151
|
James JA. Clinical perspectives on lupus genetics: advances and opportunities. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:413-32, vii. [PMID: 25034154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide association studies have led to an expansion in the identification of regions containing confirmed genetic risk variants within complex human diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Many of the strongest SLE genetic associations can be divided into groups based on their potential roles in different processes implicated in lupus pathogenesis, including ubiquitination, DNA degradation, innate immunity, cellular immunity, lymphocyte development, and antigen presentation. Recent advances have also shown several genetic associations with SLE subphenotypes and subcriteria. Many areas for further exploration remain to move lupus genetic studies toward clinically informative end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A James
- Oklahoma Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Cuadrado E, Vanderver A, Brown KJ, Sandza A, Takanohashi A, Jansen MH, Anink J, Herron B, Orcesi S, Olivieri I, Rice GI, Aronica E, Lebon P, Crow YJ, Hol EM, Kuijpers TW. Aicardi–Goutières syndrome harbours abundant systemic and brain-reactive autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1931-9. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
153
|
Abstract
The study of rare variants in monogenic forms of autoimmune disease has offered insight into the aetiology of more complex pathologies. Research in complex autoimmune disease initially focused on sequencing candidate genes, with some early successes, notably in uncovering low-frequency variation associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, other early examples have proved difficult to replicate, and a recent study across six autoimmune diseases, re-sequencing 25 autoimmune disease-associated genes in large sample sizes, failed to find any associated rare variants. The study of rare and low-frequency variation in autoimmune diseases has been made accessible by the inclusion of such variants on custom genotyping arrays (e.g. Immunochip and Exome arrays). Whole-exome sequencing approaches are now also being utilised to uncover the contribution of rare coding variants to disease susceptibility, severity and treatment response. Other sequencing strategies are starting to uncover the role of regulatory rare variation.
Collapse
|
154
|
Zang Y, Martinez L, Fernandez I, Pignac-Kobinger J, Greidinger EL. Conservation of pathogenic TCR homology across class II restrictions in anti-ribonucleoprotein autoimmunity: extended efficacy of T cell vaccine therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4093-102. [PMID: 24670800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T cells have been shown to mediate aspects of anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) autoimmunity, and are a potential target of therapy in lupus and related diseases. In this study, we assessed the relevance of a conserved class of anti-RNP T cells to autoimmune disease expression and therapy. Our data show that anti-RNP T cell selection induced a limited set of homologous CDR3 motifs at high frequency. Homologous CDR3 motifs have been reported in other autoimmune diseases. Vaccination with irradiated anti-RNP (but not anti-tetanus toxoid) CD4(+) cells induced remission of anti-RNP-associated nephritis in ≥ 80% of treated mice, even with donor/recipient MHC class II mismatch, and in both induced and spontaneous autoimmunity. Vaccine responder sera inhibited anti-70k T cell proliferation and bound hybridomas expressing the conserved CDR3 motifs. Our data indicate that a limited set of TCR CDR3 motifs may be important for the pathogenesis of anti-RNP lupus and other autoimmune diseases. The ability to target a consistent set of pathogenic T cells between individuals and across class II restrictions may allow for the more practical development of a standardized anti-RNP T cell vaccine preparation useful for multiple patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YunJuan Zang
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Abstract
Genetics unquestionably contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predisposition, progression and outcome. Nevertheless, single-gene defects causing lupus-like phenotypes have been infrequently documented. The majority of the identified genetic SLE risk factors are, therefore, common variants, responsible for a small effect on the global risk. Recently, genome wide association studies led to the identification of a growing number of gene variants associated with SLE susceptibility, particular disease phenotypes, and antibody profiles. Further studies addressed the biological effects of these variants. In addition, the role of epigenetics has recently been revealed. These combined efforts contributed to a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and to the characterization of clinically relevant pathways. In this review, we describe SLE-associated single-gene defects, common variants, and epigenetic changes. We also discuss the limitations of current methods and the challenges that we still have to face in order to incorporate genomic and epigenomic data into clinical practice.
Collapse
|
156
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuropsychiatric manifestations pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We review recently published studies on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, neuroimaging, and treatment of NPSLE. RECENT FINDINGS Generalized SLE activity or damage and antiphospholipid antibodies are identified as major risk factors for neuropsychiatric involvement. NPSLE patients have increased genetic burden and novel genomic approaches are expected to elucidate its pathogenesis. Animal data suggest that, in cases of disturbed blood-brain barrier, autoantibodies against the NR2 subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and 16/6 idiotype antibodies may cause diffuse neuropsychiatric manifestations through neuronal apoptosis or brain inflammation; data in humans are still circumstantial. In NPSLE, advanced neuroimaging uncovers structural and metabolic abnormalities in brain regions with normal appearance on conventional MRI. Treatment includes corticosteroids/immunosuppressants for inflammatory manifestations or generalized SLE activity, and antiplatelets/anticoagulation for manifestations related to antiphospholipid antibodies. In refractory cases, uncontrolled studies suggest a beneficial role of rituximab. SUMMARY We have begun to better understand how brain-reactive autoantibodies, present in a proportion of SLE patients, can cause brain injury and diffuse NPSLE. Further testing will be required to determine the clinical utility of advanced neuroimaging. Controlled trials are needed to guide therapeutic decisions.
