151
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Tordesillas L, Berin MC, Sampson HA. Immunology of Food Allergy. Immunity 2017; 47:32-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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152
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Han YY, Forno E, Badellino HA, Celedón JC. Antibiotic Use in Early Life, Rural Residence, and Allergic Diseases in Argentinean Children. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:1112-1118.e2. [PMID: 28174014 PMCID: PMC5503768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about differential effects of antibiotic use on allergic diseases in rural versus urban environments. OBJECTIVE To examine whether area of residence in the first year of life modifies the relation between antibiotic use in early life and allergic diseases during childhood. METHODS Cross-sectional study of allergic diseases in 1517 children (ages 6-7 years) attending 101 schools in urban and rural areas of San Francisco (Córdoba, Argentina). Current asthma, wheeze, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were defined on the basis of responses to a validated questionnaire from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis of antibiotic use and allergic diseases. RESULTS After adjustment for paracetamol use, bronchiolitis, and other covariates, antibiotic use in the first year of life was associated with increased odds of current wheeze (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.7). After stratification by area of residence, antibiotic use was associated with current wheeze (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5-4.0) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4) among children who lived in an urban area in their first year of life, but not among those who lived in a rural area in their first year of life. CONCLUSIONS Early-life antibiotic use is associated with current wheeze and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Argentinean children who lived in urban areas during their first year of life. Exposure to a rural environment early in life may protect against the adverse effects of antibiotics on atopic diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ying Han
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Erick Forno
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Héctor A Badellino
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Regional Eastern Clinic, San Francisco, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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153
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Emerging roles of basophils in allergic inflammation. Allergol Int 2017; 66:382-391. [PMID: 28506528 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils have long been neglected in immunological studies because they were regarded as only minor relatives of mast cells. However, recent advances in analytical tools for basophils have clarified the non-redundant roles of basophils in allergic inflammation. Basophils play crucial roles in both IgE-dependent and -independent allergic inflammation, through their migration to the site of inflammation and secretion of various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and proteases. Basophils are known to produce large amounts of IL-4 in response to various stimuli. Basophil-derived IL-4 has recently been shown to play versatile roles in allergic inflammation by acting on various cell types, including macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Basophil-derived serine proteases are also crucial for the aggravation of allergic inflammation. Moreover, recent reports suggest the roles of basophils in modulating adaptive immune responses, particularly in the induction of Th2 differentiation and enhancement of humoral memory responses. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the roles of basophils in allergic inflammation.
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154
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Regulatory T cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:639-652. [PMID: 27596705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic diseases entails an ineffective tolerogenic immune response to allergens. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in sustaining immune tolerance to allergens, yet mechanisms by which Treg cells fail to maintain tolerance in patients with allergic diseases are not well understood. We review current concepts and established mechanisms regarding how Treg cells regulate different components of allergen-triggered immune responses to promote and maintain tolerance. We will also discuss more recent advances that emphasize the "dual" functionality of Treg cells in patients with allergic diseases: how Treg cells are essential in promoting tolerance to allergens but also how a proallergic inflammatory environment can skew Treg cells toward a pathogenic phenotype that aggravates and perpetuates disease. These advances highlight opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies that aim to re-establish tolerance in patients with chronic allergic diseases by promoting Treg cell stability and function.
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155
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Rausch P, Künzel S, Suwandi A, Grassl GA, Rosenstiel P, Baines JF. Multigenerational Influences of the Fut2 Gene on the Dynamics of the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642740 PMCID: PMC5463037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The FUT2 gene encodes an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for the expression of ABO histo-blood-group antigens on mucosal surfaces and bodily secretions. Individuals who carry at least one functional allele are known as “secretors,” whereas those homozygous for loss-of-function mutations are known as “non-secretors.” Non-secretor individuals are more susceptible to chronic inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s Disease, which may be mediated by alterations in the microbiota. Here, we investigated the dynamics of microbial community assembly with respect to genotype using a Fut2-deficient mouse model, taking the genotype of the maternal lineage over two generations into account. We found strong differences in community assembly of microbial communities over time, depending on the Fut2 genotype of the host and that of their progenitors. By applying network analyses, we further identified patterns of specialization and stabilization over time, which are influenced by the host and parental genotype during the process of community development. We also show genotype- and breeding-dependent patterns of community susceptibility to disturbance in a novel in silico approach integrating ecological- and network analysis. Our results indicate that it may be important to investigate the influence of Fut2 genotype in a familial context in order to fully understand its role in the etiology of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rausch
- Group Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlön, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlön, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig SiteHannover, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig SiteHannover, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Group Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlön, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
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156
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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157
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Verschoor CP, Kohli V, Balion C. A comprehensive assessment of immunophenotyping performed in cryopreserved peripheral whole blood. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:662-670. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Vikas Kohli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Cynthia Balion
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
- Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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158
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Reynolds LA, Finlay BB. Early life factors that affect allergy development. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:518-528. [DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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159
