151
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Patel SJ, Yamauchi T, Ito F. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2019; 28:489-504. [PMID: 31079802 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy for solid malignancies is limited because obtaining sufficient numbers of less-differentiated tumor-specific T cells is difficult. This roadblock can be theoretically overcome by the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which self-renew and provide unlimited numbers of autologous less-differentiated T cells. iPSCs can generate less-differentiated antigen-specific T cells that harbor long telomeres and increased proliferative capacity, and exhibit potent antitumor efficacy. Although this strategy holds great promise for adoptive T cell therapy, highly reproducible and robust differentiation protocols are required before the translation of iPSC technology into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny J Patel
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteen Street, Augusta, GA 30912-3600, USA
| | - Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Enzymology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fumito Ito
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, CCC-539, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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152
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Puri D, Subramanyam D. Stress - (self) eating: Epigenetic regulation of autophagy in response to psychological stress. FEBS J 2019; 286:2447-2460. [PMID: 30927484 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive and cytoprotective catabolic process. Aberrations in autophagy lead to a multitude of degenerative disorders, with neurodegeneration being one of the most widely studied autophagy-related disorders. While the field has largely been focusing on the cytosolic constituents and processes of autophagy, recent studies are increasingly appreciating the role of chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulation in autophagy maintenance. Autophagy has been implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis, and disruption of neurogenesis in response to psychological stress is a proximal risk factor for development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, we will discuss the regulation of autophagy in normal neurogenesis as well as during chronic psychological stress, focusing on the epigenetic control of autophagy in these contexts, and also highlight the lacunae in our understanding of this process. The systematic study of these regulatory mechanisms will provide a novel therapeutic strategy, based on the use epigenetic regulators of autophagy to enhance neurogenesis and potentially alleviate stress-related behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Puri
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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153
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Schumann GG, Fuchs NV, Tristán-Ramos P, Sebe A, Ivics Z, Heras SR. The impact of transposable element activity on therapeutically relevant human stem cells. Mob DNA 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30899334 PMCID: PMC6408843 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-019-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells harbor significant potential for basic and clinical translational research as well as regenerative medicine. Currently ~ 3000 adult and ~ 30 pluripotent stem cell-based, interventional clinical trials are ongoing worldwide, and numbers are increasing continuously. Although stem cells are promising cell sources to treat a wide range of human diseases, there are also concerns regarding potential risks associated with their clinical use, including genomic instability and tumorigenesis concerns. Thus, a deeper understanding of the factors and molecular mechanisms contributing to stem cell genome stability are a prerequisite to harnessing their therapeutic potential for degenerative diseases. Chemical and physical factors are known to influence the stability of stem cell genomes, together with random mutations and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) that accumulated in cultured human stem cells. Here we review the activity of endogenous transposable elements (TEs) in human multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, and the consequences of their mobility for genomic integrity and host gene expression. We describe transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms antagonizing the spread of TEs in the human genome, and highlight those that are more prevalent in multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. Notably, TEs do not only represent a source of mutations/CNVs in genomes, but are also often harnessed as tools to engineer the stem cell genome; thus, we also describe and discuss the most widely applied transposon-based tools and highlight the most relevant areas of their biomedical applications in stem cells. Taken together, this review will contribute to the assessment of the risk that endogenous TE activity and the application of genetically engineered TEs constitute for the biosafety of stem cells to be used for substitutive and regenerative cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald G Schumann
- 1Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str.51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Nina V Fuchs
- 2Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Pablo Tristán-Ramos
- 3GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Attila Sebe
- 1Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str.51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- 1Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str.51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sara R Heras
- 3GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada-Avenida de la Ilustración, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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154
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Xu C, Mohsin A, Luo Y, Xie L, Peng Y, Wang Q, Hang H, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Differentiation roadmap of embryonic Sertoli cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30850007 PMCID: PMC6408820 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic Sertoli cells (eSCs) play an important role in sex determination and in male gonad development which makes them a very useful cell type for therapeutic applications. However, the deriving mechanism of Sertoli cells has been unclear and challenging to create a large number of quality eSCs. Therefore, this study aimed to create the eSCs induced from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells by regulating defined factors and to explore the relevant regulatory mechanism. Methods Six inducing factors, Sry, Sox9, SF1, WT1, GATA4, and Dmrt1, were respectively transduced into mES cells by lentiviral infection according to the experimental design. The test groups were identified by development stage-specific markers, AMH, Emx2, SF1, and FasL, using flow cytometry. Induced eSCs were determined by FasL and AMH biomarkers under immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. Moreover, the pluripotency markers, gonad development-related markers, epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers in test groups were transcriptionally determined by qPCR. Results In this study, the co-overexpression of all the six factors effectively produced a large population of eSCs from mES cells in 35 days of culturing. These eSCs were capable of forming tubular-like and ring-like structures with functional performance. The results of flow cytometry indicated that the upregulation of GATA4 and WT1 contributed to the growth of somatic cells in the coelomic epithelium regarded as the main progenitor cells of eSCs. Whereas, SF1 facilitated the development of eSC precursor cells, and Sry and Sox9 promoted the determination of male development. Moreover, the overexpression of Dmrt1 was essential for the maintenance of eSCs and some of their specific surface biomarkers such as FasL. The cellular morphology, biomarker identification, and transcriptomic analysis aided in exploring the regulatory mechanism of deriving eSCs from mES cells. Conclusion Conclusively, we have elucidated a differentiation roadmap of eSCs derived from mES cells with a relevant regulatory mechanism. Through co-overexpression of all these six factors, a large population of eSCs was successfully induced occupying 24% of the whole cell population (1 × 105 cells/cm2). By adopting this approach, a mass of embryonic Sertoli cells can be generated for the purpose of co-culture technique, organ transplantation, gonadal developmental and sex determination researches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1180-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenze Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Processes System, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Processes System, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Centre of Processes System, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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155
