151
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Inhibitory role of the transcription repressor Gfi1 in the generation of thymus-derived regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3198-205. [PMID: 23918371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300950110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are essential for the maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. The majority of T(reg) cells is generated in the thymus as a specific subset of CD4(+) T cells, known as thymus-derived or natural T(reg) (nT(reg)) cells, in response to signals from T-cell receptors, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines. Recent studies have identified intracellular signaling and transcriptional pathways that link these signals to Foxp3 induction, but how the production of these extrinsic factors is controlled remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcription repressor growth factor independent 1 (Gfi1) has a key inhibitory role in the generation of nT(reg) cells by a noncell-autonomous mechanism. T cell-specific deletion of Gfi1 results in aberrant expansion of thymic nT(reg) cells and increased production of cytokines. In particular, IL-2 overproduction plays an important role in driving the expansion of nT(reg) cells. In contrast, although Gfi1 deficiency elevated thymocyte apoptosis, Gfi1 repressed nT(reg) generation independently of its prosurvival effect. Consistent with an inhibitory role of Gfi1 in this process, loss of Gfi1 dampens antitumor immunity. These data point to a previously unrecognized extrinsic control mechanism that negatively shapes thymic generation of nT(reg) cells.
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152
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Bach2 maintains T cells in a naive state by suppressing effector memory-related genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10735-40. [PMID: 23754397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306691110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor BTB and CNC homology 2 (Bach2) is thought to be mainly expressed in B cells with specific functions such as class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, but its function in T cells is not known. We found equal Bach2 expression in T cells and analyzed its function using Bach2-deficient (-/-) mice. Although T-cell development was normal, numbers of peripheral naive T cells were decreased, which rapidly produced Th2 cytokines after TCR stimulation. Bach2(-/-) naive T cells highly expressed genes related to effector-memory T cells such as CCR4, ST-2 and Blimp-1. Enhanced expression of these genes induced Bach2(-/-) naive T cells to migrate toward CCR4-ligand and respond to IL33. Forced expression of Bach2 restored the expression of these genes. Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq analysis, we identified S100 calcium binding protein a, Heme oxigenase 1, and prolyl hydroxylase 3 as Bach2 direct target genes, which are highly expressed in effector-memory T cells. These findings indicate that Bach2 suppresses effector memory-related genes to maintain the naive T-cell state and regulates generation of effector-memory T cells.
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153
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Thymoproteasome subunit-β5T generates peptide-MHC complexes specialized for positive selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6979-84. [PMID: 23569244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222244110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) express a unique thymoproteasome subunit-β5T that plays an essential role in the development of CD8 T cells. In contrast, the immunoproteasome subunit-β5i is expressed in other thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The thymoproteasome may generate peptides that are specialized for positive selection, or it may simply serve to generate peptides that are distinct from other APCs that cause negative selection, thereby promoting an overall larger number of surviving clones to mature and function in the immune system. To distinguish these models, we genetically engineered mice to express distinct peptide repertoires in cTECs vs. other APCs without expressing β5T, by generating β5t(5i) knockin mice, in which β5i replaced β5T in cTECs. When such animals were crossed to β5i(-/-) mice, β5i was exclusively expressed in cTECs, whereas β5 was expressed in other cells. However, this mouse did not support normal positive selection, suggesting that β5T generates peptides that are intrinsically better for positive selection (i.e., β5i could not replace β5T) and not merely because these peptides are distinct from peptides presented by other APCs. Finally, using an Nur77(GFP) reporter, we show that the T cells generated in the absence of β5T have higher reactivity to self, generating predominantly CD44(hi) memory phenotype peripheral CD8(+) T cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the thymoproteasome supports positive selection by generating peptides that are optimized for the selection of weakly self-reactive, naïve T-cell clones.
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154
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Constantinides MG, Bendelac A. Transcriptional regulation of the NKT cell lineage. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:161-7. [PMID: 23402834 PMCID: PMC3647452 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How expression of canonical semi-invariant TCRs leads to innate-like effector differentiation is a central enigma of NKT cell development. NKT thymic precursors undergo elevated TCR signals leading to increased Egr2, which directly induces their signature transcription factor, PLZF. PLZF is necessary and sufficient to induce a multipotent, unbiased effector program that precedes terminal differentiation into T-bet(high) NK1.1(+) (NKT1) cells and recently identified NKT2 and NKT17 sublineages. Major variations in polarized NKT sublineages have been uncovered in different mouse strains and in several mutants, with direct impact on NKT cell function but also, unexpectedly, on the development and function of conventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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155
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Berg LJ. Signaling pathways that regulate T cell development and differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 189:5487-8. [PMID: 23225893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1290076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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156
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Huang W, Hu J, August A. Cutting edge: innate memory CD8+ T cells are distinct from homeostatic expanded CD8+ T cells and rapidly respond to primary antigenic stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2490-4. [PMID: 23408840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate memory phenotype (IMP) CD8(+) T cells are nonconventional αβ T cells exhibiting features of innate immune cells and are significantly increased in the absence of ITK. Their developmental path and function are not clear. In this study, we show hematopoietic MHC class I (MHCI)-dependent generation of Ag-specific IMP CD8(+) T cells using bone marrow chimeras. Wild-type bone marrow gives rise to IMP CD8(+) T cells in MHCI(-/-) recipients, resembling those in Itk(-/-) mice, but distinct from those derived via homeostatic proliferation, and independent of recipient thymus. In contrast, MHCI(-/-) bone marrow does not lead to IMP CD8(+) T cells in wild-type recipients. OTI IMP CD8(+) T cells generated via this method exhibited enhanced early response to Ag without prior primary stimulation. Our findings suggest a method to generate Ag-specific "naive" CD8(+) IMP T cells, as well as demonstrate that they are not homeostatic proliferation cells and can respond promptly in an Ag-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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157
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Sosinowski T, White JT, Cross EW, Haluszczak C, Marrack P, Gapin L, Kedl RM. CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1936-47. [PMID: 23355737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various populations of memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells have been described over the last 15-20 y, all of which possess elevated effector functions relative to naive phenotype cells. Using a technique for isolating Ag-specific cells from unprimed hosts, we recently identified a new subset of cells, specific for nominal Ag, but phenotypically and functionally similar to memory cells arising as a result of homeostatic proliferation. We show in this study that these virtual memory (VM) cells are independent of previously identified innate memory cells, arising as a result of their response to IL-15 trans presentation by lymphoid tissue-resident CD8α(+) dendritic cells in the periphery. The absence of IL-15, CD8(+) T cell expression of either CD122 or eomesodermin or of CD8a(+) dendritic cells all lead to the loss of VM cells in the host. Our results show that CD8(+) T cell homeostatic expansion is an active process within the nonlymphopenic environment, is mediated by IL-15, and produces Ag-inexperienced memory cells that retain the capacity to respond to nominal Ag with memory-like function. Preferential engagement of these VM T cells into a vaccine response could dramatically enhance the rate by which immune protection develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sosinowski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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158