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Ekmekciu I, von Klitzing E, Fiebiger U, Escher U, Neumann C, Bacher P, Scheffold A, Kühl AA, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Immune Responses to Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:397. [PMID: 28469619 PMCID: PMC5395657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence demonstrates the pivotal role of the commensal intestinal microbiota in host physiology and the detrimental effects of its perturbations following antibiotic treatment. Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of antibiotics induced depletion and subsequent restoration of the intestinal microbiota composition on the murine mucosal and systemic immunity. To address this, conventional C57BL/6j mice were subjected to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8 weeks. Restoration of the intestinal microbiota by peroral fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) led to reestablishment of small intestinal CD4+, CD8+, and B220+ as well as of colonic CD4+ cell numbers as early as 7 days post-FMT. However, at d28 following FMT, colonic CD4+ and B220+ cell numbers were comparable to those in secondary abiotic (ABx) mice. Remarkably, CD8+ cell numbers were reduced in the colon upon antibiotic treatment, and FMT was not sufficient to restore this immune cell subset. Furthermore, absence of gut microbial stimuli resulted in decreased percentages of memory/effector T cells, regulatory T cells, and activated dendritic cells in the small intestine, colon, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and spleen. Concurrent antibiotic treatment caused decreased cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-10) of CD4+ cells in respective compartments. These effects were, however, completely restored upon FMT. In summary, broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment resulted in profound local (i.e., small and large intestinal), peripheral (i.e., MLN), and systemic (i.e., splenic) changes in the immune cell repertoire that could, at least in part, be restored upon FMT. Further studies need to unravel the distinct molecular mechanisms underlying microbiota-driven changes in immune homeostasis subsequently providing novel therapeutic or even preventive approaches in human immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Ekmekciu
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliane von Klitzing
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fiebiger
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Escher
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Neumann
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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160
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Musio S, Costanza M, Poliani PL, Fontana E, Cominelli M, Abolafio G, Steinman L, Pedotti R. Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody exacerbates EAE and T-cell immunity against myelin. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:e342. [PMID: 28616446 PMCID: PMC5462602 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of targeting the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI), that plays a central role in allergic responses and is constitutively expressed on mast cells and basophils, in clinical disease and autoimmune T-cell response in experimental MS. Methods: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55. Anti-FcεRI α-chain antibody was administered intraperitoneally. CNS immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations, IgE and histamine serum concentration, immune cell proliferation, and cytokine measurement were performed. In BALB/c mice, EAE was induced by immunization with myelin proteolipid protein 185–206. Results: Treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody resulted in exacerbation of EAE and increased CNS inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Treated mice displayed long-lasting complete depletion of basophils in the blood stream and peripheral lymphoid organs and increased antigen-induced immune cell proliferation and production of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In BALB/c mice, which are T-helper (Th) 2 prone and resistant to EAE, treatment with anti-FcεRIα antibody restored susceptibility to EAE. Conclusion: Our observations that anti-FcεRIα antibody increases Th1 and Th17 responses against myelin antigen and exacerbates EAE suggest that FcεRI, basophils, and possibly other FcεRI-bearing cells that might be affected by this antibody play important roles in influencing the severity of CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Musio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Gabriella Abolafio
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.M., M. Costanza, R.P.), Foundation Neurological Institute IRCCS C. Besta, Milan; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (P.L.P., E.F., M. Cominelli), Pathology Unit, University of Brescia; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine (G.A.), Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy; and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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161
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Daniluk J, Daniluk U, Rusak M, Dabrowska M, Reszec J, Garbowicz M, Huminska K, Dabrowski A. The effect of penicillin administration in early life on murine gut microbiota and blood lymphocyte subsets. Anaerobe 2017; 47:18-24. [PMID: 28323133 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Antibiotics have many beneficial effects but their uncontrolled use may lead to increased risk of serious diseases in the future. Our hypothesis is that an early antibiotic exposition may affect immune system by altering gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of penicillin treatment on gut microorganisms and immune system of mice. METHODS 21-days old C57BL6/J/cmdb male mice were treated with low-dose of penicillin (study group) or water only (control group) for 4 weeks. Tissue and stool samples for histology or microbiome assessment and peripheral blood for CBC and flow cytometry evaluation were collected. RESULTS We found high variability in microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels between littermate mice kept in the same conditions, independently of treatment regimen. Interestingly, low-dose of penicillin caused significant increase of Parabacteroides goldsteinii in stool and in colon tissue in comparison to control group (9.5% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.008 and 10.7% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, mice treated with penicillin demonstrated significantly elevated percentage of B cells (median 10.5% vs 8.0%, p = 0.01) and decrease in the percentage of total CD4+ cell (median 75.4% vs 82.5%, p = 0.0039) with subsequent changes among subsets - increased percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg), T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells. CONCLUSION Our study showed significant effect of penicillin on B and T cells in peripheral blood of young mice. This effect may be mediated through changes in gut microbiota represented by the expansion of Parabacteroides goldsteinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Daniluk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok ul, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Urszula Daniluk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Rusak
- Department of Haematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dabrowska
- Department of Haematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok ul, J. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Garbowicz
- Genomic Laboratory, DNA Research Center ul, Mickiewicza 31, 60-385 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kinga Huminska
- Genomic Laboratory, DNA Research Center ul, Mickiewicza 31, 60-385 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dabrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok ul, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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162
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Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:219-232. [DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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163
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Smolinska S, Groeger D, O'Mahony L. Biology of the Microbiome 1: Interactions with the Host Immune Response. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:19-35. [PMID: 28164850 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is intimately connected with the vast diversity of microbes present within the gut and the diversity of food components that are consumed daily. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe-nutrient communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes and dietary factors in influencing mucosal immune responses. Dendritic cells, epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, T regulatory cells, effector lymphocytes, natural killer T cells, and B cells can all be influenced by the microbiome. Many of the mechanisms being described are bacterial strain or metabolite specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Smolinska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 5, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - David Groeger
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos, Obere Strasse 22, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Obere Strasse 22, Davos Platz 7270, Switzerland.
