW, Almaden C, Bailey S, Baxi S, Behenna D, Cho-Schultz S, Dalvie D, Dinh DM, Edwards MP, Feng JL, Ferre RA, Gajiwala KS, Hemkens MD, Jackson-Fisher A, Jalaie M, Johnson TO, Kania RS, Kephart S, Lafontaine J, Lunney B, Liu KKC, Liu Z, Matthews J, Nagata A, Niessen S, Ornelas MA, Orr STM, Pairish M, Planken S, Ren S, Richter D, Ryan K, Sach N, Shen H, Smeal T, Solowiej J, Sutton S, Tran K, Tseng E, Vernier W, Walls M, Wang S, Weinrich SL, Xin S, Xu H, Yin MJ, Zientek M, Zhou R, Kath JC. Discovery of 1-{(3R,4R)-3-[({5-Chloro-2-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl}oxy)methyl]-4-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl}prop-2-en-1-one (PF-06459988), a Potent, WT Sparing, Irreversible Inhibitor of T790M-Containing EGFR Mutants. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2005-24. [PMID: 26756222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
First generation EGFR TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib) provide significant clinical benefit for NSCLC cancer patients with oncogenic EGFR mutations. Ultimately, these patients' disease progresses, often driven by a second-site mutation in the EGFR kinase domain (T790M). Another liability of the first generation drugs is severe adverse events driven by inhibition of WT EGFR. As such, our goal was to develop a highly potent irreversible inhibitor with the largest selectivity ratio between the drug-resistant double mutants (L858R/T790M, Del/T790M) and WT EGFR. A unique approach to develop covalent inhibitors, optimization of reversible binding affinity, served as a cornerstone of this effort. PF-06459988 was discovered as a novel, third generation irreversible inhibitor, which demonstrates (i) high potency and specificity to the T790M-containing double mutant EGFRs, (ii) minimal intrinsic chemical reactivity of the electrophilic warhead, (iii) greatly reduced proteome reactivity relative to earlier irreversible EGFR inhibitors, and (iv) minimal activity against WT EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmiao Cheng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sajiv K Nair
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brion W Murray
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chau Almaden
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Bailey
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sangita Baxi
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Doug Behenna
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sujin Cho-Schultz
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dac M Dinh
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martin P Edwards
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jun Li Feng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rose Ann Ferre
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ketan S Gajiwala
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michelle D Hemkens
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Amy Jackson-Fisher
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mehran Jalaie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ted O Johnson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert S Kania
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Susan Kephart
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Lafontaine
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Beth Lunney
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin K-C Liu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jean Matthews
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Asako Nagata
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sherry Niessen
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martha A Ornelas
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Suvi T M Orr
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mason Pairish
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Planken
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shijian Ren
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Daniel Richter
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Ryan
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong Shen
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tod Smeal
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jim Solowiej
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott Sutton
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Khanh Tran
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Elaine Tseng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William Vernier
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Marlena Walls
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shuiwang Wang
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Scott L Weinrich
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shuibo Xin
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Min-Jean Yin
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Zientek
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ru Zhou
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John C Kath
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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163
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Campuzano IDG, San Miguel T, Rowe T, Onea D, Cee VJ, Arvedson T, McCarter JD. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Covalent Protein-Inhibitor Adducts for the Discovery of Irreversible Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:136-44. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115621288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have implemented a solid-phase extraction based time-of-flight mass spectrometer system in combination with novel informatics to rapidly screen and characterize the covalent binding of different irreversible inhibitors to intact proteins. This high-throughput screening platform can be used to accurately detect and quantitate the extent of formation of different covalent protein-inhibitor adducts between electrophilic inhibitors and nucleophilic residues such as cysteine or lysine. For a representative 19.5 kDa protein, the analysis time is approximately 20 s per sample, including an efficient sample loading and desalting step. Accurate protein masses are measured (±0.5 amu of the theoretical molecular weight; measured precision of ±0.02 amu). The fraction of protein reacted with an electrophilic compound is determined relative to an unmodified protein control. A key element of the workflow is the automated identification and quantitation of the expected masses of covalent protein-inhibitor adducts using a custom routine that obviates the need to manually inspect each individual spectrum. Parallel screens were performed on a library of approximately 1000 acrylamide containing compounds (different structures and reactivities) using the solid-phase extraction mass spectrometry based assay and a fluorescence based thiol-reactive probe assay enabling comparison of false positives and false negatives between these orthogonal screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd Rowe
