151
|
Cao J, Liu YM, Jing X, Yin J, Li J, Xu B, Tan YZ, Zheng N. Well-Defined Thiolated Nanographene as Hole-Transporting Material for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10914-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Min Liu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaojing Jing
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Pen-Tung
Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing Li
- Pen-Tung
Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center
for Nano-Preparation Technology of Fujian Province, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Guilleme J, Cavero E, Sierra T, Ortega J, Folcia CL, Etxebarria J, Torres T, González-Rodríguez D. Polar Switching in a Lyotropic Columnar Nematic Liquid Crystal Made of Bowl-Shaped Molecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:4280-4284. [PMID: 26078047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A polar response in a lyotropic columnar nematic material is reported. The material accommodates bowl-shaped molecules with strong axial dipole moments in column segments without head-to-tail invariance. Optical second-harmonic-generation methods confirm that the nematic columns align unidirectionally under an applied electric field and the material develops remnant macroscopic polarization observable for hours. The switching takes place by a flip of the columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Guilleme
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Cavero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias -Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias -Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josu Ortega
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - César L Folcia
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus Etxebarria
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Navamani K, Senthilkumar K. Forth-back oscillated charge carrier motion in dynamically disordered hexathienocoronene molecules: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17729-38. [PMID: 26080732 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structure calculations were performed to investigate the charge transport properties of hexathienocoronene (HTC) based molecules. The effective displacement of the charge carrier along the π-orbital of nearby molecules is calculated by monitoring the forth and back oscillations of the charge carrier through kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. The charge transport parameters such as charge transfer rate, mobility, hopping conductivity, localized charge density, time average effective mass and degeneracy pressure are calculated and used to study the charge transport mechanism in the studied molecules. The existence of degeneracy levels facilitates the charge transfer and is analyzed through degeneracy pressure. Theoretical results show that the site energy difference in the dynamically disordered system controls the forth-back oscillation of charge carrier and facilitates the unidirectional charge transport mechanism along the sequential localized sites. The ethyl substituted HTC has good hole and electron hopping conductivity of 415 and 894 S cm(-1), respectively, whereas unsubstituted HTC has the small hole mobility of 0.06 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) which is due to large average effective mass of 1.42 × 10(-28) kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Navamani
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Qin L, Zhang Y, Wu X, Nian L, Xie Z, Liu L, Ma Y. In Situ Electrochemical Synthesis and Deposition of Discotic Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Molecules on Electrodes: Self-Assembled Structure, Redox Properties, and Application for Supercapacitor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3028-3034. [PMID: 25704093 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Discotic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) molecules are synthesized by electrochemical cyclodehydrogenation reaction and in situ self-assembled to π-electronic, discrete nanofibular objects with an average diameter about 70 nm, which are deposited directly onto the electrode. The nanofibers consist of columnar arrays of the π-stacked HBC molecules and the intercolumnar distance is determined to be 1.19 nm by X-ray diffraction, which corresponds well to the distance of 1.1 nm observed by high-resolution transmitting electron microscopy. The diameter of the molecular columns matches the size of the discotic HBC molecule indicating face-to-face π-stacking of HBC units in the column. The HBC nanofibers on electrode are redox active, and the nanosized columnar structures provide a huge surface area, which is a great benefit for the charging/discharging process, delivering excellent capacitance of 155 F g(-1) . The described electrochemical deposition method shows great advantage for self-assembling the family of insoluble and structurally designable graphene-like nano materials, which constitutes an important step toward molecular electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiqiang Qin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yunan Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Li Nian
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Chandra S, Periyasamy G, Bhattacharya A. On the ultrafast charge migration and subsequent charge directed reactivity in Cl⋯N halogen-bonded clusters following vertical ionization. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:244309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4922843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sankhabrata Chandra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganga Periyasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Quernheim M, Golling FE, Zhang W, Wagner M, Räder HJ, Nishiuchi T, Müllen K. Die präzise Synthese von Phenylen-erweiterten cyclischen Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenen ausgehend von polyarylierten [n]Cycloparaphenylenen mithilfe der Scholl-Reaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
158
|
Quernheim M, Golling FE, Zhang W, Wagner M, Räder HJ, Nishiuchi T, Müllen K. The Precise Synthesis of Phenylene-Extended Cyclic Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes from Polyarylated [n]Cycloparaphenylenes by the Scholl Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10341-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
159
|
