151
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Andrew RE, Storey CM, Chaplin AB. Well-defined coinage metal transfer agents for the synthesis of NHC-based nickel, rhodium and palladium macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8937-44. [PMID: 27157720 PMCID: PMC5783018 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to use as carbene transfer agents, well-defined silver(i) and copper(i) complexes of a macrocyclic NHC-based pincer ligand, bearing a central lutidine donor and a dodecamethylene spacer [CNC-(CH2)12, 1], have been prepared. Although the silver adduct is characterised by X-ray diffraction as a dinuclear species anti-[Ag(μ-1)]2(2+), variable temperature measurements indicate dynamic structural interchange in solution involving fragmentation into mononuclear [Ag(1)](+) on the NMR time scale. In contrast, a mononuclear structure is evident in both solution and the solid-state for the analogous copper adduct partnered with the weakly coordinating [BAr(F)4](-) counter anion. A related copper derivative, bearing instead the more coordinating cuprous bromide dianion [Cu2Br4](2-), is notable for the adoption of an interesting tetranuclear assembly in the solid-state, featuring two cuprophilic interactions and two bridging NHC donors, but is not retained on dissolution. Coinage metal precursors [M(1)]n[BAr(F)4]n (M = Ag, n = 2; M = Cu, n = 1) both act as carbene transfer agents to afford palladium, rhodium and nickel complexes of 1 and the effectiveness of these precursors has been evaluated under equivalent reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiann E. Andrew
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Caroline M. Storey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Adrian B. Chaplin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road ,
Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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152
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Biffis A, Tubaro C, Baron M. Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalysed Alkyne Hydroarylations. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1742-60. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Biffis
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Cristina Tubaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Baron
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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153
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Maftei E, Maftei CV, Jones PG, Freytag M, Franz MH, Kelter G, Fiebig HH, Tamm M, Neda I. Trifluoromethylpyridine-SubstitutedN-Heterocyclic Carbenes Related to Natural Products: Synthesis, Structure, and Potential Antitumor Activity of some Corresponding Gold(I), Rhodium(I), and Iridium(I) Complexes. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maftei
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
- Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata; Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Nr. 144 RO-300569 Timisoara
| | - Catalin V. Maftei
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
- Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata; Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Nr. 144 RO-300569 Timisoara
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
| | - M. Heiko Franz
- Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata; Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Nr. 144 RO-300569 Timisoara
- InnoChemTech GmbH; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
| | | | | | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
| | - Ion Neda
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Carola Wilhelmina; Hagenring 30 DE-38106 Braunschweig
- Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata; Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Nr. 144 RO-300569 Timisoara
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154
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Han Z, Bates JI, Strehl D, Patrick BO, Gates DP. Homo- and Heteropolynuclear Complexes Containing Bidentate Bridging 4-Phosphino-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5071-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Joshua I. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Dominik Strehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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155
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Yang Y, Qin A, Zhao K, Wang D, Shi X. Design and Synthesis of Alanine Triazole Ligands and Application in Promotion of Hydration, Allene Synthesis and Borrowing Hydrogen Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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156
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Carrër A, Péan C, Perron-Sierra F, Mirguet O, Michelet V. Gold-Catalyzed Cyclizations of Alkynyl Silyl Enol Ethers: An Easy Access to Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanone Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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157
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Mui YF, Fernández-Gallardo J, Elie BT, Gubran A, Maluenda I, Sanaú M, Navarro O, Contel M. Titanocene-Gold Complexes Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Inhibit Growth of Prostate, Renal, and Colon Cancers in Vitro. Organometallics 2016; 35:1218-1227. [PMID: 27182101 PMCID: PMC4863200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report on the synthesis, characterization,
and stability studies
of new titanocene complexes containing a methyl group and a carboxylate
ligand (mba = −OC(O)-p-C6H4-S−) bound to gold(I)–N-heterocyclic carbene
fragments through the thiolate group: [(η5-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(NHC)]. The cytotoxicities
of the heterometallic compounds along with those of novel monometallic
gold–N-heterocyclic carbene precursors [(NHC)Au(mbaH)] have
been evaluated against renal, prostate, colon, and breast cancer cell
lines. The highest activity and selectivity and a synergistic effect
of the resulting heterometallic species was found for the prostate
and colon cancer cell lines. The colocalization of both titanium and
gold metals (1:1 ratio) in PC3 prostate cancer cells was demonstrated
for the selected compound 5a, indicating the robustness
of the heterometallic compound in vitro. We describe here preliminary
mechanistic data involving studies on the interaction of selected
mono- and bimetallic compounds with plasmid (pBR322) used as a model
nucleic acid and the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase in PC3 prostate
cancer cells. The heterometallic compounds, which are highly apoptotic,
exhibit strong antimigratory effects on the prostate cancer cell line
PC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Fung Mui