- Amgen, Information Systems, Cambridge, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Onea
- Amgen, Information Systems, Cambridge, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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164
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Cee VJ, Volak LP, Chen Y, Bartberger MD, Tegley C, Arvedson T, McCarter J, Tasker AS, Fotsch C. Systematic Study of the Glutathione (GSH) Reactivity of N-Arylacrylamides: 1. Effects of Aryl Substitution. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9171-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Cee
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Laurie P. Volak
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Yuping Chen
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Chris Tegley
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - John McCarter
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew S. Tasker
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Fotsch
- Departments of Medicinal
Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Molecular Structure,
Discovery Technologies, and Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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165
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Qin M, Wang T, Xu B, Ma Z, Jiang N, Xie H, Gong P, Zhao Y. Novel hydrazone moiety-bearing aminopyrimidines as selective inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutant. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 104:115-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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166
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Li Y, Li X, Dong Z. Statistical analysis of EGFR structures' performance in virtual screening. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2015; 29:1045-55. [PMID: 26476847 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-015-9877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work the ability of EGFR structures to distinguish true inhibitors from decoys in docking and MM-PBSA is assessed by statistical procedures. The docking performance depends critically on the receptor conformation and bound state. The enrichment of known inhibitors is well correlated with the difference between EGFR structures rather than the bound-ligand property. The optimal structures for virtual screening can be selected based purely on the complex information. And the mixed combination of distinct EGFR conformations is recommended for ensemble docking. In MM-PBSA, a variety of EGFR structures have identically good performance in the scoring and ranking of known inhibitors, indicating that the choice of the receptor structure has little effect on the screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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167
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Chan S, Han K, Qu R, Tong L, Li Y, Zhang Z, Cheng H, Lu X, Patterson A, Smaill J, Ren X, Ding J, Xie H, Ding K. 2,4-Diarylamino-pyrimidines as kinase inhibitors co-targeting IGF1R and EGFRL858R/T790M. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4277-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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168
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Wurz RP, Pettus LH, Ashton K, Brown J, Chen JJ, Herberich B, Hong FT, Hu-Harrington E, Nguyen T, St. Jean DJ, Tadesse S, Bauer D, Kubryk M, Zhan J, Cooke K, Mitchell P, Andrews KL, Hsieh F, Hickman D, Kalyanaraman N, Wu T, Reid DL, Lobenhofer EK, Andrews DA, Everds N, Guzman R, Parsons AT, Hedley SJ, Tedrow J, Thiel OR, Potter M, Radinsky R, Beltran PJ, Tasker AS. Oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as Covalent L858R/T790M Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:987-92. [PMID: 26396685 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the threonine(790)-methionine(790) (T790M) point mutation of EGFR kinase is one of the leading causes of acquired resistance to the first generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of 7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl-derived irreversible inhibitors of EGFR kinase. This led to the discovery of compound 24 which potently inhibits gefitinib-resistant EGFR(L858R,T790M) with 100-fold selectivity over wild-type EGFR. Compound 24 displays strong antiproliferative activity against the H1975 nonsmall cell lung cancer cell line, the first line mutant HCC827 cell line, and promising antitumor activity in an EGFR(L858R,T790M) driven H1975 xenograft model sparing the side effects associated with the inhibition of wild-type EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Wurz
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Liping H. Pettus
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Kate Ashton
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - James Brown
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Brad Herberich
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Fang-Tsao Hong
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Essa Hu-Harrington
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Tom Nguyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - David J. St. Jean
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Seifu Tadesse
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - David Bauer
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Michele Kubryk
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Jinghui Zhan
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Keegan Cooke
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Petia Mitchell
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Kristin L. Andrews
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Faye Hsieh
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Dean Hickman
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Nataraj Kalyanaraman
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Tian Wu
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Darren L. Reid
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Edward K. Lobenhofer
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Dina A. Andrews
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Nancy Everds
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Roberto Guzman
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Andrew T. Parsons
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Simon J. Hedley
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Jason Tedrow
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Oliver R. Thiel