Zhao KQ, An LL, Zhang XB, Yu WH, Hu P, Wang BQ, Xu J, Zeng QD, Monobe H, Shimizu Y, Heinrich B, Donnio B. Highly Segregated Lamello-Columnar Mesophase Organizations and Fast Charge Carrier Mobility in New Discotic Donor-Acceptor Triads. Chemistry 2015; 21:10379-90. [PMID: 26095600 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four new donor-acceptor triads (D-A-D) based on discotic and arylene mesogens have been synthesized by using Sonogashira coupling and cyclization reactions. This family of triads consists of two side-on pending triphenylene mesogens, acting as the electron-donating groups (D), laterally connected through short lipophilic spacers to a central perylenediimide (PI), benzo[ghi]perylenediimide (BI), or coronenediimide (CI) molecular unit, respectively, playing the role of the electron acceptor (A). All D-A-D triads self-organize to form a lamello-columnar oblique mesophase, with a highly segregated donor-acceptor (D-A) heterojunction organization, consequent to efficient molecular self-sorting. The structure consists in the regular alternation of two disrupted rows of triphenylene columns and a continuous row of diimine species. High-resolution STM images demonstrate that PI-TP2 forms stable 2D self-assembly nanostructures with some various degrees of regularity, whereas the other triads do not self-organize into ordered architectures. The electron-transport mobility of CI-TP2, measured by time-of-flight at 200 °C in the mesophase, is one order of magnitude higher than the hole mobility. By means of this specific molecular designing idea, we realized and demonstrated for the first time the so-called p-n heterojunction at the molecular level in which the electron-rich triphenylene columns act as the hole transient pathways, and the coronenediimide stacks form the electron-transport channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China).
| | - Ling-Ling An
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China)
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China)
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China)
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China)
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jing-An Road 5, Chengdu 610066 (China)
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190 (China)
| | - Qing-Dao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190 (China).
| | - Hirosato Monobe
- Inorganic Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 (Japan)
| | - Yo Shimizu
- Inorganic Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 (Japan).
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7504), 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 (France)
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7504), 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 (France). .,Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), CNRS-Solvay, University of Pennsylvania (UMI 3254), CRTB, 350 George Patterson Boulevard, Bristol, PA 19007 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Kumar S, Tao YT. Synthesis of Polyarylated Carbazoles: Discovery toward Soluble Phenanthro- and Tetraceno-Fused Carbazole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5066-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tai Tao
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Seki S, Saeki A, Sakurai T, Sakamaki D. Charge carrier mobility in organic molecular materials probed by electromagnetic waves. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:11093-113. [PMID: 24776977 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00473f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge carrier mobility is an essential parameter providing control over the performance of semiconductor devices fabricated using a variety of organic molecular materials. Recent design strategies toward molecular materials have been directed at the substitution of amorphous silicon-based semiconductors; accordingly, numerous measurement techniques have been designed and developed to probe the electronic conducting nature of organic materials bearing extremely wide structural variations in comparison with inorganic and/or metal-oxide semiconductor materials. The present perspective highlights the evaluation methodologies of charge carrier mobility in organic materials, as well as the merits and demerits of techniques examining the feasibility of organic molecules, crystals, and supramolecular assemblies in semiconductor applications. Beyond the simple substitution of amorphous silicon, we have attempted to address in this perspective the systematic use of measurement techniques for future development of organic molecular semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Huber P. Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:103102. [PMID: 25679044 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/10/103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamics and mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviews thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillary condensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitions as well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined, non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flow phenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. The observations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulk phenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is varied from simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcohols to liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly, experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, gold, carbon, silica, and silicon with pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nm are presented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter are also discussed with regard to applications. A particular emphasis is put on texture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both of high fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g. for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration, the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assisted electrochemical deposition of nano structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Huber
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg-Harburg (Germany
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Consequences of chirality on the dynamics of a water-soluble supramolecular polymer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6234. [PMID: 25698667 PMCID: PMC4346625 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of supramolecular polymers in water is imperative for their widespread use, but the design principles for these systems are not well understood. Herein, we employ a multi-scale (spatial and temporal) approach to differentiate two analogous water-soluble supramolecular polymers: one with and one without a stereogenic methyl. Initially aiming simply to understand the molecular behaviour of these systems in water, we find that while the fibres may look identical, the introduction of homochirality imparts a higher level of internal order to the supramolecular polymer. Although this increased order does not seem to affect the basic dimensions of the supramolecular fibres, the equilibrium dynamics of the polymers differ by almost an order of magnitude. This report represents the first observation of a structure/property relationship with regard to equilibrium dynamics in water-soluble supramolecular polymers.