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Kurtulus S, Tripathi P, Hildeman DA. Protecting and rescuing the effectors: roles of differentiation and survival in the control of memory T cell development. Front Immunol 2013; 3:404. [PMID: 23346085 PMCID: PMC3552183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines, arguably the single most important intervention in improving human health, have exploited the phenomenon of immunological memory. The elicitation of memory T cells is often an essential part of successful long-lived protective immunity. Our understanding of T cell memory has been greatly aided by the development of TCR Tg mice and MHC tetrameric staining reagents that have allowed the precise tracking of antigen-specific T cell responses. Indeed, following acute infection or immunization, naïve T cells undergo a massive expansion culminating in the generation of a robust effector T cell population. This peak effector response is relatively short-lived and, while most effector T cells die by apoptosis, some remain and develop into memory cells. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying this cell fate decision remain incompletely defined, substantial progress has been made, particularly with regards to CD8(+) T cells. For example, the effector CD8(+) T cells generated during a response are heterogeneous, consisting of cells with more or less potential to develop into full-fledged memory cells. Development of CD8(+) T cell memory is regulated by the transcriptional programs that control the differentiation and survival of effector T cells. While the type of antigenic stimulation and level of inflammation control effector CD8(+) T cell differentiation, availability of cytokines and their ability to control expression and function of Bcl-2 family members governs their survival. These distinct differentiation and survival programs may allow for finer therapeutic intervention to control both the quality and quantity of CD8(+) T cell memory. Effector to memory transition of CD4(+) T cells is less well characterized than CD8(+) T cells, emerging details will be discussed. This review will focus on the recent progress made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of T cell memory with an emphasis on factors controlling survival of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Kurtulus
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
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159
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Gleimer M, von Boehmer H, Kreslavsky T. PLZF Controls the Expression of a Limited Number of Genes Essential for NKT Cell Function. Front Immunol 2012; 3:374. [PMID: 23267359 PMCID: PMC3528072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NKT) T cells exhibit tissue distribution, surface phenotype, and functional responses that are strikingly different from those of conventional T cells. The transcription factor PLZF is responsible for most of these properties, as its ectopic expression in conventional T cells is sufficient to confer to them an NKT-like phenotype. The molecular program downstream of PLZF, however, is largely unexplored. Here we report that PLZF regulates the expression of a surprisingly small set of genes, many with known immune functions. This includes several established components of the NKT cell developmental program. Expression of the transcriptional regulators Id2, previously shown to be required for iNKT cell survival in the liver and c-Maf, which shapes the NKT cytokine profile, was compromised in PLZF-deficient cells. Ectopic expression of c-Maf complemented the cells' defect in producing IL-4 and IL-10. PLZF also induced a program of cell surface receptors which shape the NKT cell's response to external stimuli, including the costimulatory receptor ICOS and the cytokine receptors IL12rb1 and IL18r1. As an ensemble, the known functions of the molecules whose expression is affected by PLZF explain many defects observed in PLZF(-/-) NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gleimer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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160
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Sintes J, Cuenca M, Romero X, Bastos R, Terhorst C, Angulo A, Engel P. Cutting edge: Ly9 (CD229), a SLAM family receptor, negatively regulates the development of thymic innate memory-like CD8+ T and invariant NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:21-6. [PMID: 23225888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors and the specific adapter signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein modulate the development of innate-like lymphocytes. In this study, we show that the thymus of Ly9-deficient mice contains an expanded population of CD8 single-positive cells with the characteristic phenotype of innate memory-like CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, the proportion of these innate CD8(+) T cells increased dramatically postinfection with mouse CMV. Gene expression profiling of Ly9-deficient mice thymi showed a significant upregulation of IL-4 and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. Analyses of Ly9(-/-)IL4ra(-/-) double-deficient mice revealed that IL-4 was needed to generate the thymic innate CD8(+) T cell subset. Furthermore, increased numbers of invariant NKT cells were detected in Ly9-deficient thymi. In wild-type mice, IL-4 levels induced by α-galactosylceramide injection could be inhibited by a mAb against Ly9. Thus, Ly9 plays a unique role as an inhibitory cell surface receptor regulating the size of the thymic innate CD8(+) T cell pool and the development of invariant NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sintes
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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161
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Kastenmüller W, Torabi-Parizi P, Subramanian N, Lämmermann T, Germain RN. A spatially-organized multicellular innate immune response in lymph nodes limits systemic pathogen spread. Cell 2012; 150:1235-48. [PMID: 22980983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic network that transports interstitial fluid and antigens to lymph nodes constitutes a conduit system that can be hijacked by invading pathogens to achieve systemic spread unless dissemination is blocked in the lymph node itself. Here, we show that a network of diverse lymphoid cells (natural killer cells, γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and innate-like CD8+ T cells) are spatially prepositioned close to lymphatic sinus-lining sentinel macrophages where they can rapidly and efficiently receive inflammasome-generated IL-18 and additional cytokine signals from the pathogen-sensing phagocytes. This leads to rapid IFNγ secretion by the strategically positioned innate lymphocytes, fostering antimicrobial resistance in the macrophage population. Interference with this innate immune response loop allows systemic spread of lymph-borne bacteria. These findings extend our understanding of the functional significance of cellular positioning and local intercellular communication within lymph nodes while emphasizing the role of these organs as highly active locations of innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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162