Collapse
|
157
|
Fye JM, Coffin SR, Orebaugh CD, Hollis T, Perrino FW. The Arg-62 residues of the TREX1 exonuclease act across the dimer interface contributing to catalysis in the opposing protomers. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11556-11565. [PMID: 24616097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TREX1 is a 3'-deoxyribonuclease that degrades single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA) to prevent inappropriate nucleic acid-mediated immune activation. More than 40 different disease-causing TREX1 mutations have been identified exhibiting dominant and recessive genetic phenotypes in a spectrum of autoimmune disorders. Mutations in TREX1 at positions Asp-18 and Asp-200 to His and Asn exhibit dominant autoimmune phenotypes associated with the clinical disorders familial chilblain lupus and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Our previous biochemical studies showed that the TREX1 dominant autoimmune disease phenotype depends upon an intact DNA-binding process coupled with dysfunctional active site chemistry. Studies here show that the TREX1 Arg-62 residues extend across the dimer interface into the active site of the opposing protomer to coordinate substrate DNA and to affect catalysis in the opposing protomer. The TREX1(R62A/R62A) homodimer exhibits ∼50-fold reduced ssDNA and dsDNA degradation activities relative to TREX1(WT). The TREX1 D18H, D18N, D200H, and D200N dominant mutant enzymes were prepared as compound heterodimers with the TREX1 R62A substitution in the opposing protomer. The TREX1(D18H/R62A), TREX1(D18N/R62A), TREX1(D200H/R62A), and TREX1(D200N/R62A) compound heterodimers exhibit higher levels of ss- and dsDNA degradation activities than the homodimers demonstrating the requirement for TREX1 Arg-62 residues to provide necessary structural elements for full catalytic activity in the opposing TREX1 protomer. This concept is further supported by the loss of dominant negative effects in the TREX1 D18H, D18N, D200H, and D200N compound heterodimers. These data provide compelling evidence for the required TREX1 dimeric structure for full catalytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Fye
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Stephanie R Coffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Clinton D Orebaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Thomas Hollis
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Fred W Perrino
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Khudhur AS, Di Zenzo G, Carrozzo M. Oral lichenoid tissue reactions: diagnosis and classification. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:169-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.888953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
159
|
Lee-Kirsch MA, Wolf C, Günther C. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: a model disease for systemic autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:17-24. [PMID: 23786362 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmunity is a complex disease process that results from a loss of immunological tolerance characterized by the inability of the immune system to discriminate self from non-self. In patients with the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), formation of autoantibodies targeting ubiquitous nuclear antigens and subsequent deposition of immune complexes in the vascular bed induces inflammatory tissue injury that can affect virtually any organ system. Given the extraordinary genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of SLE, one approach to the genetic dissection of complex SLE is to study monogenic diseases, for which a single gene defect is responsible. Considerable success has been achieved from the analysis of the rare monogenic disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an inflammatory encephalopathy that clinically resembles in-utero-acquired viral infection and that also shares features with SLE. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular functions of the AGS causing genes has revealed novel pathways of the metabolism of intracellular nucleic acids, the major targets of the autoimmune attack in patients with SLE. Induction of autoimmunity initiated by immune recognition of endogenous nucleic acids originating from processes such as DNA replication/repair or endogenous retro-elements represents novel paradigms of SLE pathogenesis. These findings illustrate how investigating rare monogenic diseases can also fuel discoveries that advance our understanding of complex disease. This will not only aid the development of improved tools for SLE diagnosis and disease classification, but also the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
Paediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is usually more severe than its adult counterpart. In particular, there is a higher incidence of renal and central nervous system involvement. Specific measures to assess disease activity and damage have been implemented. The disease is very rare before the fifth birthday and therefore the onset of an SLE picture in the first years of life should lead to the suspicion of the presence of one of the rare monogenic diseases that causes SLE or of one of those congenital diseases that has been showed to be closely associated with the SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malattia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Genoa and Pediatria e Reumatologia, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Ghodke-Puranik Y, Niewold TB. Genetics of the type I interferon pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8. [PMID: 24416080 DOI: 10.2217/ijr.13.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been successful, identifying numerous risk factors for human disease. While the list is not yet complete, it is clear that important immune system pathways are represented, one of which being type I interferon (IFN). Circulating type I IFN levels are high in SLE patients and this IFN pathway activation is heritable in families with SLE. We summarize our current understanding of the genetics of the type I IFN pathway in SLE, with an emphasis on studies that demonstrate an impact of the SLE-risk alleles upon type I IFN pathway activation in SLE patients. These studies illustrate that variations in type I IFN pathway genes represent a common genetic feature of SLE. By understanding the genetic regulation of type I IFN, we may be able to intervene in a more personalized fashion, based upon the molecular dysregulation present in a given individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Ghodke-Puranik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Guggenheim Building 3-42, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Guggenheim Building 3-42, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Zhernakova A, Withoff S, Wijmenga C. Clinical implications of shared genetics and pathogenesis in autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9:646-59. [PMID: 23959365 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many endocrine diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves disease, Addison disease and Hashimoto disease, originate as an autoimmune reaction that affects disease-specific target organs. These autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of specific autoantibodies and by the presence of autoreactive T cells. They are caused by a complex genetic predisposition that is attributable to multiple genetic variants, each with a moderate-to-low effect size. Most of the genetic variants associated with a particular autoimmune endocrine disease are shared between other systemic and organ-specific autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, coeliac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. Here, we review the shared and specific genetic background of autoimmune diseases, summarize their treatment options and discuss how identifying the genetic and environmental factors that predispose patients to an autoimmune disease can help in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients, as well as the design of new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zhernakova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Rare variants in the TREX1 gene and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:471703. [PMID: 24224166 PMCID: PMC3810194 DOI: 10.1155/2013/471703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
TREX1 (DNase III) is an exonuclease involved in response to oxidative stress and apoptosis. Heterozygous mutations in TREX1 were previously observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We performed a mutational analysis of the TREX1 gene on three autoimmune diseases: SLE (210 patients) and SS (58 patients), to confirm a TREX1 involvement in the Italian population, and systemic sclerosis (SSc, 150 patients) because it shares similarities with SLE (presence of antinuclear antibodies and connective tissue damage). We observed 7 variations; two of these are novel nonsynonymous variants (p.Glu198Lys and p.Met232Val). They were detected in one SS and in one SSc patient, respectively, and in none of the 200 healthy controls typed in this study and of the 1712 published controls. In silico analysis predicts a possibly damaging role on protein function for both variants. The other 5 variations are synonymous and only one of them is novel (p.Pro48Pro).