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Chemistry and Biology Ph.D. Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jacob Fernández-Gallardo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York , Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Benelita T Elie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Chemistry and Biology Ph.D. Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ahmed Gubran
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York , Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Irene Maluenda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Mercedes Sanaú
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Oscar Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States; Chemistry and Biology Ph.D. Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States; Chemistry and Biology Ph.D. Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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158
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Kitajima M, Watanabe K, Maeda H, Kogure N, Takayama H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Sarpagine-Related Indole Alkaloids Hydroxygardnerine, Hydroxygardnutine, Gardnerine, (E)-16-epi-Normacusine B, and Koumine. Org Lett 2016; 18:1912-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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159
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Wang W, Zhao L, Lv H, Zhang G, Xia C, Hahn FE, Li F. Modular “Click” Preparation of Bifunctional Polymeric Heterometallic Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7665-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
| | - Hui Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 (P.R. China
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160
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Wang W, Zhao L, Lv H, Zhang G, Xia C, Hahn FE, Li F. Modulare Klick-Synthese von bifunktionalen, polymeren Heterodimetallkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Hui Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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161
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Trinchillo M, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L, Biasiolo L, Busico V, D’Amora A, D’Amore L, Del Zotto A, Tarantelli F, Tuzi A, Zuccaccia D. Extensive Experimental and Computational Study of Counterion Effect in the Reaction Mechanism of NHC-Gold(I)-Catalyzed Alkoxylation of Alkynes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trinchillo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia
4, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Biasiolo
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio
108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia
4, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela D’Amora
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia
4, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D’Amore
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Zotto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio
108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), c/o Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Tuzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Cintia
4, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio
108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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162
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Cordón J, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Monge M. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Effectiveness and Stability of Gold(I) Catalysts Used in the Synthesis of Cyclic Acetals. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cordón
- Departamento de Química,
Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ),
Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José M. López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química,
Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ),
Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Química,
Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ),
Complejo Científico-Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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163
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Hu JY, Zhang J, Wang GX, Sun HL, Zhang JL. Constructing a Catalytic Cycle for C-F to C-X (X = O, S, N) Bond Transformation Based on Gold-Mediated Ligand Nucleophilic Attack. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2274-83. [PMID: 26872251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A tricoordinated gold(I) chloride complex, tBuXantphosAuCl, supported by a sterically bulky 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)xanthene ligand (tBuXantphos) was synthesized. This complex features a remarkably longer Au-Cl bond length [2.632(1) Å] than bicoordinated linear gold complexes (2.27-2.30 Å) and tricoordinated XantphosAuCl [2.462(1) Å]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a cocrystal of tBuXantphosAuCl and pentafluoronitrobenzene (PFNB) and UV-vis spectroscopic titration experiments revealed the existence of an anion-π interaction between the Cl anion ligand and PFNB. Stoichiometric reaction between PFNB and tBuXantphosAuOtBu, after replacement of Cl by a more nucleophilic tBuO anion ligand, showed higher reactivity and para selectivity in the transformation of C-F to C-OtBu bond, distinctively different from that when only KOtBu was used (ortho selectivity) under the identical condition. Mechanistic studies including density functional theory calculations suggested a gold-mediated nucleophilic ligand attack of the C-F bond pathway via an SNAr process. On the basis of these results, using trimethylsilyl derivatives TMS-X (X = OMe, SEt, NEt2) as the nucleophilic ligand source and the fluorine acceptor, catalytic transformation of the C-F bond of aromatic substrates to the C-X (X = O, S, N) bond was achieved with tBuXantphosAuCl as the catalyst (up to 20 turnover numbers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Ling Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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164
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Das A, Hua Y, Yousufuddin M, Cundari TR, Jeon J, Dias HVR. Gold‐Mediated Isomerization of Cyclooctyne to Ring Fused Olefinic Bicycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, http://https://www.uta.edu/chemistry/faculty/directory/Dias.php
| | - Yuanda Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, http://https://www.uta.edu/chemistry/faculty/directory/Dias.php
| | - Muhammed Yousufuddin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, http://https://www.uta.edu/chemistry/faculty/directory/Dias.php
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, http://https://www.uta.edu/chemistry/faculty/directory/Dias.php
| | - H. V. Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA, http://https://www.uta.edu/chemistry/faculty/directory/Dias.php
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165
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Takanashi N, Suzuki K, Kitajima M, Takayama H. Total synthesis of conolidine and apparicine. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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166
