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Leaver DJ, Patkar P, Singha UK, Miller MB, Haubrich BA, Chaudhuri M, Nes WD. Fluorinated Sterols Are Suicide Inhibitors of Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Growth in Trypanosoma brucei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:1374-83. [PMID: 26496686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causal agent for sleeping sickness, depends on ergosterol for growth. Here, we describe the effects of a mechanism-based inhibitor, 26-fluorolanosterol (26FL), which converts in vivo to a fluorinated substrate of the sterol C24-methyltransferase essential for sterol methylation and function of ergosterol, and missing from the human host. 26FL showed potent inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis and growth of procyclic and bloodstream forms while having no effect on cholesterol biosynthesis or growth of human epithelial kidney cells. During exposure of cloned TbSMT to 26-fluorocholesta-5,7,24-trienol, the enzyme is gradually killed as a consequence of the covalent binding of the intermediate C25 cation to the active site (kcat/kinact = 0.26 min(-1)/0.24 min(-1); partition ratio of 1.08), whereas 26FL is non-productively bound. These results demonstrate that poisoning of ergosterol biosynthesis by a 26-fluorinated Δ(24)-sterol is a promising strategy for developing a new treatment for trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leaver
- Center for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Presheet Patkar
- Center for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ujjal K Singha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Doctor D. B. Todd Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Matthew B Miller
- Center for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Brad A Haubrich
- Center for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Minu Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Doctor D. B. Todd Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - W David Nes
- Center for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Skinner-Adams TS, Sumanadasa SD, Fisher GM, Davis RA, Doolan DL, Andrews KT. Defining the targets of antiparasitic compounds. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:725-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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153
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Krungkrai SR, Krungkrai J. Insights into the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum as chemotherapeutic target. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:525-34. [PMID: 27262062 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Artemisinins remain as the first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria although drug resistance has already emerged and spread in Southeast Asia. Thus, to fight this disease, there is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs for malaria chemotherapy. Unlike human host cells, P. falciparum cannot salvage preformed pyrimidine bases or nucleosides from the extracellular environment and relies solely on nucleotides synthesized through the de novo biosynthetic pathway. This review presents significant progress on understanding the de novo pyrimidine pathway and the functional enzymes in the human parasite P. falciparum. Current knowledge in genomics and metabolomics are described, particularly focusing on the parasite purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism. These include gene annotation, characterization and molecular mechanism of the enzymes that are different from the human host pathway. Recent elucidation of the three-dimensional crystal structures and the catalytic reactions of three enzymes: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, as well as their inhibitors are reviewed in the context of their therapeutic potential against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudaratana R Krungkrai
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand
| | - Jerapan Krungkrai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is a chronic infection associated with long-term morbidity. Increased funding and advocacy for drug discovery for neglected diseases have prompted the introduction of several important technological advances, and Chagas disease is among the neglected conditions that has mostly benefited from technological developments. A number of screening campaigns, and the development of new and improved in vitro and in vivo assays, has led to advances in the field of drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the major advances in Chagas disease drug screening, and how these are being used not only to discover novel chemical entities and drug candidates, but also increase our knowledge about the disease and the parasite. Different methodologies used for compound screening and prioritization are discussed, as well as novel techniques for the investigation of these targets. The molecular mechanism of action is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Technological advances have been executed with scientific rigour for the development of new in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo animal models, to bring about novel and better drugs for Chagas disease, as well as to increase our understanding of what are the necessary properties for a compound to be successful in the clinic. The gained knowledge, combined with new exciting approaches toward target deconvolution, will help identifying new targets for Chagas disease chemotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Moraes
- a Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio) , Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Caio H Franco
- a Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio) , Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM) , Campinas , Brazil.,b Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology , Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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155
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Identification of a diverse indole-2-carboxamides as a potent antileishmanial chemotypes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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156
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Fonseca-Silva F, Inacio JDF, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Menna-Barreto RFS, Almeida-Amaral EE. Oral Efficacy of Apigenin against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy as a Mechanism of Action. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004442. [PMID: 26862901 PMCID: PMC4749305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment for leishmaniasis is currently based on pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B; however, these drugs result in numerous adverse side effects. The lack of affordable therapy has necessitated the urgent development of new drugs that are efficacious, safe, and more accessible to patients. Natural products are a major source for the discovery of new and selective molecules for neglected diseases. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of apigenin on Leishmania amazonensis in vitro and in vivo and described the mechanism of action against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis. Methodology/Principal Finding Apigenin reduced the infection index in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 4.3 μM and a selectivity index of 18.2. Apigenin induced ROS production in the L. amazonensis-infected macrophage, and the effects were reversed by NAC and GSH. Additionally, apigenin induced an increase in the number of macrophages autophagosomes after the infection, surrounding the parasitophorous vacuole, suggestive of the involvement of host autophagy probably due to ROS generation induced by apigenin. Furthermore, apigenin treatment was also effective in vivo, demonstrating oral bioavailability and reduced parasitic loads without altering serological toxicity markers. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, our study suggests that apigenin exhibits leishmanicidal effects against L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. ROS production, as part of the mechanism of action, could occur through the increase in host autophagy and thereby promoting parasite death. Furthermore, our data suggest that apigenin is effective in the treatment of L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice by oral administration, without altering serological toxicity markers. The selective in vitro activity of apigenin, together with excellent theoretical predictions of oral availability, clear decreases in parasite load and lesion size, and no observed compromises to the overall health of the infected mice encourage us to supports further studies of apigenin as a candidate for the chemotherapeutic treatment of leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is an important neglected disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and affects more than 12 million people worldwide. Pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B have been used for decades to treat leishmaniasis; however, these drugs result in numerous adverse side effects, have variable efficacy and are subject to parasite resistance. The lack of suitable therapy necessitates the development of novel antileishmanial compounds. In this study, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of apigenin in vitro and in vivo and described the mechanism of action against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Apigenin reduced the infection index in a dose-dependent manner and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, apigenin induced an increase in the number of macrophages autophagosomes after the infection, surrounding the parasitophorous vacuole, suggestive of the involvement of host autophagy probably due to ROS generation induced by apigenin. Furthermore, treatment with apigenin was also effective in vivo, showing oral bioavailability and significantly reducing lesion sizes and parasite burden without altering serological toxicity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fonseca-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Job D. F. Inacio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilene M. Canto-Cavalheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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157
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Marquise N, Chevallier F, Nassar E, Frédérich M, Ledoux A, Halauko YS, Ivashkevich OA, Matulis VE, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Mongin F. Substituted azafluorenones: access from dihalogeno diaryl ketones by palladium-catalyzed auto-tandem processes and evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and antiproliferative activities. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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158