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164
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Hong SW, Kim KS, Surh CD. Beyond Hygiene: Commensal Microbiota and Allergic Diseases. Immune Netw 2017; 17:48-59. [PMID: 28261020 PMCID: PMC5334122 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex communities of microorganisms, termed commensal microbiota, inhabit mucosal surfaces and profoundly influence host physiology as well as occurrence of allergic diseases. Perturbing factors such as the mode of delivery, dietary fibers and antibiotics can influence allergic diseases by altering commensal microbiota in affected tissues as well as in intestine. Here, we review current findings on the relationship between commensal microbiota and allergic diseases, and discuss the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of allergic responses by commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.; Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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165
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Guo Y, Yang X, Qi Y, Wen S, Liu Y, Tang S, Huang R, Tang L. Long-term use of ceftriaxone sodium induced changes in gut microbiota and immune system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43035. [PMID: 28220870 PMCID: PMC5318879 DOI: 10.1038/srep43035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic administration, while facilitating clearance of targeted infections, also perturbs commensal microbial communities. Previous studies have all focused on the effects of short term use of antibiotics. Here, we focus on the effects of long term use of antibiotic on gut microbiota and immunity. BALB/c mice received saline or different doses of ceftriaxone sodium (100, 200 and 400 mg/mL) via daily gavage for 150 days. Alterations of fecal microbiota, small intestine histopathology, body weight, spleen index, serum IgG, mucus SIgA, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4+CD25+ cells were evaluated. Long term ceftriaxone sodium administration resulted in gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestine histological lesions, growth inhibition, spleen index reducing. The immune defense ability reduced as serum IgG and mucus SIgA decreased significantly. Not only the immune defense, long term ceftriaxone administration also affected immune regulation. The IFN-γ/IL-4 and CD4/CD8 ratios increased, the CD4+CD25+ cells reduced on days 30 and 60 after ceftriaxone administration. However, after 90 days of ceftriaxone administration, the IFN-γ/IL-4, CD4/CD8 ratios and CD4+CD25+ cells restored, which indicated a new balance of immune regulation had been formed. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of long term antibiotic administration influencing gut microbiota and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Guo
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yane Qi
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinhui Liu
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaoying Tang
- The second clinical college, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rongsheng Huang
- The second clinical college, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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166
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The effect of gut microbiome on tolerance to morphine mediated antinociception in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42658. [PMID: 28211545 PMCID: PMC5314392 DOI: 10.1038/srep42658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation for the importance of gastrointestinal microbiota in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While morphine and other narcotics are the most widely prescribed therapy for moderate to severe pain clinically, they have been noted to alter microbial composition and promote bacterial translocation to other tissues. Here we examined the pharmacodynamic properties of chronic morphine in mice following bacterial depletion with oral gavage of an antibiotic cocktail (ABX). ABX significantly reduced gut bacteria and prevented chronic morphine induced increases in gut permeability, colonic mucosal destruction, and colonic IL-1β expression. In addition, ABX prevented the development of antinociceptive tolerance to chronic morphine in both the tail-immersion and acetic acid stretch assays. Morphine tolerance was also reduced by oral vancomycin that has 0% bioavailability. These findings were recapitulated in primary afferent neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervating the lower gastrointestinal tract, wherein in-vivo administration of ABX prevented tolerance to morphine-induced hypoexcitability. Finally, though ABX repeatedly demonstrated an ability to prevent tolerance, we show that it did not alter susceptibility to precipitation of withdrawal by naloxone. Collectively, these finding indicate that the gastrointestinal microbiome is an important modulator of physiological responses induced by chronic morphine administration.
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167
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Liang Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis-Filaggrin and Other Polymorphisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:315-328. [PMID: 26385242 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic evidences depict a complex network comprising by epidermal barrier dysfunctions and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of AD. Mutations in the human filaggrin gene (FLG) are the most significant and well-replicated genetic mutation associated with AD, and other mutations associated with epidermal barriers such as SPINK5, FLG-2, SPRR3, and CLDN1 have all been linked to AD. Gene variants may also contribute to the abnormal innate and adaptive responses found in AD, including mutations in PRRs and AMPs, TSLP and TSLPR, IL-1 family cytokines and receptors genes, vitamin D pathway genes, FCER1A, and Th2 and other cytokines genes. GWAS and Immunochip analysis have identified a total of 19 susceptibility loci for AD. Candidate genes at these susceptibility loci identified by GWAS and Immunochip analysis also suggest roles for epidermal barrier functions, innate and adaptive immunity, interleukin-1 family signaling, regulatory T cells, the vitamin D pathway, and the nerve growth factor pathway in the pathogenesis of AD. Increasing evidences show the modern lifestyle (i.e., the hygiene hypothesis, Western diet) and other environmental factors such as pollution and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) lead to the increasing prevalence of AD with the development of industrialization. Epigenetic alterations in response to these environmental factors, including DNA methylation and microRNA related to immune system and skin barriers, have been found to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Genetic variants and epigenetic alteration might be the key tools for the molecular taxonomy of AD and provide the background for the personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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168
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IgD class switching is initiated by microbiota and limited to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1196-E1204. [PMID: 28137874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621258114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class-switch recombination (CSR) alters the Ig isotype to diversify antibody effector functions. IgD CSR is a rare event, and its regulation is poorly understood. We report that deficiency of 53BP1, a DNA damage-response protein, caused age-dependent overproduction of secreted IgD resulting from increased IgD CSR exclusively within B cells of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. IgD overproduction was dependent on activation-induced cytidine deaminase, hematopoietic MyD88 expression, and an intact microbiome, against which circulating IgD, but not IgM, was reactive. IgD CSR occurred via both alternative nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination pathways. Microbiota-dependent IgD CSR also was detected in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of WT mice. These results identify a pathway, present in WT mice and hyperactivated in 53BP1-deficient mice, by which microbiota signal via Toll-like receptors to elicit IgD CSR.