This study contributes to the demonstration that TREX1 is involved in autoimmune diseases and proposes that the spectrum of involved autoimmune diseases can be broader and includes SSc. We do not confirm a role of TREX1 variants in SLE.
Collapse
|
164
|
Shrivastav M, Niewold TB. Nucleic Acid sensors and type I interferon production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:319. [PMID: 24109483 PMCID: PMC3791549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic serologic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is autoantibodies against one’s own nucleic acid or nucleic acid-binding proteins – DNA and RNA-binding nuclear proteins. Circulating autoantibodies can deposit in the tissue, causing inflammation and production of cytokines such as type 1 interferon (IFN). Investigations in human patients and animal models have implicated environmental as well as genetic factors in the biology of the SLE autoimmune response. Viral/Bacterial nucleic acid is a potent stimulant of innate immunity by both toll-like receptor (TLR) and non-TLR signaling cascades. Additionally, foreign DNA may act as an immunogen to drive an antigen-specific antibody response. Self nucleic acid is normally restricted to the nucleus or the mitochondria, away from the DNA/RNA sensors, and mechanisms exist to differentiate between foreign and self nucleic acid. In normal immunity, a diverse range of DNA and RNA sensors in different cell types form a dynamic and integrated molecular network to prevent viral infection. In SLE, pathologic activation of these sensors occurs via immune complexes consisting of autoantibodies bound to DNA or to nucleic acid-protein complexes. In this review, we will discuss recent studies outlining how mismanaged nucleic acid sensing networks promote autoimmunity and result in the over-production of type I IFN. This information is critical for improving therapeutic strategies for SLE disease.
Collapse
|
165
|
Orebaugh CD, Fye JM, Harvey S, Hollis T, Wilkinson JC, Perrino FW. The TREX1 C-terminal region controls cellular localization through ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28881-92. [PMID: 23979357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TREX1 is an autonomous 3'-exonuclease that degrades DNA to prevent inappropriate immune activation. The TREX1 protein is composed of 314 amino acids; the N-terminal 242 amino acids contain the catalytic domain, and the C-terminal region (CTR) localizes TREX1 to the cytosolic compartment. In this study, we show that TREX1 modification by ubiquitination is controlled by a highly conserved sequence in the CTR to affect cellular localization. Transfection of TREX1 deletion constructs into human cells demonstrated that this sequence is required for ubiquitination at multiple lysine residues through a "non-canonical" ubiquitin linkage. A proteomic approach identified ubiquilin 1 as a TREX1 CTR-interacting protein, and this interaction was verified in vitro and in vivo. Cotransfection studies indicated that ubiquilin 1 localizes TREX1 to cytosolic punctate structures dependent upon the TREX1 CTR and lysines within the TREX1 catalytic core. Several TREX1 mutants linked to the autoimmune diseases Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus that exhibit full catalytic function were tested for altered ubiquitin modification and cellular localization. Our data show that these catalytically competent disease-causing TREX1 mutants exhibit differential levels of ubiquitination relative to WT TREX1, suggesting a novel mechanism of dysfunction. Furthermore, these differentially ubiquitinated disease-causing mutants also exhibit altered ubiquilin 1 co-localization. Thus, TREX1 post-translational modification indicates an additional mechanism by which mutations disrupt TREX1 biology, leading to human autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton D Orebaugh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Olivieri I, Cattalini M, Tonduti D, Piana RL, Uggetti C, Galli J, Meini A, Tincani A, Moratto D, Fazzi E, Balottin U, Orcesi S. Dysregulation of the immune system in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: another example in a TREX1-mutated patient. Lupus 2013; 22:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313498800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare genetic encephalopathy characterized by neurological and extraneurological involvement. A clinical overlap between AGS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported. We describe an AGS patient who developed autoimmune manifestations: thyroiditis, cANCA positivity, antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia. This first description of antiphospholipid syndrome in a TREX1-mutated patient further expands the clinical spectrum of AGS. Although the clinical overlap with SLE may indicate common pathogenic mechanisms, the autoimmune manifestations in AGS are so extensive that we suggest they should be considered a clinical feature of the disease, rather than a sign of coexistent SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Olivieri
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Cattalini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Pediatric Clinic, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy
| | - D Tonduti
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - R La Piana
- Department of Neuroradiology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - C Uggetti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - J Galli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Department, Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - A Meini
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Pediatric Clinic, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tincani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy
| | - D Moratto
- Laboratory of Genetic Disorders of Childhood, “Angelo Nocivelli” Institute for Molecular Medicine, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy
| | - E Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Department, Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - U Balottin
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - S Orcesi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Pelzer N, de Vries B, Boon EMJ, Kruit MC, Haan J, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM. Heterozygous TREX1 mutations in early-onset cerebrovascular disease. J Neurol 2013; 260:2188-90. [PMID: 23881107 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
168
|
Liu K, Zhang L, Chen J, Hu Z, Cai G, Hong Q. Association of MeCP2 (rs2075596, rs2239464) genetic polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Lupus 2013; 22:908-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313496340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Limited studies have shown an association between the methyl-CpG-binding protein2 ( MeCp2) genetic polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in different populations, but the results are inconclusive. In order to get a precise and systematic estimation, a meta-analysis was performed. Methods A systematic literature search using English and Chinese databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Knowledge, Wanfang Data (Chinese), etc.) for the eligible studies was performed. Based on heterogeneity among studies, random- or fixed-effects models were selected to analyze the risk of SLE associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MeCP2 genetic polymorphisms. Results A significant increased risk of both SNPs of MeCP2 genetic variances associated with SLE was found. Analysis using a fixed-effects model found an increased risk of SLE with the A allele of rs2075596 (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.34 to 1.49, p < 0.001), and the random-effects model also identified a risk factor of A allele of rs2239464 (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.49, p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis suggested that the major source of between-study heterogeneity stemmed from the difference between diverse ethnic groups. After omitting the smallest study, no publication bias was found, which further confirmed the reliability and stability of the meta-analysis. Conclusions Mutations of SNPs ( rs2075596, rs2239464) of MeCP2 showed increased risk of developing SLE. Large-scale multicenter epidemiological studies in selected populations with other risk factors are urgently required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Department of Public Health (Epidemiology and Health Statistics), School of Medicine, Ningbo University, People’s Republic of China
| | - L Zhang
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z Hu
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - G Cai
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Q Hong
