151
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He X, Liang L, Xie M, Zhang Y, Lin S, Yan D. Synthesis of Novel Linear PEO-b-PS-b-PCL Triblock Copolymers by the Combination of ATRP, ROP, and a Click Reaction. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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152
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Hasegawa T, Numata M, Okumura S, Kimura T, Sakurai K, Shinkai S. Carbohydrate-appended curdlans as a new family of glycoclusters with binding properties both for a polynucleotide and lectins. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2404-12. [PMID: 17637960 DOI: 10.1039/b703720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-glucans having carbohydrate-appendages (alpha-D-mannoside, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide and beta-lactoside) at the C6-position of every repeating unit can be readily prepared from curdlan (a linear beta-1,3-glucan) through regioselective bromination/azidation to afford 6-azido-6-deoxycurdlan followed by chemo-selective Cu(i)-catalyzed [3 + 2]-cycloaddition with various carbohydrate modules having a terminal alkyne. The resultant carbohydrate-appended curdlans can interact with polycytosine to form stable macromolecular complexes consistent with two polysaccharide strands and one polycytosine strand. Furthermore, these macromolecular complexes show strong and specific affinity toward carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). Therefore, one can utilize these carbohydrate-appended curdlans as a new family of glycoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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153
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Miljanić OS, Dichtel WR, Khan SI, Mortezaei S, Heath JR, Stoddart JF. Structural and Co-conformational Effects of Alkyne-Derived Subunits in Charged Donor−Acceptor [2]Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8236-46. [PMID: 17559213 DOI: 10.1021/ja071319n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four donor-acceptor [2]catenanes with cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) as the pi-electron-accepting cyclophane and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP)-containing macrocyclic polyethers as pi-electron donor rings have been synthesized under mild conditions, employing Cu+-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Cu2+-mediated Eglinton coupling in the final steps of their syntheses. Oligoether chains carrying terminal alkynes or azides were used as the key structural features in template-directed cyclizations of [2]pseudorotaxanes to give the [2]catenanes. Both reactions proceed well with precursors of appropriate oligoether chain lengths but fail when there are only three oxygen atoms in the oligoether chains between the DNP units and the reactive functional groups. The solid-state structures of the donor-acceptor [2]catenanes confirm their mechanically interlocked nature, stabilized by [pi...pi], [C-H...pi], and [C-H...Omicron] interactions, and point to secondary noncovalent contacts between 1,3-butadiyne and 1,2,3-triazole subunits and one of the bipyridinum units of the CBPQT4+ ring. These contacts are characterized by the roughly parallel orientation of the inner bipyridinium ring system and the 1,2,3-triazole and 1,3-butadiyne units, as well as by the short [pi...pi] distances of 3.50 and 3.60 A, respectively. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy has been used to identify and quantify the barriers to the conformationally and co-conformationally dynamic processes. The former include the rotations of the phenylene and the bipyridinium ring systems around their substituent axes, whereas the latter are confined to the circumrotation of the CBPQT4+ ring around the DNP binding site. The barriers for the three processes were found to be successively 14.4, 14.5-17.5, and 13.1-15.8 kcal mol-1. Within the limitations of the small dataset investigated, emergent trends in the barrier heights can be recognized: the values decrease with the increasing size of the pi-electron-donating macrocycle and tend to be lower in the sterically less encumbered series of [2]catenanes containing the 1,3-butadiyne moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjen S Miljanić
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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154
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Dondoni A. Triazole: the Keystone in Glycosylated Molecular Architectures Constructed by a Click Reaction. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:700-8. [PMID: 17464957 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The copper(I)-catalyzed modern version of the Huisgen-type azide-alkyne cycloaddition to give a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole unit is introduced as a powerful ligation method for glycoconjugation. Owing to its high chemoselectivity and tolerance of a variety of reaction conditions, this highly atom-economic and efficient coupling reaction is especially useful for the effective construction of complex glycosylated structures such as clusters, dendrimers, polymers, peptides, and macrocycles. In all cases the triazole ring plays a key role by locking into position the various parts of these molecular architectures. The examples reported and briefly discussed in this short review highlight the use of this reaction in carbohydrate chemistry and pave the way to further developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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155
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Gao H, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of molecular brushes by "grafting onto" method: combination of ATRP and click reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6633-9. [PMID: 17465551 DOI: 10.1021/ja0711617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular brushes (densely grafted polymers or bottle-brush macromolecules) were synthesized by the "grafting onto" method via combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and "click" reactions. Linear poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) polymers were synthesized first by ATRP. After esterification reactions between pentynoic acid and the hydroxyl side groups, polymeric backbones with alkynyl side groups on essentially every monomer unit (PHEMA-alkyne) were obtained. Five kinds of azido-terminated polymeric side chains (SCs) with different chemical compositions and molecular weights were used, including poly(ethylene glycol)-N3 (PEO-N3), polystyrene-N3, poly(n-butyl acrylate)-N3, and poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene-N3. All click coupling reactions between alkyne-containing polymeric backbones (PHEMA-alkyne) and azido-terminated polymeric SCs were completed within 3 h. The grafting density of the obtained molecular brushes was affected by several factors, including the molecular weights and the chemical structures of the linear SCs, as well as the initial molar ratio of linear chains to alkynyl groups. When linear polymers with "thinner" structure and lower molecular weight, e.g., PEO-N3 with Mn = 775 g/mol, were reacted with PHEMA-alkyne (degree of polymerization = 210) at a high molar ratio of linear chains to alkynyl groups in the backbone, the brush copolymers with the highest grafting density were obtained (Y(grafting) = 88%). This result indicates that the average number of SCs was ca. 186 per brush molecule and the average molecular weight of the brush molecules was ca. 190 kg/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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156