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Ramuta TŽ, Kreft ME. Human Amniotic Membrane and Amniotic Membrane-Derived Cells: How Far Are We from Their Use in Regenerative and Reconstructive Urology? Cell Transplant 2019; 27:77-92. [PMID: 29562770 PMCID: PMC6434475 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717725528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic membrane (hAM) is the innermost layer of fetal membranes, which surrounds the developing fetus and forms the amniotic cavity. hAM and hAM-derived cells possess many properties that make them suitable for use in regenerative medicine, such as low immunogenicity, promotion of epithelization, anti-inflammatory properties, angiogenic and antiangiogenic properties, antifibrotic properties, antimicrobial properties, and anticancer properties. Many pathological conditions of the urinary tract lead to organ damage or complete loss of function. Consequently, the reconstruction or replacement of damaged organs is needed, which makes searching for new approaches in regenerative and reconstructive urology a necessity. The use of hAM for treating defects in kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra was tested in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and also in humans. These studies confirmed the advantages and the potential of hAM for use in regenerative and reconstructive urology as stated above. However, they also pointed out a few concerns we have to take into consideration. These are (1) the lack of a standardized protocol in hAM preparation and storage, (2) the heterogeneity of hAM, and especially (3) low mechanical strength of hAM. Before any wider use of hAM for treating urological defects, the protocols for preparation and storage will need to be standardized, followed by more studies on larger animals and clinical trials, which will altogether extensively assess the potential of hAM use in urological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Železnik Ramuta
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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156
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De Los Angeles A, Elsworth JD, Redmond DE. ERK-independent African Green monkey pluripotent stem cells in a putative chimera-competent state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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157
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Song J, Janiszewski A, De Geest N, Vanheer L, Talon I, El Bakkali M, Oh T, Pasque V. X-Chromosome Dosage Modulates Multiple Molecular and Cellular Properties of Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells Independently of Global DNA Methylation Levels. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:333-350. [PMID: 30639215 PMCID: PMC6372905 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming female mouse somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) leads to X-chromosome reactivation. The extent to which increased X-chromosome dosage (X-dosage) in female iPSCs compared with male iPSCs leads to differences in the properties of iPSCs is still unclear. We show that chromatin accessibility in mouse iPSCs is modulated by X-dosage. Specific sets of transcriptional regulator motifs are enriched in chromatin with increased accessibility in XX or XY iPSCs. The transcriptome, growth and pluripotency exit are also modulated by X-dosage in iPSCs. To understand how increased X-dosage modulates the properties of mouse pluripotent stem cells, we used heterozygous deletions of the X-linked gene Dusp9. We show that X-dosage regulates the transcriptome, open chromatin landscape, growth, and pluripotency exit largely independently of global DNA methylation. Our results provide insights into how gene dosage modulates the epigenetic and genetic mechanisms that regulate cell identity. X-chromosome dosage modulates the pluripotent chromatin accessibility landscape Increased X-chromosome dosage slows down growth Dusp9 heterozygous female ESCs display pluripotency exit delay
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Janiszewski
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Geest
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanheer
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irene Talon
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mouna El Bakkali
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Taeho Oh
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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158
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De Los Angeles A, Okamura D, Wu J. Highly Efficient Derivation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Preimplantation and Postimplantation Embryos in Serum-Free Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2005:29-36. [PMID: 31175643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9524-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotency refers to the potential of cells to generate all cell types of the embryo proper. Pluripotency spans a spectrum of cellular states. At one polar extreme is naïve pluripotency, which is identified based on the potential to form germline chimeras. At the other polar extreme is primed pluripotency, in which pluripotent cells are primed to differentiate. Mouse naïve PS cells can be derived from preimplantation embryos. Primed epiblast stem (EpiS) cells are typically isolated from epiblasts of early postimplantation mouse embryos. In this chapter, we describe protocols for highly efficient derivation and propagation of murine naïve and primed PS cell lines in serum-free conditions from preimplantation and postimplantation embryos. We describe generation of mouse naïve PS cells using LIF and inhibitors of MEK and GSK3 kinases and of mouse primed PS cells using FGF2 and IWR1 compound which induces the stabilization of Axin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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159
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Liu X, Chen J, Firas J, Paynter JM, Nefzger CM, Polo JM. Generation of Mouse-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Lentiviral Transduction. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1940:63-76. [PMID: 30788818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Terminally differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into an embryonic stem cell-like state by the forced expression of four transcription factors: Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc (OKSM). These so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can give rise to any cell type of the body and thus have tremendous potential for many applications in research and regenerative medicine. Herein, we describe (1) a protocol for the generation of iPS cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible lentiviral transduction system; (2) the derivation of clonal iPS cell lines; and (3) the characterization of the pluripotent potential of iPS cell lines using alkaline phosphatase staining, flow cytometry, and the teratoma formation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaber Firas
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacob M Paynter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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160
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Abstract
Human pluripotent stem (PS) cells can be isolated from preimplantation embryos or by reprogramming of somatic cells or germline progenitors. Human PS cells are considered the "holy grail" of regenerative medicine because they have the potential to form all cell types of the adult body. Because of their similarity to humans, nonhuman primate (NHP) PS cells are also important models for studying human biology and disease, as well as for developing therapeutic strategies and test bed for cell replacement therapy. This chapter describes adjusted methods for cultivation of PS cells from different primate species, including African green monkey, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, and human. Supplementation of E8 medium and inhibitors of the Tankyrase and GSK3 kinases to various primate PS cell media reduce line-dependent predisposition for spontaneous differentiation in conventional PS cell cultures. We provide methods for basic characterization of primate PS cell lines, which include immunostaining for pluripotency markers such as OCT4 and TRA-1-60, as well as in vivo teratoma formation assay. We provide methods for generating alternative PS cells including region-selective primed PS cells, two different versions of naïve-like cells, and recently reported extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells. These derivations are achieved by acclimation of conventional PS cells to target media, episomal reprogramming of somatic cells, or resetting conventional PS cells to a naïve-like state by overexpression of KLF2 and NANOG. We also provide methods for isolation of PS cells from human blastocysts. We describe how to generate interspecies primate-mouse chimeras at the blastocyst and postimplantation embryo stages. Systematic evaluation of the chimeric competency of human and primate PS cells will aid in efforts to overcome species barriers and achieve higher grade chimerism in postimplantation conceptuses that could enable organ-specific enrichment of human xenogeneic PS cell derivatives in large animals such as pigs and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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161
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Abstract
Humans develop from a unique group of pluripotent cells in early embryos that can produce all cells of the human body. While pluripotency is only transiently manifest in the embryo, scientists have identified conditions that sustain pluripotency indefinitely in the laboratory. Pluripotency is not a monolithic entity, however, but rather comprises a spectrum of different cellular states. Questions regarding the scientific value of examining the continuum of pluripotent stem (PS) cell states have gained increased significance in light of attempts to generate interspecies chimeras between humans and animals. In this chapter, I review our ever-evolving understanding of the continuum of pluripotency. Historically, the discovery of two different PS cell states in mice fostered a general conception of pluripotency comprised of two distinct attractor states: naïve and primed. Naïve pluripotency has been defined by competence to form germline chimeras and governance by unique KLF-based transcription factor (TF) circuitry, whereas primed state is distinguished by an inability to generate chimeras and alternative TF regulation. However, the discovery of many alternative PS cell states challenges the concept of pluripotency as a binary property. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the current molecular criteria used to classify human naïve-like pluripotency also identify human chimera-competent PS cells. Therefore, I examine the pluripotency continuum more closely in light of recent advances in PS cell research and human interspecies chimera research.
