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Mori H, Izawa T, Tanaka E. Smad3 Deficiency Leads to Mandibular Condyle Degradation via the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P)/S1P3 Signaling Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2742-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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152
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Piersma B, Bank RA, Boersema M. Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015. [PMID: 26389119 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00059.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic organ injury leads to fibrosis and eventually organ failure. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive synthesis, remodeling, and contraction of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are the key cells in the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders and their differentiation can be triggered by multiple stimuli. To develop anti-fibrotic therapies, it is of paramount importance to understand the molecular basis of the signaling pathways contributing to the activation and maintenance of myofibroblasts. Several signal transduction pathways, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Wingless/Int (WNT), and more recently yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling, have been linked to the pathophysiology of fibrosis. Activation of the TGF-β1-induced SMAD complex results in the upregulation of genes important for myofibroblast function. Similarly, WNT-stabilized β-catenin translocates to the nucleus and initiates transcription of its target genes. YAP and TAZ are two transcriptional co-activators from the Hippo signaling pathway that also rely on nuclear translocation for their functioning. These three signal transduction pathways have little molecular similarity but do share one principle: the cytosolic/nuclear regulation of its transcriptional activators. Past research on these pathways often focused on the isolated cascades without taking other signaling pathways into account. Recent developments show that parts of these pathways converge into an intricate network that governs the activation and maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the signal integration between the TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ pathways in the development of organ fibrosis. Taking a network-wide view on signal transduction will provide a better understanding on the complex and versatile processes that underlie the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Piersma
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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153
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Huang MY, Lin CH, Huang CM, Tsai HL, Huang CW, Yeh YS, Chai CY, Wang JY. Relationships between SMAD3 expression and preoperative fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy response in locally advanced rectal cancer patients. World J Surg 2015; 39:1257-67. [PMID: 25561186 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMAD3, which is accumulated in the nucleus, transcriptionally regulates TGF-β target genes, playing a significant role in mediating the activities of TGF-β. In this study, we assessed the roles of TGF-β1, SMAD3, and phosphorylated SMAD3 expressions in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer following preoperative fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we examined TGF-β1, SMAD3, and phosphorylated SMAD3 expressions in pre-chemoradiotherapy cancer tissues from 86 locally advanced rectal cancer patients. After chemoradiotherapy, 64 of 86 (74.4 %) locally advanced rectal cancer patients were classified as responders (pathological tumor regression grades of 2-4). RESULTS A multivariate analysis showed that phosphorylated SMAD3 overexpression correlated to poor preoperative chemoradiotherapy responses (P = 0.015; OR 7.218; 95 % CI 1.479-35.229). Furthermore, a poor response (pathological tumor regression grades of 0-1) was an independent predictor of postoperative relapse (P = 0.021; OR 5.452; 95 % CI 1.286-23.113). Additionally, patients with phosphorylated SMAD3 overexpression were found to have a worse disease-free survival (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that analyzing pre-chemoradiotherapy tumors for phosphorylated SMAD3 overexpression would assist physicians in identifying locally advanced rectal cancer patients who may have a poor response risk to preoperative fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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154
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A comprehensive 1,000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1121-1130. [PMID: 26343387 PMCID: PMC4589895 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1670] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Existing knowledge of genetic variants affecting risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is largely based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of common SNPs. Leveraging phased haplotypes from the 1000 Genomes Project, we report a GWAS meta-analysis of 185 thousand CAD cases and controls, interrogating 6.7 million common (MAF>0.05) as well as 2.7 million low frequency (0.005<MAF<0.05) variants. In addition to confirmation of most known CAD loci, we identified 10 novel loci, eight additive and two recessive, that contain candidate genes that newly implicate biological processes in vessel walls. We observed intra-locus allelic heterogeneity but little evidence of low frequency variants with larger effects and no evidence of synthetic association. Our analysis provides a comprehensive survey of the fine genetic architecture of CAD showing that genetic susceptibility to this common disease is largely determined by common SNPs of small effect size.
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155
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Piersma B, Bank RA, Boersema M. Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:59. [PMID: 26389119 PMCID: PMC4558529 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic organ injury leads to fibrosis and eventually organ failure. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive synthesis, remodeling, and contraction of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are the key cells in the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders and their differentiation can be triggered by multiple stimuli. To develop anti-fibrotic therapies, it is of paramount importance to understand the molecular basis of the signaling pathways contributing to the activation and maintenance of myofibroblasts. Several signal transduction pathways, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Wingless/Int (WNT), and more recently yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling, have been linked to the pathophysiology of fibrosis. Activation of the TGF-β1-induced SMAD complex results in the upregulation of genes important for myofibroblast function. Similarly, WNT-stabilized β-catenin translocates to the nucleus and initiates transcription of its target genes. YAP and TAZ are two transcriptional co-activators from the Hippo signaling pathway that also rely on nuclear translocation for their functioning. These three signal transduction pathways have little molecular similarity but do share one principle: the cytosolic/nuclear regulation of its transcriptional activators. Past research on these pathways often focused on the isolated cascades without taking other signaling pathways into account. Recent developments show that parts of these pathways converge into an intricate network that governs the activation and maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the signal integration between the TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ pathways in the development of organ fibrosis. Taking a network-wide view on signal transduction will provide a better understanding on the complex and versatile processes that underlie the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Piersma
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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156
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Curbing Inflammation in Skin Wound Healing: A Review. Int J Inflam 2015; 2015:316235. [PMID: 26356299 PMCID: PMC4556061 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex regulated process that results in skin scar formation in postnatal mammals. Chronic wounds are major medical problems that can confer devastating consequences. Currently, there are no treatments to prevent scarring. In the early fetus wounds heal without scarring and the healing process is characterized by relatively less inflammation compared to adults; therefore, research aimed at reducing the inflammatory process related to wound healing might speed healing and improve the final scar appearance.