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Pontillo A, Girardelli M, Catamo E, Duarte AJ, Crovella S. Polymorphisms in TREX1 and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Int J Immunogenet 2013; 40:492-4. [PMID: 23773365 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TREX-1 is a restriction factor against HIV-1. The coding sequence of TREX1 gene was analysed in HIV+ subjects searching for genetic variations possibly associated with the susceptibility to HIV infection. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs3135945 was significantly associated with HIV infection, emphasizing the involvement of TREX-1 in the anti-HIV response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pontillo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biologic Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome: clues from the RNase H2 knock-out mouse. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1235-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
171
|
Abstract
The aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex and is known to involve both genetic and environmental factors. In a small number of patients, single-gene defects can lead to the development of SLE. Such genes include those encoding early components of the complement cascade and the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1. In addition, genome-wide association studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms that confer some susceptibility to SLE. In this Review, we discuss selected examples of genes whose products have distinctly altered function in SLE and contribute to the pathogenic process. Specifically, we focus on the genes encoding integrin αM (ITGAM), IgG Fc receptors, sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE), the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase PP2A (PPP2CA) and signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family members. Moreover, we highlight the changes in epigenetic signatures that occur in SLE. Such epigenetic modifications, which are abundantly present and might alter gene expression in the presence or absence of susceptibility variants, should be carefully considered when deconstructing the contribution of individual genes to the complex pathogenesis of SLE.
Collapse
|
172
|
Oke V, Wahren-Herlenius M. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis. J Intern Med 2013; 273:544-54. [PMID: 23464352 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations ranging from limited cutaneous (CLE) to potentially life-threatening systemic disease (SLE). Susceptibility to LE arises from genetic variation in multiple loci, and disease activity is provoked by exogenous or endogenous trigger(s), the best characterized of which is exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Amongst patients with LE, a cluster of photosensitive subjects with cutaneous lesions and positivity for anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies have been described. The Ro52 antigen belongs to the tripartite motif protein family and has E3 ligase activity. New data reveal that Ro52 ubiquitinates interferon regulatory factors and modulates their transcriptional activity, indicating an important role for Ro52 in inflammation as a negative feedback regulator. Our findings indicate that UVR exposure induces upregulation of Ro52 in the CLE target cell, the keratinocyte, and that Ro52 is upregulated in spontaneous and UVR-induced CLE lesions. Recently described functional analysis of Ro52-deficient mice revealed that loss of Ro52 results in uncontrolled inflammation in response to minor skin injury leading to an LE-like condition. In summary, emerging data suggest that abnormal function or regulation of Ro52 contributes to the pathogenesis of UVR-induced CLE in genetically susceptible individuals. Ro52 may thus be an interesting therapeutic target, as its activation could contribute to downregulation of the chronic inflammatory process in LE. Here, we review the available data on the pathogenesis of CLE and, in particular, the role of the Ro52 autoantigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Oke
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Aringer M, Günther C, Lee-Kirsch MA. Innate immune processes in lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
174
|
Fazzi E, Cattalini M, Orcesi S, Tincani A, Andreoli L, Balottin U, De Simone M, Fredi M, Facchetti F, Galli J, Giliani S, Izzotti A, Meini A, Olivieri I, Plebani A. Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome, a rare neurological disease in children: A new autoimmune disorder? Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:506-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
175
|
Rubicz R, Yolken R, Drigalenko E, Carless MA, Dyer TD, Bauman L, Melton PE, Kent JW, Harley JB, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Cole SA, Almasy L, Moses EK, Dhurandhar NV, Kraig E, Blangero J, Leach CT, Göring HHH. A genome-wide integrative genomic study localizes genetic factors influencing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003147. [PMID: 23326239 PMCID: PMC3542101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is highly prevalent worldwide, and it has been associated with infectious mononucleosis and severe diseases including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal lymphoma, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Although EBV has been the focus of extensive research, much still remains unknown concerning what makes some individuals more sensitive to infection and to adverse outcomes as a result of infection. Here we use an integrative genomics approach in order to localize genetic factors influencing levels of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG antibodies, as a measure of history of infection with this pathogen, in large Mexican American families. Genome-wide evidence of both significant linkage and association was obtained on chromosome 6 in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and replicated in an independent Mexican American sample of large families (minimum p-value in combined analysis of both datasets is 1.4×10(-15) for SNPs rs477515 and rs2516049). Conditional association analyses indicate the presence of at least two separate loci within MHC class II, and along with lymphocyte expression data suggest genes HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 as the best candidates. The association signals are specific to EBV and are not found with IgG antibodies to 12 other pathogens examined, and therefore do not simply reveal a general HLA effect. We investigated whether SNPs significantly associated with diseases in which EBV is known or suspected to play a role (namely nasopharyngeal lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis) also show evidence of associated with EBNA-1 antibody levels, finding an overlap only for the HLA locus, but none elsewhere in the genome. The significance of this work is that a major locus related to EBV infection has been identified, which may ultimately reveal the underlying mechanisms by which the immune system regulates infection with this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohina Rubicz
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Ornstein BW, Atkinson JP, Densen P. The complement system in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and complocentric membranoglomerulopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 24:522-9. [PMID: 22810363 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328356896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent advances in complement biology and the evolving understanding of these contributions to the pathophysiology and treatment of predominantly pediatric disease syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS Identification of lupus patients with complete deficiencies of one of the plasma complement proteins enabled the field to move beyond the notion of complement as a laboratory curiosity. Clinical investigation of the manifestations observed in deficient patients has further defined the biology of the system in normal individuals. Definition of the assembly of the C3 convertases, particularly that of the alternative pathway and its regulation, has led to the appreciation that the complement system includes membrane inhibitors that are every bit as important as those in plasma. The exploration of disease states in which significant complement deposition occurs has moved the field away from consideration of this finding as a bystander effect. Dissection of these syndromes has led to the unanticipated finding of a central role for function-altering mutations in the complement proteins that form or regulate the alternative pathway C3 convertase and has opened the door to new therapeutic approaches. The disease states discussed in the review - pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and the complocentric membranoglomerulopathies - illustrate this evolutionary history of complement biology. SUMMARY This review emphasizes that both the lack of classical pathway complement activation and excessive activation of the alternative pathway contribute to distinct disease pathogenesis, and emphasizes the critical importance of homeostatic regulation, in both plasma and in tissues, of the system as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Ornstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Tiffin N, Adeyemo A, Okpechi I. A diverse array of genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:2. [PMID: 23289717 PMCID: PMC3551738 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with variable clinical presentation frequently affecting the skin, joints, haemopoietic system, kidneys, lungs and central nervous system. It can be life threatening when major organs are involved. The full pathological and genetic mechanisms of this complex disease are yet to be elucidated; although roles have been described for environmental triggers such as sunlight, drugs and chemicals, and infectious agents. Cellular processes such as inefficient clearing of apoptotic DNA fragments and generation of autoantibodies have been implicated in disease progression. A diverse array of disease-associated genes and microRNA regulatory molecules that are dysregulated through polymorphism and copy number variation have also been identified; and an effect of ethnicity on susceptibility has been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Tiffin
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute/MRC Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Rullo OJ, Tsao BP. Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72 Suppl 2:ii56-61. [PMID: 23253915 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many identified genetic risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contribute to the function of the immune system, which has expanded our understanding of disease pathogenesis. We outline the genetic variants in recently identified SLE-associated loci, the immunological pathways affected by these gene products and the disease manifestations linked to these loci. Pathways potentially influenced by SLE risk variants include: apoptosis, DNA degradation and clearance of cellular debris; antigen presentation; type I interferon, Toll-like receptor and nuclear factor kappa κB activation; defective clearance of immune complexes containing nuclear antigens; B and T-cell function and signalling; and monocyte and neutrophil function and signalling. These identified SLE susceptibility loci are predominantly common variants that have been confirmed among multiple ancestries, suggesting shared mechanisms in disease aetiology. Ongoing genetic studies continue the investigation of specific functional variants, and their potential consequences on immune dysregulation, enhancing our understanding of links between genotypes and specific disease manifestations. The next generation of sequencing explores the identification of causal rare variants that may contribute robust genetic effects to developing SLE. Novel insights coming from genetic studies of SLE provide the opportunity to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms as well as contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic targets for this complex disease.
Collapse
|
179
|
Koumakis E, Giraud M, Dieudé P, Cohignac V, Cuomo G, Airò P, Hachulla E, Matucci-Cerinic M, Diot E, Caramaschi P, Mouthon L, Riccieri V, Cracowski JL, Tiev KP, Francès C, Amoura Z, Sibilia J, Cosnes A, Carpentier P, Valentini G, Manetti M, Guiducci S, Meyer O, Kahan A, Boileau C, Chiocchia G, Allanore Y. Brief report: candidate gene study in systemic sclerosis identifies a rare and functional variant of the TNFAIP3 locus as a risk factor for polyautoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2746-52. [PMID: 22488580 DOI: 10.1002/art.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) share some pathophysiologic bases as evidenced by individual and familial polyautoimmunity and common susceptibility genetic factors. With regard to the latter, there has been a recent shift from the "common variant" to the "rare variant" paradigm, since rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 with large effect sizes have recently been discovered in SLE. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether rare variants of TNFAIP3 and TREX1 are also associated with SSc. METHODS TREX1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3135946, rs7626978, rs3135943, and rs11797 and TNFAIP3 SNPs rs9494883, rs72063345, rs5029939, rs2230926, rs117480515, and rs7749323 were genotyped in a discovery set (985 SSc patients and 1,011 controls), and replication analysis of the most relevant results was performed in a second set (622 SSc patients and 493 controls). RESULTS No association between TREX1 variants and SSc was observed. For TNFAIP3, we first demonstrated that a low-frequency variant, rs117480515, tagged the recently identified TT>A SLE dinucleotide. In the discovery sample, we observed that all tested TNFAIP3 variants were in linkage disequilibrium and were associated with SSc and various SSc subsets, including the polyautoimmune phenotype. We subsequently genotyped rs117480515 in the replication sample and found it to be associated solely with the SSc polyautoimmune subset (odds ratio 3.51 [95% confidence interval 2.28-5.41], P = 8.58 × 10(-9) ) in the combined populations. Genotype-messenger RNA (mRNA) expression correlation analysis revealed that the TNFAIP3 rs117480515 risk allele was associated with decreased mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The present findings establish the TNFAIP3 locus as a susceptibility factor for the subset of SSc with a polyautoimmune phenotype. Our results support the implication of rare/low-frequency functional variants and the critical role of A20 in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Koumakis
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, and Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Gan EH, MacArthur K, Mitchell AL, Pearce SHS. The role of functionally defective rare germline variants of sialic acid acetylesterase in autoimmune Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:825-8. [PMID: 23011869 PMCID: PMC3494867 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is a rare condition with a complex genetic basis. A panel of rare and functionally defective genetic variants in the sialic acid acetylesterase (SIAE) gene has recently been implicated in several common autoimmune conditions. We performed a case-control study to determine whether these rare variants are associated with a rarer condition, AAD. METHOD We analysed nine SIAE gene variants (W48X, M89V, C196F, C226G, R230W, T312M, Y349C, F404S and R479C) in a United Kingdom cohort of 378 AAD subjects and 387 healthy controls. All samples were genotyped using Sequenom iPlex chemistry to characterise primer extension products. RESULTS A heterozygous rare allele at codon 312 (312*M) was found in one AAD patient (0.13%) but was not detected in the healthy controls. The commoner, functionally recessive variant at codon 89 (89*V) was found to be homozygous in two AAD patients but was only found in the heterozygous state in controls. Taking into account all nine alleles examined, 4/378 (1.06%) AAD patients and 1/387 (0.25%) healthy controls carried the defective SIAE alleles, with a calculated odds ratio of 4.13 (95% CI 0.44-97.45, two-tailed P value 0.212, NS). CONCLUSION We demonstrated the presence of 89*V homozygotes and the 312*M rare allele in the AAD cohort, but overall, our analysis does not support a role for rare variants in SIAE in the pathogenesis of AAD. However, the relatively small collection of AAD patients limits the power to exclude a small effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Earn H Gan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) results from the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. It is usually thought that SLE results from the combined effect of variants in a large number of genes, and several genome whole association studies (GWAS) have identified a great number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with SLE. However, the loci identified so far can account for only about 15% of the heritability of SLE. Recently, some Mendelian variants of lupus have been identified, especially in childhood-onset SLE. Children present with more severe illness, a lower sex-ratio female:male and a higher genetic contribution compared to adults with SLE. pSLE phenotype heterogeneity could be related to genetic heterogeneity, and pSLE in part might consist in a collection of rare, genetically distinct monogenic disorders.