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Novel 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives as Anti-Infective Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:8086762. [PMID: 26925267 PMCID: PMC4746384 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8086762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new 4-thiazolidinone derivatives was synthesized, characterized by spectral techniques, and screened for antimicrobial activity. All the compounds were evaluated against five Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, and two fungi, at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 µg/mL, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of all the compounds were also determined and were found to be in the range of 100–400 µg/mL. All the compounds showed moderate-to-good antimicrobial activity. Compounds 4a [2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(4-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinazolin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one] and 4e [3-(4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one] were the most potent compounds of the series, exhibiting marked antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungal strains. Thus, on the basis of results obtained, it may be concluded that synthesized compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
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159
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Palakkod Govindan V, Panduranga AN, Krishna Murthy P. Assessment of in vivo antimalarial activity of arteether and garlic oil combination therapy. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:359-364. [PMID: 28955843 PMCID: PMC5600459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluates in vivo antimalarial activity of arteether and garlic pearl oil combination in Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model of malaria. 72 h (Day 3) post infection, at 2–4% parasitemia, mice were treated with single dose intramuscular injection of α-β arteether, at 750 μg, in combination with three 100 μL oral doses of garlic pearl oil on Day 3, Day 4 and Day 5. Following the treatment, 100% protection and survival of mice were observed. Inhibition of parasitemia in combination treated animals and protection during recrudescence interval of α-β arteether monotherapy was observed in Giemsa-stained blood smears. In addition, a striking increase in anti-parasite antibody IgG contributing protective immunity during the recrudescence phase was observed. These results correlate with western blot analysis, where sera from the recrudescence stage and later period of arteether and garlic oil combination treated animals found to interact with several parasite specific proteins as compared to controls. The present approach shows that arteether and garlic pearl oil combination provides complete protection in P. berghei-infected mice. Thus, for the first time, garlic pearl oil appears to be an ideal antimalarial candidate in artemisinin combination therapy. Garlic pearl oil enhanced antimalarial activity of α-β arteether. Garlic pearl oil and α-β arteether combination effectively evaded recrudescence. Garlic pearl oil and α-β arteether combination may elicit immunomodulatory effect. This combination therapy resulted in a striking increase in anti-parasite antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Palakkod Govindan
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence to: Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560 012, India.
| | - Aditya Nayak Panduranga
- Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - P. Krishna Murthy
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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160
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Malik TA, Kamili AN, Chishti MZ, Tanveer S, Ahad S, Johri RK. Synergistic approach for treatment of chicken coccidiosis using berberine--A plant natural product. Microb Pathog 2016; 93:56-62. [PMID: 26802524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advent of anticoccidial drugs and vaccines, coccidiosis continues to result in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Berberine, a natural alkaloid is well known in studies involving synergistic approaches, thereby reducing the dosage of principal drugs. Therefore, a study was designed to see whether a synergistic anticoccidial effect could be obtained between amprolium and berberine, in vivo using broiler chicken. Anticoccidial activity was measured in comparison to the reference drug amprolium on the basis of oocyst output reduction, mean weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Oocyst output was measured using Mc-Masters counting technique. Different combinations of berberine and amprolium were tested and out of which 1:1 ratio was the most effective for controlling these parasites. Oral gavaging of 100(50 + 50) mg/kg body weight of 1:1 ratio of amprolium and berberine caused the equivalent reduction in number of oocysts (38.85 ± 9.61) one day prior to that of standard drug amprolium (49.95 ± 16.65) as well as pure berberine (44.4 ± 9.61) used in the study. Weight gain of birds was also highest in the synergistic group (1547.43 ± 12.86) among all the infected groups. Besides feed conversion ratio in the synergistic group was also better (1.387 ± 0.026). The results of this study proved the effectiveness of both amprolium and berberine and revealed synergism between amprolium and berberine against coccidian oocysts, confirmed by significant reduction in the number of coccidian oocysts shed in the feces, leading to better weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The study deep-rooted the synergistic potential of berberine, a natural bioactive compound for controlling a protozoan parasite and the results of this study corroborate with its use for treatment of severe diarrhoea, amoebiasis and intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad Malik
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India.
| | - Azra N Kamili
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - M Z Chishti
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Syed Tanveer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Shazia Ahad
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - R K Johri
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu-Tawi, J&K, India
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161
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Semisynthesis of new aphidicolin derivatives with high activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1205-8. [PMID: 26810263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease continues to be a difficult disease to eradicate, largely because of the widespread populations it affects as well as the highly toxic effects of current therapies. Thus, the exploration of innovative scaffolds, ideally with distinct mechanisms of action, is urgently needed. The natural product aphidicolin and its effects on cell cycle division have been widely studied; it is a potent inhibitor of parasitic cells. In the present study, we report for the first time the semisynthesis of a series of aphidicolin derivatives, their unique structural features, and demonstration of their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi cells. Two demonstrated high potency and selectivity against parasitic amastigote cells, and thus show promise as new leads for Chagas disease treatment.
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162
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Singh G, Arora A, Mangat SS, Rani S, Kaur H, Goyal K, Sehgal R, Maurya IK, Tewari R, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Sahoo S, Kaur N. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of chalconyl blended triazole allied organosilatranes as giardicidal and trichomonacidal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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163
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Olivier DK, Van Vuuren SF, Moteetee AN. Annickia affinis and A. chlorantha (Enantia chlorantha)--A review of two closely related medicinal plants from tropical Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:438-462. [PMID: 26481608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Annickia affinis (Exell) Versteegh & Sosef, closely related to A. chlorantha Setten & P.J.Maas (both species also referred to as Enantia chlorantha Oliv.), from the Annonaceae family, are multi-purpose medicinal plants used widely across tropical Africa. The two Annickia species are morphologically distinct from each other and have different distribution patterns, but are frequently confused. Furthermore, the name Enantia chlorantha is an illegitimate name, but is still used today. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature was undertaken and an in-depth analysis of previous research and future prospectives are considered. While a myriad of publications cite the species "Enantia chlorantha", this is not the case for A. affinis and A. chlorantha, and no reviews are available for any of the species to date. Consequently, a summary of their ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological properties is presented here (for the period 1933 - November 2014) in order to substantiate their traditional importance as medicines for rural people in Africa. RESULTS To this effect, these species seem to be the preferred traditional treatments for malaria in tropical Africa, an area suffering heavily under the malaria pandemic. Their chemical composition is dominated particularly by various isoquinoline alkaloids, as well as by acetogenins and sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the bark and leaves. All three of these classes of compounds have been reported to exhibit noteworthy biological activity. CONCLUSIONS Due to their widespread use, especially of the bark, these species have already been categorized as threatened with extinction. Consequently this study further aims to identify areas where more research needs to be conducted involving these important species, and also to suggest possible means of increasing the biological activities of their extracts as a way to conserve the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Olivier
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - S F Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - A N Moteetee
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Road, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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164
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Faya N, Penkler DL, Tastan Bishop Ö. Human, vector and parasite Hsp90 proteins: A comparative bioinformatics analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:916-27. [PMID: 26793431 PMCID: PMC4688443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Hsp90s are more conserved than those from mitochondrial and ER. Cell environment plays a role in the overall physicochemical properties of Hsp90s. Serine and tyrosine are favored phosphorylated residues of Hsp90s. Mitochondrial and ER Hsp90s have motifs unique to specific organisms.