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157
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Alcaraz A, Mrowiec A, Insausti CL, Bernabé-García Á, García-Vizcaíno EM, López-Martínez MC, Monfort A, Izeta A, Moraleda JM, Castellanos G, Nicolás FJ. Amniotic Membrane Modifies the Genetic Program Induced by TGFß, Stimulating Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration in Chronic Wounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135324. [PMID: 26284363 PMCID: PMC4540284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic large-surface or deep wounds often cannot progress to reepithelialisation because they become irresponsive in the inflammatory stage, so intervention is necessary to provide the final sealing epidermis. Previously we have shown that Amniotic Membrane (AM) induced a robust epithelialisation in deep traumatic wounds. METHODS AND FINDINGS To better understand this phenomenon, we used keratinocytes to investigate the effect of AM on chronic wounds. Using keratinocytes, we saw that AM treatment is able to exert an attenuating effect upon Smad2 and Smad3 TGFß-induced phosphorylation while triggering the activation of several MAPK signalling pathways, including ERK and JNK1, 2. This also has a consequence for TGFß-induced regulation on cell cycle control key players CDK1A (p21) and CDK2B (p15). The study of a wider set of TGFß regulated genes showed that the effect of AM was not wide but very concrete for some genes. TGFß exerted a powerful cell cycle arrest; the presence of AM however prevented TGFß-induced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, AM induced a powerful cell migration response that correlates well with the expression of c-Jun protein at the border of the healing assay. Consistently, the treatment with AM of human chronic wounds induced a robust expression of c-Jun at the wound border. CONCLUSIONS The effect of AM on the modulation of TGFß responses in keratinocytes that favours proliferation together with AM-induced keratinocyte migration is the perfect match that allows chronic wounds to move on from their non-healing state and progress into epithelialization. Our results may explain why the application of AM on chronic wounds is able to promote epithelialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Alcaraz
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Anna Mrowiec
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Luisa Insausti
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Bernabé-García
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva María García-Vizcaíno
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Asunción Monfort
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José María Moraleda
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gregorio Castellanos
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Nicolás
- Oncología Molecular y TGFß, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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158
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Zhang Q, Liu LN, Yong Q, Deng JC, Cao WG. Intralesional injection of adipose-derived stem cells reduces hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 26282394 PMCID: PMC4539671 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Redundant collagen deposition at sites of healing dermal wounds results in hypertrophic scars. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit promise in a variety of anti-fibrosis applications by attenuating collagen deposition. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of an intralesional injection of ADSCs on hypertrophic scar formation by using an established rabbit ear model. METHODS Twelve New Zealand albino rabbits were equally divided into three groups, and six identical punch defects were made on each ear. On postoperative day 14 when all wounds were completely re-epithelialized, the first group received an intralesional injection of ADSCs on their right ears and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) on their left ears as an internal control. Rabbits in the second group were injected with conditioned medium of the ADSCs (ADSCs-CM) on their right ears and DMEM on their left ears as an internal control. Right ears of the third group remained untreated, and left ears received DMEM. We quantified scar hypertrophy by measuring the scar elevation index (SEI) on postoperative days 14, 21, 28, and 35 with ultrasonography. Wounds were harvested 35 days later for histomorphometric and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Intralesional injections of ADSCs or ADSCs-CM both led to scars with a far more normal appearance and significantly decreased SEI (44.04 % and 32.48 %, respectively, both P <0.01) in the rabbit ears compared with their internal controls. Furthermore, we confirmed that collagen was organized more regularly and that there was a decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type Ι in the ADSC- and ADSCs-CM-injected scars according to histomorphometric and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. There was no difference between DMEM-injected and untreated scars. CONCLUSIONS An intralesional injection of ADSCs reduces the formation of rabbit ear hypertrophic scars by decreasing the α-SMA and collagen type Ι gene expression and ameliorating collagen deposition and this may result in an effective and innovative anti-scarring therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Li-Na Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qi Yong
- Medical Science & Research Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tie-Yi Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Jing-Cheng Deng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wei-Gang Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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159
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Cáceres M, Ortiz L, Recabarren T, Romero A, Colombo A, Leiva-Salcedo E, Varela D, Rivas J, Silva I, Morales D, Campusano C, Almarza O, Simon F, Toledo H, Park KS, Trimmer JS, Cerda O. TRPM4 Is a Novel Component of the Adhesome Required for Focal Adhesion Disassembly, Migration and Contractility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130540. [PMID: 26110647 PMCID: PMC4482413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration and contractility are fundamental processes that are regulated by a variety of concerted mechanisms such as cytoskeleton rearrangements, focal adhesion turnover, and Ca2+ oscillations. TRPM4 is a Ca2+-activated non-selective cationic channel (Ca2+-NSCC) that conducts monovalent but not divalent cations. Here, we used a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify putative TRPM4-associated proteins. Interestingly, the largest group of these proteins has actin cytoskeleton-related functions, and among these nine are specifically annotated as focal adhesion-related proteins. Consistent with these results, we found that TRPM4 localizes to focal adhesions in cells from different cellular lineages. We show that suppression of TRPM4 in MEFs impacts turnover of focal adhesions, serum-induced Ca2+ influx, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Rac activities, and results in reduced cellular spreading, migration and contractile behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that the inhibition of TRPM4 activity alters cellular contractility in vivo, affecting cutaneous wound healing. Together, these findings provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for a TRP channel specifically localized to focal adhesions, where it performs a central role in modulating cellular migration and contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Cáceres
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Liliana Ortiz
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiana Recabarren
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Romero