Collapse
|
182
|
Family history of autoimmune disease in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:206730. [PMID: 23251212 PMCID: PMC3508752 DOI: 10.1155/2012/206730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore anecdotal evidence for an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in family members of patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Methods. Pedigrees of patients and controls were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression to assess differences in reports of autoimmune disease among family members of cases and controls. Data was collected at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, DC, USA and at the International Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome Association Scientific Headquarters, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology in Pavia, Italy. Results. The number of individuals with reported autoimmune disease is significantly related to having a family member with AGS (χ2 = 6.25, P = 0.01); 10% (35/320) of relatives of patients with AGS had a reported autoimmune disease diagnosis compared to 5% (18/344) of relatives of controls. There was a greater percent of maternal relatives of patients with AGS reporting autoimmune disease (14.6%), compared to controls (6.8%), with the association being statistically significant. The association was not significant for paternal relatives. Conclusion. The prevalence of autoimmune disease in relatives of children with AGS is significantly increased compared to controls. More research is needed to better understand this association.
Collapse
|
183
|
Park HJ, Atkinson JP. Autoimmunity: homeostasis of innate immunity gone awry. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1148-52. [PMID: 23054347 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Ju Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8045, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Stetson DB. Endogenous retroelements and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:692-7. [PMID: 23062469 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune sensors of foreign nucleic acids are essential for antiviral immunity, but these same sensors can cause autoimmune disease through inappropriate detection of self-nucleic acids. The sources of the endogenous RNA and DNA that trigger autoreactive responses include chromatin and ribonucleoproteins that are the targets of autoantibodies in numerous autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, I discuss recent data implicating endogenous retroelements-viruses that make up a substantial fraction of our genomes-as an important source of endogenous nucleic acids that can cause autoimmune disease. Understanding this potentially pathologic role for retroelements and the precise mechanisms by which their genomes are sensed and metabolized has important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
|
186
|
Belot A, Cimaz R. Monogenic forms of systemic lupus erythematosus: new insights into SLE pathogenesis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2012; 10:21. [PMID: 22883345 PMCID: PMC3489560 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is complex and remains poorly understood. Infectious triggers, genetic background, immunological abnormalities and environmental factors are all supposed to interact for the disease development. Familial SLE as well as early-onset juvenile SLE studies make it possible to identify monogenic causes of SLE. Identification of these rare inherited conditions is of great interest to understand both SLE pathogenesis and molecular human tolerance mechanisms. Complement deficiencies, genetic overproduction of interferon-α and apoptosis defects are the main situations that can lead to monogenic SLE.Here, we review the different genes involved in monogenic SLE and highlight their importance in SLE pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Belot
- Pediatric nephrology and rheumatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, Bron, Université de Lyon, Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, France.
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Rossler L, Ludwig-Seibold C, Thiels C, Schaper J. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome with emphasis on sonographic features in infancy. Pediatr Radiol 2012; 42:932-40. [PMID: 22639057 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a severe familial, mostly autosomal recessive encephalopathy, first described in 1984. The clinical picture and genetic abnormalities are heterogeneous. US findings in AGS have thus far not been systematically described. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyse sonographic features in AGS and to compare them to CT/MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four male infants with AGS, two brothers, underwent imaging between the ages of 4 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS Sonographically isolated mineralization of lenticulostriate vessels, dilatation of the lateral ventricles, subependymal cysts, and diffuse and focal hyperechogenicity of the periventricular white matter and basal ganglia, respectively, were the abnormal findings, that may be present even before the development of major neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION Early cranial US is able to visualize the whole spectrum of cerebral anomalies in AGS: calcifying microangiopathy, white matter disease and unusual subependymal cysts. The imaging pattern is similar to that of congenital viral infection of the central nervous system, which may mislead the genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Rossler
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Alexandrinenstr 5, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Vaughn SE, Kottyan LC, Munroe ME, Harley JB. Genetic susceptibility to lupus: the biological basis of genetic risk found in B cell signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:577-91. [PMID: 22753952 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50 genetic variants have been statistically associated with the development of SLE (or lupus). Each genetic association is a key component of a pathway to lupus pathogenesis, the majority of which requires further mechanistic studies to understand the functional changes to cellular physiology. Whereas their use in clinical practice has yet to be established, these genes guide efforts to develop more specific therapeutic approaches. The BCR signaling pathways are rich in lupus susceptibility genes and may well provide novel opportunities for the understanding and clinical treatment of this complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Vaughn
- Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Severe chilblain lupus is associated with heterozygous missense mutations of catalytic amino acids or their adjacent mutations in the exonuclease domains of 3'-repair exonuclease 1. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2855-7. [PMID: 22718116 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
190
|
Role of cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: recent progress from GWAS and sequencing. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:798924. [PMID: 22654485 PMCID: PMC3359833 DOI: 10.1155/2012/798924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder, known to have a strong genetic component. Concordance between monozygotic twins is approximately 30-40%, which is 8-20 times higher than that of dizygotic twins. In the last decade, genome-wide approaches to understanding SLE have yielded many candidate genes, which are important to understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention. In this paper, we focus on the role of cytokines and examine how genome-wide association studies, copy number variation studies, and next-generation sequencing are being employed to understand the etiology of SLE. Prominent genes identified by these approaches include BLK, FCγR3B, and TREX1. Our goal is to present a brief overview of genomic approaches to SLE and to introduce some of the key discussion points pertinent to the field.