Collapse
|
164
|
Echue G, Lloyd‐Jones GC, Faul CFJ. Chiral perylene diimides: building blocks for ionic self-assembly. Chemistry 2015; 21:5118-28. [PMID: 25689392 PMCID: PMC4973615 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A chiral perylene diimide building block has been prepared based on an amine derivative of the amino acid l‐phenylalanine. Detailed studies were carried out into the self‐assembly behaviour of the material in solution and the solid state using UV/Vis, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. For the charged building block BTPPP, the molecular chirality of the side chains is translated into the chiral supramolecular structure in the form of right‐handed helical aggregates in aqueous solution. Temperature‐dependent UV/Vis studies of BTPPP in aqueous solution showed that the self‐assembly behaviour of this dye can be well described by an isodesmic model in which aggregation occurs to generate short stacks in a reversible manner. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies (WXRD) revealed that this material self‐organises into aggregates with π–π stacking distances typical for π‐conjugated materials. TEM investigations revealed the formation of self‐assembled structures of low order and with no expression of chirality evident. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarised optical microscopy (POM) were used to investigate the mesophase properties. Optical textures representative of columnar liquid–crystalline phases were observed for solvent‐annealed samples of BTPPP. The high solubility, tunable self‐assembly and chiral ordering of these materials demonstrate their potential as new molecular building blocks for use in the construction of chiro‐optical structures and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Echue
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS (UK)
| | | | - Charl F. J. Faul
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Sulfur-Annulated Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Decorated with Phenylthio Groups at the Periphery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
166
|
Tan YZ, Osella S, Liu Y, Yang B, Beljonne D, Feng X, Müllen K. Sulfur-Annulated Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Decorated with Phenylthio Groups at the Periphery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2927-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
167
|
Zheng Y, Yang D, Wu X, Yan H, Zhao Y, Feng B, Duan K, Weng J, Wang J. A facile approach for the synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots using vitamin-based small organic molecules with benzene ring structure as precursors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, vitamin-based small organic molecules were used as precursors to synthesize carbon dots by means of a hydrothermal approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Haoran Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Yuancong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Ke Duan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Tsutsui Y, Sakurai T, Kato K, Takata M, Seki S. Side Chain-Directed Assembly of Large Discotic π-Conjugated Molecules: Toward Tuning and Stabilization of Mesophases. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2015. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.28.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | | | | | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Zhang S, Uddin MA, Zhao W, Ye L, Woo HY, Liu D, Yang B, Yao H, Cui Y, Hou J. Optimization of side chains in alkylthiothiophene-substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-based photovoltaic polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl side chains play critical roles in the molecular design of conjugated polymers for applications in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs).