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Leiva-Salcedo
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Program in Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego Varela
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Rivas
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ian Silva
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Morales
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Campusano
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Toledo
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kang-Sik Park
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - James S. Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Fibrotic diseases are a significant global burden for which there are limited treatment options. The effector cells of fibrosis are activated fibroblasts called myofibroblasts, a highly contractile cell type characterized by the appearance of α-smooth muscle actin stress fibers. The underlying mechanism behind myofibroblast differentiation and persistence has been under much investigation and is known to involve a complex signaling network involving transforming growth factor-β, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor), and platelet-derived growth factor. This review addresses the contribution of these signaling molecules to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- From the Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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161
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Acellular Hydrogels for Regenerative Burn Wound Healing: Translation from a Porcine Model. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2519-2529. [PMID: 26358387 PMCID: PMC4570841 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently available skin grafts and skin substitute for healing following third-degree burn injuries is fraught with complications, often resulting in long-term physical and psychological sequelae. Synthetic treatment that can promote wound healing in a regenerative fashion would provide an off-the-shelf, non-immunogenic strategy to improve clinical care of severe burn wounds. Here, we demonstrate vulnerary efficacy and accelerated healing mechanism of dextran-based hydrogel in third-degree porcine burn model. The model was optimized to allow examination of the hydrogel treatment for clinical translation and its regenerative response mechanisms. Hydrogel treatment accelerated third-degree burn wound healing by rapid wound closure, improved reepithelialization, enhanced extracellular matrix remodeling, and greater nerve reinnervation, compared to the dressing treated group. These effects appear to be mediated through the ability of the hydrogel to facilitate a rapid but brief initial inflammatory response that coherently stimulates neovascularization within the granulation tissue during the first week of treatment, followed by an efficient vascular regression to promote a regenerative healing process. Our results suggest that the dextran-based hydrogels may substantially improve healing quality and reduce skin grafting incidents and thus pave the way for clinical studies to improve the care of severe burn injury patients.
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162
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NOD-Like Receptor Signaling in Cholesteatoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:408169. [PMID: 25922834 PMCID: PMC4398947 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cholesteatoma is a destructive process of the middle ear resulting in erosion of the surrounding bony structures with consequent hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, facial paralysis, or intracranial complications. The etiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma is controversial but is associated with recurrent ear infections. The role of intracellular innate immune receptors, the NOD-like receptors, and their associated signaling networks was investigated in cholesteatoma, since mutations in NOD-like receptor-related genes have been implicated in other chronic inflammatory disorders. Results. The expression of NOD2 mRNA and protein was significantly induced in cholesteatoma compared to the external auditory canal skin, mainly located in the epithelial layer of cholesteatoma. Microarray analysis showed significant upregulation for NOD2, not for NOD1, TLR2, or TLR4 in cholesteatoma. Moreover, regulation of genes in an interaction network of the NOD-adaptor molecule RIPK2 was detected. In addition to NOD2, NLRC4, and PYCARD, the downstream molecules IRAK1 and antiapoptotic regulator CFLAR showed significant upregulation, whereas SMAD3, a proapoptotic inducer, was significantly downregulated. Finally, altered regulation of inflammatory target genes of NOD signaling was detected. Conclusions. These results indicate that the interaction of innate immune signaling mediated by NLRs and their downstream target molecules is involved in the etiopathogenesis and growth of cholesteatoma.
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163
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Sampurno S, Cross R, Pearson H, Kaur P, Malaterre J, Ramsay RG. Myb via TGFβ is required for collagen type 1 production and skin integrity. Growth Factors 2015; 33:102-12. [PMID: 25807069 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2015.1016222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin integrity requires an ongoing replacement and repair orchestrated by several cell types. We previously investigated the architecture of the skin of avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (Myb) knock-out (KO) embryos and wound repair in Myb(+/)(-) mice revealing a need for Myb in the skin, attributed to fibroblast-dependent production of collagen type 1. Here, using targeted Myb deletion in keratin-14 (K14) positive cells we reveal further Myb-specific defects in epidermal cell proliferation, thickness and ultrastructural morphology. This was associated with a severe deficit in collagen type 1 production, reminiscent of that observed in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Since collagen type 1 is a product of fibroblasts, the collagen defect observed was unexpected and appears to be directed by the loss of Myb with significantly reduced tumor growth factor beta 1 (Tgfβ-1) expression by primary keratinocytes. Our findings support a specific role for Myb in K14+ epithelial cells in the preservation of adult skin integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shienny Sampurno
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne , Australia
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164
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TGFβ Signaling in Tumor Initiation, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:587193. [PMID: 25883652 PMCID: PMC4389829 DOI: 10.1155/2015/587193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retaining the delicate balance in cell signaling activity is a prerequisite for the maintenance of physiological tissue homeostasis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling is an essential pathway that plays crucial roles during embryonic development as well as in adult tissues. Aberrant TGFβ signaling activity regulates tumor progression in a cancer cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous fashion and these effects may be tumor suppressing or tumor promoting depending on the cellular context. The fundamental role of this pathway in promoting cancer progression in multiple stages of the metastatic process, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is also becoming increasingly clear. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the effort to unravel the inherent complexity of TGFβ signaling and its role in cancer progression and metastasis. These findings provide important insights into designing personalized therapeutic strategies against advanced cancers.