Collapse
|
191
|
Lessard C, Adrianto I, Ice J, Wiley G, Kelly J, Glenn S, Adler A, Li H, Rasmussen A, Williams A, Ziegler J, Comeau M, Marion M, Wakeland B, Liang C, Ramos P, Grundahl K, Gallant C, Alarcón G, Anaya JM, Bae SC, Boackle S, Brown E, Chang DM, Cho SK, Criswell L, Edberg J, Freedman B, Gilkeson G, Jacob C, James J, Kamen D, Kimberly R, Kim JH, Martin J, Merrill J, Niewold T, Park SY, Petri M, Pons-Estel B, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille J, Scofield R, Song Y, Stevens A, Tsao B, Vila L, Vyse T, Yu CY, Guthridge J, Kaufman K, Harley J, Wakeland E, Langefeld C, Gaffney P, Montgomery C, Moser K. Identification of IRF8, TMEM39A, and IKZF3-ZPBP2 as susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in a large-scale multiracial replication study. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:648-60. [PMID: 22464253 PMCID: PMC3322228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disorder characterized by the loss of tolerance to self-antigens and dysregulated interferon responses. The etiology of SLE is complex, involving both heritable and environmental factors. Candidate-gene studies and genome-wide association (GWA) scans have been successful in identifying new loci that contribute to disease susceptibility; however, much of the heritable risk has yet to be identified. In this study, we sought to replicate 1,580 variants showing suggestive association with SLE in a previously published GWA scan of European Americans; we tested a multiethnic population consisting of 7,998 SLE cases and 7,492 controls of European, African American, Asian, Hispanic, Gullah, and Amerindian ancestry to find association with the disease. Several genes relevant to immunological pathways showed association with SLE. Three loci exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold: interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8; rs11644034; p(meta-Euro) = 2.08 × 10(-10)), transmembrane protein 39A (TMEM39A; rs1132200; p(meta-all) = 8.62 × 10(-9)), and 17q21 (rs1453560; p(meta-all) = 3.48 × 10(-10)) between IKAROS family of zinc finger 3 (AIOLOS; IKZF3) and zona pellucida binding protein 2 (ZPBP2). Fine mapping, resequencing, imputation, and haplotype analysis of IRF8 indicated that three independent effects tagged by rs8046526, rs450443, and rs4843869, respectively, were required for risk in individuals of European ancestry. Eleven additional replicated effects (5 × 10(-8) < p(meta-Euro) < 9.99 × 10(-5)) were observed with CFHR1, CADM2, LOC730109/IL12A, LPP, LOC63920, SLU7, ADAMTSL1, C10orf64, OR8D4, FAM19A2, and STXBP6. The results of this study increase the number of confirmed SLE risk loci and identify others warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Indra Adrianto
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John A. Ice
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Graham B. Wiley
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stuart B. Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Adam J. Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - He Li
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Adrienne H. Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julie Ziegler
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Miranda Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Paula S. Ramos
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kiely M. Grundahl
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Caroline J. Gallant
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75105, Sweden
| | | | - Graciela S. Alarcón
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, Korea
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, Korea
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, Korea
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 133-792, Korea
| | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John D. Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luis M. Vila
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - John B. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney G. Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Abstract
The individual human genome and epigenome are being defined at unprecedented resolution by current advances in sequencing technologies with important implications for human disease. This review uses examples relevant to clinical practice to illustrate the functional consequences of genetic and epigenetic variation. The insights gained from genome-wide association studies are described together with current efforts to understand the role of rare variants in common disease, set in the context of recent successes in Mendelian traits through the application of whole exome sequencing. The application of functional genomics to interrogate the genome and epigenome, build up an integrated picture of the regulatory genomic landscape and inform disease association studies is discussed, together with the role of expression quantitative trait mapping and analysis of allele-specific gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Lupus nephritis: an overview of recent findings. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:849684. [PMID: 22536486 PMCID: PMC3318208 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) since it is the major predictor of poor prognosis. In susceptible individuals suffering of SLE, in situ formation and deposit of immune complexes (ICs) from apoptotic bodies occur in the kidneys as a result of an amplified epitope immunological response. IC glomerular deposits generate release of proinflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules causing inflammation. This leads to monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells chemotaxis. Subsequent release of proteases generates endothelial injury and mesangial proliferation. Presence of ICs promotes adaptive immune response and causes dendritic cells to release type I interferon. This induces maturation and activation of infiltrating T cells, and amplification of Th2, Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes. Each of them, amplify B cells and activates macrophages to release more proinflammatory molecules, generating effector cells that cannot be modulated promoting kidney epithelial proliferation and fibrosis. Herein immunopathological findings of LN are reviewed.