Collapse
|
170
|
Beltrán E, Garzoni M, Feringán B, Vancheri A, Barberá J, Serrano JL, Pavan GM, Giménez R, Sierra T. Self-organization of star-shaped columnar liquid crystals with a coaxial nanophase segregation revealed by a combined experimental and simulation approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1811-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08602c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coaxial stacking of two different functional units revealed by combining X-ray and MD simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Beltrán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) - Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Matteo Garzoni
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
- Manno 6928
- Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Feringán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) - Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Alberto Vancheri
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
- Manno 6928
- Switzerland
| | - Joaquín Barberá
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) - Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - José Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón. Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50018 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
- Manno 6928
- Switzerland
| | - Raquel Giménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) - Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Teresa Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) - Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Bashir A, Heck A, Narita A, Feng X, Nefedov A, Rohwerder M, Müllen K, Elstner M, Wöll C. Charge carrier mobilities in organic semiconductors: crystal engineering and the importance of molecular contacts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:21988-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a combined experimental and theoretical study on the packing optimization of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) as organic semiconductor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Bashir
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH
- 40237 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Alexander Heck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Alexei Nefedov
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- HEiKA – Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Navarro A, Fernández-Liencres MP, García G, Granadino-Roldán JM, Fernández-Gómez M. A DFT approach to the charge transport related properties in columnar stacked π-conjugated N-heterocycle cores including electron donor and acceptor units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:605-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical design of new, ambipolar DLC donor–acceptor systems based on tris[1,2,4]triazolo[1,3,5]triazine cores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Navarro
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales
- Universidad de Jaén
- Jaén
- Spain
| | - M. Paz Fernández-Liencres
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales
- Universidad de Jaén
- Jaén
- Spain
| | | | - José M. Granadino-Roldán
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales
- Universidad de Jaén
- Jaén
- Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales
- Universidad de Jaén
- Jaén
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Sun JK, Xu Q. Metal Nanoparticles Immobilized on Carbon Nanodots as Highly Active Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Hydrazine in Aqueous Solution. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
174
|
Zhang C, Zang Y, Gann E, McNeill CR, Zhu X, Di CA, Zhu D. Two-Dimensional π-Expanded Quinoidal Terthiophenes Terminated with Dicyanomethylenes as n-Type Semiconductors for High-Performance Organic Thin-Film Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16176-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510003y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Eliot Gann
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chong-an Di
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Ke Y, Garg B, Ling YC. Waste chicken eggshell as low-cost precursor for efficient synthesis of nitrogen-doped fluorescent carbon nanodots and their multi-functional applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
176
|
Sancho-García JC, Pérez-Jiménez AJ. Theoretical study of stability and charge-transport properties of coronene molecule and some of its halogenated derivatives: A path to ambipolar organic-based materials? J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4897205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Sancho-García
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - A. J. Pérez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Cui K, Mali KS, Ivasenko O, Wu D, Feng X, Walter M, Müllen K, De Feyter S, Mertens SFL. Zusammenrücken und Stapeln: von atmenden Poren zu dreidimensionaler ionischer Selbstorganisation unter elektrochemischer Kontrolle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
178
|
Cui K, Mali KS, Ivasenko O, Wu D, Feng X, Walter M, Müllen K, De Feyter S, Mertens SFL. Squeezing, Then Stacking: From Breathing Pores to Three-Dimensional Ionic Self-Assembly under Electrochemical Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12951-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
179
|
El Sayed Moussa M, Guillois K, Shen W, Réau R, Crassous J, Lescop C. Dissymmetrical U-Shaped π-Stacked Supramolecular Assemblies by Using a Dinuclear CuIClip with Organophosphorus Ligands and Monotopic Fully π-Conjugated Ligands. Chemistry 2014; 20:14853-67. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
180
|
An Unusual Stacking Transformation in Liquid-Crystalline Columnar Assemblies of Clicked Molecular Propellers with Tunable Light Emissions. Chemistry 2014; 20:12734-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
181
|