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162
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De Los Angeles A, Hyun I, Latham SR, Elsworth JD, Redmond DE. Human-Monkey Chimeras for Modeling Human Disease: Opportunities and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2005:221-231. [PMID: 31175656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9524-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The search for a better animal model to simulate human disease has been a "holy grail" of biomedical research for decades. Recent identification of different types of pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) and advances in chimera research might soon permit the generation of interspecies chimeras from closely related species, such as those between humans and other primates. Here, we suggest that the creation of human-primate chimeras-specifically, the transfer of human stem cells into (non-ape) primate hosts-could surpass the limitations of current monkey models of neurological and psychiatric disease, but would also raise important ethical considerations concerning the use of monkeys in invasive research. Questions regarding the scientific value and ethical concerns raised by the prospect of human-monkey chimeras are more urgent in light of recent advances in PS cell research and attempts to generate interspecies chimeras between humans and animals. While some jurisdictions prohibit the introduction of human PS cells into monkey preimplantation embryos, other jurisdictions may permit and even encourage such experiments. Therefore, it is useful to consider blastocyst complementation experiments more closely in light of advances that could make these chimeras possible and to consider the ethical and political issues that are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R Latham
- Yale Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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163
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Nazari B, Soleimanifar F, Kazemi M, Nazari B, Enderami SE, Ai A, Sadroddiny E, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ai J. Derivation of preoligodendrocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells through overexpression of microRNA 338. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9700-9708. [PMID: 30582206 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and have a critical role in many biological processes such as oligodendrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have shown that microRNA 338 (miR-338) is overexpressed during the oligodendrocyte development process in the central nervous system; this finding indicates a potentially important role for miR-338 in oligodendrocyte development. To evaluate this assumption, we studied the effect of miR-338 overexpression on promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), into preoligodendrocyte. hiPSCs were differentiated into OPCs after treating for 16 days with basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), epidermal growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA. Bipolar OPCs appeared and the expression of OPC-related markers, including Nestin, Olig2, Sox10, PDGFRα, and A2B5 was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence. Then, OPCs were transduced by miR-338 expressing lentivirus or were treated with triiodothyronine (T3) for 6 days. Data obtained from real-time PCR and immunofluorescence experiment indicated that preoligodendrocyte markers such as Sox10, O4, and MBP were expressed at higher levels in transduced cells with miR-338 in comparison with the T3 group. So, the overexpression of miR-338 in iPSC-derived OPCs can promote their differentiation into preoligodendrocyte which can be used in cell therapy of myelin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nazari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soleimanifar
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mansure Kazemi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nazari
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Ai
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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164
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Therapeutic abortion and ectopic pregnancy: alternative sources for fetal stem cell research and therapy in Iran as an Islamic country. Cell Tissue Bank 2018; 20:11-24. [PMID: 30535614 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-018-9741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine as a background of stem cell research and therapy has a long history. A wide variety of diseases including Parkinson's disease, heart diseases, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes mellitus and etc. are candidate to be treated using different types of stem cells. There are several sources of stem cells such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, germ cells and the embryo/fetus tissues. Fetal stem cells (FSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been described as the most potent stem cell source. Although their pluri- or multipotent properties leads to promising reports for their clinical applications, owning to some ethical and legal obstacles in different communities such as Muslim countries, care should be taken for therapeutic applications of FSCs and ESCs. Derivation of these cell types needs termination of pregnancy and embryo or fetus life that is prohibited according to almost all rules and teaches in Muslim communities. Abortion and termination of pregnancy under a normal condition for the procurement of stem cell materials is forbidden by nearly all the major world religions such as Islam. Legislated laws in the most of Muslim countries permit termination of pregnancy and abortion only when the life of the mother is severely threatened or when continuing pregnancy may lead to the birth of a mentally retarded, genetically or anatomically malformed child. Based on the rules and conditions in Islamic countries, finding an alternative and biologically normal source for embryonic or fetal stem cell isolation will be too difficult. On the one hand, Muslim scientists have the feasibility for finding of genetically and anatomically normal embryonic or fetal stem cell sources for research or therapy, but on the other hand they should adhere to the law and related regional and local rules in all parts of their investigation. The authors suggest that the utilization of ectopic pregnancy (EP) conceptus, extra-embryonic tissues, and therapeutic abortion materials as a valuable source of stem cells for research and medical purposes can overcome limitations associated with finding the appropriate stem cell source. Pregnancy termination because of the mentioned subjects is accepted by almost all Islamic laws because of maternal lifesaving. Also, there are no ethical or legal obstacles in the use of extra-embryonic or EP derived tissues which lead to candidate FSCs as a valuable source for stem cell researches and therapeutic applications.
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165
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Ganguly R, Metkari S, Bhartiya D. Dynamics of Bone Marrow VSELs and HSCs in Response to Treatment with Gonadotropin and Steroid Hormones, during Pregnancy and Evidence to Support Their Asymmetric/Symmetric Cell Divisions. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:110-124. [PMID: 29168113 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gender plays an important role in the incidence of hematological malignancies and recently hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were found to proliferate more in females that gets further augmented during pregnancy. It was suggested that since basal numbers of HSCs remain the same in both sexes, possibly HSCs in females undergo increased self-renewal and apoptosis. Then how is self-renewal of stem cells regulated in males? More important, do HSCs undergo asymmetric cell divisions (ACD) or a more primitive population of pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) undergo ACD to self-renew and specify into HSCs? Lot more clarity is required on the bone marrow stem cells biology. Present study was undertaken to evaluate whether similar dimorphism reported for HSCs also exists among VSELs. Bone marrow VSELs and HSCs were studied in bilaterally ovariectomized and castrated mice by flow cytometry after treating with gonadotropin (FSH) and sex steroid (estrogen & progesterone) hormones and during pregnancy. Differential expression of pluripotent (Oct-4A, Sox2, Nanog) and differentiation (Oct-4, Sca1, c-Kit, Ikaros) specific transcripts was studied. Basal BrdU uptake was more in both VSELs (p < 0.01) and HSCs (p < 0.05) in female bone marrow. FSH exerted a more profound effect compared to estradiol in both the sexes. Flow cytometry results showed ten-fold increase in spleen VSELs by mid-gestation associated with approximately two-fold increase in HSCs. These results point to a novel yet unreported role of spleen VSELs during pregnancy. Furthermore, VSELs underwent ACD to self-renew and give rise to slightly bigger HSCs based on unequal expression of NUMB, CD45 and OCT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Ganguly
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Sidhanath Metkari
- Experimental Animal Facility, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
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166
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BMI1 enables interspecies chimerism with human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4649. [PMID: 30405129 PMCID: PMC6220315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exhibit very limited contribution to interspecies chimeras. One explanation is that the conventional hPSCs are in a primed state and so unable to form chimeras in pre-implantation embryos. Here, we show that the conventional hPSCs undergo rapid apoptosis when injected into mouse pre-implantation embryos. While, forced-expression of BMI1, a polycomb factor in hPSCs overcomes the apoptosis and enables hPSCs to integrate into mouse pre-implantation embryos and subsequently contribute to chimeras with both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. In addition, BMI1 also enables hPSCs to integrate into pre-implantation embryos of other species, such as rabbit and pig. Notably, BMI1 high expression and anti-apoptosis are also indicators for naïve hPSCs to form chimera in mouse embryos. Together, our findings reveal that the apoptosis is an initial barrier in interspecies chimerism using hPSCs and provide a rational to improve it.