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Lutz JF. 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides and alkynes: a universal ligation tool in polymer and materials science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1018-25. [PMID: 17211903 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, Sharpless and co-workers introduced "click" chemistry, a new approach in organic synthesis that involves a handful of almost perfect chemical reactions. Among these carefully selected reactions, Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were shown to be the most effective and versatile and thus became the prime example of click chemistry. Hence, these long-neglected reactions were suddenly re-established in organic synthesis and, in particular, have gained popularity in materials science. The number of publications dealing with click chemistry has grown exponentially over the last two years. The Minireview discusses whether click chemistry is a miracle tool or an ephemeral trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lutz
- Nanotechnology for Life Science Research Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselberstrasse 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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157
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Xu N, Lu FZ, Du FS, Li ZC. Synthesis of Saccharide-Terminated Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) via Michael Addition and ‘Click’ Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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158
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Qin A, Jim CKW, Lu W, Lam JWY, Häussler M, Dong Y, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Wong GKL, Tang BZ. Click Polymerization: Facile Synthesis of Functional Poly(aroyltriazole)s by Metal-Free, Regioselective 1,3-Dipolar Polycycloaddition. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062859s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cathy K. W. Jim
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Matthias Häussler
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - George K. L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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159
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Lutz JF. 1,3-Dipolare Cycloaddition von Aziden und Alkinen: eine universelle Ligationsmethode in den Polymer- und Materialwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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160
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Nepogodiev SA, Dedola S, Marmuse L, de Oliveira MT, Field RA. Synthesis of triazole-linked pseudo-starch fragments. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:529-40. [PMID: 17084824 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid assembly of starch fragment analogues was achieved using 'click chemistry'. Specifically, a pentadecasaccharide and two hexadecasaccharide mimics containing two parallel maltoheptaosyl chains linked via [1,2,3]-triazoles to glucose or maltose core were synthesised using Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of azidosaccharides and 4,6-di-O-propargylated methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside and 6,6'- and 4',6'-di-O-propargylated p-methoxyphenyl beta-maltoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Centre for Carbohydrate Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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161
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162
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Dedola S, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA. Recent applications of the CuI-catalysed Huisgen azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in carbohydrate chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1006-17. [PMID: 17377651 DOI: 10.1039/b618048p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys recent applications of Cu(I)-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes in carbohydrate chemistry, highlighting developments in the preparation of simple glycoside and oligosaccharide mimetics, glyco-macrocycles, glycopeptides, glyco-clusters and carbohydrate arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dedola
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKNR4 7TJ
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163
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Dag A, Durmaz H, Hizal G, Tunca U. Preparation of 3-arm star polymers (A3) via Diels–Alder click reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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164
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Santoyo-González F, Hernández-Mateo F. Azide–Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: a Valuable Tool in Carbohydrate Chemistry. HETEROCYCLES FROM CARBOHYDRATE PRECURSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2007_050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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165
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Voit B. The potential of cycloaddition reactions in the synthesis of dendritic polymers. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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166
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167
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Fournier D, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Clicking polymers: a straightforward approach to novel macromolecular architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:1369-80. [PMID: 17619693 DOI: 10.1039/b700809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living/controlled polymerization techniques have enabled the synthesis of a large variety of different well-defined (co)polymer structures. In addition, the use of click chemistry in polymer science is a quickly emerging field of research since it allows the fast and simple creation of well-defined and complex polymeric structures in yields that were previously unattainable. In this critical review, the application of the azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the construction of well-defined polymer architectures will be discussed in detail, providing a comprehensive overview for all disciplines related to polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fournier
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology and Dutch Polymer Institute, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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168
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Liu Q, Zhao P, Chen Y. Divergent synthesis of dendrimer-like macromolecules through a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and click reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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169
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Lee JW, Kim HJ, Han SC, Kim JH, Jin SH. Designing poly(amido amine) dendrimers containing core diversities by click chemistry of the propargyl focal point poly(amido amine) dendrons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Evans RA. The Rise of Azide–Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar 'Click' Cycloaddition and its Application to Polymer Science and Surface Modification. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New methods to synthesize and functionalize polymers are of constant interest to the polymer scientist. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an azide and terminal alkyne has received much attention since the reports that copper(i) provides high yields and regioselective synthesis of 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This coupling chemistry has been rapidly adopted by polymer scientists in the synthesis and post-polymerization modification of polymers. This Review will provide the historical context of the recent development of the copper-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition and its use in polymer science, particularly in dendrimer synthesis/functionalization, surface immobilization/modification, orthogonally functionalizing polymers, and its integration with ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization).