Wang M, Shi S, Ma D, Shi K, Gao C, Wang L, Yu G, Li Y, Li X, Wang H. Effect of Extended π-Conjugation Structure of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Copolymers on the Photoelectronic Properties. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2961-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
182
|
Wunderlich K, Grigoriadis C, Zardalidis G, Klapper M, Graf R, Butt HJ, Müllen K, Floudas G. Poly(ethylene glycol)-Functionalized Hexaphenylbenzenes as Unique Amphiphiles: Supramolecular Organization and Ion Conductivity. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501303k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Zardalidis
- Department
of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department
of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Müllen K. Evolution of graphene molecules: structural and functional complexity as driving forces behind nanoscience. ACS NANO 2014; 8:6531-6541. [PMID: 25012545 DOI: 10.1021/nn503283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of nanoscience is based on the ability of the fields of chemistry and physics to share competencies through mutually beneficial collaborations. With this in mind, in this Perspective, I describe three classes of compounds: rylene dyes, polyphenylene dendrimers, as well as nanographene molecules and graphene nanoribbons, which have provided a superb platform to nurture these relationships. The synthesis of these complex structures is demanding but also rewarding because they stimulate unique investigations at the single-molecule level by scanning tunneling microscopy and single-molecule spectroscopy. There are close functional and structural relationships between the molecules chosen. In particular, rylenes and nanographenes can be regarded as honeycomb-type, discoid species composed of fused benzene rings. The benzene ring can thus be regarded as a universal modular building block. Polyphenylene dendrimers serve, first, as a scaffold for dyes en route to multichromophoric systems and, second, as chemical precursors for graphene synthesis. Through chemical design, it is possible to tune the properties of these systems at the single-molecule level and to achieve nanoscale control over their self-assembly to form multifunctional (nano)materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Wheeler SE, Bloom JWG. Toward a more complete understanding of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6133-47. [PMID: 24937084 DOI: 10.1021/jp504415p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings, which include π-stacking interactions, anion-π interactions, and XH-π interactions, among others, are ubiquitous in chemical and biochemical systems. Despite dramatic advances in our understanding of these interactions over the past decade, many aspects of these noncovalent interactions have only recently been uncovered, with many questions remaining. We summarize our computational studies aimed at understanding the impact of substituents and heteroatoms on these noncovalent interactions. In particular, we discuss our local, direct interaction model of substituent effects in π-stacking interactions. In this model, substituent effects are dominated by electrostatic interactions of the local dipoles associated with the substituents and the electric field of the other ring. The implications of the local nature of substituent effects on π-stacking interactions in larger systems are discussed, with examples given for complexes with carbon nanotubes and a small graphene model, as well as model stacked discotic systems. We also discuss related issues involving the interpretation of electrostatic potential (ESP) maps. Although ESP maps are widely used in discussions of noncovalent interactions, they are often misinterpreted. Next, we provide an alternative explanation for the origin of anion-π interactions involving substituted benzenes and N-heterocycles, and show that these interactions are well-described by simple models based solely on charge-dipole interactions. Finally, we summarize our recent work on the physical nature of substituent effects in XH-π interactions. Together, these results paint a more complete picture of noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings and provide a firm conceptual foundation for the rational exploitation of these interactions in a myriad of chemical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Kityk AV, Busch M, Rau D, Calus S, Cerclier CV, Lefort R, Morineau D, Grelet E, Krause C, Schönhals A, Frick B, Huber P. Thermotropic orientational order of discotic liquid crystals in nanochannels: an optical polarimetry study and a Landau-de Gennes analysis. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4522-4534. [PMID: 24832498 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical polarimetry measurements of the orientational order of a discotic liquid crystal based on a pyrene derivative confined in parallelly aligned nanochannels of monolithic, mesoporous alumina, silica, and silicon as a function of temperature, channel radius (3-22 nm) and surface chemistry reveal a competition of radial and axial columnar orders. The evolution of the orientational order parameter of the confined systems is continuous, in contrast to the discontinuous transition in the bulk. For channel radii larger than 10 nm we suggest several, alternative defect structures, which are compatible both with the optical experiments on the collective molecular orientation presented here and with a translational, radial columnar order reported in previous diffraction studies. For smaller channel radii our observations can semi-quantitatively be described by a Landau-de Gennes model with a nematic shell of radially ordered columns (affected by elastic splay deformations) that coexists with an orientationally disordered, isotropic core. For these structures, the cylindrical phase boundaries are predicted to move from the channel walls to the channel centres upon cooling, and vice-versa upon heating, in accord with the pronounced cooling/heating hystereses observed and the scaling behavior of the transition temperatures with the channel diameter. The absence of experimental hints of a paranematic state is consistent with a biquadratic coupling of the splay deformations to the order parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy V Kityk
- Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Liu H, Brémond É, Prlj A, Gonthier JF, Corminboeuf C. Adjusting the Local Arrangement of π-Stacked Oligothiophenes through Hydrogen Bonds: A Viable Route to Promote Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2320-2324. [PMID: 26279553 PMCID: PMC4598018 DOI: 10.1021/jz501078s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show that substituting quaterthiophene cores with strong H-bond aggregators, such as urea groups, provides an efficient way to adjust the mutual in-plane displacements of the semiconducting units and promote charge transfer. Our 2-D structure-property mapping reveals that the insertion of substituents induces up to 2.0 Å longitudinal and transversal displacements between the π-conjugated moieties. Some of these relative displacements lead to improved cofacial orbital overlaps that are otherwise inaccessible due to Pauli repulsion. Our results also emphasize that the fine-tuning of in-plane displacements is more effective than achieving "tighter" packing to promote charge-transfer properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Éric Brémond
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Prlj
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme F Gonthier
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Albert SK, Thelu HVP, Golla M, Krishnan N, Chaudhary S, Varghese R. Self-assembly of DNA-oligo(p-phenylene-ethynylene) hybrid amphiphiles into surface-engineered vesicles with enhanced emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8352-7. [PMID: 24962762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surface-addressable nanostructures of linearly π-conjugated molecules play a crucial role in the emerging field of nanoelectronics. Herein, by using DNA as the hydrophilic segment, we demonstrate a solid-phase "click" chemistry approach for the synthesis of a series of DNA-chromophore hybrid amphiphiles and report their reversible self-assembly into surface-engineered vesicles with enhanced emission. DNA-directed surface addressability of the vesicles was demonstrated through the integration of gold nanoparticles onto the surface of the vesicles by sequence-specific DNA hybridization. This system could be converted to a supramolecular light-harvesting antenna by integrating suitable FRET acceptors onto the surface of the nanostructures. The general nature of the synthesis, surface addressability, and biocompatibility of the resulting nanostructures offer great promises for nanoelectronics, energy, and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shine K Albert
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), CET campus, Trivandrum-695016 (India)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Albert SK, Thelu HVP, Golla M, Krishnan N, Chaudhary S, Varghese R. Self-Assembly of DNA-Oligo(p-phenylene-ethynylene) Hybrid Amphiphiles into Surface-Engineered Vesicles with Enhanced Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
189
|
Hirayama S, Sakai H, Araki Y, Tanaka M, Imakawa M, Wada T, Takenobu T, Hasobe T. Systematic control of the excited-state dynamics and carrier-transport properties of functionalized benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 20:9081-93. [PMID: 24953934 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzo[ghi]perylene (Bp) and coronene (Cor) derivatives substituted with electron-withdrawing methoxycarbonyl (COOMe) or electron-donating methoxyl (MeO) groups was synthesized. The electrochemical, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties of these compounds were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, and quantum-yield measurements. Introduction of suitable substituents onto the aromatic rings enabled control of electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior. Examination of excited-state dynamics revealed that fluorescence quantum yields increased with increasing number of COOMe groups in both Bp and Cor derivatives, consistent with the findings of DFT calculations. Single-crystal analysis allowed the performance of field-effect transistors containing single crystals of the derivatives to be rationalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Hirayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 45-566-1697
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Dam HH, Sun K, Hanssen E, White JM, Marszalek T, Pisula W, Czolk J, Ludwig J, Colsmann A, Pfaff M, Gerthsen D, Wong WWH, Jones DJ. Morphology change and improved efficiency in organic photovoltaics via hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8824-8835. [PMID: 24848983 DOI: 10.1021/am5015666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the active layer in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is of crucial importance as it greatly influences charge generation and transport. A templating interlayer between the electrode and the active layer can change active layer morphology and influence the domain orientation. A series of amphiphilic interface modifiers (IMs) combining a hydrophilic polyethylene-glycol (PEG) oligomer and a hydrophobic hexabenzocoronene (HBC) were designed to be soluble in PEDOT:PSS solutions, and surface accumulate on drying. These IMs are able to self-assemble in solution. When IMs are deposited on top of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film, they induce a morphology change of the active layer consisting of discotic fluorenyl-substituted HBC (FHBC) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). However, when only small amounts (0.2 wt %) of IMs are blended into PEDOT:PSS, a profound change of the active layer morphology is also observed. Morphology changes were monitored by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TEM tomography, and low-energy high-angle angular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM). The interface modification resulted in a 20% enhancement of power conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk H Dam