The treatment of protozoan parasitic diseases is challenging, and thus identification and analysis of new drug targets is important. Parasites survive within host organisms, and some need intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle. Changing host environment puts stress on parasites, and often adaptation is accompanied by the expression of large amounts of heat shock proteins (Hsps). Among Hsps, Hsp90 proteins play an important role in stress environments. Yet, there has been little computational research on Hsp90 proteins to analyze them comparatively as potential parasitic drug targets. Here, an attempt was made to gain detailed insights into the differences between host, vector and parasitic Hsp90 proteins by large-scale bioinformatics analysis. A total of 104 Hsp90 sequences were divided into three groups based on their cellular localizations; namely cytosolic, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Further, the parasitic proteins were divided according to the type of parasite (protozoa, helminth and ectoparasite). Primary sequence analysis, phylogenetic tree calculations, motif analysis and physicochemical properties of Hsp90 proteins suggested that despite the overall structural conservation of these proteins, parasitic Hsp90 proteins have unique features which differentiate them from human ones, thus encouraging the idea that protozoan Hsp90 proteins should be further analyzed as potential drug targets.
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165
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Hertweck C. Natural Products as Source of Therapeutics against Parasitic Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14622-4. [PMID: 26546400 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An end to suffering: Parasitic infections with protozoa and worms cause unimaginable misery, in particular in the tropics. Fortunately, natural products, such as the antimalarial artemisinin (1) and the anthelmintic avermectin (2) were discovered and developed into therapeutics. These major achievements now culminated in the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena (Germany). .,Chair for Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena (Germany).
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166
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Hertweck C. Naturstoffe als Quelle für Therapeutika gegen parasitäre Krankheiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Abteilung Biomolekulare Chemie, Leibniz‐Institut für Naturstoff‐Forschung und Infektionsbiologie (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena (Deutschland)
- Lehrstuhl Naturstoffchemie, Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena (Deutschland)
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167
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Prati F, Bergamini C, Molina MT, Falchi F, Cavalli A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Fato R, Bolognesi ML. 2-Phenoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones: From a Multitarget Antitrypanosomal to a Potential Antitumor Profile. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6422-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Prati
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Molina
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Falchi
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6/Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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168
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Abay SM, Lucantoni L, Dahiya N, Dori G, Dembo EG, Esposito F, Lupidi G, Ogboi S, Ouédraogo RK, Sinisi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Yerbanga RS, Bramucci M, Quassinti L, Ouédraogo JB, Christophides G, Habluetzel A. Plasmodium transmission blocking activities of Vernonia amygdalina extracts and isolated compounds. Malar J 2015. [PMID: 26208861 PMCID: PMC4513948 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants are a validated source for discovery of new leads and standardized herbal medicines. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of Vernoniaamygdalina leaf extracts and isolated compounds against gametocytes and sporogonic stages of Plasmodiumberghei and to validate the findings on field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods Aqueous (Ver-H2O) and ethanolic (Ver-EtOH) leaf extracts were tested in vivo for activity against sexual and asexual blood stage P. berghei parasites. In vivo transmission blocking effects of Ver-EtOH and Ver-H2O were estimated by assessing P. berghei oocyst prevalence and density in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Activity targeting early sporogonic stages (ESS), namely gametes, zygotes and ookinetes was assessed in vitro using P. berghei CTRPp.GFP strain. Bioassay guided fractionation was performed to characterize V.amygdalina fractions and molecules for anti-ESS activity. Fractions active against ESS of the murine parasite were tested for ex vivo transmission blocking activity on P.falciparum field isolates. Cytotoxic effects of extracts and isolated compounds vernolide and vernodalol were evaluated on the human cell lines HCT116 and EA.hy926. Results Ver-H2O reduced the P. berghei macrogametocyte density in mice by about 50% and Ver-EtOH reduced P. berghei oocyst prevalence and density by 27 and 90%, respectively, in An.stephensi mosquitoes. Ver-EtOH inhibited almost completely (>90%) ESS development in vitro at 50 μg/mL. At this concentration, four fractions obtained from the ethylacetate phase of the methanol extract displayed inhibitory activity >90% against ESS. Three tested fractions were also found active against field isolates of the human parasite P. falciparum, reducing oocyst prevalence in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes to one-half and oocyst density to one-fourth of controls. The molecules and fractions displayed considerable cytotoxicity on the two tested cell-lines. Conclusions Vernonia amygdalina leaves contain molecules affecting multiple stages of Plasmodium, evidencing its potential for drug discovery. Chemical modification of the identified hit molecules, in particular vernodalol, could generate a library of druggable sesquiterpene lactones. The development of a multistage phytomedicine designed as preventive treatment to complement existing malaria control tools appears a challenging but feasible goal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0812-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M Abay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Geme Dori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Edson G Dembo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Esposito
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Guilio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Sonny Ogboi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Robert K Ouédraogo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Annamaria Sinisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - R Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Luana Quassinti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Jean Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche enSciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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169
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Leverrier A, Bero J, Cabrera J, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J, Palermo JA. Structure-activity relationship of hybrids of Cinchona alkaloids and bile acids with in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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170