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169
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Macke E, Tasiemski A, Massol F, Callens M, Decaestecker E. Life history and eco-evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | | | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille; CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo SPICI group Lille France
| | - Martijn Callens
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven (Kulak), Dept of Biology; E. Sabbelaan 53, BE-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
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170
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Stiemsma LT, Turvey SE. Asthma and the microbiome: defining the critical window in early life. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 13:3. [PMID: 28077947 PMCID: PMC5217603 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory immune disorder of the airways affecting one in ten children in westernized countries. The geographical disparity combined with a generational rise in prevalence, emphasizes that changing environmental exposures play a significant role in the etiology of this disease. The microflora hypothesis suggests that early life exposures are disrupting the composition of the microbiota and consequently, promoting immune dysregulation in the form of hypersensitivity disorders. Animal model research supports a role of the microbiota in asthma and atopic disease development. Further, these model systems have identified an early life critical window, during which gut microbial dysbiosis is most influential in promoting hypersensitivity disorders. Until recently this critical window had not been characterized in humans, but now studies suggest that the ideal time to use microbes as preventative treatments or diagnostics for asthma in humans is within the first 100 days of life. This review outlines the major mouse-model and human studies leading to characterization of the early life critical window, emphasizing studies analyzing the intestinal and airway microbiotas in asthma and atopic disease. This research has promising future implications regarding childhood immune health, as ultimately it may be possible to therapeutically administer specific microbes in early life to prevent the development of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T. Stiemsma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4 Canada
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171
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Schwarzer M, Srutkova D, Hermanova P, Leulier F, Kozakova H, Schabussova I. Diet Matters: Endotoxin in the Diet Impacts the Level of Allergic Sensitization in Germ-Free Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167786. [PMID: 28052076 PMCID: PMC5215724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ-free animals have been used to define the vital role of commensal bacteria on the maturation of the host immune system. However, the role of bacterial residues in diet in this setting is poorly understood. Here we investigated the effect of bacterial contamination in sterile diet on the level of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Sterile grain-based diets ST1 and R03 were tested for the level of bacterial contamination. ST1 contained higher amount of bacterial DNA, approximately ten times more endotoxin, and induced higher, TLR4-dependent, cytokine production in dendritic cells compared to R03. In a germ-free mouse model of sensitization to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, feeding on ST1 for at least two generations was associated with decreased production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in sera in comparison to R03. Furthermore, reduced levels of allergen-specific and ConA-induced cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 accompanied by increased levels of IFN-γ were detected in splenocytes cultures of these mice. Our results show that contamination of experimental diet with bacterial residues, such as endotoxin, significantly affects the development of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Therefore, careful selection of sterile food is critical for the outcomes of germ-free or gnotobiotic experimental models of immune-deviated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Francois Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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172
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Bacteria isolated from lung modulate asthma susceptibility in mice. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1061-1074. [PMID: 28045458 PMCID: PMC5437918 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, non-curable, multifactorial disease with increasing incidence in industrial countries. This study evaluates the direct contribution of lung microbial components in allergic asthma in mice. Germ-Free and Specific-Pathogen-Free mice display similar susceptibilities to House Dust Mice-induced allergic asthma, indicating that the absence of bacteria confers no protection or increased risk to aeroallergens. In early life, allergic asthma changes the pattern of lung microbiota, and lung bacteria reciprocally modulate aeroallergen responsiveness. Primo-colonizing cultivable strains were screened for their immunoregulatory properties following their isolation from neonatal lungs. Intranasal inoculation of lung bacteria influenced the outcome of allergic asthma development: the strain CNCM I 4970 exacerbated some asthma features whereas the pro-Th1 strain CNCM I 4969 had protective effects. Thus, we confirm that appropriate bacterial lung stimuli during early life are critical for susceptibility to allergic asthma in young adults.
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173
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Wawrzyniak M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M. Role of Regulatory Cells in Oral Tolerance. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:107-115. [PMID: 28102055 PMCID: PMC5266108 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is continuously exposed to great amounts of different antigens from both food and intestinal microbes. Immune tolerance to these antigens is very important for intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Oral tolerance is a specific type of peripheral tolerance induced by exposure to antigen via the oral route. Investigations on the role of intestinal immune system in preventing hypersensitivity reactions to innocuous dietary and microbial antigens have been intensively performed during the last 2 decades. In this review article, we discuss how food allergens are recognized by the intestinal immune system and draw attention to the role of regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells in the establishment of oral tolerance and tolerogenic features of intestinal dendritic cells. We also emphasize the potential role of tonsils in oral tolerance induction because of their anatomical location, cellular composition, and possible usage to develop novel ways of specific immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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174
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Abstract
Food allergy is a common disease affecting approximately 8% of children and 5% of adults. The prevalence has increased over the last two decades, suggesting an important environmental contribution to susceptibility. Studies have identified mode of birth, pet exposure, and having older siblings as being significant risk modifying factors in the development of food allergy. With the discovery that these factors significantly impact the composition of the intestinal microbiome, which is known to play a critical role in shaping the immune system, recent studies have begun to address the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of food allergy. Studies in human cohorts support a dysbiosis in food allergy, and limited data suggest that this dysbiosis occurs early in life, preceding the onset of sensitization. Studies from animal models have clearly shown that the composition of the intestinal microbiota confers susceptibility to food allergy, and that there are organisms such as Clostridia species that are protective in the development of food allergy. Our understanding of microbial regulation of food allergy is in its nascency, but the state of the field supports an important contribution of intestinal microbes to susceptibility. Challenges going forward are to identify commensal-derived microorganisms that could be used therapeutically to prevent or perhaps treat food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Blázquez
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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175