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SUBRAMANI TAMILSELVAN, RATHNAVELU VIDHYA, ALITHEEN NOORJAHANBANU, PADMANABHAN PARASURAMAN. Cellular crosstalk mechanism of Toll-like receptors in gingival overgrowth (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1151-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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166
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Zhou Q, Huang XR, Yu J, Yu X, Lan HY. Long Noncoding RNA Arid2-IR Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Renal Inflammation. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1034-1043. [PMID: 25743111 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that microRNAs play an important role in kidney disease. However, functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in kidney diseases remain undefined. We have previously shown that TGF-β1 plays a diverse role in renal inflammation and fibrosis and Smad3 is a key mediator in this process. In this study, we used RNA-sequencing to identify lncRNAs related to renal inflammation and fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy induced in Smad3 wild-type and knockout mice. We found that Arid2-IR was a Smad3-associated lncRNA as a Smad3 binding site was found in the promoter region of Arid2-IR and deletion of Smad3 abolished upregulation of Arid2-IR in the diseased kidney. In vitro knockdown of Arid2-IR from tubular epithelial cells produced no effect on TGF-β-induced Smad3 signaling and fibrosis but inhibited interleukin-1β-stimulated NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response. In contrast, overexpression of Arid2-IR promoted interleukin-1β-induced NF-κB signaling and inflammatory cytokine expression without alteration of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic response. Furthermore, treatment of obstructed kidney with Arid2-IR shRNA blunted NF-κB-driven renal inflammation without effect on TGF-β/Smad3-mediated renal fibrosis. Thus, Arid2-IR is a novel lncRNA that functions to promote NF-κB-dependent renal inflammation. Blockade of Arid2-IR may represent a novel and specific therapy for renal inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao R Huang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Yu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Y Lan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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167
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Overexpression of activin-A and -B in malignant mesothelioma – Attenuated Smad3 signaling responses and ERK activation promote cell migration and invasive growth. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:102-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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168
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Chen R, Zhang Z, Xue Z, Wang L, Fu M, Lu Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Fan Z. Protein-protein interaction network of gene expression in the hydrocortisone-treated keloid. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:549-54. [PMID: 25660986 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to explore the molecular mechanism of hydrocortisone in keloid tissue, the gene expression profiles of keloid samples treated with hydrocortisone were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. METHODS Firstly, the gene expression profiles (GSE7890) of five samples of keloid treated with hydrocortisone and five untreated keloid samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Secondly, data were preprocessed using packages in R language and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using a significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) protocol. Thirdly, the DEGs were subjected to gene ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the interactions of DEGs in samples of keloid treated with hydrocortisone were explored in a human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and sub-modules of the DEGs interaction network were analyzed using Cytoscape software. RESULTS Based on the analysis, 572 DEGs in the hydrocortisone-treated samples were screened; most of these were involved in the signal transduction and cell cycle. Furthermore, three critical genes in the module, including COL1A1, NID1, and PRELP, were screened in the PPI network analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of the keloid and provide references for keloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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169
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Gubbels Bupp MR. Sex, the aging immune system, and chronic disease. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:102-10. [PMID: 25700766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune systems of men and women differ in significant ways, especially after puberty. In particular, females are generally more prone to autoimmunity, but experience lower rates of infections and chronic inflammatory disease. Sex hormones, genes encoded on the sex chromosomes, and gender-specific behaviors likely contribute to these differences. The aging process is associated with changes in the composition and function of the immune system and these changes may occur at an accelerated rate in men as compared to women. Moreover, after the age of menopause, the incidence of chronic inflammatory disease in women approaches or exceeds that observed in males. At the same time, the incidence of autoimmunity in post-menopausal women is decreased or equivalent to the rates observed in similarly-aged men. Additional studies addressing the influence of sex on the pathogenesis of chronic and autoimmune diseases in the aged are warranted.
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170
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Choi Y, Cox C, Lally K, Li Y. The strategy and method in modulating finger regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 9:231-42. [PMID: 24750063 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tip of the human finger can regenerate if the amputation is distal to the nail bed, usually in young children. Studies in regeneration of rodent digits have shown that regeneration occurs if the amputation is distal to the mid-third phalanx for certain ages. The digit contains many different components, such as muscle, tendon, bone, skin, nerves and blood vessels, which must all be regrown in the proper location in order to restore functionality. The mechanism behind the complex healing/regeneration processes is still under investigation; however, improvements in injured finger regeneration have been gradually developing in animal models over the past few years. This review discusses a few strategies and methods to possibly enhance digit regeneration beyond current natural limits, focusing on aspects including scarless wound healing, cell-based treatments, tissue engineering and electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Choi
- Children's Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX 77030, USA
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171
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K. Bhawal U, Lee HJ, Uchida R, Okumura S, Harayama S, Eguchi Y, Fukumoto M, Kuboyama N. The Pro-Healing Effect of Protamine-Hydrolysate Peptides on Skin Wounds Involves TGF-β/Smad Signaling. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hye-jin Lee
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University
| | - Ryoichiro Uchida
- Department of Dental Materials, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | | | | | - Yawara Eguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine
| | - Masahiko Fukumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Noboru Kuboyama
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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172
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Park JT, Hong KS. Effect of light-emitting-diode irradiation on the proliferation and migration in human gingival fibroblasts. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-9061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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173