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Schwedtmann K, Schoemaker R, Hennersdorf F, Bauzá A, Frontera A, Weiss R, Weigand JJ. Cationic 5-phosphonio-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11384-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cationic NHCs featuring a phosphonium moiety in the 5-position are prepared from the reaction of imidazolium salts with a tert. phosphane. They are used as ligands for the preparation of transition metal complexes, dehydrogenation reactions of prim. and sec. phosphanes and the preparation of a N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schwedtmann
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Robin Schoemaker
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Robert Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Jan J. Weigand
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- TU Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
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167
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Fructos MR, Urbano J, Díaz-Requejo MM, Pérez PJ. Evidencing an inner-sphere mechanism for NHC-Au(I)-catalyzed carbene-transfer reactions from ethyl diazoacetate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2254-60. [PMID: 26664649 PMCID: PMC4660976 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic experiments based on the measurement of nitrogen evolution in the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate (N2CHCO2Et, EDA) and styrene or methanol catalyzed by the [IPrAu]+ core (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene) have provided evidence that the transfer of the carbene group CHCO2Et to the substrate (styrene or methanol) takes place in the coordination sphere of Au(I) by means of an inner-sphere mechanism, in contrast to the generally accepted proposal of outer-sphere mechanisms for Au(I)-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Fructos
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Juan Urbano
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - M Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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168
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Xu Y, Hu X, Zhang S, Xi X, Wu Y. Room-Temperature Hydration of Alkynes Catalyzed by Different Carbene Gold Complexes and their Precursors. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
- China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
| | - Shufeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
| | - Xiuxing Xi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
| | - Youting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 211198 P.R. China
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169
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Frutos M, de la Torre MC, Sierra MA. Steroid Derived Mesoionic Gold and Silver Mono- and Polymetallic Carbenes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11174-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Frutos
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. de la Torre
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad
de Química, Universidad Complutense, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), 28040-Madrid, Spain
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170
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Holmes MR, Manganaro JF, Barnes CL, Gung BW. Synthesis and characterization of novel chiral [(NHC)Au(I)Cl] complexes: Featuring ortho-biphenyl substituents. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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171
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Charra V, de Frémont P, Breuil PAR, Olivier-Bourbigou H, Braunstein P. Silver(I) and copper(I) complexes with bis-NHC ligands: Dinuclear complexes, cubanes and coordination polymers. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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172
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Garner ME, Niu W, Chen X, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Tan W, Veige AS. N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) and silver(I) complexes bearing functional groups for bio-conjugation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:1914-23. [PMID: 25490699 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes several synthetic approaches to append organic functional groups to gold and silver N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes suitable for applications in biomolecule conjugation. Carboxylate appended NHC ligands (3) lead to unstable Au(I) complexes that convert into bis-NHC species (4). A benzyl protected carboxylate NHC-Au(I) complex 2 was synthesized but deprotection to produce the carboxylic acid functionality could not be achieved. A small library of new alkyne functionalized NHC proligands were synthesized and used for subsequent silver and gold metalation reactions. The alkyne appended NHC gold complex 13 readily reacts with benzyl azide in a copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to form the triazole appended NHC gold complex 14. Cell cytotoxicity studies were performed on DLD-1 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), Hep-G2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), CCRF-CEM (human T-Cell leukemia), and HEK (human embryonic kidney). Complete spectroscopic characterization of the ligands and complexes was achieved using (1)H and (13)C NMR, gHMBC, ESI-MS, and combustion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Garner
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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173
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Karunananda MK, Parmelee SR, Waldhart GW, Mankad NP. Experimental and Computational Characterization of the Transition State for C–X Bimetallic Oxidative Addition at a Cu–Fe Reaction Center. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malkanthi K. Karunananda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sean R. Parmelee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Greyson W. Waldhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neal P. Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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174
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Ranieri B, Escofet I, Echavarren AM. Anatomy of gold catalysts: facts and myths. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7103-18. [PMID: 26055272 PMCID: PMC4479959 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review article covers the main types of gold(i) complexes used as precatalysts under homogeneous conditions in organic synthesis and discusses the different ways of catalyst activation as well as ligand, silver, and anion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ranieri
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain .