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Memvanga PB, Tona GL, Mesia GK, Lusakibanza MM, Cimanga RK. Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:76-98. [PMID: 25862959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease and the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the management of this disease, a large Congolese population recourses to traditional medicinal plants. To date the efficacy and safety of many of these plants have been validated scientifically in rodent malaria models. In order to generate scientific evidence of traditional remedies used in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the management of malaria, and show the potential of Congolese plants as a major source of antimalarial drugs, this review highlights the antiplasmodial and toxicological properties of the Congolese antimalarial plants investigated during the period of 1999-2014. In doing so, a useful resource for further complementary investigations is presented. Furthermore, this review may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable antimalarial phytomedicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to get information on the different studies, a Google Scholar and PubMed literature search was performed using keywords (malaria, Congolese, medicinal plants, antiplasmodial/antimalarial activity, and toxicity). Data from non-indexed journals, Master and Doctoral dissertations were also collected. RESULTS Approximately 120 extracts and fractions obtained from Congolese medicinal plants showed pronounced or good antiplasmodial activity. A number of compounds with interesting antiplasmodial properties were also isolated and identified. Some of these compounds constituted new scaffolds for the synthesis of promising antimalarial drugs. Interestingly, most of these extracts and compounds possessed high selective activity against Plasmodium parasites compared to mammalian cells. The efficacy and safety of several plant-derived products was confirmed in mice, and a good correlation was observed between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. The formulation of several plant-derived products also led to some clinical trials and license of three plant-derived drugs (Manalaria(®), Nsansiphos(®), and Quinine Pharmakina(®)). CONCLUSION The obtained results partly justify and support the use of various medicinal plants to treat malaria in folk medicine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antimalarial plants used in Congolese traditional medicine represent an important source for the discovery and development of new antimalarial agents. However, in order to ensure the integration of a larger number of plant-derived products in the Congolese healthcare system, some parameters and trends should be considered in further researches, in agreement with the objectives of the "Traditional Medicine Strategy" proposed by the World Health Organization in 2013. These include evaluation of geographical and seasonal variation, investigation of reproductive biology, assessment of prophylactic antimalarial activity, evaluation of natural products as adjuvant antioxidant therapy for malaria, development of plant-based combination therapies and monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Memvanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drugs Development, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Gaston L Tona
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gauthier K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mariano M Lusakibanza
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Richard K Cimanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo; University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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171
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Kalel VC, Schliebs W, Erdmann R. Identification and functional characterization of Trypanosoma brucei peroxin 16. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2326-37. [PMID: 26025675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the family Trypanosomatidae infect humans as well as livestock causing devastating diseases like sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis. These parasites compartmentalize glycolytic enzymes within unique organelles, the glycosomes. Glycosomes represent a subclass of peroxisomes and they are essential for the parasite survival. Hence, disruption of glycosome biogenesis is an attractive drug target for these Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Peroxin 16 (PEX16) plays an essential role in peroxisomal membrane protein targeting and de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes from endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We identified trypanosomal PEX16 based on specific sequence characteristics and demonstrate that it is an integral glycosomal membrane protein of procyclic and bloodstream form trypanosomes. RNAi mediated partial knockdown of Trypanosoma brucei PEX16 in bloodstream form trypanosomes led to severe ATP depletion, motility defects and cell death. Microscopic and biochemical analysis revealed drastic reduction in glycosome number and mislocalization of the glycosomal matrix enzymes to the cytosol. Asymmetry of the localization of the remaining glycosomes was observed with a severe depletion in the posterior part. The results demonstrate that trypanosomal PEX16 is essential for glycosome biogenesis and thereby, provides a potential drug target for sleeping sickness and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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172
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Combinations of ascaridole, carvacrol, and caryophyllene oxide against Leishmania. Acta Trop 2015; 145:31-8. [PMID: 25697866 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To date there are no vaccines against Leishmania and chemotherapy remains the mainstay for the control of leishmaniasis. The drugs currently used for leishmaniasis therapy are significantly toxic, expensive, and result in a growing frequency of refractory infections. In this study, we evaluated the effect of combinations of the main components of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides (ascaridole, carvacrol, and caryophyllene oxide) against Leishmaniaamazonensis. Anti-leishmanial effects of combinations of pure compounds were evaluated in vitro and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices were calculated. BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis were treated with different concentrations of ascaridole-carvacrol combinations by intralesional doses every 4 days. Disease progression and parasite burden in infected tissues were determined. In vitro experiments showed a synergistic effect of the combination of ascaridole-carvacrol against promastigotes of Leishmania with a FIC index of 0.171, while indifferent activities were observed for ascaridole-caryophyllene oxide (FIC index=3.613) and carvacrol-caryophyllene oxide (FIC index=2.356) combinations. The fixed ratio method showed that a 1:4 ascaridole-carvacrol ratio produced a better anti-protozoal activity on promastigotes, lower cytotoxicity, and synergistic activity on intracellular amastigotes (FIC index=0.416). Significant differences (p<0.05) in lesion size and parasite burden were demonstrated in BALB/c mice experimentally infected and treated with the ascaridole-carvacrol combinations compared with control animals. Carvacrol showed significant higher anti-radical activity in the DPPH assay compared with caryophyllene oxide. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy in combination with spin trapping suggested the presence of carbon-centered radicals after activation of ascaridole by Fe(2+). The intensity of the signals is preferably decreased upon addition of carvacrol. The ascaridole-carvacrol combination could represent a future alternative to monotherapeutic anti-leishmanial agents.