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167
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NANOG Is Required for the Long-Term Establishment of Avian Somatic Reprogrammed Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1272-1286. [PMID: 30318291 PMCID: PMC6235669 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming, which was first identified in rodents, remains poorly described in non-mammalian species. Here, we generated avian reprogrammed cells by reprogramming of chicken and duck primary embryonic fibroblasts. The efficient generation of long-term proliferating cells depends on the method of delivery of reprogramming factors and the addition of NANOG and LIN28 to the canonical OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC gene combination. The reprogrammed cells were positive for several key pluripotency-associated markers including alkaline phosphatase activity, telomerase activity, SSEA1 expression, and specific cell cycle and epigenetic markers. Upregulated endogenous pluripotency-associated genes included POU5F3 (POUV) and KLF4, whereas cells failed to upregulate NANOG and LIN28A. However, cells showed a tumorigenic propensity when injected into recipient embryos. In conclusion, although the somatic reprogramming process is active in avian primary cells, it needs to be optimized to obtain fully reprogrammed cells with similar properties to those of chicken embryonic stem cells. NANOG is required for avian somatic reprogramming NANOG is necessary for long-term establishment of avian reprogrammed cells Avian reprogrammed cells express pluripotency markers Avian cells are only partially reprogrammed
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168
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Zhang H, Wan C, Huang J, Yang C, Qin Y, Lu Y, Ma J, Wu B, Xu S, Wu G, Yang K. In Vitro Radiobiological Advantages of Hypofractionation Compared with Conventional Fractionation: Early-Passage NSCLC Cells are Less Aggressive after Hypofractionation. Radiat Res 2018; 190:584-595. [PMID: 30234458 DOI: 10.1667/rr14951.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chensu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuangbing Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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169
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Choi KH, Lee DK, Oh JN, Son HY, Lee CK. FGF2 Signaling Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Pluripotent State of Pig Embryonic Germ Cells. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:301-311. [PMID: 30204498 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are alternative sources for deriving pluripotent stem cells. Because embryonic germ cells (EGCs) possess physiological and developmental features similar to those of embryonic stem cells, pig EGCs are considered a potential tool for generating transgenic animals for agricultural usage. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to establish and characterize pig EGCs from fetal gonads. EGC lines were derived from the genital ridges of porcine fetuses in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and stem cell factor. After establishment, these cells were cultured and stabilized in LIF- or FGF2-containing media. The cell lines were maintained under both conditions over an extended time period and spontaneously differentiated into the three germ layers in vitro. Interestingly, expression of pluripotency markers showed different patterns between cell lines cultured in LIF or FGF2. SSEA4 was only expressed in FGF2-treated pig EGCs (FGF2-pEGCs), not LIF-treated pig EGCs (LIF-pEGCs). Pluripotency genes were upregulated in FGF2-pEGCs, and germline markers were highly expressed, indicating that FGF2 supplements are more efficient in supporting the pluripotency of pEGCs. In conclusion, we verified that FGF2 signaling plays an important role in reprogramming and maintaining pEGCs from fetal gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Nam Oh
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Son
- 2 Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeong Chang, Kangwon do, Korea
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170
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Schlaeger TM. Nonintegrating Human Somatic Cell Reprogramming Methods. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 163:1-21. [PMID: 29075799 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional biomedical research and preclinical studies frequently rely on animal models and repeatedly draw on a relatively small set of human cell lines, such as HeLa, HEK293, HepG2, HL60, and PANC1 cells. However, animal models often fail to reproduce important clinical phenotypes and conventional cell lines only represent a small number of cell types or diseases, have very limited ethnic/genetic diversity, and either senesce quickly or carry potentially confounding immortalizing mutations. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cells have attracted a lot of attention, in part because these cells promise more precise modeling of human diseases. Expectations are also high that pluripotent stem cell technologies can deliver cell-based therapeutics for the cure of a wide range of degenerative and other diseases. This review focuses on episomal and Sendai viral reprogramming modalities, which are the most popular methods for generating transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from easily accessible cell sources. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Schlaeger
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Karp RB09213, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02446, USA.
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171
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Sun Z, Zhu M, Lv P, Cheng L, Wang Q, Tian P, Yan Z, Wen B. The Long Noncoding RNA Lncenc1 Maintains Naive States of Mouse ESCs by Promoting the Glycolysis Pathway. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:741-755. [PMID: 30174313 PMCID: PMC6135739 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The naive embryonic stem cells (nESCs) display unique characteristics compared with the primed counterparts, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here we investigate the functional roles of Lncenc1, a highly abundant long noncoding RNA in nESCs. Knockdown or knockout of Lncenc1 in mouse nESCs leads to a significantly decreased expression of core pluripotency genes and a significant reduction of colony formation capability. Furthermore, upon the depletion of Lncenc1, the expression of glycolysis-associated genes is significantly reduced, and the glycolytic activity is substantially impaired, as indicated by a more than 50% reduction in levels of glucose consumption, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate. Mechanistically, Lncenc1 interacts with PTBP1 and HNRNPK, which regulate the transcription of glycolytic genes, thereby maintaining the self-renewal of nESCs. Our results demonstrate the functions of Lncenc1 in linking energy metabolism and naive state of ESCs, which may enhance our understanding of the molecular basis underlying naive pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minzhe Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pin Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianfeng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengxiang Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zixiang Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Wen
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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172
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Li T, Ai Z, Ji W. Primate stem cells: bridge the translation from basic research to clinic application. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:12-21. [PMID: 30099707 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has shown that stem cells are very effective for the treatment of degenerative diseases in rodents but these exciting results have not translated to clinical practice. The difference results from the divergence in genetic, metabolic, and physiological phenotypes between rodents and humans. The high degree of similarity between non-human primates (NHPs) and humans provides the most accurate models for preclinical studies of stem cell therapy. Using a NHP model to understand the following key issues, which cannot be addressed in humans or rodents, will be helpful for extending stem cell applications in the basic science and the clinic. These issues include pluripotency of primate stem cells, the safety and efficiency of stem cell therapy, and transplantation procedures of stem cells suitable for clinical translation. Here we review studies of the above issues in NHPs and current challenges of stem cell applications in both basic science and clinical therapies. We propose that the use of NHP models, in particular combining the serial production and transplantation procedures of stem cells is the most useful for preclinical studies designed to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Zongyong Ai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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173
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Fuentes DR, Swigut T, Wysocka J. Systematic perturbation of retroviral LTRs reveals widespread long-range effects on human gene regulation. eLife 2018; 7:35989. [PMID: 30070637 PMCID: PMC6158008 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests extensive adaptation of transposable elements (TEs) for host gene regulation. However, high numbers of integrations typical of TEs, coupled with sequence divergence within families, have made systematic interrogation of the regulatory contributions of TEs challenging. Here, we employ CARGO, our recent method for CRISPR gRNA multiplexing, to facilitate targeting of LTR5HS, an ape-specific class of HERVK (HML-2) LTRs that is active during early development and present in ~700 copies throughout the human genome. We combine CARGO with CRISPR activation or interference to, respectively, induce or silence LTR5HS en masse, and demonstrate that this system robustly targets the vast majority of LTR5HS insertions. Remarkably, activation/silencing of LTR5HS is associated with reciprocal up- and down-regulation of hundreds of human genes. These effects require the presence of retroviral sequences, but occur over long genomic distances, consistent with a pervasive function of LTR5HS elements as early embryonic enhancers in apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Fuentes
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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174