Collapse
|
194
|
Gall A, Treuting P, Elkon KB, Loo YM, Gale M, Barber GN, Stetson DB. Autoimmunity initiates in nonhematopoietic cells and progresses via lymphocytes in an interferon-dependent autoimmune disease. Immunity 2012; 36:120-31. [PMID: 22284419 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response initiated by detection of nucleic acids is important for antiviral defense but is also associated with specific autoimmune diseases. Mutations in the human 3' repair exonuclease 1 (Trex1) gene cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an IFN-associated autoimmune disease. However, the source of the type I IFN response and the precise mechanisms of disease in AGS remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Trex1 is an essential negative regulator of the STING-dependent antiviral response. We used an in vivo reporter of IFN activity in Trex1-deficient mice to localize the initiation of disease to nonhematopoietic cells. These IFNs drove T cell-mediated inflammation and an autoantibody response that targeted abundant, tissue-restricted autoantigens. However, B cells contributed to mortality independently of T cell-mediated tissue damage. These findings reveal a stepwise progression of autoimmune disease in Trex1-deficient mice, with implications for the treatment of AGS and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alevtina Gall
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Goris A, Liston A. The immunogenetic architecture of autoimmune disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/3/a007260. [PMID: 22383754 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of most autoimmune diseases includes a strong heritable component. This genetic contribution to disease ranges from simple Mendelian inheritance of causative alleles to the complex interactions of multiple weak loci influencing risk. The genetic variants responsible for disease are being discovered through a range of strategies from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies. Despite the rapid advances in genetic analysis, substantial components of the heritable risk remain unexplained, either owing to the contribution of an as-yet unidentified, "hidden," component of risk, or through the underappreciated effects of known risk loci. Surprisingly, despite the variation in genetic control, a great deal of conservation appears in the biological processes influenced by risk alleles, with several key immunological pathways being modified in autoimmune diseases covering a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The primary translational potential of this knowledge is in the rational design of new therapeutics to exploit the role of these key pathways in influencing disease. With significant further advances in understanding the genetic risk factors and their biological mechanisms, the possibility of genetically tailored (or "personalized") therapy may be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Goris
- Division of Experimental Neurology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Belot A, Cochat P. Les syndromes lupiques monogéniques. Nephrol Ther 2012; 8:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
197
|
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by early onset progressive encephalopathy, concomitant with an increase in interferon-α levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although it was initially mistaken for intrauterine viral infections, AGS has now been genetically attributed to a lack of adequate processing of cellular nucleic acid debris, which culminates in the perpetual trigger of the innate and acquired immune responses. Although the exact mechanisms governing AGS are not fully understood, significant strides have been recently achieved in better characterizing the disorder and the molecular functions of the five known proteins found mutated in AGS. Studies have now uncovered that AGS is tightly linked with the predisposition to other autoimmune disorders such as familial chilblain lupus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, at least two of the proteins mutated in AGS, namely TREX1 and SAMHD1, also seem to have antagonistic roles in safeguarding humans from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We hereby synthesize the current developments into the greater framework of AGS and suggest that a better understanding of AGS might help usher a better treatment not only for some autoimmune disorders but also possibly for patients suffering from HIV infections, too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chahwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune syndromes provide a rare yet powerful glimpse into the fundamental mechanisms of immunologic tolerance. Such syndromes reveal not only the contribution of an individual breakpoint in tolerance but also patterns in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Disturbances in innate immunity, a system built for ubiquitous sensing of danger signals, tend to generate systemic autoimmunity. For example, defects in the clearance of self-antigens and chronic stimulation of type 1 interferons lead to the systemic autoimmunity seen in C1q deficiency, SPENCDI, and AGS. In contrast, disturbances of adaptive immunity, which is built for antigen specificity, tend to produce organ-specific autoimmunity. Thus, the loss of lymphocyte homeostasis, whether through defects in apoptosis, suppression, or negative selection, leads to organ-specific autoimmunity in ALPS, IPEX, and APS1. We discuss the unique mechanisms of disease in these prominent syndromes as well as how they contribute to the spectrum of organ-specific or systemic autoimmunity. The continued study of rare variants in autoimmune disease will inform future investigations and treatments directed at rare and common autoimmune diseases alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickie H. Cheng
- Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified many dozen genetic intervals that harbor single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing statistical association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite the wealth of data produced, there are limitations of these studies. The causal alleles at a given locus are not identified; only SNP is strong linkage disequilibrium with the putative causative alleles. In order to address identification of the causative SNPs for lupus susceptibility genes, we have initiated a candidate gene study for which more than 40 investigators have contributed patient and control samples. In addition, these investigators have designated SNPs to be placed on a custom array. In this way fine mapping of genetic association findings can occur in order to identify causal alleles. These efforts have thus far benefitted greatly from comparisons of different ethnicities. Work on about ten previously identified associations has been published using this resource. Genome-wide association studies cannot identify rare SNPs or mutations, which may impart greater relative risks than common variants. Much of the genetics of lupus may be from rare variants or mutations. In order to approach this aspect of lupus genetics, next-generation sequencing has begun in which all exons will be sequenced in controls and patients. This effort can also be used to identify causal alleles from association intervals not yet otherwise identified.
Collapse
|
200
|
Activation of type I interferon pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with distinct clinical phenotypes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:273907. [PMID: 22162633 PMCID: PMC3227532 DOI: 10.1155/2011/273907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence over the last few years suggests a central role of type I IFN pathway in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disorders. Data from clinical and genetic studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus-prone mouse models, indicates that the type I interferon system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several lupus and associated clinical features, such as nephritis, neuropsychiatric and cutaneous lupus, premature atherosclerosis as well as lupus-specific autoantibodies particularly against ribonucleoproteins. In the current paper, our aim is to summarize the latest findings supporting the association of type I IFN pathway with specific clinical manifestations in the setting of SLE providing insights on the potential use of type I IFN as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|