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173
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Rajasekaran R, Chen YPP. Potential therapeutic targets and the role of technology in developing novel antileishmanial drugs. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:958-68. [PMID: 25936844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is the most prevalent pathogenic disease in many countries around the world, but there are few drugs available to treat it. Most antileishmanial drugs available are highly toxic, have resistance issues or require hospitalization for their use; therefore, they are not suitable for use in most of the affected countries. Over the past decade, the completion of the genomes of many human pathogens, including that of Leishmania spp., has opened new doors for target identification and validation. Here, we focus on the potential drug targets that can be used for the treatment of leishmaniasis and bring to light how recent technological advances, such as structure-based drug design, structural genomics, and molecular dynamics (MD), can be used to our advantage to develop potent and affordable antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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174
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Soares RR, da Silva JMF, Carlos BC, da Fonseca CC, de Souza LSA, Lopes FV, de Paula Dias RM, Moreira POL, Abramo C, Viana GHR, de Pila Varotti F, da Silva AD, Scopel KKG. New quinoline derivatives demonstrate a promising antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2308-13. [PMID: 25920564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be an important public health problem in the world. Nowadays, the widespread parasite resistance to many drugs used in antimalarial therapy has made the effective treatment of cases and control of the disease a constant challenge. Therefore, the discovery of new molecules with good antimalarial activity and tolerance to human use can be really important in the further treatment of the disease. In this study we have investigated the antiplasmodial activity of 10 synthetic compounds derived from quinoline, five of them combined to sulfonamide and five to the hydrazine or hydrazide group. The compounds were evaluated according to their cytotoxicity against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines, their antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains and, finally, their schizonticide blood action in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. The compounds exhibited no cytotoxic action in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines when tested up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL. In addition, the hydrazine or hydrazide derivative compounds were less cytotoxic against cell lines and more active against CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant P. falciparum strains, showing high SI (>1000 when SI was calculated using the CC50 from the 3D7 strain as reference). When tested in vivo, the hydrazine derivative 1f compound showed activity against the development of blood parasites similar to that observed with CQ, the reference drug. Interestingly, the 1f compound demonstrated the best LipE value (4.84) among all those tested in vivo. Considering the in vitro and in vivo activities of the compounds studied here and the LipE values, we believe the 1f compound to be the most promising molecule for further studies in antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Reis Soares
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - José Marcio Fernandes da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Cecheto Carlos
- Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Alameda dos Tecomarias, s/n, 18607-440 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Campos da Fonseca
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Laila Salomé Araújo de Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Valério Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Mafra de Paula Dias
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida João Dagnone, n° 1100, Jardim Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Otávio Lourenço Moreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade de São João Del Rei, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Clarice Abramo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro Viana
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade de São João Del Rei, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Pila Varotti
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Universidade de São João Del Rei, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Adilson David da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Departamento of Global Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrun Blvd, suit 304, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Uddin N, Sirajuddin M, Uddin N, Tariq M, Ullah H, Ali S, Tirmizi SA, Khan AR. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, biological screenings, DNA binding study and POM analyses of transition metal carboxylates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 140:563-574. [PMID: 25646895 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article contains the synthesis of a novel carboxylic acid derivative, its transition metal complexes and evaluation of biological applications. Six carboxylate complexes of transition metals, Zn(II) and Hg(II), have been successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR (1H, 13C). The ligand, HL, (4-[(2,6-Diethylphenyl)amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid) was also characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis. The complexation occurs via oxygen atoms of the carboxylate moiety. FT-IR date show the bidentate nature of the carboxylate moiety of the ligand as the Δν value in all complexes is less than that of the free ligand. The ligand and its complexes were screened for antifungal and antileishmanial activities. The results showed that the ligand and its complexes are active with few exceptions. UV-visible spectroscopy and viscometry results reveal that the ligand and its complexes interact with the DNA via intercalative mode of interaction. A new and efficient strategy to identify the pharmacophores and anti-pharmacophores sites in carboxylate derivatives for the antibacterial/antifungal activity using Petra, Osiris and Molinspiration (POM) analyses was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Uddin
- Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sirajuddin
- Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan(1).
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Hameed Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ahmed Tirmizi
- Department of Chemistry Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rehman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan(1)
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Malaria parasite carbonic anhydrase: inhibition of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and its therapeutic potential. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 1:233-42. [PMID: 23569766 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is responsible for the majority of life-threatening cases of human malaria, causing 1.5-2.7 million annual deaths. The global emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites necessitates identification and characterization of novel drug targets and their potential inhibitors. We identified the carbonic anhydrase (CA) genes in P. falciparum. The pfCA gene encodes anα-carbonic anhydrase, a Zn(2+)-metalloenzme, possessing catalytic properties distinct from that of the human host CA enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the pfCA enzyme is different from the analogous protozoan and human enzymes. A library of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a large diversity of scaffolds were found to be very good inhibitors for the malarial enzyme at moderate-low micromolar and submicromolar inhibitions. The structure of the groups substituting the aromatic-ureido- or aromatic-azomethine fragment of the molecule and the length of the parent sulfonamide were critical parameters for the inhibitory properties of the sulfonamides. One derivative, that is, 4- (3, 4-dichlorophenylureido)thioureido-benzenesulfonamide (compound 10) was the most effective in vitro Plasmodium falciparum CA inhibitor, and was also the most effective antimalarial compound on the in vitro P. falciparum growth inhibition. The compound 10 was also effective in vivo antimalarial agent in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, an animal model of drug testing for human malaria infection. It is therefore concluded that the sulphonamide inhibitors targeting the parasite CA may have potential for the development of novel therapies against human malaria.