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne , 30 Flemmington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Yoneya M, Makabe T, Miyamoto A, Shimizu Y, Miyake Y, Yoshida H, Fujii A, Ozaki M. Tilt orientationally disordered hexagonal columnar phase of phthalocyanine discotic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062505. [PMID: 25019803 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structures of the discotic liquid crystalline (LC) phase of metal-free octa-substituted phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Special attention was paid to the LC phase structure of the non-peripheral octa-hexyl substituted Pc-derivatives that were recently found to show very high carrier mobilities for the discotic LCs. We obtained spontaneous transition to the columnar hexagonal (Col_{h}) LC phase in a melting simulation from the crystal structure obtained using an x-ray diffraction study. In this simulated Col_{h} structure, the Pc-core normal vectors were tilted 47{∘} from the column axis in parallel within each column, but the tilting directions are disordered between columns. We also found that the inter-core distance was not as large as previously suggested (0.4-0.5 nm) but similar to the common value (0.36 nm). This may resolve the contradiction between the high carrier mobility of the non-peripheral substituted Pcs, because larger inter-core separations degrade the mobilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoneya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Makabe
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Ayano Miyamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yo Shimizu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorioka, Ikeda, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyake
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorioka, Ikeda, 563-8577, Japan and Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Fujii
- Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanori Ozaki
- Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Cienega-Cacerez O, Moreno-Razo JA, Díaz-Herrera E, Sambriski EJ. Phase equilibria, fluid structure, and diffusivity of a discotic liquid crystal. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3171-3182. [PMID: 24718439 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular Dynamics simulations were performed for the Gay-Berne discotic fluid parameterized by GB(0.345, 0.2, 1.0, 2.0). The volumetric phase diagram exhibits isotropic (IL), nematic (ND), and two columnar phases characterized by radial distribution functions: the transversal fluid structure varies between a hexagonal columnar (CD) phase (at higher temperatures and pressures) and a rectangular columnar (CO) phase (at lower temperatures and pressures). The slab-wise analysis of fluid dynamics suggests the formation of grain-boundary defects in the CO phase. Longitudinal fluid structure is highly periodic with narrow peaks for the CO phase, suggestive of a near-crystalline (yet diffusive) system, but is only short-ranged for the CD phase. The IL phase does not exhibit anisotropic diffusion. Transversal diffusion is more favorable in the ND phase at all times, but only favorable at short times for the columnar phases. In the columnar phases, a crossover occurs where longitudinal diffusion is favored over transversal diffusion at intermediate-to-long timescales. The anomalous diffusivity is pronounced in both columnar phases, with three identifiable contributions: (a) the rattling of discogens within a transient "interdigitation" cage, (b) the hopping of discogens across columns, and (c) the drifting motion of discogens along the orientation of the director.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Cienega-Cacerez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa México, D.F. 09340, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Sharifi R, Samaraweera M, Gascón JA, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Thermodynamics of the Quasi-Epitaxial Flavin Assembly around Various-Chirality Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7452-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502714z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roholah Sharifi
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory (NOEL), Polymer Program,
Institute of Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Milinda Samaraweera
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory (NOEL), Polymer Program,
Institute of Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - José A. Gascón
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory (NOEL), Polymer Program,
Institute of Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos
- Nanomaterials Optoelectronics Laboratory (NOEL), Polymer Program,
Institute of Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
He M, Wang M, Lin C, Lin Z. Optimization of molecular organization and nanoscale morphology for high performance low bandgap polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3984-3994. [PMID: 24481029 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rational design and synthesis of low bandgap (LBG) polymers with judiciously tailored HOMO and LUMO levels have emerged as a viable route to high performance polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 10%. In addition to engineering the energy-level of LBG polymers, the photovoltaic performance of LBG polymer-based solar cells also relies on the device architecture, in particular the fine morphology of the photoactive layer. The nanoscale interpenetrating networks composed of nanostructured donor and acceptor phases are the key to providing a large donor-acceptor interfacial area for maximizing the exciton dissociation and offering a continuous pathway for charge transport. In this Review Article, we summarize recent strategies for tuning the molecular organization and nanoscale morphology toward an enhanced photovoltaic performance of LBG polymer-based solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Zielinska A, Leonowicz M, Li H, Nakanishi T. Controlled self-assembly of alkylated-π compounds for soft materials — Towards optical and optoelectronic applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