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Zeng MY, Inohara N, Nuñez G. Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:18-26. [PMID: 27554295 PMCID: PMC5788567 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has diverse and essential roles in host metabolism, development of the immune system and as resistance to pathogen colonization. Perturbations of the gut microbiota, termed gut dysbiosis, are commonly observed in diseases involving inflammation in the gut, including inflammatory bowel disease, infection, colorectal cancer and food allergies. Importantly, the inflamed microenvironment in the gut is particularly conducive to blooms of Enterobacteriaceae, which acquire fitness benefits while other families of symbiotic bacteria succumb to environmental changes inflicted by inflammation. Here we summarize studies that examined factors in the inflamed gut that contribute to blooms of Enterobacterieaceae, and highlight potential approaches to restrict Enterobacterial blooms in treating diseases that are otherwise complicated by overgrowth of virulent Enterobacterial species in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- MY Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - N Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - G Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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176
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James J, Weaver V, Cantorna MT. Control of Circulating IgE by the Vitamin D Receptor In Vivo Involves B Cell Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1164-1171. [PMID: 28003380 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of asthma and allergy. The active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] regulates B cells in vitro and mice without the vitamin D receptor (VDR knockout [KO]) have high serum IgE. Whole-body VDR KO, T cell-specific VDR (T-VDR) KO, B cell-specific VDR (B-VDR) KO, and vitamin D deficient mice were used to determine the targets of vitamin D in the regulation of IgE in vivo. Vitamin D deficient, VDR KO, and B-VDR KO mice developed hyper-IgE, whereas T-VDR KO mice did not. The data show that IL-10 secretion by B cells and CD1d expression on IL-10 secreting B cells was lower in VDR KO mice. Mesenteric lymph node cultures from VDR KO and B-VDR KO mice secreted higher IgE ex vivo than wild-type (WT) cultures, and the addition of IL-10 eliminated the difference in IgE production between VDR KO and WT cultures. The increase in IgE in VDR KO mice was 2-fold greater than in the B-VDR KO mice, suggesting that VDR deficiency in non-B cells contributes to hyper-IgE in vivo. Antibiotic depletion of the microbiota raised serum IgE 4-fold in both WT and VDR KO mice. The VDR directly and indirectly regulates IgE production in B cells. Through the VDR, vitamin D is an environmental factor that helps to maintain low serum IgE responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaal James
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
| | - Veronika Weaver
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; .,Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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177
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease with strong genetic and environmental components that manifests within a variety of clinical features and diverse patterns of immune responses. Asthma prevalence has dramatically increased over the last decade in Westernized societies, thereby suggesting a key function of environmental factors in disease promotion and development. RECENT FINDINGS 'Early-life' microbial exposure and bacterial colonization are crucial for the maturation and the education of the immune system. The commensal flora is also critical in order to maintain immune homeostasis at the mucosal surfaces and may consequently play an important function in allergic disease development. Recent evidence demonstrates that asthma influences and is also impacted by the composition and function of the human intestinal and respiratory microbiome. SUMMARY In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on how asthma development is connected with respiratory and intestinal microbial dysbiosis. We highlight and discuss recent research that reveals the existence of a 'gut-lung' microbial axis and its impact on asthma development. We also analyze how 'early-life' microbial exposure affects the immune response and the consequences for asthma development.
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178
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The rise in the prevalence of food allergy over the past decades has focused attention of factors that may impact disease development, most notably the gut microbiota. The gut microbial communities play a crucial role in promoting oral tolerance. Their alteration by such factors as Cesarean section delivery, diet and antibiotics may influence disease development. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the development of food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Food allergy is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota or dysbiosis early in life that may be predictive of disease persistence versus tolerance acquisition. Evidence for the benefits of adjunct therapy with probiotics for the prevention of food allergies and for potentiating oral immunotherapy remains circumstantial, with further studies needed to validate its use. Studies in murine models of food allergy suggest that microbial therapy with protolerogenic bacteria such as certain Clostridial species holds promise in future applications for prevention or therapy of food allergy. SUMMARY Progress in understanding the role of dysbiosis in food allergy and the factors that promote its development, such as antibiotic therapy, diet, modes of infant delivery, and environmental exposures, offer windows of opportunity for both preventive and therapeutic interventions to stem the rising tide of the food allergy epidemic.
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179
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Wang M, Monaco MH, Donovan SM. Impact of early gut microbiota on immune and metabolic development and function. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 21:380-387. [PMID: 27132110 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant intestine occurs in the first two years of life. Symbiotic host and microbe interactions are critical for host metabolic and immune development. Emerging evidence indicates that early microbiota colonization may influence the occurrence of metabolic and immune diseases. Further understanding of the importance of environmental factors, including fetal microbial exposure, diet, delivery mode, pre- and probiotic consumption, and antibiotic use on immune and metabolic programming will provide new opportunities for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to improve infant health and reduce the risk of disease in post-infancy years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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180
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Mattner J. Impact of Microbes on the Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111864. [PMID: 27834858 PMCID: PMC5133864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represent the major clinical entities of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Both disorders are characterized by portal inflammation and slowly progress to obliterative fibrosis and eventually liver cirrhosis. Although immune-pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PBC and PSC, neither disorder is considered to be a classical autoimmune disease, as PSC and PBC patients do not respond to immune-suppressants. Furthermore, the decreased bile flow resulting from the immune-mediated tissue assault and the subsequent accumulation of toxic bile products in PBC and PSC not only perpetuates biliary epithelial damage, but also alters the composition of the intestinal and biliary microbiota and its mutual interactions with the host. Consistent with the close association of PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the polyclonal hyper IgM response in PBC and (auto-)antibodies which cross-react to microbial antigens in both diseases, an expansion of individual microbes leads to shifts in the composition of the intestinal or biliary microbiota and a subsequent altered integrity of epithelial layers, promoting microbial translocation. These changes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both devastating disorders. Thus, we will discuss here these recent findings in the context of novel and alternative therapeutic options.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Translocation
- Bile/drug effects
- Bile/microbiology
- Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnostic imaging
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/drug therapy
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/immunology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstr. 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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181
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Influence of microbiome and diet on immune responses in food allergy models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 17-18:71-80. [PMID: 29967644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is intimately connected with the vast array of microbes present within the gut and the diversity of food components that are consumed daily. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe-nutrient communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes and dietary factors in influencing mucosal inflammatory and allergic responses. In this review, we summarize the recent important findings in this field, which are important for food allergy and particularly relevant to animal models of food allergy.