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain .
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Av. Països Catalans 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain .
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
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175
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Maftei CV, Fodor E, Jones PG, Freytag M, Franz MH, Kelter G, Fiebig HH, Tamm M, Neda I. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) with 1,2,4-oxadiazole-substituents related to natural products: synthesis, structure and potential antitumor activity of some corresponding gold(I) and silver(I) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:431-41. [PMID: 26185007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis, characterization and application of eleven new gold (I) complexes 13-23 with 1,2,4-oxadiazole-containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and of the NHC silver(I) complex 24. The 1,2,4-oxadiazole unit, which can be found in a variety of biologically active natural products such as phidianidines or quisqualic acid, was incorporated, along with a variety of other biologically active moieties (anthracene, indole, 2-pyridine, 2,3,4,5-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranose, quincorine and quincoridine), in order to change the lipophilicity of the complexes, so that the transport of the active units (M-NHC) though the cell wall barrier is facilitated. The biological activity of the complexes was investigated. In vitro assessment of anti-tumor activity in a panel of 12 human tumor cell lines by a monolayer assay revealed impressive potency (mean IC50 < 0.1 μM) and tumor selectivity for 6 compounds, with individual IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. The solid state structures of compounds 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19 and 24 were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin V Maftei
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata, Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu, Nr. 144, Ro-300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena Fodor
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata, Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu, Nr. 144, Ro-300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Heiko Franz
- InnoChemTech GmbH, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata, Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu, Nr. 144, Ro-300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gerhard Kelter
- Oncotest GmbH, Am Flughafen 12-14, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ion Neda
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institutul National de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Electrochimie si Materie Condensata, Str. Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu, Nr. 144, Ro-300569 Timisoara, Romania.
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176
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Kobialka S, Müller-Tautges C, Schmidt MTS, Schnakenburg G, Hollóczki O, Kirchner B, Engeser M. Stretch Out or Fold Back? Conformations of Dinuclear Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6100-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502751s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kobialka
- Kekulé-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Müller-Tautges
- Kekulé-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie T. S. Schmidt
- Kekulé-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Kekulé-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse
4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse
4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé-Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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177
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MacLeod MJ, Johnson JA. PEGylated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Anchors Designed To Stabilize Gold Nanoparticles in Biologically Relevant Media. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7974-7. [PMID: 26081724 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as versatile ligands for surface functionalization. Their ease of synthesis and ability to form strong bonds with a range of substrates provide a unique complement to traditional surface modification methods. Gold nanoparticles (NPs) are a particularly useful class of materials whose applications intimately depend on surface functionalization. Here we report the development of PEGylated-NHC ligands for Au-NP surfaces and the first example of NHC-functionalized NPs that are compatible with biologically relevant conditions. Our PEGylated-NHC-Au-NPs are stable toward aggregation in aqueous solutions in the pH range of 3-14, in <250 mM electrolyte solutions, at high and low temperatures (95 and -78 °C), in cell culture media, and in aqueous H2O2 solutions. This work demonstrates for the first time that NHCs can serve as anchors for water-soluble Au-NPs and opens the door to potential biomedical applications of NHC surface anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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178