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Sang YL, Cheng ZJ, Zhang XS. iPSCs: A Comparison between Animals and Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:660-666. [PMID: 29880405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are self-renewable cells with the potential to differentiate into all the cell types within an organism. PSCs exist transiently in early-stage mammalian embryos during ontogeny and are maintained in apical meristems of higher plants throughout postembryonic development. Through proper in vitro culture, somatic cells of both mammals and plants can be reprogrammed to generate induced PSCs (iPSCs). Recent studies have deciphered mechanisms underlying pluripotency gene activation and cell fate transition during plant iPSC generation. Here, we compare these mechanisms with those of their animal counterparts in the hope that this may trigger mutual learning of researchers from both fields, leading to advances and independent breakthroughs in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lin Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi Juan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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175
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Shahbazi MN, Zernicka-Goetz M. Deconstructing and reconstructing the mouse and human early embryo. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:878-887. [PMID: 30038253 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of form and function during mammalian embryogenesis is a complex process that involves multiple regulatory levels. The foundations of the body plan are laid throughout the first days of post-implantation development as embryonic stem cells undergo symmetry breaking and initiate lineage specification, in a process that coincides with a global morphological reorganization of the embryo. Here, we review experimental models and how they have shaped our current understanding of the post-implantation mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Shahbazi
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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176
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Langrzyk A, Nowak WN, Stępniewski J, Jaźwa A, Florczyk-Soluch U, Józkowicz A, Dulak J. Critical View on Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:169-190. [PMID: 28874054 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The belief in the potency of stem cells has resulted in the medical applications of numerous cell types for organ repair, often with the low adherence to methodological stringency. Such uncritical enthusiasm is mainly presented in the approaches employing so-called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), for the treatment of numerous, unrelated conditions. However, it should be stressed that such broad clinical applications of MSC are mostly based on the belief that MSC can efficiently differentiate into multiple cell types, not only osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipose cells. Recent Advances: Studies employing lineage tracing established more promising markers to characterize MSC identity and localization in vivo and confirmed the differences between MSC isolated from various organs. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical experiments proved that transdifferentiation of MSC is unlikely to contribute to repair of numerous tissues, including the heart. Therefore, the salvage hypotheses, like MSC fusion with cells in target organs or the paracrine mechanisms, were proposed to justify the widespread application of MSC and to explain transient, if any, effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The lack of standardization concerning the cells markers, their origin and particularly the absence of stringent functional characterization of MSC, leads to propagation of the worrying hype despite the lack of convincing therapeutic efficiency of MSC. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The adherence to rigorous methodological rules is necessary to prevent the application of procedures which can be dangerous for patients and scientific research on the medical application of stem cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witold N Nowak
- 2 Cardiovascular Division, King's College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Florczyk-Soluch
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- 1 Kardio-Med Silesia , Zabrze, Poland .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
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177
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Chen Y, Tan W, Wang C. Tumor-associated macrophage-derived cytokines enhance cancer stem-like characteristics through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3817-3826. [PMID: 30013362 PMCID: PMC6038883 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s168317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation and are an important source of cancer initiation, treatment resistance, and recurrence. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which epithelial cells lose their epithelial phenotype and convert to mesenchymal cells. Recent studies have shown that cancer cells undergoing EMT can become stem-like cells. Many kinds of tumors are associated with chronic inflammation, which plays a role in tumor progression. Among the various immune cells mediating chronic inflammation, macrophages account for ~30%-50% of the tumor mass. Macrophages are highly infiltrative in the tumor microenvironment and secrete a series of inflammatory factors and cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which promote EMT and enhance the stemness of cancer cells. This review summarizes and discusses recent research findings on some specific mechanisms of tumor-associated macrophage-derived cytokines in EMT and cancer stemness transition, which are emerging targets of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Chen
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wei Tan
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
| | - Changjun Wang
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China, .,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
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178
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Safaeinejad Z, Kazeminasab F, Kiani-Esfahani A, Ghaedi K, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Multi-effects of Resveratrol on stem cell characteristics: Effective dose, time, cell culture conditions and cell type-specific responses of stem cells to Resveratrol. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:651-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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179
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Ma S, Lv J, Sun J, Tang P, Li H, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Lin Y, Rong Z. iKA-CRISPR hESCs for inducible and multiplex orthogonal gene knockout and activation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2238-2247. [PMID: 29869798 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have a wide range of applications in early human embryonic development mimics, disease modeling, and cell therapy. To fulfill these applications, we established hESCs for inducible and multiplex orthogonal gene knockout and activation, which we named iKA-CRISPR hESCs. In cells, when complexed with a short guide RNA containing a 14-bp target sequence (14-bp gRNA) or a long 20-bp gRNA, the doxycycline-induced Cas9-p300 protein could activate gene transcription or cleave genomic DNA, respectively. We also demonstrate using iKA-CRISPR hESCs that knockout of OCT4 promoted differentiation, and developmentally relevant microRNAs and transcription factors could be efficiently activated. Thus, iKA-CRISPR hESCs provide a convenient platform to control gene expression networks and, therefore, facilitate the applications of hESCs in basic and translational biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Tang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huibin Li
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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180
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. MicroRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for CNS injuries. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors (antagomiRs) to respectively decrease and increase the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize current miRNA-based therapeutic applications in stroke, TBI and SCI. Administration methods, time windows and dosage for effective delivery of miRNA-based drugs into CNS are discussed. The underlying mechanisms of miRNA-based therapeutics are reviewed including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Pharmacological agents that protect against CNS injuries by targeting specific miRNAs are presented along with the challenges and therapeutic potential of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ke-Jie Yin, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, BST S514, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Da Zhi Liu, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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181
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Fu H, Tian CL, Ye X, Sheng X, Wang H, Liu Y, Liu L. Dynamics of Telomere Rejuvenation during Chemical Induction to Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:70-87. [PMID: 29861168 PMCID: PMC6066961 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (CiPSCs) may provide an alternative and attractive source for stem cell-based therapy. Sufficient telomere lengths are critical for unlimited self-renewal and genomic stability of pluripotent stem cells. Dynamics and mechanisms of telomere reprogramming of CiPSCs remain elusive. We show that CiPSCs acquire telomere lengthening with increasing passages after clonal formation. Both telomerase activity and recombination-based mechanisms are involved in the telomere elongation. Telomere lengths strongly indicate the degree of reprogramming, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity of CiPSCs. Nevertheless, telomere damage and shortening occur at a late stage of lengthy induction, limiting CiPSC formation. We find that histone crotonylation induced by crotonic acid can activate two-cell genes, including Zscan4; maintain telomeres; and promote CiPSC generation. Crotonylation decreases the abundance of heterochromatic H3K9me3 and HP1α at subtelomeres and Zscan4 loci. Taken together, telomere rejuvenation links to reprogramming and pluripotency of CiPSCs. Crotonylation facilitates telomere maintenance and enhances chemically induced reprogramming to pluripotency. CiPSCs acquire telomere elongation after clonal formation with increasing passages Both telomerase and recombination mechanisms are involved in the telomere elongation Telomere damage and shortening can occur during late stage of lengthy induction Crotonylation activates Zscan4 and promotes telomere elongation and CiPSC induction
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cheng-Lei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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182