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Matthew Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Robert Radinsky
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Pedro J. Beltran
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
| | - Andrew S. Tasker
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Oncology Research, §Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Oral Delivery − Product and Process Development, ○Discovery Toxicology, #Pathology, ▽Chemical Process R&D, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry, +Chemical Process R&D, ∞Analytical R&D, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1011, United States
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169
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Engel J, Richters A, Getlik M, Tomassi S, Keul M, Termathe M, Lategahn J, Becker C, Mayer-Wrangowski S, Grütter C, Uhlenbrock N, Krüll J, Schaumann N, Eppmann S, Kibies P, Hoffgaard F, Heil J, Menninger S, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Heuckmann JM, Tinnefeld V, Zahedi RP, Sos ML, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Thomas RK, Kast SM, Rauh D. Targeting Drug Resistance in EGFR with Covalent Inhibitors: A Structure-Based Design Approach. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6844-63. [PMID: 26275028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases represent one of the prime targets in cancer therapy, as the dysregulation of these elementary transducers of extracellular signals, like the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), contributes to the onset of cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Strong efforts were directed to the development of irreversible inhibitors and led to compound CO-1686, which takes advantage of increased residence time at EGFR by alkylating Cys797 and thereby preventing toxic effects. Here, we present a structure-based approach, rationalized by subsequent computational analysis of conformational ligand ensembles in solution, to design novel and irreversible EGFR inhibitors based on a screening hit that was identified in a phenotype screen of 80 NSCLC cell lines against approximately 1500 compounds. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we deciphered the binding mode in engineered cSrc (T338M/S345C), a validated model system for EGFR-T790M, which constituted the basis for further rational design approaches. Chemical synthesis led to further compound collections that revealed increased biochemical potency and, in part, selectivity toward mutated (L858R and L858R/T790M) vs nonmutated EGFR. Further cell-based and kinetic studies were performed to substantiate our initial findings. Utilizing proteolytic digestion and nano-LC-MS/MS analysis, we confirmed the alkylation of Cys797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Engel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - André Richters
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthäus Getlik
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Keul
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Termathe
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Lategahn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Svenja Mayer-Wrangowski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Grütter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niklas Uhlenbrock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jasmin Krüll
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Niklas Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simone Eppmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Kibies
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Hoffgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jochen Heil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sascha Menninger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH , Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sandra Ortiz-Cuaran
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes M Heuckmann
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Tinnefeld
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin L Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.,Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne , Kerpenerstraße 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Weyertal 115b, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Cologne , Joseph-Stelzmann Straße 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan M Kast
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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170
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Liu W, Ning JF, Meng QW, Hu J, Zhao YB, Liu C, Cai L. Navigating into the binding pockets of the HER family protein kinases: discovery of novel EGFR inhibitor as antitumor agent. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3837-51. [PMID: 26229444 PMCID: PMC4517520 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family has been validated as a successful antitumor drug target for decades. Known EGFR inhibitors were exposed to distinct drug resistance against the various EGFR mutants within non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly the T790M mutation. Although so far a number of studies have been reported on the development of third-generation EGFR inhibitors for overcoming the resistance issue, the design procedure largely depends on the intuition of medicinal chemists. Here we retrospectively make a detailed analysis of the 42 EGFR family protein crystal complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Based on the analysis of inhibitor binding modes in the kinase catalytic cleft, we identified a potent EGFR inhibitor (compound A-10) against drug-resistant EGFR through fragment-based drug design. This compound showed at least 30-fold more potency against EGFR T790M than the two control molecules erlotinib and gefitinib in vitro. Moreover, it could exhibit potent HER2 inhibitory activities as well as tumor growth inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies revealed a structural basis for the increased potency and mutant selectivity of this compound. Compound A-10 may be selected as a promising candidate in further preclinical studies. In addition, our findings could provide a powerful strategy to identify novel selective kinase inhibitors on the basis of detailed kinase–ligand interaction space in the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Ning
- The Thoracic Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bin Zhao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- General Surgery Department, Mudanjiang Guanliju Central Hospital, Mishan, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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171