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Liu K, Gao Z, Wu X, Zhou G, Zhang WJ, Yang X, Liu W. Knocking out Smad3 favors allogeneic mouse fetal skin development in adult wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:265-71. [PMID: 24635177 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fetal skin development represents a process of the interaction between skin progenitor cells and their unique extracellular matrix niche, which is also important for the mechanism study of skin progenitor cell differentiation and fetal scarless wound healing. Thus, a change in the niche environment, such as altered expression levels of growth factors or cytokines, may also change the outcome of fetal skin development. This study tested the hypothesis that deletion of mouse Smad3 creates a favorable environment for fetal skin development in adult wounds. Fetal skin of green fluorescent protein mouse (C57BL/B6) of gestational day 16.5 was respectively transplanted to the wound beds of wild-type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and homologous (KO) Smad3 deletion mice (C57BL/B6 × 129SV). The results showed that green fluorescent protein fetal mouse skin after its transplantation developed much better into hair follicle containing skin in KO or HT wound beds than in WT wound beds with significant differences in the number of follicles per mm(2) among the three groups at 1, 2, and 3 weeks posttransplantation (p < 0.05). In addition, less fibrosis was observed in KO wounds than in HT and WT wounds with significant difference in the wound bed thickness among the three groups at 3 weeks posttransplantation (p < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a delayed graft rejection in the KO group when compared with the HT and WT groups. In conclusion, deletion of Smad3 in a wound bed creates a better environment for skin progenitor cell differentiation and fetal skin development. Translation of such a concept to the creation of a wound environment that is favorable for adult stem cell differentiation and skin appendage formation may become an important strategy for the regeneration of wounded skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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174
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Spiller KL, Freytes DO, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Macrophages modulate engineered human tissues for enhanced vascularization and healing. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:616-27. [PMID: 25331098 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is increasingly based on recapitulating human physiology, through integration of biological principles into engineering designs. In spite of all progress in engineering functional human tissues, we are just beginning to develop effective methods for establishing blood perfusion and controlling the inflammatory factors following implantation into the host. Functional vasculature largely determines tissue survival and function in vivo. The inflammatory response is a major regulator of vascularization and overall functionality of engineered tissues, through the activity of different types of macrophages and the cytokines they secrete. We discuss here the cell-scaffold-bioreactor systems for harnessing the inflammatory response for enhanced tissue vascularization and healing. To this end, inert scaffolds that have been considered for many decades a "gold standard" in regenerative medicine are beginning to be replaced by a new generation of "smart" tissue engineering systems designed to actively mediate tissue survival and function.
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175
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Kwan KH, Yeung KW, Liu X, Wong KK, Shum HC, Lam YW, Cheng SH, Cheung KM, To MK. Silver nanoparticles alter proteoglycan expression in the promotion of tendon repair. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1375-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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176
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Yang LL, Liu JQ, Bai XZ, Fan L, Han F, Jia WB, Su LL, Shi JH, Tang CW, Hu DH. Acute downregulation of miR-155 at wound sites leads to a reduced fibrosis through attenuating inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:153-9. [PMID: 25264197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, tightly associated with wound healing, is a significant symptomatic clinical problem. Inflammatory response was reported to be one of the reasons. MiR-155 is relatively related with the development and requirement of inflammatory cells, so we thought reduce the expression of miR-155 in wound sites could improve the quality of healing through reduce inflammatory response. To test this hypothesis, locally antagonizing miR-155 by directly injecting antagomir to wound edge was used to reduce the expression of miR-155. We found wounds treated with miR-155 antagomir had an obvious defect in immune cells requirements, pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α reduced while anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 increased. With treatment of miR-155 antagomir, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Col1 and Col3 at wound sites all reduced both from mRNA levels and protein expressions. Wounds injected with antagomir resulted in the structure improvement of collagen, the collagen fibers were more regularly arranged. Meanwhile the rate of healing did not change significantly. These results provide direct evidences that miR-155 play an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and show that miR-155 antagomir has the potential therapy in prevention and reduction of skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Long Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wen-Bin Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lin-Lin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ji-Hong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chao-Wu Tang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Da-Hai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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177
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Stähli A, Bosshardt D, Sculean A, Gruber R. Emdogain-regulated gene expression in palatal fibroblasts requires TGF-βRI kinase signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105672. [PMID: 25197981 PMCID: PMC4157743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide microarrays have suggested that Emdogain regulates TGF-β target genes in gingival and palatal fibroblasts. However, definitive support for this contention and the extent to which TGF-β signaling contributes to the effects of Emdogain has remained elusive. We therefore studied the role of the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI) kinase to mediate the effect of Emdogain on palatal fibroblasts. Palatal fibroblasts were exposed to Emdogain with and without the inhibitor for TGF-βRI kinase, SB431542. Emdogain caused 39 coding genes to be differentially expressed in palatal fibroblasts by microarray analysis (p<0.05; >10-fold). Importantly, in the presence of the TGF-βRI kinase inhibitor SB431542, Emdogain failed to cause any significant changes in gene expression. Consistent with this mechanism, three independent TGF-βRI kinase inhibitors and a TGF-β neutralizing antibody abrogated the increased expression of IL-11, a selected Emdogain target gene. The MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and U0126 lowered the impact of Emdogain on IL-11 expression. The data support that TGF-βRI kinase activity is necessary to mediate the effects of Emdogain on gene expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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178
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Hyaluronan and RHAMM in wound repair and the "cancerization" of stromal tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:103923. [PMID: 25157350 PMCID: PMC4137499 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and wounds share many similarities including loss of tissue architecture, cell polarity and cell differentiation, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (Ballard et al., 2006) increased inflammation, angiogenesis, and elevated cell migration and proliferation. Whereas these changes are transient in repairing wounds, tumors do not regain tissue architecture but rather their continued progression is fueled in part by loss of normal tissue structure. As a result tumors are often described as wounds that do not heal. The ECM component hyaluronan (HA) and its receptor RHAMM have both been implicated in wound repair and tumor progression. This review highlights the similarities and differences in their roles during these processes and proposes that RHAMM-regulated wound repair functions may contribute to “cancerization” of the tumor microenvironment.
