151
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Pre-clinical Safety and Off-Target Studies to Support Translation of AAV-Mediated RNAi Therapy for FSHD. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 8:121-130. [PMID: 29387734 PMCID: PMC5787672 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNAi emerged as a prospective molecular therapy nearly 15 years ago. Since then, two major RNAi platforms have been under development: oligonucleotides and gene therapy. Oligonucleotide-based approaches have seen more advancement, with some promising therapies that may soon reach market. In contrast, vector-based approaches for RNAi therapy have remained largely in the pre-clinical realm, with limited clinical safety and efficacy data to date. We are developing a gene therapy approach to treat the autosomal-dominant disorder facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Our strategy involves silencing the myotoxic gene DUX4 using adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver targeted microRNA expression cassettes (miDUX4s). We previously demonstrated proof of concept for this approach in mice, and we are now taking additional steps here to assess safety issues related to miDUX4 overexpression and sequence-specific off-target silencing. In this study, we describe improvements in vector design and expansion of our miDUX4 sequence repertoire and report differential toxicity elicited by two miDUX4 sequences, of which one was toxic and the other was not. This study provides important data to help advance our goal of translating RNAi gene therapy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
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152
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Circular siRNAs for Reducing Off-Target Effects and Enhancing Long-Term Gene Silencing in Cells and Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:237-244. [PMID: 29499936 PMCID: PMC5768153 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circular non-coding RNAs are found to play important roles in biology but are still relatively unexplored as a structural motif for chemically regulating gene function. Here, we investigated whether small interfering RNA (siRNA) with a circular structure can circumvent off-target gene silencing, a problem often observed with standard linear duplex siRNA. In the present work, we, for the first time, synthesized a series of circular siRNAs by cyclizing two ends of a single-stranded RNA (sense or antisense strand) to construct circular siRNAs that were more resistant to enzymatic degradation. Gene silencing of GFP and luciferase was successfully achieved using these circular siRNAs with circular sense strand RNAs and their complementary linear antisense strand RNAs. The off-target effect of sense strand RNAs was evaluated and no cross off-target effects were observed. In addition, we successfully achieved longer gene-silencing efficiency in mice with circular siRNAs than with linear siRNAs. These results indicate the promise of circular siRNAs for overcoming off-target effects of siRNAs and enhancing the possible long-term effect of siRNA gene silencing in basic research and drug development.
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153
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Miyazaki Y, Du X, Muramatsu SI, Gomez CM. An miRNA-mediated therapy for SCA6 blocks IRES-driven translation of the CACNA1A second cistron. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:347ra94. [PMID: 27412786 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by slowly progressive ataxia and Purkinje cell degeneration. SCA6 is caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion within a second CACNA1A gene product, α1ACT. α1ACT expression is under the control of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) present within the CACNA1A coding region. Whereas SCA6 allele knock-in mice show indistinguishable phenotypes from wild-type littermates, expression of SCA6-associated α1ACT (α1ACTSCA6) driven by a Purkinje cell-specific promoter in mice produces slowly progressive ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. We developed an early-onset SCA6 mouse model using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene delivery system to ectopically express CACNA1A IRES-driven α1ACTSCA6 to test the potential of CACNA1A IRES-targeting therapies. Mice expressing AAV9-mediated CACNA1A IRES-driven α1ACTSCA6 exhibited early-onset ataxia, motor deficits, and Purkinje cell degeneration. We identified miR-3191-5p as a microRNA (miRNA) that targeted CACNA1A IRES and preferentially inhibited the CACNA1A IRES-driven translation of α1ACT in an Argonaute 4 (Ago4)-dependent manner. We found that eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), eIF4AII and eIF4GII, interacted with the CACNA1A IRES to enhance α1ACT translation. Ago4-bound miR-3191-5p blocked the interaction of eIF4AII and eIF4GII with the CACNA1A IRES, attenuating IRES-driven α1ACT translation. Furthermore, AAV9-mediated delivery of miR-3191-5p protected mice from the ataxia, motor deficits, and Purkinje cell degeneration caused by CACNA1A IRES-driven α1ACTSCA6 We have established proof of principle that viral delivery of an miRNA can rescue a disease phenotype through modulation of cellular IRES activity in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 3290498, Japan. Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
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154