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Larraufie MH, Yang WS, Jiang E, Thomas AG, Slusher BS, Stockwell BR. Incorporation of metabolically stable ketones into a small molecule probe to increase potency and water solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4787-4792. [PMID: 26231156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a reactive carbonyl to a scaffold that does not otherwise have an electrophilic functionality to create a reversible covalent inhibitor is a potentially useful strategy for enhancing compound potency. However, aldehydes are metabolically unstable, which precludes the use of this strategy for compounds to be tested in animal models or in human clinical studies. To overcome this limitation, we designed ketone-based functionalities capable of forming reversible covalent adducts, while displaying high metabolic stability, and imparting improved water solubility to their pendant scaffold. We tested this strategy on the ferroptosis inducer and experimental therapeutic erastin, and observed substantial increases in compound potency. In particular, a new carbonyl erastin analog, termed IKE, displayed improved potency, solubility and metabolic stability, thus representing an ideal candidate for future in vivo cancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Helene Larraufie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, 1208 Northwest Corner Building, MC 4846, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Wan Seok Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, 1208 Northwest Corner Building, MC 4846, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Elise Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, 1208 Northwest Corner Building, MC 4846, New York, NY 10027, United States; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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172
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Liu H, Lv Y, Li Y, Cai J, Chen J, Qin Y, Ji M. A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of Anti-Cancer Agent, Mereletinib. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14320297505570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A convenient route for the synthesis of a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, mereletinib (AZD9291) using starting materials that are commercially available has been achieved through reactions that are readily conducted under mild conditions. Importantly, a 5 g scale synthesis was also accomplished and this method could therefore be useful in the synthesis of similar drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Liu
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Lv
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Si Pai Lou 2#, Nanjing City 210096, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Si Pai Lou 2#, Nanjing City 210096, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Si Pai Lou 2#, Nanjing City 210096, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University Si Pai Lou 2#, Nanjing City 210096, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qin
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Technologies & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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173
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Thress KS, Paweletz CP, Felip E, Cho BC, Stetson D, Dougherty B, Lai Z, Markovets A, Vivancos A, Kuang Y, Ercan D, Matthews S, Cantarini M, Barrett JC, Jänne PA, Oxnard GR. Acquired EGFR C797S mutation mediates resistance to AZD9291 in non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR T790M. Nat Med 2015; 21:560-2. [PMID: 25939061 PMCID: PMC4771182 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we studied cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) collected from subjects with advanced lung cancer whose tumors had developed resistance to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) AZD9291. We first performed next-generation sequencing of cfDNA from seven subjects and detected an acquired EGFR C797S mutation in one; expression of this mutant EGFR construct in a cell line rendered it resistant to AZD9291. We then performed droplet digital PCR on serial cfDNA specimens collected from 15 AZD9291-treated subjects. All were positive for the T790M mutation before treatment, but upon developing AZD9291 resistance three molecular subtypes emerged: six cases acquired the C797S mutation, five cases maintained the T790M mutation but did not acquire the C797S mutation and four cases lost the T790M mutation despite the presence of the underlying EGFR activating mutation. Our findings provide insight into the diversity of mechanisms through which tumors acquire resistance to AZD9291 and highlight the need for therapies that are able to overcome resistance mediated by the EGFR C797S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cloud P. Paweletz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daniel Stetson
- AstraZeneca, Gatehouse Park, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Zhongwu Lai
- AstraZeneca, Gatehouse Park, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ana Vivancos
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanan Kuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dalia Ercan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Pasi A. Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey R. Oxnard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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174
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Ward RA, Colclough N, Challinor M, Debreczeni JE, Eckersley K, Fairley G, Feron L, Flemington V, Graham MA, Greenwood R, Hopcroft P, Howard TD, James M, Jones CD, Jones CR, Renshaw J, Roberts K, Snow L, Tonge M, Yeung K. Structure-Guided Design of Highly Selective and Potent Covalent Inhibitors of ERK1/2. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4790-801. [PMID: 25977981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has been targeted with a number of small molecule inhibitors in oncology clinical development across multiple disease indications. Importantly, cell lines with acquired resistance to B-RAF and MEK inhibitors have been shown to maintain sensitivity to ERK1/2 inhibition by small molecule inhibitors. There are a number of selective, noncovalent ERK1/2 inhibitors reported along with the promiscuous hypothemycin (and related analogues) that act via a covalent mechanism of action. This article reports the identification of multiple series of highly selective covalent ERK1/2 inhibitors informed by structure-based drug design (SBDD). As a starting point for these covalent inhibitors, reported ERK1/2 inhibitors and a chemical series identified via high-throughput screening were exploited. These approaches resulted in the identification of selective covalent tool compounds for potential in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the risks and or benefits of targeting this pathway through such a mechanism of action.