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Breker V, Sak H, Baracchi-Krause G, Krause N. Synthesis and properties of a biotin-tagged NHC–gold complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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179
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Turek J, Panov I, Švec P, Růžičková Z, Růžička A. Non-covalent interactions in coinage metal complexes of 1,2,4-triazole-based N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:15465-74. [PMID: 25189129 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven coinage metal(I) complexes bearing two different triazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, [1-tert-butyl-4-{2-[(N,N-dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl}-3-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-5-ide and 1-tert-butyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-5-ide], were synthesized and fully characterized in solution by NMR spectroscopy as well as in the solid state by X-ray diffraction techniques. Furthermore, the XRD analysis showed that the bidentate coordination of the amino group substituted NHC ligand, previously observed for rhodium and palladium complexes, does not take place in the solid state structure of Au(I) complexes with various halide ligands. Nevertheless, the formation of sets of two head-to-tail oriented monomers aggregated via a weak metallophilic contact was revealed for both NHC ligands as well as for all three coinage metals with different halides. These experimental data correlate quite well with the previously published theoretical study on related complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Turek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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180
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Cai R, Wang D, Chen Y, Yan W, Geise NR, Sharma S, Li H, Petersen JL, Li M, Shi X. Facile synthesis of fluorescent active triazapentalenes through gold-catalyzed triazole-alkyne cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7303-5. [PMID: 24872118 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent active triazapentalene zwitterions (TAPZs) were prepared through Au(I) catalyzed triazole-alkyne 5-endo-dig cyclization. While an effective gold catalyst turnover (0.5% loading, up to 96% yield) was achieved, the stability of these new 10-π-electron bicyclic structures was also significantly improved, which warranted future applications of these fluorescent dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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181
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Riedel D, Wurm T, Graf K, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. From Isonitriles to Unsaturated NHC Complexes of Gold, Palladium and Platinum. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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182
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Bastin S, Barthes C, Lugan N, Lavigne G, César V. Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Gold(I) as Precatalysts for Silver-Free Cycloisomerization of Enynes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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183
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Li F, Wang N, Lu L, Zhu G. Regioselective hydration of terminal alkynes catalyzed by a neutral gold(I) complex [(IPr)AuCl] and one-pot synthesis of optically active secondary alcohols from terminal alkynes by the combination of [(IPr)AuCl] and Cp*RhCl[(R,R)-TsDPEN]. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3538-46. [PMID: 25757153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A neutral gold(I) complex [(IPr)AuCl] (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the hydration of terminal alkynes, including aromatic alkynes and aliphatic alkynes. The desired methyl ketones were obtained in high yields with complete regioselectivities. Furthermore, a series of optically active secondary alcohols could be obtained in high yield with good to excellent enatioselectivities via one-pot sequential hydration/asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) from terminal alkynes by the combination of of [(IPr)AuCl] and Cp*RhCl[(R,R)-TsDPEN] (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, TsDPEN = N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine). Notably, this research exhibited the potential of the direct use of neutral gold(I) complexes instead of cationic ones as catalysts for the activation of multiple bonds for organic synthesis.