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Nayar R, Enos M, Prince A, Shin H, Hemmers S, Jiang JK, Klein U, Thomas CJ, Berg LJ. TCR signaling via Tec kinase ITK and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) regulates CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2794-802. [PMID: 23011795 PMCID: PMC3478592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205742109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell development in the thymus generates a predominant population of conventional naive cells, along with minor populations of "innate" T cells that resemble memory cells. Recent studies analyzing a variety of KO or knock-in mice have indicated that impairments in the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway produce increased numbers of innate CD8(+) T cells, characterized by their high expression of CD44, CD122, CXCR3, and the transcription factor, Eomesodermin (Eomes). One component of this altered development is a non-CD8(+) T cell-intrinsic role for IL-4. To determine whether reduced TCR signaling within the CD8(+) T cells might also contribute to this pathway, we investigated the role of the transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). IRF4 is up-regulated following TCR stimulation in WT T cells; further, this up-regulation is impaired in T cells treated with a small-molecule inhibitor of the Tec family tyrosine kinase, IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK). In contrast to WT cells, activation of IRF4-deficient CD8(+) T cells leads to rapid and robust expression of Eomes, which is further enhanced by IL-4 stimulation. In addition, inhibition of ITK together with IL-4 increases Eomeso up-regulation. These data indicate that ITK signaling promotes IRF4 up-regulation following CD8(+) T-cell activation and that this signaling pathway normally suppresses Eomes expression, thereby regulating the differentiation pathway of CD8(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhu Nayar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Megan Enos
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Amanda Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - HyunMu Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jian-kang Jiang
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Ulf Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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163
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Bediako Y, Bian Y, Zhang H, Cho H, Stein PL, Wang CR. SAP is required for the development of innate phenotype in H2-M3--restricted Cd8(+) T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4787-96. [PMID: 23041566 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H2-M3--restricted T cells have a preactivated surface phenotype, rapidly expand, and produce cytokines upon stimulation, and, as such, are classified as innate T cells. Unlike most innate T cells, M3-restricted T cells also express CD8αβ coreceptors and a diverse TCR repertoire: hallmarks of conventional MHC Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells. Although invariant NKT cells are also innate T cells, they are selected exclusively on hematopoietic cells (HC), whereas M3-restricted T cells can be selected on either hematopoietic or thymic epithelial cells. Moreover, their phenotypes differ depending on what cells mediate their selection. Although there is a clear correlation between selection on HC and development of innate phenotype, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) is required for the development of invariant NKT cells and mediates signals from signaling lymphocyte activation molecule receptors that are exclusively expressed on HC. Based on their dual selection pathway, M3-restricted T cells present a unique model for studying the development of innate T cell phenotype. Using both polyclonal and transgenic mouse models, we demonstrate that although M3-restricted T cells are capable of developing in the absence of SAP, SAP is required for HC-mediated selection, development of preactivated phenotype, and heightened effector functions of M3-restricted T cells. These findings are significant because they directly demonstrate the need for SAP in HC-mediated acquisition of innate T cell phenotype and suggest that, due to their SAP-dependent HC-mediated selection, M3-restricted T cells develop a preactivated phenotype and an intrinsic ability to proliferate faster upon stimulation, allowing for an important role in the early response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Bediako
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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164
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Sato T, Chiba T, Ohno SI, Sato C, Sugoh T, Miyashita K, Akatsuka H, Hozumi K, Okada Y, Iida Y, Akatsuka A, Agata Y, Chiba M, Kohu K, Satake M, Tanabe H, Saya H, Habu S. Reciprocal Control of G1-Phase Progression Is Required for Th-POK/Runx3–Mediated CD4/8 Thymocyte Cell Fate Decision. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4426-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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165
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Guo L, Junttila IS, Paul WE. Cytokine-induced cytokine production by conventional and innate lymphoid cells. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:598-606. [PMID: 22959641 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune and differentiated T cells produce signature cytokines in response to cytokine stimulation. Optimal production requires stimulation by an NF-κB inducer, most commonly an interleukin (IL)-1 family member, and a STAT activator. Usually, there is linkage between the IL-1 family member, the activated STAT and the cytokines produced: IFNγ producers respond to the IL-1 family member, IL-18 and IL-12, a STAT4 activator; IL-13 producers respond to IL-33 (although for ILC2 cells this may be replaced by IL-25) and STAT5 activators; for cells producing IL-17A or IL-22, the combination is IL-1 and a STAT3 inducer. Cytokine-induced cytokine production may have broad significance in orchestrating innate responses to distinct infectious agents and in maintaining inflammatory responses after elimination of the inciting antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Guo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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166
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Ventre E, Brinza L, Schicklin S, Mafille J, Coupet CA, Marçais A, Djebali S, Jubin V, Walzer T, Marvel J. Negative regulation of NKG2D expression by IL-4 in memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3480-9. [PMID: 22942430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 is one of the main cytokines produced during Th2-inducing pathologies. This cytokine has been shown to affect a number of immune processes such as Th differentiation and innate immune responses. However, the impact of IL-4 on CD8 T cell responses remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of IL-4 on global gene expression profiles of Ag-induced memory CD8 T cells in the mouse. Gene ontology analysis of this signature revealed that IL-4 regulated most importantly genes associated with immune responses. Moreover, this IL-4 signature overlapped with the set of genes preferentially expressed by memory CD8 T cells over naive CD8 T cells. In particular, IL-4 downregulated in vitro and in vivo in a STAT6-dependent manner the memory-specific expression of NKG2D, thereby increasing the activation threshold of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, IL-4 impaired activation of memory cells as well as their differentiation into effector cells. This phenomenon could have an important clinical relevance as patients affected by Th2 pathologies such as parasitic infections or atopic dermatitis often suffer from viral-induced complications possibly linked to inefficient CD8 T cell responses.
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167
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Abstract
The BTB-ZF (broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-à-brac--zinc finger) proteins are encoded by at least 49 genes in mouse and man and commonly serve as sequence-specific silencers of gene expression. This review will focus on the known physiological functions of mammalian BTB-ZF proteins, which include essential roles in the development of the immune system. We discuss their function in terminally differentiated lymphocytes and the progenitors that give rise to them, their action in hematopoietic malignancy and roles beyond the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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168
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Mouse Hobit is a homolog of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 that regulates NKT cell effector differentiation. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:864-71. [PMID: 22885984 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 mediates the terminal differentiation of many cell types, including T cells. Here we identified Hobit (Znf683) as a previously unrecognized homolog of Blimp-1 that was specifically expressed in mouse natural killer T cells (NKT cells). Through studies of Hobit-deficient mice, we found that Hobit was essential for the formation of mature thymic NKT cells. In the periphery, Hobit repressed the accumulation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing NK1.1(lo) NKT cells at steady state. After antigenic stimulation, Hobit repressed IFN-γ expression, whereas after innate stimulation, Hobit induced granzyme B expression. Thus, reminiscent of the function of Blimp-1 in other lymphocytes, Hobit controlled the maintenance of quiescent, fully differentiated NKT cells and regulated their immediate effector functions.