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182
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Mahdavinia M, Keshavarzian A, Tobin MC, Landay AL, Schleimer RP. A comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:21-41. [PMID: 26510171 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been known as a disease with strong infectious and inflammatory components for decades. The recent advancement in methods identifying microbes has helped implicate the airway microbiome in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Such studies support a role of resident microbes in both health and disease of host tissue, especially in the case of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Identifying interactive events between microbes and elements of the immune system can help us to uncover the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CRS. Here we provide a review of the findings on the complex upper respiratory microbiome in CRS in comparison with healthy controls. Furthermore, we have reviewed the defects and alterations of the host immune system that interact with microbes and could be associated with dysbiosis in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahdavinia
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M C Tobin
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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183
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Slattery J, MacFabe DF, Frye RE. The Significance of the Enteric Microbiome on the Development of Childhood Disease: A Review of Prebiotic and Probiotic Therapies in Disorders of Childhood. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2016; 10:91-107. [PMID: 27774001 PMCID: PMC5063840 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s38338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the fact that the enteric microbiome, the trillions of microbes that inhabit the human digestive tract, has a significant effect on health and disease. Methods for manipulating the enteric microbiome, particularly through probiotics and microbial ecosystem transplantation, have undergone some study in clinical trials. We review some of the evidence for microbiome alteration in relation to childhood disease and discuss the clinical trials that have examined the manipulation of the microbiome in an effort to prevent or treat childhood disease with a primary focus on probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics (ie, probiotics + prebiotics). Studies show that alterations in the microbiome may be a consequence of events occurring during infancy and/or childhood such as prematurity, C-sections, and nosocomial infections. In addition, certain childhood diseases have been associated with microbiome alterations, namely necrotizing enterocolitis, infantile colic, asthma, atopic disease, gastrointestinal disease, diabetes, malnutrition, mood/anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Treatment studies suggest that probiotics are potentially protective against the development of some of these diseases. Timing and duration of treatment, the optimal probiotic strain(s), and factors that may alter the composition and function of the microbiome are still in need of further research. Other treatments such as prebiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and antibiotics have limited evidence. Future translational work, in vitro models, long-term and follow-up studies, and guidelines for the composition and viability of probiotic and microbial therapies need to be developed. Overall, there is promising evidence that manipulating the microbiome with probiotics early in life can help prevent or reduce the severity of some childhood diseases, but further research is needed to elucidate biological mechanisms and determine optimal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Slattery
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F. MacFabe
- The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Departments of Psychology (Neuroscience) and Psychiatry, Division of Developmental Disabilities, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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184
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between host genetics, immunity, and microbiota is central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Previous population-based studies suggested a link between antibiotic use and increased inflammatory bowel disease risk, but the mechanisms are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effects of antibiotic administration on microbiota composition, innate immunity, and susceptibility to colitis, as well as the mechanism by which antibiotics alter host colitogenicity. METHODS Wild-type mice were given broad-spectrum antibiotics or no antibiotics for 2 weeks, and subsequent immunophenotyping and 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based analysis of the fecal microbiome were performed 6 weeks later. In a separate experiment, control and antibiotic-treated mice were given 7 days of dextran sulfate sodium, 6 weeks after completing antibiotic treatment, and the severity of colitis scored histologically. Fecal transfer was performed from control or antibiotic-treated mice to recipient mice whose endogenous microbiota had been cleared with antibiotics, and the susceptibility of the recipients to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was analyzed. Naive CD4 T cells were transferred from control and antibiotic-treated mice to immunodeficient Rag-1 recipients and the severity of colitis compared. RESULTS Antibiotics led to sustained dysbiosis and changes in T-cell subpopulations, including reductions in colonic lamina propria total T cells and CD4 T cells. Antibiotics conferred protection against dextran sulfate sodium colitis, and this effect was transferable by fecal transplant but not by naive T cells. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic exposure protects against colitis, and this effect is transferable with fecal microbiota from antibiotic-treated mice, supporting a protective effect of the microbial community.
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185
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Adami AJ, Bracken SJ. Breathing Better Through Bugs: Asthma and the Microbiome. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:309-324. [PMID: 27698615 PMCID: PMC5045140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a highly heterogeneous disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, which invokes symptoms such as wheeze, dyspnea, and chest tightness. Asthma is the product of multiple interconnected immunological processes and represents a constellation of related, but distinct, disease phenotypes. The prevalence of asthma has more than doubled since the 1980s, and efforts to understand this increase have inspired consideration of the microbiome as a key player in the pathophysiology and regulation of this disease. While recent years have seen an explosion of new research in this area, researchers are only beginning to untangle to mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence asthma. This review will focus on the relationship between the microbiome and the immune system and how this influences development of asthma. This review will also highlight evidence that may point the way toward new therapies and potential cures for this ancient respiratory foe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Adami
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Alexander J. Adami, MD/PhD Student, University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Immunology, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC 1319, Farmington, CT 06030, , Phone: 1-860-679-1995, Fax: 1-860-679-1047
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186
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The Microbiome, Timing, and Barrier Function in the Context of Allergic Disease. Immunity 2016; 44:728-38. [PMID: 27096316 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disease affects millions. Despite many advances in our understanding of the immune system in the past century, the physiologic underpinning for the existence of allergy remains largely mysterious. Food allergies, in particular, have increased dramatically in recent years, adding a new sense of urgency to unraveling this mystery. The concurrence of significant lifestyle changes in Western societies with increasing disease prevalence implies a causal link. Demographic variables that influence the composition and function of the commensal microbiota early in life seem to be most important. Identifying the evolutionary and physiologic foundations of allergic disease and defining what about our modern environment is responsible for its increased incidence will provide insights critical to the development of new approaches to prevention and treatment.