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175
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Tartarone A, Lerose R. Clinical approaches to treat patients with non-small cell lung cancer and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor acquired resistance. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2015; 9:242-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1753465815587820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor activating mutations (EGFR Mut+) has determined a paradigm shift in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In several phase III studies, patients with NSCLC EGFR Mut+ achieved a significantly better progression-free survival when treated with a first- (gefitinib, erlotinib) or second-generation (afatinib) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) compared with standard chemotherapy. However, despite these impressive results, most patients with NSCLC EGFR Mut+ develop acquired resistance to TKIs. This review will discuss both the mechanisms of resistance to TKIs and the therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance, including emerging data on third-generation TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Tartarone
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, via Padre Pio 1, 85028 Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Rosa Lerose
- Hospital Pharmacy, IRCCS, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
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176
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Juchum M, Günther M, Laufer SA. Fighting cancer drug resistance: Opportunities and challenges for mutation-specific EGFR inhibitors. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 20:12-28. [PMID: 26021435 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mutations in the EGFR gene are a major cause for the failure of Erlotinib and Gefitinib in the treatment of patients harboring non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who initially responded to this therapy. The development of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is going back to the early 90s, where cancer was widely considered and fully treated as a disease of an organ. Fundamental gain of knowledge in cell biology in general and cancer genetics in particular led us to where we currently stand: cancer is a disease that originates in the genome. Fast and affordable gene sequencing paved the way and opened our eyes for the genetic instability of many cancers, particularly EGFR driven NSCLC. This might allow highly rational and personal therapies by aiming at a very particular wild type and mutant kinase pattern. However, the paradigm "one disease - one target - one drug" is currently challenged. Both activating and deactivating EGFR mutations are known to render the development of novel targeted drugs difficult. Among all lung adenocarcinomas, only 20% are driven by EGFR and only a subpopulation has an activating mutation (e.g. L858R), making them sensitive to first generation EGFR inhibitors. Unfortunately, most of them acquire second deactivating mutations (e.g. T790M) during treatment, leading to a complete loss of response. Are specific inhibitors of the double EGFR mutant L858R/T790M the magic bullet? Much scientific evidence but also high expectations justify this approach. Structural biology of EGFR mutants constitutes the basis for highly rational approaches. Second generation pan EGFR inhibitors inhibiting wild type (WT) and mutant EGFR like Afatinib suffer from dose-limiting adverse effects. Inhibition of WT EGFR is considered to be the culprit. Third generation EGFR inhibitors follow two strategies. Mutant selectivity and improved target residential time. These inhibitors display high mutant selectivity and irreversible binding patterns while sparing WT EGFR activity, hence enhancing tumor selectivity while minimizing adverse effects. Third generation EGFR inhibitors are still undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. The most advanced are Rociletinib and AZD9291 which displayed encouraging preliminary clinical phase II data regarding response and adverse effects. In the current review we show both a medicinal chemists' approach toward the design of third generation EGFR inhibitors as well as a detailed overview of the development of EGFR inhibitors over the last decade. High interdisciplinary approaches, such as structural biology and time-resolved tumor genetics pave the way toward the development of drugs that target EGFR mutants. This might lead to highly effective targeted and personalized therapies with enhanced response rates for a minor cohort of patients which have to undergo continuous gene sequencing, hence enabling therapies with tailor-made TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Juchum