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169
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August A, Ragin MJ. Regulation of T-cell responses and disease by tec kinase Itk. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:155-65. [PMID: 22449075 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.668981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases involved in T-cell receptor signaling. The authors review the background and most recent findings of the role of Itk T-cell activation and development of αβ T cells. They also discuss the role of Itk in development of nonconventional T cells, including CD8(+) innate memory phenotype T cells, different γδ T-cell populations, and invariant NKT cells. They close by reviewing the regulation of T helper differentiation and cytokine secretion, the immune response to infectious disease, and diseases such as allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis by Itk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery August
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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170
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Gerondakis S, Banerjee A, Grigoriadis G, Vasanthakumar A, Gugasyan R, Sidwell T, Grumont RJ. NF-κB subunit specificity in hemopoiesis. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:272-85. [PMID: 22435561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the diverse functions served by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in virtually all cell types are typically employed to deal with stress responses, NF-κB transcription factors also play key roles in the development of hemopoietic cells. This review focuses on how NF-κB transcription factors control various aspects of thymic T-cell and myeloid cell differentiation that include its roles in hemopoietic precursors, conventional αβ T cells, CD4(+) regulatory T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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171
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Besin G, Yousefi M, Saba I, Klinck R, Pandolfi PP, Duplay P. Dok-1 overexpression promotes development of γδ natural killer T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2491-504. [PMID: 22736313 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In T cells, two members of the Dok family, Dok-1 and Dok-2, are predominantly expressed. Recent evidence suggests that they play a negative role in T-cell signaling. In order to define whether Dok proteins regulate T-cell development, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing Dok-1 in thymocytes and peripheral T cells. We show that overexpression of Dok-1 retards the transition from the CD4(-) CD8(-) to CD4(+) CD8(+) stage. Moreover, there is a specific expansion of PLZF-expressing Vγ1.1(+) Vδ6.3(+) T cells. This subset of γδ T cells acquires innate characteristics including rapid IL-4 production following stimulation and requiring SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP) for their development. Moreover, Dok-1 overexpression promotes the generation of an innate-like CD8(+) T-cell population that expresses Eomesodermin. Altogether, these findings identify a novel role for Dok-1 in the regulation of thymic differentiation and in particular, in the development of PLZF(+) γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Besin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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172
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Sharma A, Chen Q, Nguyen T, Yu Q, Sen JM. T cell factor-1 and β-catenin control the development of memory-like CD8 thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3859-68. [PMID: 22492686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate memory-like CD8 thymocytes develop and acquire effector function during maturation in the absence of encounter with Ags. In this study, we demonstrate that enhanced function of transcription factors T cell factor (TCF)-1 and β-catenin regulate the frequency of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)-expressing, IL-4-producing thymocytes that promote the generation of eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes in trans. In contrast, TCF1-deficient mice do not have PLZF-expressing thymocytes and eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes. Generation of TCF1 and β-catenin-dependent memory-like CD8 thymocytes is non-cell-intrinsic and requires the expression of IL-4 and IL-4R. CD8 memory-like thymocytes migrate to the peripheral lymphoid organs, and the memory-like CD8 T cells rapidly produce IFN-γ. Thus, TCF1 and β-catenin regulate the generation of PLZF-expressing thymocytes and thereby facilitate the generation of memory-like CD8 T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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173
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Pereira P, Boucontet L. Innate NKTγδ and NKTαβ cells exert similar functions and compete for a thymic niche. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pereira
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Limphopoïese, INSERM U668; Paris France
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174
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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175
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Hart GT, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. Krüppel-like factors in lymphocyte biology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:521-6. [PMID: 22223851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors plays an important role in differentiation, function, and homeostasis of many cell types. While their role in lymphocytes is still being determined, it is clear that these factors influence processes as varied as lymphocyte quiescence, trafficking, differentiation, and function. This review will present an overview of how these factors operate and coordinate with each other in lymphocyte regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Hart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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176
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Hamilton SE, Jameson SC. CD8 T cell quiescence revisited. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:224-30. [PMID: 22361353 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Naïve T cells are typically considered to be in a default state of quiescence, whereas memory T cells undergo basal proliferation and quickly exhibit effector responses when stimulated. Over the past few years, however, a more complex picture has emerged, with evidence that naïve T cell quiescence is actively enforced, and that heterogeneity among naïve T cells influences their capacity to escape quiescence in response to homeostatic cues. Furthermore, the active state of memory T cells may also be instructed, requiring contact with dendritic cells to avoid reversion to quiescence. Here, we discuss these new findings and propose that there is much more flexibility in the quiescent state of naïve and memory T cells than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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177
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Yuan J, Nguyen CK, Liu X, Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA. Lin28b reprograms adult bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors to mediate fetal-like lymphopoiesis. Science 2012; 335:1195-200. [PMID: 22345399 DOI: 10.1126/science.1216557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The immune system develops in waves during ontogeny; it is initially populated by cells generated from fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and later by cells derived from adult HSCs. Remarkably, the genetic programs that control these two distinct stem cell fates remain poorly understood. We report that Lin28b is specifically expressed in mouse and human fetal liver and thymus, but not in adult bone marrow or thymus. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of Lin28 reprograms hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from adult bone marrow, which endows them with the ability to mediate multilineage reconstitution that resembles fetal lymphopoiesis, including increased development of B-1a, marginal zone B, gamma/delta (γδ) T cells, and natural killer T (NKT) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Yuan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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178