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171
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Altintas O, Yankul B, Hizal G, Tunca U. One-pot preparation of 3-miktoarm star terpolymers via click [3 + 2] reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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172
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Spain SG, Gibson MI, Cameron NR. Recent advances in the synthesis of well-defined glycopolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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173
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Marotte K, Préville C, Sabin C, Moumé-Pymbock M, Imberty A, Roy R. Synthesis and binding properties of divalent and trivalent clusters of the Lewis a disaccharide moiety to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin PA-IIL. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2953-61. [PMID: 17728861 DOI: 10.1039/b708227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of oligomeric glycocomimetics has been performed for targeting the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-IIL lectin, which is of therapeutical interest for anti-adhesive treatment. The disaccharide alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc, which is a high-affinity ligand of the lectin, has been coupled to dimeric and trimeric linkers with various lengths and geometries. A series of linear dimers displayed an efficient clustering effect and a very strong affinity, with a lower dissociation constant of 90 nM. The trimeric compound was less efficient in inhibition assays but displayed high affinity in solution. Titration microcalorimetry and molecular modeling allowed in-depth analysis and rationalization of the binding data. These glycoclusters could act by crosslinking the lectins present on the surface of bacteria and therefore interfere with host recognition or biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Marotte
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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174
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Touaibia M, Shiao TC, Papadopoulos A, Vaucher J, Wang Q, Benhamioud K, Roy R. Tri- and hexavalent mannoside clusters as potential inhibitors of type 1 fimbriated bacteria using pentaerythritol and triazole linkages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:380-2. [PMID: 17220977 DOI: 10.1039/b612471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several oligomannoside clusters having a hundred-fold increase in affinities toward E. coli were synthesized by Cu(I)-catalyzed [1,3]-dipolar cycloadditions using pentaerythritol scaffolds bearing either alkyne or azide functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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175
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Abstract
Three generations of azido-terminated PEG-dendritic block copolymers have been synthesized and completely characterized by NMR and MALDI-TOF. A radial decrease of density, leading to more mobile protons at the outermost periphery, and an increasingly higher compactness of the core with generation have been determined by T(1) and T(2) relaxation time studies. The efficient surface decoration of these dendritic polymers by means of click chemistry has been demonstrated by the incorporation of unprotected carbohydrate units in very good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds at room temperature, under aqueous conditions, and requires just catalytic amounts of Cu. The modified block copolymers are conveniently purified by ultrafiltration. The glycodendrimers functionalized with alpha-mannose form aggregates with concanavalin A as determined by absorbance experiments at 400 nm. This aggregation ability increases with generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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176
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Golas PL, Tsarevsky NV, Sumerlin BS, Matyjaszewski K. Catalyst Performance in “Click” Coupling Reactions of Polymers Prepared by ATRP: Ligand and Metal Effects. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061592u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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177
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Lutz JF, Börner HG, Weichenhan K. Combining ATRP and “Click” Chemistry: a Promising Platform toward Functional Biocompatible Polymers and Polymer Bioconjugates. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061557n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lutz
- Research Group Nanotechnology for Life Science, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Golm 14476, Germany, and Colloid Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans G. Börner
- Research Group Nanotechnology for Life Science, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Golm 14476, Germany, and Colloid Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Weichenhan
- Research Group Nanotechnology for Life Science, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Golm 14476, Germany, and Colloid Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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178
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Coullerez G, Seeberger PH, Textor M. Merging Organic and Polymer Chemistries to Create Glycomaterials for Glycomics Applications. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:634-47. [PMID: 16881090 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
[Image: see text] Oligosaccharides at cell surfaces are known to play a critical role in many biological processes such as biorecognition, interactions between cells and with artificial surfaces, immune response, infection and inflammation. In order to facilitate studies of the role of sugars, an increasing number of novel tools are becoming available. New synthetic strategies now provide much more efficient access to complex carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Branched carbohydrates and hybrids of carbohydrates conjugated to polymers have been prepared using solution and/or solid-phase synthesis and advanced methods of polymerization. These materials are essential for the development of methodologies to study and map the molecular structure-function relationship at interfaces. This article highlights recent advances in the synthesis of carbohydrates and polymer hybrids mimicking the properties and functionalities of the natural oligosaccharides, as well as selected applications in biology, biotechnology and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coullerez
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, BioInterfaceGroup, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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179
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Gao H, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of Star Polymers by a Combination of ATRP and the “Click” Coupling Method. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060926c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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