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187
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Hrdý J, Kocourková I, Lodinová-Žádníková R, Kolářová L, Prokešová L. The effect of a probiotic Escherichia coli strain on regulatory T-cells in six year-old children. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:639-648. [PMID: 27633175 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are believed to prevent or reduce allergy development but the mechanism of their beneficial effect is still poorly understood. Immune characteristics of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood of perinatally probiotic-supplemented children of allergic mothers (51 children), non-supplemented children of allergic mothers (42 children), and non-supplemented children of healthy mothers (28 children) were compared at the age of 6-7 years. A first dose of a probiotic Escherichia coli strain (E. coli O83:K24:H31) was administered within 2 days after the birth and then 12 times during the first months of life and children were followed longitudinally. Proportion and functional properties of Tregs were estimated by flow cytometry in relation to the children's allergy status. Proportion of Tregs in the peripheral blood of children suffering from allergy tends to be higher whereas median of fluorescence intensity (MFI) of FoxP3 was significantly decreased in allergic group. Intracellular presence of regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 was also lower in allergic children. Immune functions of Tregs reflected by both MFI of FoxP3 and IL-10 in the group of probiotic-supplemented children of allergic mothers were nearly comparable with children of healthy mothers while probiotic non-supplemented children of allergic mothers have decreased immune function of Tregs. Supplementation by probiotic E. coli strain decreases allergy incidence in high-risk children. In contrast to our expectation, proportion of Tregs has not been increased in probiotic supplemented children. Beneficial effect of probiotics on newborn immature immune system could be, at least partially, explained by the modulating immune function of Tregs. In summary, we detected increased proportion of Tregs in peripheral blood of allergic children, their functional properties were decreased in comparison with the Tregs of healthy children. A unifying hypothesis for these findings is that Treg numbers in allergic children are increased in order to compensate for decreased function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hrdý
- 1 Institute of immunology and microbiology, First faculty of medicine, Charles University in Prague, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Kocourková
- 2 Institute for the care of mother and child, Podolské nábřeží 157/4, 147 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - R Lodinová-Žádníková
- 2 Institute for the care of mother and child, Podolské nábřeží 157/4, 147 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - L Kolářová
- 1 Institute of immunology and microbiology, First faculty of medicine, Charles University in Prague, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Prokešová
- 1 Institute of immunology and microbiology, First faculty of medicine, Charles University in Prague, Studnickova 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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188
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Gorjifard S, Goldszmid RS. Microbiota-myeloid cell crosstalk beyond the gut. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:865-879. [PMID: 27605211 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0516-222r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that plays a fundamental role in host physiology. Locally, the gut commensal microbes/host symbiotic relationship is vital for barrier fortification, nutrient absorption, resistance against intestinal pathogens, and the development and maintenance of the mucosal immune system. It is now clear that the effects of the indigenous intestinal flora extend beyond the gut, ranging from shaping systemic immune responses to metabolic and behavioral functions. However, the underlying mechanisms of the gut microbiota/systemic immune system interactions remain largely unknown. Myeloid cells respond to microbial signals, including those derived from commensals, and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we focus on the impact of the gut microbiota on myeloid cells at extraintestinal sites. In particular, we discuss how commensal-derived signals affect steady-state myelopoiesis and cellular function and how that influences the response to infection and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Gorjifard
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Romina S Goldszmid
- Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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189
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Muir AB, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Spergel JM, Fillon SA. Microbiome and its impact on gastrointestinal atopy. Allergy 2016; 71:1256-63. [PMID: 27240281 DOI: 10.1111/all.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic conditions has continuously increased in the last few decades in Westernized countries. A dysbiotic gut microbiome may play an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors may alter the commensal microbiota leading to inflammatory dysregulation of homeostasis. Murine and human studies have begun to elucidate the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies. However, the role of the microbiome in most eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) is not yet known. This review provides an overview of what is currently known about the development of tolerance from both molecular and clinical standpoints. We also look at the gut-specific microbiome and its role in atopic conditions with the hope of applying this knowledge to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of EGIDs, particularly EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - A. J. Benitez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - K. Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - J. M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - S. A. Fillon
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
- Digestive Health Institute; Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program; Mucosal Inflammation Program; Children's Hospital Colorado; Aurora CO USA
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190
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Oetjen LK, Noti M, Kim BS. New insights into basophil heterogeneity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:549-61. [PMID: 27178409 PMCID: PMC5010479 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basophils have become increasingly recognized as important innate immune cells that mediate antihelminth immunity and barrier inflammation. Recent discoveries have uncovered previously unrecognized heterogeneity in basophil populations. However, how diversity in basophil regulation and function impacts human disease remains poorly defined. The goal of the present review is to highlight how new insights into basophil heterogeneity can help us to better understand disease pathogenesis and inform the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon K Oetjen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8123, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Noti
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brian S Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8123, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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191
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental inputs, such as diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's metabolism, immunity and response to infection. The haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells of the innate immune system are located strategically at the host-microbiome interface. These cells have the ability to sense microorganisms or their metabolic products and to translate the signals into host physiological responses and the regulation of microbial ecology. Aberrations in the communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases.