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Akue AD, Lee JY, Jameson SC. Derivation and maintenance of virtual memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2516-23. [PMID: 22308307 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response against many infections, and understanding how Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cells are generated and maintained is crucial for the development of vaccines. We recently reported the existence of memory-phenotype, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in unimmunized mice (virtual memory or VM cells). However, it was not clear when and where these cells are generated during normal development, nor the factors required for their production and maintenance. This issue is especially pertinent given recent data showing that memory-like CD8 T cells can be generated in the thymus, in a bystander response to IL-4. In this study, we show that the size of the VM population is reduced in IL-4R-deficient animals. However, the VM population appears first in the periphery and not the thymus of normal animals, suggesting this role of IL-4 is manifest following thymic egress. We also show that the VM pool is durable, showing basal proliferation and long-term maintenance in normal animals, and also being retained during responses to unrelated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adovi D Akue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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179
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Gordon SM, Chaix J, Rupp LJ, Wu J, Madera S, Sun JC, Lindsten T, Reiner SL. The transcription factors T-bet and Eomes control key checkpoints of natural killer cell maturation. Immunity 2012; 36:55-67. [PMID: 22261438 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles defending against tumors and pathogens. We show that mice lacking both transcription factors Eomesodermin (Eomes) and T-bet failed to develop NK cells. Developmental stability of immature NK cells constitutively expressing the death ligand TRAIL depended on T-bet. Conversely, maturation characterized by loss of constitutive TRAIL expression and induction of Ly49 receptor diversity and integrin CD49b (DX5(+)) required Eomes. Mature NK cells from which Eomes was deleted reverted to phenotypic immaturity if T-bet was present or downregulated NK lineage antigens if T-bet was absent, despite retaining expression of Ly49 receptors. Fetal and adult hepatic hematopoiesis restricted Eomes expression and limited NK development to the T-bet-dependent, immature stage, whereas medullary hematopoiesis permitted Eomes-dependent NK maturation in adult mice. These findings reveal two sequential, genetically separable checkpoints of NK cell maturation, the progression of which is metered largely by the anatomic localization of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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180
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Oliver JA, Stolberg VR, Chensue SW, King PD. IL-4 acts as a potent stimulator of IFN-γ expression in CD8+ T cells through STAT6-dependent and independent induction of Eomesodermin and T-bet. Cytokine 2012; 57:191-9. [PMID: 22078635 PMCID: PMC3246089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell synthesis of IFN-γ is an important component of the CD8+ T cell immune response. In short-term cultures of murine pan-T cells, we found that IL-4 was the principal cytokine responsible for driving IFN-γ synthesis by CD3/CD28-activated CD8+ T cells. IL-4 was able to induce low levels of IFN-γ mRNA in CD8+ T cells even in the absence of CD3/CD28 engagement, although concomitant CD3/CD28 stimulation was necessary for IFN-γ secretion. IL-4 induction of IFN-γ was explained by its ability to induce Eomesodermin and T-bet transcription factors whose expression was further increased by CD3/CD28. Expression of Eomesodermin, T-bet and IFN-γ induced by IL-4 was partially dependent upon activation of MAPK and PI3K but independent of the canonical IL-4-activated transcription factor, STAT6. In contrast, expression of IFN-γ induced by IL-4/CD3/CD28 stimulation showed additional dependency upon STAT6 which functions to increase expression of Eomesodermin specifically. These novel findings point to a function for IL-4 as a direct regulator of IFN-γ expression in CD8+ T cells and reveal the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie R. Stolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip D. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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181
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Qiao Y, Gray BM, Sofi MH, Bauler LD, Eaton KA, O'Riordan MXD, Chang CH. Innate-like CD4 T cells selected by thymocytes suppress adaptive immune responses against bacterial infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:25-39. [PMID: 23264931 DOI: 10.4236/oji.2012.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have reported a new innate-like CD4 T cell population that expresses cell surface makers of effector/memory cells and produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines immediately upon activation. Unlike conventional CD4 T cells that are selected by thymic epithelial cells, these CD4 T cells, named T-CD4 T cells, are selected by MHC class II expressing thymocytes. Previously, we showed that the presence of T-CD4 T cells protected mice from airway inflammation suggesting an immune regulatory role of T-CD4 T cells. To further understand the function of T-CD4 T cells, we investigated immune responses mediated by T-CD4 T cells during bacterial infection because the generation of antigen specific CD4 T cells contributes to clearance of infection and for the development of immune memory. The current study shows a suppressive effect of T-CD4 T cells on both CD8 and CD4 T cell-mediated immune responses during Listeria and Helicobacter infections. In the mouse model of Listeria monocytogenes infection, T-CD4 T cells resulted in decreasedfrequency of Listeria-specific CD8 T cells and the killing activity of them. Furthermore, mice with T-CD4 T cells developed poor immune memory, demonstrated by reduced expansion of antigen-specific T cells and high bacterial burden upon re-infection. Similarly, the presence of T-CD4 T cells suppressed the generation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in Helicobacter pylori infected mice. Thus, our studies reveal a novel function of T-CD4 T cells in suppressing anti-bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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182
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Stritesky GL, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 30:95-114. [PMID: 22149933 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On the whole, the healthy adaptive immune system is responsive to foreign antigens and tolerant to self. However, many individual lymphocytes have, and even require, substantial self-reactivity for their particular functions in immunity. In this review, we discuss several populations of lymphocytes that are thought to experience agonist stimulation through the T cell receptor during selection: nTreg cells, iNKT cells, nIELs, and nTh17s. We discuss the nature of this self-reactivity, how it compares with conventional T cells, and why it is important for overall immune health. We also outline molecular pathways unique to each lineage and consider possible commonalities to their development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretta L Stritesky
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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183
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The NF-κB1 transcription factor prevents the intrathymic development of CD8 T cells with memory properties. EMBO J 2011; 31:692-706. [PMID: 22124325 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of specific members of the NF-κB family of transcription factors in CD8 T-cell selection and development is largely unknown. Here, we show that mice lacking NF-κB1 develop a unique population of conventional CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes with memory T cell-like properties that populate peripheral immune organs. Development of this memory-like population is not due to PLZF(+) thymocytes and instead coincides with changes in CD8 T-cell selection. These include a reduction in the efficiency of negative selection and a dependence on MHC class Ia or Ib expressed by haematopoietic cells. These findings indicate that NF-κB1 regulates multiple events in the thymus that collectively inhibit the excess development of CD8(+) thymocytes with memory cell characteristics.