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Beitelshees M, Hill A, Rostami P, Jones CH, Pfeifer B. Pressing diseases that represent promising targets for gene therapy. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2017; 24:313-322. [PMID: 29373809 PMCID: PMC9890200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over time, there has been a growing interest in the application of gene therapy within the healthcare industry as demonstrated by the nearly 3,000 clinical trials associated with gene therapy that are listed in clinicaltrials.gov. However, there are various difficulties associated with gene therapy that have limited the realization of licensed gene therapies to only a handful of treatments. Furthermore, efforts to develop gene therapeutics have been narrowly focused and most clinical trials have sought to develop treatments for cancer (64.6%), monogenic diseases (10.5%), infectious diseases (7.4%), and cardiovascular diseases (7.4%). In addition, nearly 70% of clinical trials have utilized viral-based delivery systems, despite various concerns associated with this strategy. Each of these factors highlights the lack of diversity in the development of gene therapeutics that should be addressed. In recent years, developments in gene manipulation and delivery such as CRISPR and non-viral vectors (e.g., liposomes) demonstrate promise for improving outcomes for gene therapy. The increased fidelity and capacity afforded by these technologies provide the potential to improve upon contemporary gene therapy approaches and enable the development of treatments for less-emphasized disorders. In this review, we provide a summary of gene delivery technology and discuss various developments in gene therapy technology. We conclude by proposing several genetic conditions that represent promising targets for gene therapy given recent developments in gene delivery and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Beitelshees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - A. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA,Abcombi Biosciences Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - P. Rostami
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - C. H. Jones
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA,Correspondence to: ,
| | - B.A. Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA,Correspondence to: ,
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155
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Du X, Cai Y, Xi W, Zhang R, Jia L, Yang A, Zhao J, Yan B. Multi‑target inhibition by four tandem shRNAs embedded in homo‑ or hetero‑miRNA backbones. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:307-314. [PMID: 29115602 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional influence of microRNA (miRNA)backbone selection remains unclear with respect to multiplexing miRNA‑based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmiRs), due to a lack of comparative studies. To this end, a pair of shRNAmiR tetramers were designed in the present study that targeted four genes with a shared miR30a backbone (homo‑BB) or four miRNA backbones (hetero‑BB). A PBLT+ 293A cell line overexpressing four targets was established, which permitted simultaneous dissection of individual gene knockdown. Multi‑target inhibition was confirmed by a decrease in positive cell populations of the relative gene and mean fluorescence intensities, with almost comparable activities of homo‑ and hetero‑BB tetramers. Of note, this multi‑inhibition was sustained over a 1‑month period, with no notable difference, particularly in the late‑phased inhibitory effects between homo‑ and hetero‑BB tetra‑shRNA miRs. These preliminary data may indicate little influence of scaffold substitution in the functionalities of multiplexed shRNAmiRs and little recombination‑depleted risk of repetitively adopting the same miRNA backbone in this artificial in vitro system. More comparative studies are further required to explore extended repertoires of scaffold‑paralleled multi‑shRNAmiRs in more physiologically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Xi
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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156
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RNAi-mediated TCF-3 gene silencing inhibits proliferation of Eca-109 esophageal cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170799. [PMID: 28864779 PMCID: PMC5678029 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains an important health problem in China. In the present study, through the use of siRNA, specific gene knockdown of transcription factor 3 gene (TCF-3) was achieved in vitro and the effect of TCF-3 gene on human EC Eca-109 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Eca-109 cells were treated using negative control (NC) of siRNA against TCF-3 (siTCF-3) and siTCF-3 group. Colony formation assay was used to detect the colony formation ability in Eca-109 cells. MTT assay was used to measure the cell growth and viability, whereas BrDU assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and flow cytometry (FCM) to assess cell apoptosis. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to measure TCF-3 gene expression. Protein expressions of TCF-3, apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 were determined using Western blotting. Transfection of siTCF-3 successfully down-regulated TCF-3 gene expression. In addition, siTCF-3, reduced Eca-109 cell viability and proliferation, in a time-dependent manner, and inhibited progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to S-stage. When treated with siTCF-3, the Eca-109 cells exhibited increased apoptosis, with up-regulated cleaved caspase and Bax expressions, whereas Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated. The present study shows that TCF-3 gene silencing inhibits Eca-109 cell growth and proliferation, suppresses cell cycle progression, and promotes apoptosis, which might serve as a new objective for EC treatment.