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192
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Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016; 535:75-84. [PMID: 27383982 DOI: 10.1038/nature18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1106] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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193
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Microbiota, regulatory T cell subsets, and allergic disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:114-123. [PMID: 27656354 PMCID: PMC5016534 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-016-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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194
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Ohnmacht C. Microbiota, regulatory T cell subsets, and allergic disorders. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-016-1137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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195
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Abstract
Intestinal microbes have profound effects on inflammatory autoimmunity in sites distant from the gut. The mechanisms whereby this happens are only now beginning to be understood and may include such diverse effects as innate stimulation of migrating immune cells and effects of circulating bacterial metabolites. Our studies add to this the demonstration that microbiota may provide a source of cross-reactive antigenic material that activates autoreactive lymphocytes within the gut environment. In a spontaneous model of autoimmune uveitis, T lymphocytes specific to a retinal autoantigen are activated through their specific antigen receptor in the gut and acquire the ability to fuel inflammatory autoimmunity in the eye. In view of the huge diversity of commensals, it is conceivable that they may provide surrogate antigens for activation of autoreactive lymphocytes(s) of other tissue specificities, and might therefore be involved in the etiology of autoimmune diseases more frequently than is currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- 1 Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis, Brazil
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reiko Horai
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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196
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Boutin RCT, Finlay BB. Microbiota-Mediated Immunomodulation and Asthma: Current and Future Perspectives. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-016-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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197
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Abstract
The classical model of immunity posits that the immune system reacts to pathogens and injury and restores homeostasis. Indeed, a century of research has uncovered the means and mechanisms by which the immune system recognizes danger and regulates its own activity. However, this classical model does not fully explain complex phenomena, such as tolerance, allergy, the increased prevalence of inflammatory pathologies in industrialized nations and immunity to multiple infections. In this Essay, I propose a model of immunity that is based on equilibrium, in which the healthy immune system is always active and in a state of dynamic equilibrium between antagonistic types of response. This equilibrium is regulated both by the internal milieu and by the microbial environment. As a result, alteration of the internal milieu or microbial environment leads to immune disequilibrium, which determines tolerance, protective immunity and inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France, and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1224, 75724 Paris, France
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198
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Cassard L, Lalanne AI, Garault P, Cotillard A, Chervaux C, Wels M, Smokvina T, Daëron M, Bourdet-Sicard R. Individual strains of Lactobacillus paracasei differentially inhibit human basophil and mouse mast cell activation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:289-99. [PMID: 27621812 PMCID: PMC5004284 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The microbiota controls a variety of biological functions, including immunity, and alterations of the microbiota in early life are associated with a higher risk of developing allergies later in life. Several probiotic bacteria, and particularly lactic acid bacteria, were described to reduce both the induction of allergic responses and allergic manifestations. Although specific probiotic strains were used in these studies, their protective effects on allergic responses also might be common for all lactobacilli. METHODS To determine whether allergic effector cells inhibition is a common feature of lactobacilli or whether it varies among lactobacilli strains, we compared the ability of 40 strains of the same Lactobacillus paracasei species to inhibit IgE-dependent mouse mast cell and human basophil activation. RESULTS We uncovered a marked heterogeneity in the inhibitory properties of the 40 Lactobacillus strains tested. These segregated into three to four clusters depending on the intensity of inhibition. Some strains inhibited both mouse mast cell and human basophil activation, others strains inhibited only one cell type and another group induced no inhibition of activation for either cell type. CONCLUSIONS Individual Lactobacillus strains of the same species differentially inhibit IgE-dependent activation of mouse mast cells and human basophils, two cell types that are critical in the onset of allergic manifestations. Although we failed to identify specific bacterial genes associated with inhibition by gene-trait matching analysis, our findings demonstrate the complexity of the interactions between the microbiota and the host. These results suggest that some L. paracasei strains might be more beneficial in allergies than others strains and provide the bases for a rational screening of lactic acid bacteria strains as next-generation probiotics in the field of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Cassard
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire & Cellulaire Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Ana Inés Lalanne
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire & Cellulaire Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | | | | | | | - Michiel Wels
- NIZO Food Research Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation Ede The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Daëron
- Unité d'Allergologie Moléculaire & Cellulaire Institut Pasteur Paris France
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199
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Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, Acevedo N, Soh JY, Sánchez-Borges M, Hossny E, García E, Rosario N, Ansotegui I, Puerta L, Sánchez J, Cardona V. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:20. [PMID: 27386040 PMCID: PMC4924335 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are distributed worldwide and their risk factors and triggers vary according to geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Allergies are frequent in the Tropics but aspects of their prevalence, natural history, risk factors, sensitizers and triggers are not well defined and some are expected to be different from those in temperate zone countries. The aim of this review is to investigate if allergic diseases in the Tropics have particularities that deserve special attention for research and clinical practice. Such information will help to form a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of allergic diseases in the Tropics. As expected, we found particularities in the Tropics that merit further study because they strongly affect the natural history of common allergic diseases; most of them related to climate conditions that favor permanent exposure to mite allergens, helminth infections and stinging insects. In addition, we detected several unmet needs in important areas which should be investigated and solved by collaborative efforts led by the emergent research groups on allergy from tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- />Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Translational Immunology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Yi Soh
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mario Sánchez-Borges
- />Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Médico- Docente La Trinidad and Clínica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elham Hossny
- />Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth García
- />Allergy Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rosario
- />Federal University of Parana, Rua General Carneiro, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Ansotegui
- />Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quirón Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leonardo Puerta
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- />Department of Pediatrics, Graduate Program on Allergology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Victoria Cardona
- />Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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200
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Hill DA, Spergel JM. The Immunologic Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:9. [PMID: 26758862 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic inflammatory disease that is triggered by food and/or environmental allergens and is characterized by a clinical and pathologic phenotype of progressive esophageal dysfunction due to tissue inflammation and fibrosis. EoE is suspected in patients with painful swallowing, among other symptoms, and is diagnosed by the presence of 15 or more eosinophils per high-power field in one or more of at least four esophageal biopsy specimens. The prevalence of EoE is increasing and has now reached rates similar to those of other chronic gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease. In recent years, our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms underlying this condition has grown considerably. Thanks to new genetic, molecular, cellular, animal, and translational studies, we can now postulate a detailed pathway by which exposure to allergens results in a complex and coordinated type 2 inflammatory cascade that, if not intervened upon, can result in pain on swallowing, esophageal strictures, and food impaction. Here, we review the most recent research in this field to synthesize and summarize our current understanding of this complex and important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hill
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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