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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177
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Second and third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2015; 27:94-101. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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178
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Winter JJG, Anderson M, Blades K, Brassington C, Breeze AL, Chresta C, Embrey K, Fairley G, Faulder P, Finlay MRV, Kettle JG, Nowak T, Overman R, Patel SJ, Perkins P, Spadola L, Tart J, Tucker JA, Wrigley G. Small molecule binding sites on the Ras:SOS complex can be exploited for inhibition of Ras activation. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2265-74. [PMID: 25695162 DOI: 10.1021/jm501660t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active mutant KRas displays a reduced rate of GTP hydrolysis via both intrinsic and GTPase-activating protein-catalyzed mechanisms, resulting in the perpetual activation of Ras pathways. We describe a fragment screening campaign using X-ray crystallography that led to the discovery of three fragment binding sites on the Ras:SOS complex. The identification of tool compounds binding at each of these sites allowed exploration of two new approaches to Ras pathway inhibition by stabilizing or covalently modifying the Ras:SOS complex to prevent the reloading of Ras with GTP. Initially, we identified ligands that bound reversibly to the Ras:SOS complex in two distinct sites, but these compounds were not sufficiently potent inhibitors to validate our stabilization hypothesis. We conclude by demonstrating that covalent modification of Cys118 on Ras leads to a novel mechanism of inhibition of the SOS-mediated interaction between Ras and Raf and is effective at inhibiting the exchange of labeled GDP in both mutant (G12C and G12V) and wild type Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J G Winter
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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179
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Flanagan ME, Abramite JA, Anderson DP, Aulabaugh A, Dahal UP, Gilbert AM, Li C, Montgomery J, Oppenheimer SR, Ryder T, Schuff BP, Uccello DP, Walker GS, Wu Y, Brown MF, Chen JM, Hayward MM, Noe MC, Obach RS, Philippe L, Shanmugasundaram V, Shapiro MJ, Starr J, Stroh J, Che Y. Chemical and computational methods for the characterization of covalent reactive groups for the prospective design of irreversible inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10072-9. [PMID: 25375838 DOI: 10.1021/jm501412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in drugs that covalently modify their target is driven by the desire for enhanced efficacy that can result from the silencing of enzymatic activity until protein resynthesis can occur, along with the potential for increased selectivity by targeting uniquely positioned nucleophilic residues in the protein. However, covalent approaches carry additional risk for toxicities or hypersensitivity reactions that can result from covalent modification of unintended targets. Here we describe methods for measuring the reactivity of covalent reactive groups (CRGs) with a biologically relevant nucleophile, glutathione (GSH), along with kinetic data for a broad array of electrophiles. We also describe a computational method for predicting electrophilic reactivity, which taken together can be applied to the prospective design of thiol-reactive covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Flanagan
- Center of Chemistry Innovation and Excellence, and ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc. , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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180
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Abstract
Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that RAS proteins are 'undruggable'. However, recent data from the laboratory and the clinic have renewed our hope for the development of RAS-inhibitory molecules. In this Review, we summarize the progress and the promise of five key approaches. Firstly, we focus on the prospects of using direct inhibitors of RAS. Secondly, we address the issue of whether blocking RAS membrane association is a viable approach. Thirdly, we assess the status of targeting RAS downstream effector signalling, which is arguably the most favourable current approach. Fourthly, we address whether the search for synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS still holds promise. Finally, RAS-mediated changes in cell metabolism have recently been described and we discuss whether these changes could be exploited for new therapeutic directions. We conclude with perspectives on how additional complexities, which are not yet fully understood, may affect each of these approaches.