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184
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Beaulieu AM, Sant'Angelo DB. The BTB-ZF family of transcription factors: key regulators of lineage commitment and effector function development in the immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2841-7. [PMID: 21900183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity depends upon the activity of multiple cell types. Commitment of pluripotent precursor cells to specific lineages, such as T or B cells, is obviously fundamental to this process. However, it is also becoming clear that continued differentiation and specialization of lymphoid cells is equally important for immune system integrity. Several members of the BTB-ZF family have emerged as critical factors that control development of specific lineages and also of specific effector subsets within these lineages. For example, BTB-ZF genes have been shown to control T cell versus B cell commitment and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Others, such as PLZF for NKT cells and Bcl-6 for T follicular helper cells, are necessary for the acquisition of effector functions. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the BTB-ZF family members with a reported role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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185
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Yang CY, Best JA, Knell J, Yang E, Sheridan AD, Jesionek AK, Li HS, Rivera RR, Lind KC, D'Cruz LM, Watowich SS, Murre C, Goldrath AW. The transcriptional regulators Id2 and Id3 control the formation of distinct memory CD8+ T cell subsets. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1221-9. [PMID: 22057289 PMCID: PMC3872000 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During infection, naive CD8(+) T cells differentiate into effector cells, which are armed to eliminate pathogens, and memory cells, which are poised to protect against reinfection. The transcriptional program that regulates terminal differentiation into short-lived effector-memory versus long-lived memory cells is not clearly defined. Through the use of mice expressing reporters for the DNA-binding inhibitors Id2 and Id3, we identified Id3(hi) precursors of long-lived memory cells before the peak of T cell population expansion or upregulation of cell-surface receptors that indicate memory potential. Deficiency in Id2 or Id3 resulted in loss of distinct CD8(+) effector and memory populations, which demonstrated unique roles for these inhibitors of E-protein transcription factors. Furthermore, cytokines altered the expression of Id2 and Id3 differently, which provides insight into how external cues influence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Y Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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186
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Younes SA, Punkosdy G, Caucheteux S, Chen T, Grossman Z, Paul WE. Memory phenotype CD4 T cells undergoing rapid, nonburst-like, cytokine-driven proliferation can be distinguished from antigen-experienced memory cells. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001171. [PMID: 22022231 PMCID: PMC3191130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the current paradigm that nearly all memory T cells proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation, this paper shows that an important population of CD4 T lymphocytes achieves memory/effector status independent of antigenic stimulation. Memory phenotype (CD44bright, CD25negative) CD4 spleen and lymph node T cells (MP cells) proliferate rapidly in normal or germ-free donors, with BrdU uptake rates of 6% to 10% per day and Ki-67 positivity of 18% to 35%. The rapid proliferation of MP cells stands in contrast to the much slower proliferation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific memory cells that divide at rates ranging from <1% to 2% per day over the period from 15 to 60 days after LCMV infection. Anti-MHC class II antibodies fail to inhibit the in situ proliferation of MP cells, implying a non–T-cell receptor (TCR)-driven proliferation. Such proliferation is partially inhibited by anti–IL-7Rα antibody. The sequence diversity of TCRβ CDR3 gene segments is comparable among the proliferating and quiescent MP cells from conventional and germ-free mice, implying that the majority of proliferating MP cells have not recently derived from a small cohort of cells that expand through multiple continuous rounds of cell division. We propose that MP cells constitute a diverse cell population, containing a subpopulation of slowly dividing authentic antigen-primed memory cells and a majority population of rapidly proliferating cells that did not arise from naïve cells through conventional antigen-driven clonal expansion. The class of immune cells called CD4 T lymphocytes consists of two major cell types: naïve cells that have not yet participated in an immune response and memory cells, which are cells that have responded to antigen, expanded in number, and acquired new characteristics. These two cell types can be distinguished from one another because they display different cell surface marker proteins. In this paper, we argue that many—probably most—of the cells researchers generally characterize as memory cells on the basis of their surface markers are not authentic memory cells. True memory cells—the ones produced, for example, when we immunize a child against a disease—divide very slowly, whereas the bulk of the cells we generally characterize as memory cells divide very rapidly. Mice that have never been exposed to antigens have as many of these “memory-like” cells as normal mice have, implying that these cells arise by a process that does not require foreign antigen. Analysis of the sequence of the antigen recognition receptors on these “memory-like” cells indicates that their replication does not derive from a few cells or clones undergoing multiple rounds of proliferation, thus their division cannot be explained by conventional, antigen-driven clonal expansion. We conclude that this large population of “memory-like” cells has arisen by a mechanism independent of a response to foreign antigen, and that these cells may have a crucial biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Punkosdy
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephane Caucheteux
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zvi Grossman
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William E. Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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187
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Eidson M, Wahlstrom J, Beaulieu AM, Zaidi B, Carsons SE, Crow PK, Yuan J, Wolchok JD, Horsthemke B, Wieczorek D, Sant'Angelo DB. Altered development of NKT cells, γδ T cells, CD8 T cells and NK cells in a PLZF deficient patient. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24441. [PMID: 21915328 PMCID: PMC3167854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, the transcription factor, PLZF, controls the development of effector functions in invariant NKT cells and a subset of NKT cell-like, γδ T cells. Here, we show that in human lymphocytes, in addition to invariant NKT cells, PLZF was also expressed in a large percentage of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, PLZF was also found to be expressed in all γδ T cells and in all NK cells. Importantly, we show that in a donor lacking functional PLZF, all of these various lymphocyte populations were altered. Therefore, in contrast to mice, PLZF appears to control the development and/or function of a wide variety of human lymphocytes that represent more than 10% of the total PBMCs. Interestingly, the PLZF-expressing CD8+ T cell population was found to be expanded in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic melanoma but was greatly diminished in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Eidson
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin Wahlstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bushra Zaidi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Carsons
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, United States of America
| | - Peggy K. Crow
- Rheumatology Division, Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Universitaetsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Derek B. Sant'Angelo
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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188
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The opposing roles of the transcription factor E2A and its antagonist Id3 that orchestrate and enforce the naive fate of T cells. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:992-1001. [PMID: 21857655 PMCID: PMC3178719 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is established that E2A and its antagonist, Id3, modulate developmental progression at the pre-TCR receptor (pre-TCR) and TCR checkpoints. Here we demonstrate that Id3 expression is elevated beyond the pre-TCR checkpoint, remains high in naive T cells and shows a bimodal pattern in the effector/memory population. We show how E2A promotes T-lineage specification and how pre-TCR mediated signaling affects E2A genome-wide occupancy. Thymi in Id3-deficient mice exhibited aberrant development of effector/memory cells, increased CXCR5 and Bcl6 expression, T-B cell conjugates and remarkably B cell follicles. Collectively, these data show how E2A acts globally to orchestrate T-lineage development and that Id3 antagonizes E2A activity beyond the pre-TCR checkpoint to enforce the naïve T cell fate.