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179
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Haertel E, Werner S, Schäfer M. Transcriptional regulation of wound inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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180
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O'Carroll SJ, Becker DL, Davidson JO, Gunn AJ, Nicholson LFB, Green CR. The use of connexin-based therapeutic approaches to target inflammatory diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1037:519-46. [PMID: 24029957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in Connexin43 (Cx43) expression levels have been shown to play a role in inflammatory processes including skin wounding and neuroinflammation. Cx43 protein levels increase following a skin wound and can inhibit wound healing. Increased Cx43 has been observed following stroke, epilepsy, ischemia, optic nerve damage, and spinal cord injury with gap junctional communication and hemichannel opening leading to increased secondary damage via the inflammatory response. Connexin43 modulation has been identified as a potential target for protection and repair in neuroinflammation and skin wound repair. This review describes the use of a Cx43 specific antisense oligonucleotide (Cx43 AsODN) and peptide mimetics of the connexin extracellular loop domain to modulate Cx43 expression and/or function in inflammatory disorders of the skin and central nervous system. An overview of the role of connexin43 in inflammatory conditions, how antisense and peptide have allowed us to elucidate the role of Cx43 in these diseases, create models of diseases to test interventions and their potential for use clinically or in current clinical trials is presented. Antisense oligonucleotides are applied topically and have been used to improve wound healing following skin injury. They have also been used to develop ex vivo models of neuroinflammatory diseases that will allow testing of intervention strategies. The connexin mimetic peptides have shown potential in a number of neuroinflammatory disorders in ex vivo models as well as in vivo when delivered directly to the injury site or when delivered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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181
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Ramirez H, Patel SB, Pastar I. The Role of TGFβ Signaling in Wound Epithelialization. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:482-491. [PMID: 25032068 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has a crucial role in maintaining skin homeostasis. TGFβ signaling is important for re-epithelialization, inflammation, angiogenesis, and granulation tissue formation during wound healing. This review will discuss the most important findings regarding the role of TGFβ in epidermal maintenance and its restoration after injury. Recent Advances: Latest findings on the role of TGFβ signaling in normal and impaired wound healing, including the role of TGFβ pathway in tissue regeneration observed in super-healer animal models, will be reviewed. Critical Issues: The TGFβ pathway is attenuated in nonhealing wounds. Observed suppression of TGFβ signaling in chronic ulcers may contribute to the loss of tissue homeostasis and the inability of keratinocytes to migrate and close a wound. Future Directions: A better understanding of TGFβ signaling may provide new insights not only in the normal epithelialization process, but also in tissue regeneration. Future studies focused on TGFβ-mediated crosstalk between multiple cell types involved in wound healing may lead to development of novel therapeutic advances for chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Ramirez
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- PIBS Human Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shailee B. Patel
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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182
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Sanz AL, Míguez DG. Dual R-Smads interplay in the regulation of vertebrate neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/neur.29529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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183
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LIN LI, GAN HUA, ZHANG HAN, TANG WEIXUE, SUN YUE, TANG XUEQIN, KONG DEQUAN, ZHOU JIAJUN, WANG YUXUAN, ZHU YANLIN. MicroRNA-21 inhibits SMAD7 expression through a target sequence in the 3′ untranslated region and inhibits proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:707-12. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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184
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Fazilaty H, Mehdipour P. Genetics of breast cancer bone metastasis: a sequential multistep pattern. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:595-612. [PMID: 24493024 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis accounts for the vast majority of breast cancer (BC) metastases, and is related to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A number of seminal studies have uncovered gene expression signatures involved in BC development and bone metastasis; each of them points at a distinct step of the 'invasion-metastasis cascade'. In this review, we provide most recently discovered functions of sets of genes that are selected from widely accepted gene signatures that are implicate in BC progression and bone metastasis. We propose a possible sequential pattern of gene expression that may lead a benign primary breast tumor to get aggressiveness and progress toward bone metastasis. A panel of genes which primarily deal with features like DNA replication, survival, proliferation, then, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion has been identified. TGF-β, FGF, NFκB, WNT, PI3K, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, as the key pathways involved in breast cancer development and metastasis, are evidently regulated by several genes in all three signatures. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is also an important mechanism in cancer stem cell generation and metastasis is evidently regulated by these genes. This review provides a comprehensive insight regarding breast cancer bone metastasis that may lead to a better understanding of the disease and take step toward better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina Street, P.O. Box: 14176-13151, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
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185
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Yamaoka H, Sumiyoshi H, Higashi K, Nakao S, Minakawa K, Sumida K, Saito K, Ikoma N, Mabuchi T, Ozawa A, Inagaki Y. A novel small compound accelerates dermal wound healing by modifying infiltration, proliferation and migration of distinct cellular components in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 74:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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186
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Abstract
Cells sense their mechanical and physical environment through diverse mechanisms, and these interactions specify a wide range of responses including growth, survival, migration and differentiation. Although much work has focused on dissecting the adhesive and structural components of the cell responsible for transducing external mechanical forces into biochemical signalling cascades, only recently have studies begun to examine how mechanical signals are transmitted to the nucleus and activate specific gene expression programmes. One necessary step in these processes is the transport of signalling molecules from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The SRF (serum-response factor) and YAP (Yes-associated protein)/TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) pathways are known mediators of this process in multiple cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, keratinocytes, mammary epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. In addition, recent evidence suggests a potential role for β-catenin and Smad signalling in mechanotransduction, but further mechanistic studies are needed to prove this hypothesis. As a model system, the epidermis of the skin is one tissue in which nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mediates cellular mechanosensing and is essential for tissue development, homoeostasis and repair. We propose that nuclear translocation is a common element of mechanotransduction conserved across multiple cell types and tissues.