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Tchinda AT, Mouokeu SR, Ngono RA, Ebelle MR, Mokale AL, Nono DK, Frédérich M. A new ent-clerodane diterpenoid from Crassocephalum bauchiense Huch. (Asteraceae). Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1990-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1022541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alembert T. Tchinda
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Simplice R. Mouokeu
- Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Rosalie A.N. Ngono
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Madeleine R.E. Ebelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Aristide L.K. Mokale
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Diane K. Nono
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, (IMPM), P.O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Département de Pharmacie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Médicament (CIRM), Université de Liège, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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178
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Sirajuddin M, Ali S, McKee V, Ullah H. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in vitro antimicrobial, anticancer and antileishmanial activities as well interaction with Salmon sperm DNA of newly synthesized carboxylic acid derivative, 4-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 138:569-578. [PMID: 25536453 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper stresses on the synthesis, characterization of novel carboxylic acid derivative and its application in pharmaceutics. Carboxylic acid derivatives have a growing importance in medicine, particularly in oncology. A novel carboxylic acid, 4-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, and (13)C), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The structure of the title compound, C11H12N2O6, shows the molecules dimerised by short intramolecular OH⋯O hydrogen bonds. The compound was screened for in vitro antimicrobial, anticancer, and antileishmanial activities as well as interaction with SS-DNA. The compound was also checked for in vitro anticancer activity against BHK-21, H-157 and HCEC cell lines, and showed significant anticancer activity. The compound was almost non-toxic towards human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) and did not show more than 7.4% antiproliferative activity when used at the 2.0μg/mL end concentration. It was also tested for antileishmanial activity against the promastigote form of leishmania major and obtained attractive result. DNA interaction study exposes that the binding mode of the compound with SS-DNA is an intercalative as it results in hypochromism along with minor red shift. A new and efficient strategy to identify pharmacophores sites in carboxylic acid derivative for antibacterial/antifungal activity using Petra, Osiris and Molinspiration (POM) analyses was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sirajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hameed Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
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179
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Sirajuddin M, Ali S, Zaib S, Iqbal J, Tahir MN, Hadda TB. Design, structural and spectroscopic elucidation and in vitro antimicrobial, anticancer, antileishmanial, urease inhibition activities and interaction with SS-DNA of newly synthesized amide based carboxylic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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180
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Abstract
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess huge numbers of uncharacterized enzymes. Selective inhibitors offer powerful probes for assigning functions to enzymes in native biological systems. Here, we discuss how the chemical proteomic platform activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be implemented to discover selective and in vivo-active inhibitors for enzymes. We further describe how these inhibitors have been used to delineate the biochemical and cellular functions of enzymes, leading to the discovery of metabolic and signaling pathways that make important contributions to human physiology and disease. These studies demonstrate the value of selective chemical probes as drivers of biological inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037;
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181
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Geary TG, Sakanari JA, Caffrey CR. Anthelmintic drug discovery: into the future. J Parasitol 2015; 101:125-33. [PMID: 25584662 DOI: 10.1645/14-703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The last half-century has provided all of the (few) drugs currently used to treat human helminthiases. Concern regarding the long-term utility of these drugs, given how readily resistance evolves in the veterinary-agricultural sector, spurs the discovery of new chemical entities. We review the approaches and technologies in use to identify anthelmintics and discuss a number of drug discovery paradigms that may prove pivotal to the next half-century of anthelmintic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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182
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Mocelo-Castell R, Villanueva-Novelo C, Cáceres-Castillo D, Carballo RM, Quijano-Quiñones RF, Quesadas-Rojas M, Cantillo-Ciau Z, Cedillo-Rivera R, Moo-Puc RE, Moujir LM, Mena-Rejón GJ. 2-Amino-4-arylthiazole Derivatives as Anti-giardial Agents: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and QSAR Studies. OPEN CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA series of seven 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles were prepared following Hantzsch’s modified method under microwave irradiation. A set of 50 derivatives was obtained and the in vitro activity against Giardia intestinalis was evaluated. The results on the biological activity revealed that, in general, the N-(5-bromo-4-aryl-thiazol-2-yl)-acetamide scaffold showed high bioactivity. In particular, compounds 6e (IC50 = 0.39 μM) and 6b (IC50 = 0.87 μM) were found to be more potent than the positive control metronidazole. Citoxicity and acute toxicity tests performed showed low toxicity and high selectivity of the most active compounds (6e SI = 139, 6b SI = 52.3). A QSAR analysis was applied to a data set of 37 obtained 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles derivatives and the best model described a strongly correlation between the anti-giardiasic activity and molecular descriptors as E2M, RDF115m, F10, MATS6v, and Hypnotic-80, with high statistical quality. This finding indicates that N-substituted aminothiazole scaffold should be investigated for the development of highly selective anti-giardial agent.
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183
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Young RM, Schoenrock KM, von Salm JL, Amsler CD, Baker BJ. Structure and Function of Macroalgal Natural Products. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1308:39-73. [PMID: 26108497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2684-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial discovery of marine phyco-derived secondary metabolites in the 1950s there has been a rapid increase in the description of new algal natural products. These metabolites have multiple ecological roles as well as commercial value as potential drugs or lead compounds. With the emergence of resistance to our current arsenal of drugs as well as the development of new chemotherapies for currently untreatable diseases, new compounds must be sourced. As outlined in this chapter algae produce a diverse range of chemicals many of which have potential for the treatment of human afflictions.In this chapter we outline the classes of metabolites produced by this chemically rich group of organisms as well as their respective ecological roles in the environment. Algae are found in nearly every environment on earth, with many of these organisms possessing the ability to shape the ecosystem they inhabit. With current challenges to climate stability, understanding how these important organisms interact with their environment as well as one another might afford better insight into how they respond to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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184
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Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndingkokhar B, Mbah JA, Yong JN. The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora I: a bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of alkaloid and terpenoid classes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a whole, the African continent is highly endowed with a huge floral biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Bakoh Ndingkokhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - James A. Mbah
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
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185
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Comparative atom-based 3D QSAR study of 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-based aliphatic and aromatic amines analogs for its anti-trypanosomal activities. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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186
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Singh S. Computational design and chemometric QSAR modeling of Plasmodium falciparum carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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187
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Kumar S, Ali MR, Bawa S. Mini review on tricyclic compounds as an inhibitor of trypanothione reductase. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:222-8. [PMID: 25400403 PMCID: PMC4231380 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.142943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are two most ruinous parasitic infectious diseases caused by Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. The disease affects millions of people all over the world and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The review discuss briefly on current treatment of these parasitic diseases and trypanothione reductase (TryR) as potential targets for rational drug design. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) has been identified as unique among these parasites and has been proposed to be an effective target against for developing new drugs. The researchers have selected this enzyme as target is due to its substrate specificity in contrast to human analogous glutathione reductase and its absence from the host cell which makes this enzyme an ideal target for drug discovery. In this review we have tried to present an overview of the different tricyclic compounds which are potent inhibitors of TryR with their inhibitory activities against the parasites are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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188