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189
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Rafei M, Hardy MP, Williams P, Vanegas JR, Forner KA, Dulude G, Labrecque N, Galipeau J, Perreault C. Development and function of innate polyclonal TCRalphabeta+ CD8+ thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3133-44. [PMID: 21844388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innate CD8 T cells are found in mutant mouse models, but whether they are produced in a normal thymus remains controversial. Using the RAG2p-GFP mouse model, we found that ∼10% of TCRαβ(+) CD4(-)CD8(+) thymocytes were innate polyclonal T cells (GFP(+)CD44(hi)). Relative to conventional T cells, innate CD8 thymocytes displayed increased cell surface amounts of B7-H1, CD2, CD5, CD38, IL-2Rβ, and IL-4Rα and downmodulation of TCRβ. Moreover, they overexpressed several transcripts, including T-bet, Id3, Klf2, and, most of all, Eomes. Innate CD8 thymocytes were positively selected, mainly by nonhematopoietic MHCIa(+) cells. They rapidly produced high levels of IFN-γ upon stimulation and readily proliferated in response to IL-2 and IL-4. Furthermore, low numbers of innate CD8 thymocytes were sufficient to help conventional CD8 T cells expand and secrete cytokine following Ag recognition. This helper effect depended on CD44-mediated interactions between innate and conventional CD8 T cells. We concluded that innate TCRαβ(+) CD8 T cells represent a sizeable proportion of normal thymocytes whose development and function differ in many ways from those of conventional CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutih Rafei
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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190
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Wan Q, Kozhaya L, ElHed A, Ramesh R, Carlson TJ, Djuretic IM, Sundrud MS, Unutmaz D. Cytokine signals through PI-3 kinase pathway modulate Th17 cytokine production by CCR6+ human memory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1875-87. [PMID: 21825017 PMCID: PMC3171088 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PI-3K–mediated repression of FOXO1 and KLF2 promotes proinflammatory cytokine expression by lineage-committed human CCR6+ Th17/Th22 memory cells. Human memory T cells (TM cells) that produce IL-17 or IL-22 are currently defined as Th17 or Th22 cells, respectively. These T cell lineages are almost exclusively CCR6+ and are important mediators of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling IL-17/IL-22 expression in memory Th17/Th22 subsets. We show that common γ chain (γc)–using cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, potently induce Th17-signature cytokine expression (Il17a, Il17f, Il22, and Il26) in CCR6+, but not CCR6−, TM cells, even in CCR6+ cells lacking IL-17 expression ex vivo. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) or Akt signaling selectively prevents Th17 cytokine induction by γc-cytokines, as does ectopic expression of the transcription factors FOXO1 or KLF2, which are repressed by PI-3K signaling. These results indicate that Th17 cytokines are tuned by PI-3K signaling in CCR6+ TM cells, which may contribute to chronic or autoimmune inflammation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that ex vivo analysis of IL-17 expression may greatly underestimate the frequency and pathogenic potential of the human Th17 compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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191
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Yoshikai Y. [Studies of T cells for better understanding of immunity and allergy]. NIHON JIBIINKOKA GAKKAI KAIHO 2011; 114:539-46. [PMID: 21815306 DOI: 10.3950/jibiinkoka.114.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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192
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Positive selecting cell type determines the phenotype of MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13241-6. [PMID: 21788511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated an apparent link between positive selection on hematopoietic cells (HCs) and an "innate" T-cell phenotype. Whereas conventional CD8(+) T cells are primarily selected on thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and certain innate T cells are exclusively selected on HCs, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells appear to be selected on both TECs and HCs. However, whether TEC- and HC-selected T cells represent distinct lineages or whether the same T-cell precursors have the capacity to be selected on either cell type is unknown. Using an M3-restricted T-cell receptor transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate that not only are MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells capable of being selected on either cell type but that selecting cell type directly affects the phenotype of the resulting CD8(+) T cells. M3-restricted CD8(+) T cells selected on HCs acquire a more activated phenotype and possess more potent effector functions than those selected on TECs. Additionally, these two developmental pathways are active in the generation of the natural pool of M3-restricted CD8(+) T cells. Our results suggest that these two distinct populations may allow MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells to occupy different immunological niches playing unique roles in immune responses to infection.
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193
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Normal T cell homeostasis: the conversion of naive cells into memory-phenotype cells. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:478-84. [PMID: 21739670 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weak T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signals from contact with self ligands act in synergy with antiapoptotic signals induced by interleukin 7 (IL-7) to promote the survival of naive T cells in a resting state. The amount of background TCR signaling in naive T cells is set by post-thymic TCR tuning and operates at an intensity just below that required to induce entry into the cell cycle. Costimulation from higher concentrations of IL-7 and other common γ-chain cytokines can induce T cells to undergo homeostatic proliferation and conversion into cells with a memory phenotype; many of these memory phenotype cells may be the progeny of cells responding to self antigens. The molecular mechanisms that control the conversion of naive resting T cells into memory-phenotype cells TCR-dependent in normal animals are beginning to be understood.