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Ito N, Anam MB, Ahmad SAI, Ohta K. Transdifferentiation of human somatic cells by ribosome. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:241-247. [PMID: 29845598 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are intracellular organelles ubiquitous in all organisms, which translate information from mRNAs to synthesize proteins. They are complex macromolecules composed of dozens of proteins and ribosomal RNAs. Other than translation, some ribosomal proteins also have side-jobs called "Moonlighting" function. The majority of these moonlighting functions influence cancer progression, early development and differentiation. Recently, we discovered that ribosome is involved in the regulation of cellular transdifferentiation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In vitro incorporation of ribosomes into HDFs arrests cell proliferation and induces the formation of cell clusters, that differentiate into three germ layer derived cells upon induction by differentiation mediums. The discovery of ribosome induced transdifferentiation, that is not based on genetic modification, find new possibilities for the treatment of cancer and congenital diseases, as well as to understand early development and cellular lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohammad Badrul Anam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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183
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Du P, Pirouz M, Choi J, Huebner AJ, Clement K, Meissner A, Hochedlinger K, Gregory RI. An Intermediate Pluripotent State Controlled by MicroRNAs Is Required for the Naive-to-Primed Stem Cell Transition. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:851-864.e5. [PMID: 29804889 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell (ESC) transition from naive to primed pluripotency is marked by major changes in cellular properties and developmental potential. ISY1 regulates microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, yet its role and relevance to ESC biology remain unknown. Here, we find that highly dynamic ISY1 expression during the naive-to-primed ESC transition defines a specific phase of "poised" pluripotency characterized by distinct miRNA and mRNA transcriptomes and widespread poised cell contribution to mouse chimeras. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments reveal that ISY1 promotes exit from the naive state and is necessary and sufficient to induce and maintain poised pluripotency, and that persistent ISY1 overexpression inhibits the transition from the naive to the primed state. We identify a large subset of ISY1-dependent miRNAs that can rescue the inability of miRNA-deficient ESCs to establish the poised state and transition to the primed state. Thus, dynamic ISY1 regulates poised pluripotency through miRNAs to control ESC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiho Choi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aaron J Huebner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kendell Clement
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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184
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Wei ZZ, Zhu YB, Zhang JY, McCrary MR, Wang S, Zhang YB, Yu SP, Wei L. Priming of the Cells: Hypoxic Preconditioning for Stem Cell Therapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2361-2374. [PMID: 28937044 PMCID: PMC5634089 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.215324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Stem cell-based therapies are promising in regenerative medicine for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury or in the context of chronic diseases. Hypoxia can induce physiological and pathological responses. A hypoxic insult might act as a double-edged sword, it induces cell death and brain damage, but on the other hand, sublethal hypoxia can trigger an adaptation response called hypoxic preconditioning or hypoxic tolerance that is of immense importance for the survival of cells and tissues. Data Sources: This review was based on articles published in PubMed databases up to August 16, 2017, with the following keywords: “stem cells,” “hypoxic preconditioning,” “ischemic preconditioning,” and “cell transplantation.” Study Selection: Original articles and critical reviews on the topics were selected. Results: Hypoxic preconditioning has been investigated as a primary endogenous protective mechanism and possible treatment against ischemic injuries. Many cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning have been identified. Conclusions: In cell transplantation therapy, hypoxic pretreatment of stem cells and neural progenitors markedly increases the survival and regenerative capabilities of these cells in the host environment, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects in various disease models. Regenerative treatments can mobilize endogenous stem cells for neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult brain. Furthermore, transplantation of stem cells/neural progenitors achieves therapeutic benefits via cell replacement and/or increased trophic support. Combinatorial approaches of cell-based therapy with additional strategies such as neuroprotective protocols, anti-inflammatory treatment, and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress regarding cell types and applications in regenerative medicine as well as future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Z Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yan-Bing Zhu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - James Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Myles R McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Song Wang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan-Ping Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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185
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Ratnadiwakara M, Archer SK, Dent CI, Ruiz De Los Mozos I, Beilharz TH, Knaupp AS, Nefzger CM, Polo JM, Anko ML. SRSF3 promotes pluripotency through Nanog mRNA export and coordination of the pluripotency gene expression program. eLife 2018; 7:37419. [PMID: 29741478 PMCID: PMC5963917 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of pluripotency depend on precise coordination of gene expression. We establish serine-arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) as an essential regulator of RNAs encoding key components of the mouse pluripotency circuitry, SRSF3 ablation resulting in the loss of pluripotency and its overexpression enhancing reprogramming. Strikingly, SRSF3 binds to the core pluripotency transcription factor Nanog mRNA to facilitate its nucleo-cytoplasmic export independent of splicing. In the absence of SRSF3 binding, Nanog mRNA is sequestered in the nucleus and protein levels are severely downregulated. Moreover, SRSF3 controls the alternative splicing of the export factor Nxf1 and RNA regulators with established roles in pluripotency, and the steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding chromatin modifiers. Our investigation links molecular events to cellular functions by demonstrating how SRSF3 regulates the pluripotency genes and uncovers SRSF3-RNA interactions as a critical means to coordinate gene expression during reprogramming, stem cell self-renewal and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madara Ratnadiwakara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stuart K Archer
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Craig I Dent
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Traude H Beilharz
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anja S Knaupp
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Minna-Liisa Anko
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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186
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Killing pluripotent stem cells by BET protein inhibition. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:459-461. [PMID: 36658804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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187
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Ruan Y, He J, Wu W, He P, Tian Y, Xiao L, Liu G, Wang J, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Xiong J, Zhao K, Wan Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Jian R. Nac1 promotes self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through direct transcriptional regulation of c-Myc. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47607-47618. [PMID: 28548937 PMCID: PMC5564591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is composed of distinct functional units including the core and Myc units. It is hoped that dissection of the cellular functions and interconnections of network factors will aid our understanding of ESC and cancer biology. Proteomic and genomic approaches have identified Nac1 as a member of the core pluripotency network. However, previous studies have predominantly focused on the role of Nac1 in psychomotor stimulant response and cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we report that Nac1 is a self-renewal promoting factor, but is not required for maintaining pluripotency of ESCs. Loss of function of Nac1 in ESCs results in a reduced proliferation rate and an enhanced differentiation propensity. Nac1 overexpression promotes ESC proliferation and delays ESC differentiation in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Furthermore, we demonstrated that Nac1 directly binds to the c-Myc promoter and regulates c-Myc transcription. The study also revealed that the function of Nac1 in promoting ESC self-renewal appears to be partially mediated by c-Myc. These findings establish a functional link between the core and c-Myc-centered networks and provide new insights into mechanisms of stemness regulation in ESCs and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ruan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanping Tian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoke Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuda Cheng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xiong
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rui Jian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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188
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Defining essential genes for human pluripotent stem cells by CRISPR-Cas9 screening in haploid cells. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:610-619. [PMID: 29662178 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of pluripotency requires coordinated expression of a set of essential genes. Using our recently established haploid human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we generated a genome-wide loss-of-function library targeting 18,166 protein-coding genes to define the essential genes in hPSCs. With this we could allude to an intrinsic bias of essentiality across cellular compartments, uncover two opposing roles for tumour suppressor genes and link autosomal-recessive disorders with growth-retardation phenotypes to early embryogenesis. hPSC-enriched essential genes mainly encode transcription factors and proteins related to cell-cycle and DNA-repair, revealing that a quarter of the nuclear factors are essential for normal growth. Our screen also led to the identification of growth-restricting genes whose loss of function provides a growth advantage to hPSCs, highlighting the role of the P53-mTOR pathway in this context. Overall, we have constructed an atlas of essential and growth-restricting genes in hPSCs, revealing key aspects of cellular essentiality and providing a reference for future studies on human pluripotency.