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184
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Gasperini D, Collado A, Goméz-Suárez A, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Nolan SP. Gold-acetonyl complexes: from side-products to valuable synthons. Chemistry 2015; 21:5403-12. [PMID: 25704115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic strategy was devised leading to the formation of complexes, such as [Au(IPr)(CH2 COCH3)]. The approach capitalizes on the formation of a decomposition product observed in the course of the synthesis of [Au(IPr)(Cl)]. A library of gold acetonyl complexes containing the most common N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands has been synthesized. These acetonyl complexes are good synthons for the preparation of numerous organogold complexes. Moreover, they have proven to be precatalysts in common gold(I)-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gasperini
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK)
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185
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Synthesis, coordination chemistry and reactivity of transition metal complexes supported by a chelating benzimidazolylidene carboxylate ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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186
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Kiefer C, Bestgen S, Gamer MT, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Alkynyl-functionalized gold NHC complexes and their coinage metal clusters. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:13662-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropynyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands for the synthesis of heterometallic hexanuclear coinagemetal clusters which exhibit mixed metallophillic interactions and intense white photoluminescence at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kiefer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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187
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Handa S, Subramanium SS, Ruch AA, Tanski JM, Slaughter LM. Ligand- and Brønsted acid/base-switchable reaction pathways in gold(i)-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of allenoic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3936-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02640c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Competing gold-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of γ-allenoic acids are optimized through ligand and Brønsted acid/base effects, affording three distinct classes of lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
| | | | - Aaron A. Ruch
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - LeGrande M. Slaughter
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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188
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Brill M, Collado A, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Vogt M, Grützmacher H, Nolan SP. Synthesis and Characterization of Gold(I) Complexes of Dibenzotropylidene-Functionalized NHC Ligands (Trop-NHCs). Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om501093s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Brill
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alba Collado
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | - Matthias Vogt
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Straße 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Straße 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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189
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Bestgen S, Gamer MT, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Di- and Trinuclear Gold Complexes of Diphenylphosphinoethyl-Functionalised Imidazolium Salts and their N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2014; 21:601-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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190
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Phillips N, Dodson T, Tirfoin R, Bates JI, Aldridge S. Expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbenes for the stabilization of highly electrophilic gold(I) cations. Chemistry 2014; 20:16721-31. [PMID: 25336057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the synthesis of highly electrophilic Au(I) complexes from either hydride- or chloride-containing precursors have been investigated by employing sterically encumbered Dipp-substituted expanded-ring NHCs (Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ). Thus, complexes of the type (NHC)AuH have been synthesised (for NHC=6-Dipp or 7-Dipp) and shown to feature significantly more electron-rich hydrides than those based on ancillary imidazolylidene donors. This finding is consistent with the stronger σ-donor character of these NHCs, and allows for protonation of the hydride ligand. Such chemistry leads to the loss of dihydrogen and to the trapping of the [(NHC)Au](+) fragment within a dinuclear gold cation containing a bridging hydride. Activation of the hydride ligand in (NHC)AuH by B(C6 F5 )3 , by contrast, generates a species (at low temperatures) featuring a [HB(C6 F5 )3 ](-) fragment with spectroscopic signatures similar to the "free" borate anion. Subsequent rearrangement involves BC bond cleavage and aryl transfer to the carbophilic metal centre. Under halide abstraction conditions utilizing Na[BAr(f) 4 ] (Ar(f) =C6 H3 (CF3 )2 -3,5), systems of the type [(NHC)AuCl] (NHC=6-Dipp or 7-Dipp) generate dinuclear complexes [{(NHC)Au}2 (μ-Cl)](+) that are still electrophilic enough at gold to induce aryl abstraction from the [BAr(f) 4 ](-) counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Phillips
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR (UK)
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191
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Zhang S, Wei F, Song C, Jia J, Xu Z. Recent Advances of the Combination of Au/Acid Catalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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192
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Coupillaud P, Vignolle J, Mecerreyes D, Taton D. Post-polymerization modification and organocatalysis using reactive statistical poly(ionic liquid)-based copolymers. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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193
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Jacques B, Hueber D, Hameury S, Braunstein P, Pale P, Blanc A, de Frémont P. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Alcohol-Functionalized NHC Gold(I/III) Complexes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Jacques
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Hueber
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organique et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Hameury
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organique et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Blanc
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organique et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre de Frémont
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie
(UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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194
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Caytan E, Roland S. Structure of Silver–N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Solution: Evidence of Equilibration in DMSO at Very Different Time Scales by 1H NMR Experiments. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om401124y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Caytan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Roland