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194
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Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, SAP, was first identified as the protein affected in most cases of X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection, lymphoproliferative syndromes, and dysgammaglobulinemia. SAP consists almost entirely of a single SH2 protein domain that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of SLAM and related receptors, including 2B4, Ly108, CD84, Ly9, and potentially CRACC. SLAM family members are now recognized as important immunomodulatory receptors with roles in cytotoxicity, humoral immunity, autoimmunity, cell survival, lymphocyte development, and cell adhesion. In this review, we cover recent findings on the roles of SLAM family receptors and the SAP family of adaptors, with a focus on their regulation of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of XLP and other immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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195
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Hussain A, Yu L, Faryal R, Mohammad DK, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. TEC family kinases in health and disease--loss-of-function of BTK and ITK and the gain-of-function fusions ITK-SYK and BTK-SYK. FEBS J 2011; 278:2001-10. [PMID: 21518255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The TEC family is ancient and constitutes the second largest family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In 1993, loss-of-function mutations in the BTK gene were reported as the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Of all the existing 90 tyrosine kinases in humans, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the kinase for which most mutations have been identified. These experiments of nature collectively provide a form of mutation scanning with direct implications for the several hundred endogenous signaling proteins carrying domains also found in BTK. In 2009, an inactivating mutation in the ITK gene was shown to cause susceptibility to lethal Epstein-Barr virus infection. Both kinases represent interesting targets for inhibition: in the case of BTK, as an immunosuppressant, whereas there is evidence that the inhibition of inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) could influence the infectivity of HIV and also have anti-inflammatory activity. Since 2006, several patients carrying a fusion protein, originating from a translocation joining genes encoding the kinases ITK and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), have been shown to develop T-cell lymphoma. We review these disease processes and also describe the role of the N-terminal pleckstrin homology-Tec homology (PH-TH) domain doublet of BTK and ITK in the downstream intracellular signaling of such fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamdar Hussain
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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196
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Das R, Sant'Angelo DB, Nichols KE. Transcriptional control of invariant NKT cell development. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:195-215. [PMID: 20969594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a rare lymphocyte sublineage with phenotypic and functional properties similar to T and NK cells. Akin to conventional αβ T cells, their development occurs primarily in the thymus, where they originate from CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive (DP) progenitors. However, the selection of iNKT cells is unique in that it is mediated by homotypic interactions of DP cells and recognition of glycolipid antigen-CD1d complexes. Additionally, iNKT cells acquire an activated innate-like phenotype during development that allows them to release cytokines rapidly following antigen exposure. Given their hybrid features, it is not surprising that the developmental program of iNKT cells partially overlaps with that of T and NK cells. Several recent reports have provided new and exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that direct natural killer T (NKT) cell lineage commitment and maturation. In this review, we provide a discussion of the NKT cell developmental program with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms and transcription factors that influence the ontogeny of this lineage. Continued investigations into the complex interplay of these transcription factors and their relationship with other extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this unusual T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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197
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Lai D, Zhu J, Wang T, Hu-Li J, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA, Clayberger C, Krensky AM. KLF13 sustains thymic memory-like CD8(+) T cells in BALB/c mice by regulating IL-4-generating invariant natural killer T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1093-103. [PMID: 21482696 PMCID: PMC3092346 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor KLF13 regulates the elevated numbers of iNKT cells in the BALB/c versus C57BL/6 thymus that results in production of sufficient levels of IL-4 to generate memory-like CD8+ T cells. “Memory-like T cells” are a subset of thymic cells that acquire effector function through the maturation process rather than interaction with specific antigen. Disruption of genes encoding T cell signaling proteins or transcription factors have provided insights into the differentiation of such cells. In this study, we show that in BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice, a large portion of thymic CD4-CD8+ T cells exhibit a memory-like phenotype. In BALB/c mice, IL-4 secreted by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is both essential and sufficient for the generation of memory-like T cells. In C57BL/6 mice, iNKT cells are less abundant, producing IL-4 that is insufficient to induce thymic memory-like CD8+ T cells. BALB/c mice deficient in the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 13 have comparable numbers of iNKT cells to C57BL/6 mice and extremely low levels of thymic memory-like CD8+ T cells. This work documents the impact of a small number of KLF13-dependent iNKT cells on the generation of memory-like CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Lai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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198
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Min HS, Lee YJ, Jeon YK, Kim EJ, Kang BH, Jung KC, Chang CH, Park SH. MHC class II-restricted interaction between thymocytes plays an essential role in the production of innate CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5749-57. [PMID: 21478404 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that MHC class II-dependent thymocyte-thymocyte (T-T) interaction successfully generates CD4(+) T cells (T-T CD4(+) T cells), and that T-T CD4(+) T cells expressing promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) show an innate property both in mice and humans. In this article, we report that the thymic T-T interaction is essential for the conversion of CD8(+) T cells into innate phenotype in the physiological condition. CD8(+) T cells developed in the presence of PLZF(+) CD4(+) T cells showed marked upregulation of eomesodermin (Eomes), activation/memory phenotype, and rapid production of IFN-γ on ex vivo stimulation. Their development was highly dependent on the PLZF expression in T-T CD4(+) T cells and the IL-4 secreted by PLZF(+) T-T CD4(+) T cells. The same events may take place in humans, as a substantial number of Eomes expressing innate CD8(+) T cells were found in human fetal thymi and spleens. It suggests that PLZF(+) T-T CD4(+) T cells in combination with Eomes(+) CD8(+) T cells might actively participate in the innate immune response against various pathogens, particularly in human perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Min
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 110-799 Seoul, Korea
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199
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kraus ZJ, Schwartzberg PL. Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk / Txk in T lymphocytes: cross-regulation of cytokine production and T-cell fates. FEBS J 2011; 278:1980-9. [PMID: 21362139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing thymocytes and T cells express the Tec kinases Itk, Rlk/Txk and Tec, which are critical modulators of T-cell receptor signaling, required for full activation of phospholipase Cγ, and downstream Ca(2+) and ERK-mediated signaling pathways. Over the last 10 years, data have implicated the Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk/Txk as important regulators of cytokine production by CD4(+) effector T-cell populations. Emerging data now suggest that the Tec family kinases not only influence cytokine-producing T-cell populations in the periphery, but also regulate the development of distinct innate-type cytokine-producing T-cell populations in the thymus. Together, these results suggest that the Tec family kinases play critical roles in helping shape immune responses via their effects on the differentiation and function of distinct cytokine-producing, effector T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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200
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Gordon SM, Carty SA, Kim JS, Zou T, Smith-Garvin J, Alonzo ES, Haimm E, Sant'Angelo DB, Koretzky GA, Reiner SL, Jordan MS. Requirements for eomesodermin and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger in the development of innate-like CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4573-8. [PMID: 21383242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional and nonconventional T cell development occur in the thymus. Nonconventional thymocytes that bear characteristics typically associated with innate immune cells are termed innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs). Mice harboring a tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation in the adaptor protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa at residue 145 (Y145F mice) develop an expanded population of CD8(+)CD122(+)CD44(+) ILLs, typified by expression of the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin. Y145F mice also have an expanded population of γδ T cells that produce copious amounts of IL-4 via a mechanism that is dependent on the BTB-ZF transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. Using mice with T cell-specific deletion of Eomes, we demonstrate that this transcription factor is required for CD8(+) ILL development in Y145F as well as wild-type mice. Moreover, we show that promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger and IL-4 are also required for the generation of this ILL population. Taken together, these data shed light on the cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that drive CD8(+) ILL differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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