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187
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Wise LM, Stuart GS, Real NC, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. Orf virus IL-10 accelerates wound healing while limiting inflammation and scarring. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:356-67. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M. Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Gabriella S. Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Nicola C. Real
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Stephen B. Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Andrew A. Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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188
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Rhbdf2 mutations increase its protein stability and drive EGFR hyperactivation through enhanced secretion of amphiregulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2200-9. [PMID: 24825892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323908111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhomboid 5 homolog 2 (Rhbdf2) gene encodes an inactive rhomboid (iRhom) protease, iRhom2, one of a family of enzymes containing a long cytosolic N terminus and a dormant peptidase domain of unknown function. iRhom2 has been implicated in epithelial regeneration and cancer growth through constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. However, little is known about the physiological substrates for iRhom2 or the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions. We show that iRhom2 is a short-lived protein whose stability can be increased by select mutations in the N-terminal domain. In turn, these stable variants function to augment the secretion of EGF family ligands, including amphiregulin, independent of metalloprotease a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) activity. In vivo, N-terminal iRhom2 mutations induce accelerated wound healing as well as accelerated tumorigenesis, but they do not drive spontaneous tumor development. This work underscores the physiological prominence of iRhom2 in controlling EGFR signaling events involved in wound healing and neoplastic growth, and yields insight into the function of key iRhom2 domains.
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189
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Ali MM, Porter RM, Gonzalez ML. Intense pulsed light enhances transforming growth factor beta1/Smad3 signaling in acne-prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 12:195-203. [PMID: 23992161 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, much interest has been generated in the use of intense pulsed light (IPL) sources in the treatment of various skin conditions. However, the underlying mechanism for its therapeutic action has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of IPL on the in vivo expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) and on the immunolocalization of Smad3 in biopsies obtained from perilesional skin in patients with mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. METHODS Biopsies obtained from 20 patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris at baseline (B1) and post-IPL treatment (B2 = 48 h after first treatment and B3 = 1 week after final treatment) were immunohistochemically analyzed to determine the expression of TGF-β1 and the immunolocalization of Smad3. Digital images were semiquantitatively assessed using image analysis software. RESULTS Intense pulsed light elicited a consistent increase in epidermal TGF-β1 expression (B2 vs. B1: P = 0.004 and B3 vs. B1: P = 0.007). Furthermore, it resulted in enhanced nuclear immunolocalization of Smad3 (B2 vs. B1: epidermis, P = 0.000055 and dermis, P = 0.014; B3 vs. B1: epidermis, P = 0.00024 and dermis, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Intense pulsed light upregulates TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling in perilesional skin obtained from patients with mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. Further experiments on lesional skin and downstream effects are warranted to determine whether it may play a role in IPL-induced resolution of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musheera M Ali
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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190
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Mancini ML, Sonis ST. Mechanisms of cellular fibrosis associated with cancer regimen-related toxicities. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 24734020 PMCID: PMC3973915 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common, persistent and potentially debilitating complication of chemotherapy and radiation regimens used for the treatment of cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis have been well studied and reveal overall processes that are largely ubiquitous. However, it is important to note that although the processes are similar, they result in cellular phenotypes that are highly tissue specific. These tissue specific differences may present opportunities for therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat this often irreversible condition. Data generated from animal models of cancer therapy-related tissue toxicities have revealed that the signaling pathways involved in fibrosis are the same as those involved in the normal injury response and include the transforming growth factor β superfamily and a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The critical difference between normal wound healing and fibrosis development appears to be, that in fibrosis, these signaling pathways escape normal cellular regulation. As a result, an injury state is maintained and processes involved in normal healing are usurped. There are a few, if any, therapeutics that effectively prevent or treat fibrosis in patients. Consequently, cancer survivors may be chronically plagued with a variety of life-altering fibrosis-related symptoms. Uncovering the signaling pathways that drive cellular fibrosis is paramount to the development of specific therapeutics that will mitigate this potentially devastating condition.
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191
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Sculean A, Gruber R, Bosshardt DD. Soft tissue wound healing around teeth and dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41 Suppl 15:S6-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Dieter D. Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Robert K. Schenk Laboratory of Oral Histology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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192
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Abstract
The contributions of murine models to elucidation of processes central to tumor growth are reviewed. Localized acidosis, increased interstitial pressure, perturbations in structure and function of the extracellular matrix, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and co-optation of the immune response are all phenomena that promote tumor survival and metastasis. The use of animal models is critical to understanding the pathophysiology of these processes and the development of more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindner
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Case Comprehensive Cancer, Cleveland, OH.