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181
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Finlay MRV, Anderton M, Ashton S, Ballard P, Bethel PA, Box MR, Bradbury RH, Brown SJ, Butterworth S, Campbell A, Chorley C, Colclough N, Cross DAE, Currie GS, Grist M, Hassall L, Hill GB, James D, James M, Kemmitt P, Klinowska T, Lamont G, Lamont SG, Martin N, McFarland HL, Mellor MJ, Orme JP, Perkins D, Perkins P, Richmond G, Smith P, Ward RA, Waring MJ, Whittaker D, Wells S, Wrigley GL. Discovery of a Potent and Selective EGFR Inhibitor (AZD9291) of Both Sensitizing and T790M Resistance Mutations That Spares the Wild Type Form of the Receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8249-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Raymond V. Finlay
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Mark Anderton
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Susan Ashton
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Ballard
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Paul A. Bethel
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Box
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Robert H. Bradbury
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Simon J. Brown
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Christopher Chorley
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Darren A. E. Cross
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gordon S. Currie
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Matthew Grist
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Lorraine Hassall
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - George B. Hill
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Daniel James
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Michael James
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Teresa Klinowska
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gillian Lamont
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Scott G. Lamont
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nathaniel Martin
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Heather L. McFarland
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Martine J. Mellor
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jonathon P. Orme
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Perkins
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Paula Perkins
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Graham Richmond
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Smith
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard A. Ward
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Michael J. Waring
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Whittaker
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Stuart Wells
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, ‡Drug Safety and
Metabolism, §Global Medicines Development, and ∥Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Mereside,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
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182
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Sinclair JL, Denton EV, Schepartz A. Inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor at a distance. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11232-5. [PMID: 25075632 PMCID: PMC4140499 DOI: 10.1021/ja504076t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase is implicated in a large number of human cancers. Most EGFR inhibitors target the extracellular, growth factor-binding domain or the intracellular, ATP-binding domain. Here we describe molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of EGFR in a new way, by competing with formation of an essential intradimer coiled coil containing the juxtamembrane segment from each member of the receptor partnership. The most potent molecules we describe bind EGFR directly, decrease the proliferation of wild-type and mutant EGFR-dependent cells lines, inhibit phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream targets, and block coiled coil formation as judged by bipartite tetracysteine display. Potency is directly correlated with the ability to block coiled coil formation within full-length EGFR in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie
K.-L. Sinclair
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Elizabeth V. Denton
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental
Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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183
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Cross DAE, Ashton SE, Ghiorghiu S, Eberlein C, Nebhan CA, Spitzler PJ, Orme JP, Finlay MRV, Ward RA, Mellor MJ, Hughes G, Rahi A, Jacobs VN, Red Brewer M, Ichihara E, Sun J, Jin H, Ballard P, Al-Kadhimi K, Rowlinson R, Klinowska T, Richmond GHP, Cantarini M, Kim DW, Ranson MR, Pao W. AZD9291, an irreversible EGFR TKI, overcomes T790M-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1046-61. [PMID: 24893891 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1530] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED First-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKI) provide significant clinical benefit in patients with advanced EGFR-mutant (EGFRm(+)) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients ultimately develop disease progression, often driven by acquisition of a second T790M EGFR TKI resistance mutation. AZD9291 is a novel oral, potent, and selective third-generation irreversible inhibitor of both EGFRm(+) sensitizing and T790M resistance mutants that spares wild-type EGFR. This mono-anilino-pyrimidine compound is structurally distinct from other third-generation EGFR TKIs and offers a pharmacologically differentiated profile from earlier generation EGFR TKIs. Preclinically, the drug potently inhibits signaling pathways and cellular growth in both EGFRm(+) and EGFRm(+)/T790M(+) mutant cell lines in vitro, with lower activity against wild-type EGFR lines, translating into profound and sustained tumor regression in EGFR-mutant tumor xenograft and transgenic models. The treatment of 2 patients with advanced EGFRm(+) T790M(+) NSCLC is described as proof of principle. SIGNIFICANCE We report the development of a novel structurally distinct third-generation EGFR TKI, AZD9291, that irreversibly and selectively targets both sensitizing and resistant T790M(+) mutant EGFR while harboring less activity toward wild-type EGFR. AZD9291 is showing promising responses in a phase I trial even at the first-dose level, with first published clinical proof-of-principle validation being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caroline A Nebhan