196
|
Tritto E, Chico R, Sanz-Enguita G, Folcia CL, Ortega J, Coco S, Espinet P. Alignment of Palladium Complexes into Columnar Liquid Crystals Driven by Peripheral Triphenylene Substituents. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3449-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402886t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Tritto
- IU CINQUIMA/Quı́mica Inorgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Rubén Chico
- IU CINQUIMA/Quı́mica Inorgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Silverio Coco
- IU CINQUIMA/Quı́mica Inorgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Pablo Espinet
- IU CINQUIMA/Quı́mica Inorgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Rieth T, Marszalek T, Pisula W, Detert H. Thermotropic Properties and Molecular Packing of Discotic Tristriazolotriazines with Rigid Substituents. Chemistry 2014; 20:5000-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
198
|
Idé J, Méreau R, Ducasse L, Castet F, Bock H, Olivier Y, Cornil J, Beljonne D, D’Avino G, Roscioni OM, Muccioli L, Zannoni C. Charge Dissociation at Interfaces between Discotic Liquid Crystals: The Surprising Role of Column Mismatch. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2911-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Idé
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Cours de la Libération 351, FR-33405 Talence, France
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Raphaël Méreau
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Cours de la Libération 351, FR-33405 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Ducasse
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Cours de la Libération 351, FR-33405 Talence, France
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, Cours de la Libération 351, FR-33405 Talence, France
| | - Harald Bock
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal, UPR CNRS 8641, Université de Bordeaux, Avenue Schweitzer 115, FR-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc
20, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc
20, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc
20, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Gabriele D’Avino
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Otello Maria Roscioni
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Zannoni
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Cho BK, Kim SH. Supramolecular transformation from ordered columnar to disordered columnar to tetragonal micellar structures in clicked dodeca-alkylated discotic triphenylene liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:553-559. [PMID: 24652489 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We prepared three discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) based on a triphenylene (TP) disc functionalized with twelve alkyl peripheries. The synthesis of the discogens was performed by a click reaction using Cu(OAc)2 as the catalyst, with six triazolyl groups connecting the TP core with twelve alkyl chains. According to thermal data from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), discogen , which has the shortest hexyl peripheries, exhibited two LC phases, and and , with decyl and tetradecyl peripheries, respectively, displayed three LC phases as a function of the temperature. Structural analyses using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) techniques revealed ordered and disordered hexagonal columnar LC phases in all the discogens. On the other hand, an unconventional micellar phase with P42/mnm symmetry consisting of thirty micelles was found only in and , when the temperature increased. The thermally induced transformation from the columnar to the micellar phase can be explained by increased chain entropy at higher temperatures. The complex micellar packing in the noncubic phase is attributed to the softness of the DLC micelles because the micellar corona consists of flexible alkyl chains. The discogen design concept in this study (i.e., the introduction of multibranched alkyl peripheries to the discotic mesogens via click chemistry) resulted in unconventional columnar-to-micellar transformation in conventional TP DLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Ki Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do 448-701, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Golling FE, Quernheim M, Wagner M, Nishiuchi T, Müllen K. Concise synthesis of 3D π-extended polyphenylene cylinders. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1525-8. [PMID: 24453051 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of structurally well-defined, monodisperse carbon nanotube (CNT) sidewall segments poses a challenge in materials science. The synthesis of polyphenylene cylinders that comprise typical benzene connectivity to resemble precursors of [9,9] and [15,15] CNTs is now reported, and the products were characterized by X-ray crystallography. To investigate the oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of ring-strained molecules as a final step towards a bottom-up synthesis of CNT sidewall segments, phenylene-extended cyclic p-hexaphenylbenzene trimers ([3]CHPB) were prepared, and NMR studies revealed a strain-induced 1,2-phenyl shift. It was further shown that an increase in ring size leads to selectively dehydrogenated macrocycles. Larger homologues are envisioned to give smooth condensation reactions toward graphenic sidewalls and should be used in the future as seeds for CNT formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian E Golling
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|