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR CNRS 8232, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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195
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Nelson DJ, Collado A, Manzini S, Meiries S, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, Nolan SP. Methoxy-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Nelson
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alba Collado
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Simone Manzini
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Sebastien Meiries
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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196
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Yang L, Wang H. Recent advances in carbon dioxide capture, fixation, and activation by using N-heterocyclic carbenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:962-998. [PMID: 24644039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, CO2 emission has caused a lot of environmental problems. To mitigate the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, various strategies have been implemented, one of which is the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and related complexes to accomplish the capture, fixation, and activation of CO2 effectively. In this review, we summarize CO2 capture, fixation, and activation by utilizing NHCs and related complexes; homogeneous reactions and their reaction mechanisms are discussed. Free NHCs and NHC salts can capture CO2 in both direct and indirect ways to form imidazolium carboxylates, and they can also catalyze the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with CO2 to form carboxylic acids and derivatives. Moreover, associated with transition metals (TMs), NHCs can form NHC-TM complexes to transform CO2 into industrial acid or esters. Non-metal-NHC complexes can also catalyze the reactions of silicon and boron complexes with CO2 . In addition, catalytic cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2 is another effective function of NHC complexes, and NHC ionic liquids perform excellently in this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Xuefu Dadao 999, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330031 (PR China)
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197
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Morozov OS, Lunchev AV, Bush AA, Tukov AA, Asachenko AF, Khrustalev VN, Zalesskiy SS, Ananikov VP, Nechaev MS. Expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbenes efficiently stabilize gold(I) cations, leading to high activity in π-acid-catalyzed cyclizations. Chemistry 2014; 20:6162-70. [PMID: 24682976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of six- and seven-membered expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbene (er-NHC) gold(I) complexes has been synthesized using different synthetic approaches. Complexes with weakly coordinating anions [(er-NHC)AuX] (X(-) = BF4(-), NTf2(-), OTf(-)) were generated in solution. According to their (13)C NMR spectra, the ionic character of the complexes increases in the order X(-) = Cl(-) < NTf2(-) < OTf(-) < BF4(-). Additional factors for stabilization of the cationic complexes are expansion of the NHC ring and the attachment of bulky substituents at the nitrogen atoms. These er-NHCs are bulkier ligands and stronger electron donors than conventional NHCs as well as phosphines and sulfides and provide more stabilization of [(L)Au(+)] cations. A comparative study has been carried out of the catalytic activities of five-, six-, and seven-membered carbene complexes [(NHC)AuX], [(Ph3 P)AuX], [(Me2S)AuX], and inorganic compounds of gold in model reactions of indole and benzofuran synthesis. It was found that increased ionic character of the complexes was correlated with increased catalytic activity in the cyclization reactions. As a result, we developed an unprecedentedly active monoligand cationic [(THD-Dipp)Au]BF4 (1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrodiazepin-2-ylidene gold(I) tetrafluoroborate) catalyst bearing seven-membered-ring carbene and bulky Dipp substituents. Quantitative yields of cyclized products were attained in several minutes at room temperature at 1 mol % catalyst loadings. The experimental observations were rationalized and fully supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Morozov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 29, Moscow, 119991 (Russian Federation)
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198
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Citta A, Schuh E, Mohr F, Folda A, Massimino ML, Bindoli A, Casini A, Rigobello MP. Fluorescent silver(I) and gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with cytotoxic properties: mechanistic insights. Metallomics 2014; 5:1006-15. [PMID: 23661165 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Silver(I) and gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes bearing a fluorescent anthracenyl ligand were examined for cytotoxicity in normal and tumor cells. The silver(I) complex exhibits greater cytotoxicity in tumor cells compared with normal cells. Notably, in cell extracts, this complex determines a more pronounced inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), but it is ineffective towards glutathione reductase (GR). Both gold and silver complexes lead to oxidation of the thioredoxin system, the silver(I) derivative being particularly effective. In addition, the dimerization of peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) was also observed, demonstrating the ability of these compounds to reach the mitochondrial target. The fluorescence microscopy visualization of the subcellular distribution of the complexes shows a larger diffusion of these molecules in tumor cells with respect to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Citta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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199
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Naeem S, Serapian SA, Toscani A, White AJP, Hogarth G, Wilton-Ely JDET. Ring-Closing Metathesis and Nanoparticle Formation Based on Diallyldithiocarbamate Complexes of Gold(I): Synthetic, Structural, and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2404-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Stefano A. Serapian
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anita Toscani
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Graeme Hogarth
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon
Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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200
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González-Gallardo S, Kuzu I, Oña-Burgos P, Wolfer T, Wang C, Klinkhammer KW, Klopper W, Bräse S, Breher F. Coinage Metal Complexes of Tris(pyrazolyl)methanide-Based Redox-Active Metalloligands. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om4010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra González-Gallardo
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Istemi Kuzu
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Wolfer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cong Wang
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl W. Klinkhammer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, J. Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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