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Le Manach C, Paquet T, Gonzàlez Cabrera D, Younis Y, Taylor D, Wiesner L, Lawrence N, Schwager S, Waterson D, Witty MJ, Wittlin S, Street LJ, Chibale K. Medicinal chemistry optimization of antiplasmodial imidazopyridazine hits from high throughput screening of a softfocus kinase library: part 2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8839-48. [PMID: 25313449 DOI: 10.1021/jm500887k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of our recent results on a novel series of imidazopyridazine-based antimalarials, we focused on identifying compounds with improved aqueous solubility and hERG profile while maintaining metabolic stability and in vitro potency. Toward this objective, 41 compounds were synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against NF54 (sensitive) and K1 (multidrug resistant) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and evaluated for both aqueous solubility and metabolic stability. Selected compounds were tested for in vitro hERG activity and in vivo efficacy in the P. berghei mouse model. Several compounds were identified with significantly improved aqueous solubility, good metabolic stability, and a clean hERG profile relative to a previous frontrunner lead compound. A sulfoxide-based imidazopyridazine analog 45, arising from a prodrug-like strategy, was completely curative in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model at 4 × 50 mg/kg po.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Manach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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189
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Faria J, Moraes CB, Song R, Pascoalino BS, Lee N, Siqueira-Neto JL, Cruz DJM, Parkinson T, Ioset JR, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Freitas-Junior LH. Drug discovery for human African trypanosomiasis: identification of novel scaffolds by the newly developed HTS SYBR Green assay for Trypanosoma brucei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:70-81. [PMID: 25342146 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114556236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector-transmitted tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. High-throughput screening (HTS) of small-molecule libraries in whole-cell assays is one of the most frequently used approaches in drug discovery for infectious diseases. To aid in drug discovery efforts for HAT, the SYBR Green assay was developed for T. brucei in a 384-well format. This semi-automated assay is cost- and time-effective, robust, and reproducible. The SYBR Green assay was compared to the resazurin assay by screening a library of 4000 putative kinase inhibitors, revealing a superior performance in terms of assay time, sensitivity, simplicity, and reproducibility, and resulting in a higher hit confirmation rate. Although the resazurin assay allows for comparatively improved detection of slow-killing compounds, it also has higher false-positive rates that are likely to arise from the assay experimental conditions. The compounds with the most potent antitrypanosomal activity were selected in both screens and grouped into 13 structural clusters, with 11 new scaffolds as antitrypanosomal agents. Several of the identified compounds had IC50 <1 µM coupled with high selectivity toward the parasite. The core structures of the scaffolds are shown, providing promising new starting points for drug discovery for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Faria
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina B Moraes
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Song
- MedChem & Chemical Biology Group, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Bruno S Pascoalino
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deu John M Cruz
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Tanya Parkinson
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucio H Freitas-Junior
- Center for Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery (CND3), Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas-SP, Brazil
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190
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Kobo PI, Erin PJ, Suleiman MM, Aliyu H, Tauheed M, Muftau S, Mamman M. Antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar mice. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.770-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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191
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Urich R, Grimaldi R, Luksch T, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Wyatt PG. The design and synthesis of potent and selective inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei glycogen synthase kinase 3 for the treatment of human african trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7536-49. [PMID: 25198388 PMCID: PMC4175002 DOI: 10.1021/jm500239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a genetically validated drug target for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also called African sleeping sickness. We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of aminopyrazole derivatives as Trypanosoma brucei GSK3 short inhibitors. Low nanomolar inhibitors, which had high selectivity over the off-target human CDK2 and good selectivity over human GSK3β enzyme, have been prepared. These potent kinase inhibitors demonstrated low micromolar levels of inhibition of the Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasite grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Urich
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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192
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Inacio JDF, Gervazoni L, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Almeida-Amaral EE. The effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O--gallate in vitro and in vivo in Leishmania braziliensis: involvement of reactive oxygen species as a mechanism of action. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3093. [PMID: 25144225 PMCID: PMC4140776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease associated with extensive mortality and morbidity. The treatment for leishmaniasis is currently based on pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B; however, these drugs result in numerous adverse side effects. Natural compounds have been used as novel treatments for parasitic diseases. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) on Leishmania braziliensis in vitro and in vivo and described the mechanism of EGCG action against L. braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING In vitro activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements were determined during the promastigote and intracellular amastigote life stages. The effect of EGCG on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was assayed using JC-1, and intracellular ATP concentrations were measured using a luciferin-luciferase system. The in vivo experiments were performed in infected BALB/c mice orally treated with EGCG. EGCG reduced promastigote viability and the infection index in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 278.8 µM and 3.4 µM, respectively, at 72 h and a selectivity index of 149.5. In addition, EGCG induced ROS production in the promastigote and intracellular amastigote, and the effects were reversed by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase. Additionally, EGCG reduced ΔΨm, thereby decreasing intracellular ATP concentrations in promastigotes. Furthermore, EGCG treatment was also effective in vivo, demonstrating oral bioavailability and reduced parasitic loads without altering serological toxicity markers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our study demonstrates the leishmanicidal effects of EGCG against the two forms of L. braziliensis, the promastigote and amastigote. In addition, EGCG promotes ROS production as a part of its mechanism of action, resulting in decreased ΔΨm and reduced intracellular ATP concentrations. These actions ultimately culminate in parasite death. Furthermore, our data suggest that EGCG is orally effective in the treatment of L. braziliensis-infected BALB/c mice without altering serological toxicity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job D. F. Inacio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilene M. Canto-Cavalheiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E. Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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193
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Montrieux E, Perera WH, García M, Maes L, Cos P, Monzote L. In vitro and in vivo activity of major constituents from Pluchea carolinensis against Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2925-32. [PMID: 24906989 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for new therapeutic agents from natural sources has been a constant for the treatment of diseases such as leishmaniasis. Herein, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of pure major phenolic constituents (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and rosmarinic acid) from Pluchea carolinensis against Leishmania amazonensis are presented. Pure compounds showed inhibitory activity against promastigotes (IC50 = 0.2-0.9 μg/mL) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 1.3-2.9 μg/mL). Four of them were selected after testing against macrophages of BALB/c mice: caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and rosmarinic acid, with selective indices of 11, 17, 10, and 20, respectively. Ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and caffeic acid controlled lesion size development and parasite burden in footpads from BALB/c experimentally infected mice, after five injections of compounds by intralesional route at 30 mg/kg every 4 days. Pure compounds from P. carolinensis demonstrated antileishmanial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Montrieux
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
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194
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Repurposing the open access malaria box to discover potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5848-54. [PMID: 25049259 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02541-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis and amebiasis are important public health concerns worldwide. The drugs currently available to control these diseases have proven limitations. Therefore, innovative approaches should be adopted to identify and develop new leads from novel scaffolds exhibiting novel modes of action. In this paper, we describe results from the screening of compounds in the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) open access Malaria Box in a search for new anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Entamoeba agents. Standard in vitro phenotypic screening procedures were adopted to assess their biological activities. Seven anti-Toxoplasma compounds with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of <5 μM and selectivity indexes (SI) of >6 were identified. The most interesting compound was MMV007791, a piperazine acetamide, which has an IC50 of 0.19 μM and a selectivity index of >157. Also, we identified two compounds, MMV666600 and MMV006861, with modest activities against Entamoeba histolytica, with IC50s of 10.66 μM and 15.58 μM, respectively. The anti-Toxoplasma compounds identified in this study belong to scaffold types different from those of currently used drugs, underscoring their novelty and potential as starting points for the development of new antitoxoplasmosis drugs with novel modes of action.