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193
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Rhett JM, Fann SA, Yost MJ. Purinergic signaling in early inflammatory events of the foreign body response: modulating extracellular ATP as an enabling technology for engineered implants and tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:392-402. [PMID: 24279914 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a ubiquitous and vital aspect of mammalian biology in which purines--mainly adenosine triphosphate (ATP)--are released from cells through loss of membrane integrity (cell death), exocytosis, or transport/diffusion across membrane channels, and exert paracrine or autocrine signaling effects through three subclasses of well-characterized receptors: the P1 adenosine receptors, the P2X ionotropic nucleotide receptors, and the P2Y metabotropic receptors. ATP and its metabolites are released by damaged and stressed cells in injured tissues. The early events of wound healing, hemostasis, and inflammation are highly regulated by these signals through activation of purinergic receptors on platelets and neutrophils. Recent data have demonstrated that ATP signaling is of particular importance to targeting leukocytes to sites of injury. This is particularly relevant to the subject of implanted medical devices, engineered tissues, and grafts as all these technologies elicit a wound healing response with varying degrees of encapsulation, rejection, extrusion, or destruction of the tissue or device. Here, we review the biology of purinergic signaling and focus on ATP release and response mechanisms that pertain to the early inflammatory phase of wound healing. Finally, therapeutic options are explored, including a new class of peptidomimetic drugs based on the ATP-conductive channel connexin43.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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194
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Piotrowski WJ, Kiszałkiewicz J, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D, Antczak A, Górski P, Migdalska-Sęk M, Górski W, Czarnecka K, Nawrot E, Domańska D, Brzeziańska-Lasota E. TGF-β and SMADs mRNA Expression in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 852:59-69. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2014_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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195
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Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing assay is important to address many key questions including (1) migration ability of different cells; (2) communication between the different cell types such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells; (3) understanding the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous function(s) of the different cells; and (4) gene regulation in healing processes. Wound healing studies can be used to test new treatment modalities, function of new drugs/compounds, and stem cell-based therapies on the different stages of healing and for accelerating wound healing in patients with compromised healing. In this chapter, we have described a simple step-by-step protocol to generate full-thickness cutaneous wounds in the dorsal skin of mice, followed by collecting the post-wounding biopsied materials on specific days for histological and immunohistochemical analyses and for RNA and protein extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson str, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA,
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196
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Bellavia G, Fasanaro P, Melchionna R, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M. Transcriptional control of skin reepithelialization. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 73:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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197
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Histomorphometric Analysis of Early Epithelialization and Dermal Changes in Mid–Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds in Humans Treated With Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa and Silver-Containing Hydrofiber. J Burn Care Res 2014; 35:e330-7. [DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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198
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Kellenberger T, Krag S, Danielsen CC, Wang XF, Nyengaard JR, Pedersen L, Yang C, Gao S, Wogensen L. Differential effects of Smad3 targeting in a murine model of chronic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00181. [PMID: 24744860 PMCID: PMC3970747 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of progressive kidney diseases that are characterized by fibrosis. The main intracellular signaling pathway of TGF‐β1 is the Smad system, where Smad2 and Smad3 play a central role in transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. This study analyzes the hypothesis that blockade of Smad3 attenuates the development of TGF‐β1‐driven renal fibrosis. This was examined in vivo in a transgenic model of TGF‐β1‐induced chronic kidney disease with Smad3 or without Smad3 expression and in vitro in mesangial cells and glomerular endothelial cells with Smad2/3 inhibitors or Smad3‐knockdown. Electron microscopy was used for evaluation of morphological changes, real‐time polymerase chain reaction for detection of RNA expression, and immunohistochemistry for localization of ECM components. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) level was assessed by gelatin zymography electrophoresis and located by in situ zymography. The results show TGF‐β1‐induced mesangial matrix expansion, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and tubular basement membrane thickening that are attenuated by Smad3 deletion, whereas TGF‐β1‐induced glomerular basement membrane thickening is not shown. The amount and distribution profile of MMP‐2 may suggest a role of the enzyme herein. We conclude that Smad3 targeting is not exclusively beneficial as Smad3 has diverse transcriptional regulatory effects in different cell types in the kidney. Deletion of Smad3 protects the kidney from developing transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, mesangial matrix expansion, and tubular basement membrane thickening, but not glomerular basement membrane thickening. The favorable effects of Smad3 deficiency can be explained by reduced deposition of collagen subtypes. The cell‐specific changes of matrix metalloproteinase expression can be a result of altered TGF‐β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Kellenberger
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Krag
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carl Christian Danielsen
- Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lea Pedersen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chuanxu Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Seamons A, Treuting PM, Brabb T, Maggio-Price L. Characterization of dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation and colonic tumorigenesis in Smad3(-/-) mice with dysregulated TGFβ. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79182. [PMID: 24244446 PMCID: PMC3823566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few mouse models that adequately mimic large bowel cancer in humans or the gastrointestinal inflammation which frequently precedes it. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induces colitis in many animal models and has been used in combination with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to induce cancer in mice. Smad3−/− mice are deficient in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling molecule, SMAD3, resulting in dysregulation of the cellular pathway most commonly affected in human colorectal cancer, and develop inflammation-associated colon cancer. Previous studies have shown a requirement for a bacterial trigger for the colitis and colon cancer phenotype in Smad3−/− mice. Studies presented here in Smad3−/− mice detail disease induction with DSS, without the use of AOM, and show a) Smad3−/− mice develop a spectrum of lesions ranging from acute and chronic colitis, crypt herniation, repair, dysplasia, adenomatous polyps, disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis, adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) and squamous metaplasia; b) the colon lesions have variable galactin-3 (Mac2) staining c) increased DSS concentration and duration of exposure leads to increased severity of colonic lesions; d) heterozygosity of SMAD3 does not confer increased susceptibility to DSS-induced disease and e) disease is partially controlled by the presence of T and B cells as Smad3−/−Rag2−/− double knock out (DKO) mice develop a more severe disease phenotype. DSS-induced disease in Smad3−/− mice may be a useful animal model to study not only inflammation-driven MAC but other human diseases such as colitis cystica profunda (CCP) and pseudomyxomatous peritonei (PMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Piper M. Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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