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189
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Chen D, Yuan Y, Yu J, Chiu DT, Wu C. Purification of Semiconducting Polymer Dots by Size Exclusion Chromatography Prior to Cytotoxicity Assay and Stem Cell Labeling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5569-5575. [PMID: 29569904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) as fluorescent probes have shown promising applications because of their excellent optical properties. However, apparent differences were observed in cytotoxicity assays, which might originate from impurities introduced in polymer synthesis or nanoparticle preparation. A simple gel-filtration-based purification method was used to address this issue. Purified Pdots displayed obviously decreased cytotoxicity as compared with the same batch of unpurified Pdots. The purified Pdots were further examined in a cytotoxicity study on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are very sensitive to exogenous probes. The results indicated that purified Pdots did not affect the proliferation ability of MSCs, while unpurified Pdots could have obvious cytotoxicity. In addition, the purified Pdots did not show cytotoxicity even after 6 months of storage. Our results demonstrated that gel filtration is an effective method for obtaining Pdots with minimal cytotoxicity, which are more suitable for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 510855 , China
| | - Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 510855 , China
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190
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Tumor-promoting cyanotoxin microcystin-LR does not induce procarcinogenic events in adult human liver stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HL1-hT1 cell line represents adult human liver stem cells (LSCs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this study, HL1-hT1 cells were found to express mesenchymal markers (vimentin, CD73, CD90/THY-1 and CD105) and an early hepatic endoderm marker FOXA2, while not expressing hepatic progenitor (HNF4A, LGR5, α-fetoprotein) or differentiated hepatocyte markers (albumin, transthyretin, connexin 32). In response to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a time- and concentration-dependent formation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was observed. Cellular accumulation of MC-LR occurred most likely via mechanisms independent on organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) or multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, as indicated (a) by a gene expression analysis of 11 human OATP genes and 4 major MDR genes (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP); (b) by non-significant effects of OATP or MDR1 inhibitors on MC-LR uptake. Accumulation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was associated neither with alterations of cell viability and growth, dysregulations of ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, reactive oxygen species formation, induction of double-stranded DNA breaks nor modulations of stress-inducible genes (ATF3, HSP5). It suggests that LSCs might have a selective, MDR1-independent, survival advantage and higher tolerance towards MC-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic or cancer-related events than differentiated adult hepatocytes, fetal hepatocyte or malignant liver cell lines. HL1-hT1 cells provide a valuable in vitro tool for studying effects of toxicants and pharmaceuticals on LSCs, whose important role in the development of chronic toxicities and liver diseases is being increasingly recognized.
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191
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Lian H, Wang QH, Zhu CB, Ma J, Jin WL. Deciphering the Epitranscriptome in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:207-221. [PMID: 29506671 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological and methodological advancements have recently revolutionized our understanding of widespread epitranscriptome including RNA modifications and editing. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) represents the most prevalent internal modification in mammalian RNAs. Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is an important mechanism underlying RNA generation and protein diversity through the post-transcriptional modification of single nucleotides in RNA sequences. In this review, we attempt to summarize its functional importance in various fundamental bioprocesses of m6A and A-to-I editing. We also highlight some of the key findings that have helped shape our understanding of epitranscriptome in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss conceivable targets and future directions of m6A and A-to-I editing in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lian
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qin-Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chang-Bin Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Huaian Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian 223001, China.
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192
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Efficient derivation of stable primed pluripotent embryonic stem cells from bovine blastocysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2090-2095. [PMID: 29440377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716161115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts. From agricultural and biomedical perspectives, the derivation of stable ESCs from domestic ungulates is important for genomic testing and selection, genome engineering, and modeling human diseases. Cattle are one of the most important domestic ungulates that are commonly used for food and bioreactors. To date, however, it remains a challenge to produce stable pluripotent bovine ESC lines. Employing a culture system containing fibroblast growth factor 2 and an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway, we derived pluripotent bovine ESCs (bESCs) with stable morphology, transcriptome, karyotype, population-doubling time, pluripotency marker gene expression, and epigenetic features. Under this condition bESC lines were efficiently derived (100% in optimal conditions), were established quickly (3-4 wk), and were simple to propagate (by trypsin treatment). When used as donors for nuclear transfer, bESCs produced normal blastocyst rates, thereby opening the possibility for genomic selection, genome editing, and production of cattle with high genetic value.
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193
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Hackett JA, Kobayashi T, Dietmann S, Surani MA. Activation of Lineage Regulators and Transposable Elements across a Pluripotent Spectrum. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1645-1658. [PMID: 28591649 PMCID: PMC5470235 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by the pluripotent capacity to generate all embryonic lineages. Here, we show that ESCs can occupy a spectrum of distinct transcriptional and epigenetic states in response to varied extrinsic conditions. This spectrum broadly corresponds to a developmental continuum of pluripotency and is coupled with a gradient of increasing global DNA methylation. Each pluripotent state is linked with activation of distinct classes of transposable elements (TEs), which in turn influence ESCs through generating chimeric transcripts. Moreover, varied ESC culture parameters differentially license heterogeneous activation of master lineage regulators, including Sox1, Gata4, or Blimp1, and influence differentiation. Activation of Blimp1 is prevalent in 2i (without LIF) conditions, and marks a dynamic primordial germ cell (PGC)-like sub-state that is directly repressed by Klf4 downstream of LIF/STAT3 signaling. Thus, extrinsic cues establish a spectrum of pluripotent states, in part by modulating sub-populations, as well as directing the transcriptome, epigenome, and TE. Diverse culture parameters establish a spectrum of ESC pluripotency Activation of distinct transposable elements in each pluripotent state ESC conditions influence DNA methylation and response to differentiation cues Distinct heterogeneities including a PGC-like state regulated by LIF and KLF4
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) - Monterotondo, via Ramarini 32, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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194
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Yachie-Kinoshita A, Onishi K, Ostblom J, Langley MA, Posfai E, Rossant J, Zandstra PW. Modeling signaling-dependent pluripotency with Boolean logic to predict cell fate transitions. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7952. [PMID: 29378814 PMCID: PMC5787708 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exist in multiple stable states, each with specific cellular properties and molecular signatures. The mechanisms that maintain pluripotency, or that cause its destabilization to initiate development, are complex and incompletely understood. We have developed a model to predict stabilized PSC gene regulatory network (GRN) states in response to input signals. Our strategy used random asynchronous Boolean simulations (R-ABS) to simulate single-cell fate transitions and strongly connected components (SCCs) strategy to represent population heterogeneity. This framework was applied to a reverse-engineered and curated core GRN for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and used to simulate cellular responses to combinations of five signaling pathways. Our simulations predicted experimentally verified cell population compositions and input signal combinations controlling specific cell fate transitions. Extending the model to PSC differentiation, we predicted a combination of signaling activators and inhibitors that efficiently and robustly generated a Cdx2+Oct4- cells from naïve mESCs. Overall, this platform provides new strategies to simulate cell fate transitions and the heterogeneity that typically occurs during development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yachie-Kinoshita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Systems Biology Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Onishi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew A Langley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada .,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Medicine by Design, A Canada First Research Excellence Program at the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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195
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Ito N, Katoh K, Kushige H, Saito Y, Umemoto T, Matsuzaki Y, Kiyonari H, Kobayashi D, Soga M, Era T, Araki N, Furuta Y, Suda T, Kida Y, Ohta K. Ribosome Incorporation into Somatic Cells Promotes Lineage Transdifferentiation towards Multipotency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1634. [PMID: 29374279 PMCID: PMC5786109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that bacterial incorporation induces cellular transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts. However, the bacterium-intrinsic cellular- transdifferentiation factor remained unknown. Here, we found that cellular transdifferentiation is caused by ribosomes. Ribosomes, isolated from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, induce the formation of embryoid body-like cell clusters. Numerous ribosomes are incorporated into both the cytoplasm and nucleus through trypsin-activated endocytosis, which leads to cell-cluster formation. Although ribosome-induced cell clusters (RICs) express several stemness markers and differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers in heterogeneous cell populations, RICs fail to proliferate, alter the methylation states of pluripotent genes, or contribute to teratoma or chimera formation. However, RICs express markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition without altering the cell cycle, despite their proliferation obstruction. These findings demonstrate that incorporation of ribosomes into host cells induces cell transdifferentiation and alters cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kushige