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195
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Njoroge M, Njuguna NM, Mutai P, Ongarora DSB, Smith PW, Chibale K. Recent approaches to chemical discovery and development against malaria and the neglected tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11138-63. [PMID: 25014712 DOI: 10.1021/cr500098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases , Singapore 138670, Singapore
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196
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Minie M, Chopra G, Sethi G, Horst J, White G, Roy A, Hatti K, Samudrala R. CANDO and the infinite drug discovery frontier. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1353-63. [PMID: 24980786 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Computational Analysis of Novel Drug Opportunities (CANDO) platform (http://protinfo.org/cando) uses similarity of compound-proteome interaction signatures to infer homology of compound/drug behavior. We constructed interaction signatures for 3733 human ingestible compounds covering 48,278 protein structures mapping to 2030 indications based on basic science methodologies to predict and analyze protein structure, function, and interactions developed by us and others. Our signature comparison and ranking approach yielded benchmarking accuracies of 12-25% for 1439 indications with at least two approved compounds. We prospectively validated 49/82 'high value' predictions from nine studies covering seven indications, with comparable or better activity to existing drugs, which serve as novel repurposed therapeutics. Our approach may be generalized to compounds beyond those approved by the FDA, and can also consider mutations in protein structures to enable personalization. Our platform provides a holistic multiscale modeling framework of complex atomic, molecular, and physiological systems with broader applications in medicine and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Minie
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; University of California, San Francisco, Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Geetika Sethi
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Jeremy Horst
- University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - George White
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Ambrish Roy
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for the Study of Systems Biology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States
| | - Kaushik Hatti
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ram Samudrala
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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197
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Ibrahim MA, Mohammed A, Isah MB, Aliyu AB. Anti-trypanosomal activity of African medicinal plants: a review update. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:26-54. [PMID: 24742753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE African trypanosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by different species of trypanosomes that affect both human and livestock with devastating consequences in the continent. Most of the affected populations commonly use traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of the disease. Consequently, this prompted ethnopharmacological research activities on the anti-trypanosomal activity of a number of these African medicinal plants in order to validate their ethnomedicinal use. Furthermore, such studies could lead to the identification of chemical leads for the development of newer anti-trypanosomal agents from those plants. This review aims to provide updated information on the ethnopharmacological evidence of African medicinal plants with anti-trypanosomal activity. METHODS Literature was collected via electronic search (PubMed, Sciencedirect, Medline and Google Scholar) from published articles that report on the in vitro or in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity of plants that were collected from different parts of Africa. RESULTS African medicinal plants investigated for in vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity from January 1993 to October 2013 are systematically compiled and all the in vivo studies are critically discussed. A total of 264 plant species belonging to 79 families were investigated for anti-trypanosomal activity. However, only 48 bioactive anti-trypanosomal compounds were successfully isolated in pure forms. Furthermore, some of the plants were investigated for possible ameliorative effects on the trypanosome-induced pathological changes out of which 18 plants were reported to be effective while a few others were not. In spite of interesting preclinical ethnopharmacological evidence for anti-trypanosomal activity, not a single African medicinal plant was investigated in a clinical study. CONCLUSION Several African medicinal plants have demonstrated promising anti-trypanosomal effects but the studies on the anti-trypanosomal potentials of these plants are not taken beyond proof of concept stage. It is hoped that the article would stimulate future clinical studies because of the paucity of knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aminu Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Drug discovery for the treatment of leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1709-18. [PMID: 24144408 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trypanosomatid protozoa Leishmania, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi are the caustive agents of the human diseases respectively, leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Among the 17 'neglected tropical diseases' highlighted by WHO, progress towards the treatment of these diseases has improved in recent decades, as a result of increased awareness, the emergence of public-private research partnerships and advances in drug-discovery technologies and techniques. Despite this, the current therapies for these diseases have serious shortcomings and, as such, the need to develop novel drugs, improve diagnosis and control the spread of disease is of paramount importance. Future Medicinal Chemistry invited leading experts in the field to share their thoughts and opinions on the changing face of drug discovery in the pursuit of treatments for trypanosomatid-based diseases.
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199
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In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, Nefang. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:835013. [PMID: 24877138 PMCID: PMC4022163 DOI: 10.1155/2014/835013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nefang, a polyherbal product composed of Mangifera indica (bark and leaf), Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves), is a potential therapy against P. falciparum malaria. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of its constituent solvent extracts were analyzed on CQ-sensitive (3D7) and multidrug resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains. The interactions involving the differential solvent extracts were further analyzed using a variable potency ratio drug combination approach. Effective concentration 50 (EC50) values were determined by nonlinear regression curve-fitting of the dose-response data and used in calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (FIC50) and combination indices (CI) for each pair. The derived EC50 values (3D7/Dd2, μg/mL) are Nefang-96.96/55.08, MiB-65.33/34.58, MiL-82.56/40.04, Pg-47.02/25.79, Cp-1188/317.5, Cc-723.3/141, Cs-184.4/105.1, and Og-778.5/118.9. Synergism was obtained with MiB/Pg (CI = 0.351), MiL/Pg (0.358), MiB/Cs (0.366), MiL/Cs (0.482), Pg/Cs (0.483), and Cs/Og (0.414) when analyzed at equipotency ratios. Cytotoxicity testing of Nefang and the solvent extracts on two human cell lines (Hep G2 and U2OS) revealed no significant toxicity relative to their antiplasmodial activities (SI > 20). Taken together, our data confirm the antimalarial activities of Nefang and its
constituent plant extracts and identified extract pairs with promising synergistic interactions for exploitation towards a rational phytotherapeutic and evidence-based antimalarial drug discovery.
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Grundmann F, Kaiser M, Schiell M, Batzer A, Kurz M, Thanwisai A, Chantratita N, Bode HB. Antiparasitic chaiyaphumines from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus sp. PB61.4. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:779-783. [PMID: 24673206 DOI: 10.1021/np4007525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new class of four depsipentapeptides called chaiyaphumines A-D (1-4) was isolated from Xenorhabdus sp. PB61.4. Their structures were elucidated by detailed 1D and 2D NMR experiments and by a Marfey's analysis following flash hydrolysis of the peptide. Verification of the structure was achieved by three-dimensional modeling using NOE-derived distance constraints, molecular dynamics, and energy minimization. Chaiyaphumine A (1) showed good activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 of 0.61 μM), the causative agent of malaria, and was active against other protozoal tropical disease causing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grundmann
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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