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Paula J Spitzler
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica Red Brewer
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Eiki Ichihara
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Malcolm R Ranson
- University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William Pao
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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184
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Tjin Tham Sjin R, Lee K, Walter AO, Dubrovskiy A, Sheets M, Martin TS, Labenski MT, Zhu Z, Tester R, Karp R, Medikonda A, Chaturvedi P, Ren Y, Haringsma H, Etter J, Raponi M, Simmons AD, Harding TC, Niu D, Nacht M, Westlin WF, Petter RC, Allen A, Singh J. In vitro and in vivo characterization of irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitors that are wild-type sparing. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1468-79. [PMID: 24723450 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) initially respond well to the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib. However, all patients relapse because of the emergence of drug-resistant mutations, with T790M mutations accounting for approximately 60% of all resistance. Second-generation irreversible EGFR inhibitors are effective against T790M mutations in vitro, but retain affinity for wild-type EGFR (EGFR(WT)). These inhibitors have not provided compelling clinical benefit in T790M-positive patients, apparently because of dose-limiting toxicities associated with inhibition of EGFR(WT). Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for therapeutics that overcome T790M drug resistance while sparing EGFR(WT). Here, we describe a lead optimization program that led to the discovery of four potent irreversible 2,4-diaminopyrimidine compounds that are EGFR mutant (EGFR(mut)) selective and have been designed to have low affinity for EGFR(WT). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in H1975 tumor-bearing mice showed that exposure was dose proportional resulting in dose-dependent EGFR modulation. Importantly, evaluation of normal lung tissue from the same animals showed no inhibition of EGFR(WT). Of all the compounds tested, compound 3 displayed the best efficacy in EGFR(L858R/T790M)-driven tumors. Compound 3, now renamed CO-1686, is currently in a phase I/II clinical trial in patients with EGFR(mut)-advanced NSCLC that have received prior EGFR-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tjin Tham Sjin
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Kwangho Lee
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Annette O Walter
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Aleksandr Dubrovskiy
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Sheets
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Thia St Martin
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew T Labenski
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Richland Tester
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Russell Karp
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Aravind Medikonda
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Prasoon Chaturvedi
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Yixuan Ren
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Henry Haringsma
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Etter
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Mitch Raponi
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew D Simmons
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas C Harding
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Deqiang Niu
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Mariana Nacht
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - William F Westlin
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Russell C Petter
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Allen
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Juswinder Singh
- Authors' Affiliations: Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, Massachusetts; and Clovis Oncology Inc., San Francisco, California
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185
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 6-alkenylamides substituted of 4-anilinothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines as irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2366-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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186
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The resistance tetrad: amino acid hotspots for kinome-wide exploitation of drug-resistant protein kinase alleles. Methods Enzymol 2014; 548:117-46. [PMID: 25399644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397918-6.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to targeted kinase inhibitors is a well-documented clinical problem that is potentially fatal for patients to whom a suitable back-up is not available. However, protein kinase alleles that promote resistance to inhibitors can be exploited experimentally as gold-standards for "on"- and "off"-target validation strategies and constitute a powerful resource for assessing the ability of new or combined therapies to override resistance. Clinical resistance to kinase inhibitors is an evident in all tyrosine kinase-driven malignancies, where high rates of mutation drive tumor evolution toward the insidious drug-resistant (DR) state through a variety of mechanisms. Unfortunately, this problem is likely to intensify in the future as the number of target kinases, approved inhibitors, and clinical indications increase. To empower the analysis of resistance in kinases, we have validated a bioinformatic, structural, and cellular workflow for designing and evaluating resistance at key mutational hotspots among kinome members. In this chapter, we discuss how mutation of amino acids in the gatekeeper and hinge-loop regions (collectively termed the "resistance tetrad") and the DFG motif represent an effective approach for generating panels of DR kinase alleles for chemical genetics and biological target validation.
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