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yu Matsuzaki
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Minami Soga
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Norie Araki
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasuyuki Kida
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,International Research Core for Stem Cell-based Developmental Medicine, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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196
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Winzi M, Casas Vila N, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Ding L, Noack S, Theis M, Butter F, Buchholz F. The long noncoding RNA lncR492 inhibits neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191682. [PMID: 29364956 PMCID: PMC5783419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) screens have been shown to be valuable to study embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and they have been successfully applied to identify coding as well as noncoding genes required for maintaining pluripotency. Here, we used an RNAi library targeting >640 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) to probe for their role in early cell differentiation. Utilizing a Sox1-GFP ESC reporter cell line, we identified the lncRNA lncR492 as lineage-specific inhibitor of neuroectodermal differentiation. Molecular characterization showed that lncR492 interacts with the mRNA binding protein HuR and facilitates its inhibitory function by activation of Wnt signaling. Thus, lncRNAs modulate the fate decision of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Winzi
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nuria Casas Vila
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Li Ding
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Svenja Noack
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Theis
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Cancer Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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197
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Kilens S, Meistermann D, Moreno D, Chariau C, Gaignerie A, Reignier A, Lelièvre Y, Casanova M, Vallot C, Nedellec S, Flippe L, Firmin J, Song J, Charpentier E, Lammers J, Donnart A, Marec N, Deb W, Bihouée A, Le Caignec C, Pecqueur C, Redon R, Barrière P, Bourdon J, Pasque V, Soumillon M, Mikkelsen TS, Rougeulle C, Fréour T, David L. Parallel derivation of isogenic human primed and naive induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:360. [PMID: 29367672 PMCID: PMC5783949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have considerably impacted human developmental biology and regenerative medicine, notably because they circumvent the use of cells of embryonic origin and offer the potential to generate patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. However, conventional reprogramming protocols produce developmentally advanced, or primed, human iPSCs (hiPSCs), restricting their use to post-implantation human development modeling. Hence, there is a need for hiPSCs resembling preimplantation naive epiblast. Here, we develop a method to generate naive hiPSCs directly from somatic cells, using OKMS overexpression and specific culture conditions, further enabling parallel generation of their isogenic primed counterparts. We benchmark naive hiPSCs against human preimplantation epiblast and reveal remarkable concordance in their transcriptome, dependency on mitochondrial respiration and X-chromosome status. Collectively, our results are essential for the understanding of pluripotency regulation throughout preimplantation development and generate new opportunities for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Kilens
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Dimitri Meistermann
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Diego Moreno
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Chariau
- INSERM UMS 016, SFR Francois Bonamy, iPSC Core Facility, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMS 3556, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Gaignerie
- INSERM UMS 016, SFR Francois Bonamy, iPSC Core Facility, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMS 3556, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Reignier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Yohann Lelièvre
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Miguel Casanova
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Céline Vallot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- INSERM UMS 016, SFR Francois Bonamy, MicroPicell Core Facility, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMS 3556, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Léa Flippe
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Julie Firmin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Juan Song
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Charpentier
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Jenna Lammers
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Donnart
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Nadège Marec
- INSERM, UMS 016, SFR Francois Bonamy, Cytocell Core Facility, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMS 3556, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Wallid Deb
- CHU Nantes, Service de génétique médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Bihouée
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de génétique médicale, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
| | | | - Richard Redon
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Paul Barrière
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Jérémie Bourdon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Pasque
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magali Soumillon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Berkeley Lights Inc., 5858 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Tarjei S Mikkelsen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,10x Genomics, 7068 Koll Center Pkwy #401, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Claire Rougeulle
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Fréour
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent David
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France. .,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France. .,INSERM UMS 016, SFR Francois Bonamy, iPSC Core Facility, Nantes, France; CNRS, UMS 3556, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Cao K, Collings CK, Morgan MA, Marshall SA, Rendleman EJ, Ozark PA, Smith ER, Shilatifard A. An Mll4/COMPASS-Lsd1 epigenetic axis governs enhancer function and pluripotency transition in embryonic stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap8747. [PMID: 29404406 PMCID: PMC5796793 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin regulators control cellular differentiation by orchestrating dynamic developmental gene expression programs, and hence, malfunctions in the regulation of chromatin state contribute to both developmental disorders and disease state. Mll4 (Kmt2d), a member of the COMPASS (COMplex of Proteins ASsociated with Set1) protein family that implements histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1) at enhancers, is essential for embryonic development and functions as a pancancer tumor suppressor. We define the roles of Mll4/COMPASS and its catalytic activity in the maintenance and exit of ground-state pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Mll4 is required for ESC to exit the naive pluripotent state; however, its intrinsic catalytic activity is dispensable for this process. The depletion of the H3K4 demethylase Lsd1 (Kdm1a) restores the ability of Mll4 null ESCs to transition from naive to primed pluripotency. Thus, we define an opposing regulatory axis, wherein Lsd1 and associated co-repressors directly repress Mll4-activated gene targets. This finding has broad reaching implications for human developmental syndromes and the treatment of tumors carrying Mll4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Clayton K. Collings
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc A. Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stacy A. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Emily J. Rendleman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patrick A. Ozark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Edwin R. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Cancer Cells in Cancer Disease Modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:169-183. [PMID: 30069853 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, Noble Prize laureate Shinya Yamanaka discovered that a set of transcription factors can reprogram terminally differentiated somatic cells to a pluripotent stem cell state. Since then, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have come into the public spotlight. Amidst a growing field of promising clinical uses of iPSCs in recent years, cancer disease modeling has emerged as a particularly promising and rapidly translatable application of iPSCs. Technological advances in genome editing over the past few years have facilitated increasingly rapid progress in generation of iPSCs with clearly defined genetic backgrounds to complement existing patient-derived models. Improved protocols for differentiation of iPSCs, engineered iPSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) now permit the study of disease biology in the majority of somatic cell types. Here, we highlight current efforts to create patient-derived iPSC disease models to study various cancer types. We review the advantages and current challenges of using iPSCs in cancer disease modeling.
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Renal lineage cells as a source for renal regeneration. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:267-274. [PMID: 28985199 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is a highly complex organ, composed of various cell types within a unique structural framework. Nonetheless, in recent years, giant leaps in our understanding of nephrogenesis and the origin of new cells in the adult kidney have resulted in novel routes to regenerate damaged nephrons. While several strategies can be envisioned to achieve this aim, one common theme is the reliance on renal lineage cells, as extrarenal cells, such as bone marrow-derived cells, have been shown to be devoid of renal differentiation capacity. Herein, we will present the main motivation for the pursuit for cell-based therapies, which is the ever growing problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and discuss different strategies toward replenishing the damaged renal parenchyma. These include transplantation of fetal kidney grafts or fetal kidney stem cells, directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into kidney epithelia, establishment of renal progenitors from the adult kidney, and genetic reprogramming of mature kidney cells into a progenitor state. Taken together with novel techniques recapitulating the three-dimensional developmental environment, these advances are expected to take the field into a new era, bringing us closer than ever to the day when kidney stem cell-based therapy becomes a viable therapeutic option.
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