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157
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Ghadakzadeh S, Hamdy R, Tabrizian M. Efficient in vitro delivery of Noggin siRNA enhances osteoblastogenesis. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00450. [PMID: 29167826 PMCID: PMC5686427 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of serious bone defects would not heal without invasive clinical intervention. One approach to such defects is to enhance the capacity of bone-formation cells. Exogenous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) have been utilized to positively regulate matrix mineralization and osteoblastogenesis, however, numerous adverse effects are associated with this approach. Noggin, a potent antagonist of BMPs, is an ideal candidate to target and decrease the need for supraphysiological doses of BMPs. In the current research we report a novel siRNA-mediated gene knock-down strategy to down-regulate Noggin. We utilized a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery strategy in pre-osteoblastic rat cells. In vitro LNP-siRNA treatment caused inconsequential cell toxicity and transfection was achieved in over 85% of cells. Noggin siRNA treatment successfully down-regulated cellular Noggin protein levels and enhanced BMP signal activity which in turn resulted in significantly increased osteoblast differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization evidenced by histological assessments. Gene expression analysis showed that targeting Noggin specifically in bone cells would not lead to a compensatory effect from other BMP negative regulators such as Gremlin and Chordin. The results from this study support the notion that novel therapeutics targeting Noggin have the clinically relevant potential to enhance bone formation without the need for toxic doses of exogenous BMPs. Such treatments will undeniably provide safe and economical treatments for individuals whose poor bone repair results in permanent morbidity and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ghadakzadeh
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R.C. Hamdy
- Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - M. Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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158
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Zamani P, Matbou Riahi M, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jamialahmadi K. Gankyrin: a novel promising therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1301-1313. [PMID: 29025272 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1388250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as fifth common malignancies and third common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The identification of various mechanisms which are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis contributes in finding a variety of cellular and molecular targets for HCC diagnosis, prevention and therapy. Among various identified targets in HCC pathogenesis, Gankyrin is a crucial oncoprotein that is up-regulated in HCC and plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of the HCC. Oncogenic role of Gankyrin has been found to stem from inhibition of two ubiquitous tumour suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and P53, and also modulation of several vital cellular signalling pathways including Wnt/β-Catenin, NF-κB, STAT3/Akt, IL-1β/IRAK-1 and RhoA/ROCK. As a result, Gankyrin can be considered as a potential candidate for diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarized the physiological function and the significant role of Gankyrin as an important therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Zamani
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Maryam Matbou Riahi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- b Nanotechnology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Department of Medical Biotechnology , Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,d Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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159
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Tang X, Loc WS, Dong C, Matters GL, Butler PJ, Kester M, Meyers C, Jiang Y, Adair JH. The use of nanoparticulates to treat breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2367-2388. [PMID: 28868970 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major ongoing public health issue among women in both developing and developed countries. Significant progress has been made to improve the breast cancer treatment in the past decades. However, the current clinical approaches are invasive, of low specificity and can generate severe side effects. As a rapidly developing field, nanotechnology brings promising opportunities to human cancer diagnosis and treatment. The use of nanoparticulate-based platforms overcomes biological barriers and allows prolonged blood circulation time, simultaneous tumor targeting and enhanced accumulation of drugs in tumors. Currently available and clinically applicable innovative nanoparticulate-based systems for breast cancer nanotherapies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Welley S Loc
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gail L Matters
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Peter J Butler
- Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yixing Jiang
- Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James H Adair
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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160
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Rajasekaran N, Jung HS, Bae SH, Chelakkot C, Hong S, Choi JS, Yim DS, Oh YK, Choi YL, Shin YK. Effect of HPV E6/E7 siRNA with Chemotherapeutic Agents on the Regulation of TP53/E2F Dynamic Behavior for Cell Fate Decisions. Neoplasia 2017; 19:735-749. [PMID: 28843398 PMCID: PMC5570578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicity and resistance remain major challenges for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer therapies, as treatment requires high doses of chemotherapeutic agents. Restoration of TP53 and hypophosphorylated-retinoblastoma (pRB) proteins by human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 siRNA sensitizes HPV-positive cervical cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of E6/E7 siRNA on the dynamic behavior of TP53 and RB/E2F signaling networks in deciding the cell fate. The synergistic effect of HPV E6/E7 siRNA pool (SP) with chemotherapeutic agents on TP53 and RB/E2F signaling, proliferation, and apoptosis was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Compared to the E6/E7 SP alone, E6/E7 SP with cisplatin treatment effectively restored TP53 and RB/E2F signaling and contributes to differences in cell fate, such as apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. We also developed a cellular dynamics model that includes TP53-RB/E2F dynamics and cell proliferation profiles, and confirmed its utility for investigating E6/E7 siRNA-based combination regimens. Using a dual reporter system, we further confirmed the cross talk between TP53 and RB/E2F signaling mechanisms. Treatment of E6/E7 SP cationic liposome (i.v.) with cisplatin and paclitaxel (i.p.) potentially inhibited tumor growth in BALB/c-nude mice. Altogether, our findings suggest that stabilization of TP53 and the RB/E2F repressor complex by E6/E7 SP combined with low-dose chemotherapy can effectively suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Rajasekaran
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Soon Jung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; ABION Inc. R&D Center, 9th Floor, HanWha Biz Metro Building, 242 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08394, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungpook 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Choi
- The center for Anti-cancer Companion Diagnostics, School of Biological Science, Institute of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; The Center for Anti-cancer CDx, N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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161
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Shahbazi R, Asik E, Kahraman N, Turk M, Ozpolat B, Ulubayram K. Modified gold-based siRNA nanotherapeutics for targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1961-1973. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we aimed to therapeutically target eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K) in an in vivo triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumor model. Materials & methods: We synthesized a highly monodisperse nanoformulation using polyethylenimine-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNP-PEI) as siRNA delivery vehicle and evaluated gene downregulation. Results: We found that AuNP-PEI/eEF-2K nanoformulation was highly effective for in vitro and in vivo gene downregulation and showed remarkable antitumor efficacy that was associated with eEF-2K knockdown, inhibition of Src and MAPK-ERK signaling pathways in a TNBC orthotopic tumor model. Conclusion: Our study suggests that eEF-2K plays an important role in TNBC tumorigenesis and its inhibition by AuNP-PEI/eEF-2K siRNA-based nanotherapeutics may be a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahbazi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Asik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nermin Kahraman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mustafa Turk
- Department of Bioengineering, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference & Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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162
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Kandul N, Guo M, Hay BA. A positive readout single transcript reporter for site-specific mRNA cleavage. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3602. [PMID: 28740759 PMCID: PMC5522606 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of mRNA molecules causes their rapid degradation, thereby playing an important role in regulation of gene expression and host genome defense from viruses and transposons in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Current negative-readout, and repressor-based positive-readout reporters of mRNA degradation have limitations. Here we report the development of a single transcript that acts as a positive reporter of mRNA cleavage. We show that placement of bacterial CopT and CopA hairpins into the 5' UTR and 3' UTR of an mRNA results in inhibition of translation of the intervening coding sequence in Drosophila. An internal poly(A) tract inserted downstream of the coding sequence stabilizes transcripts cut within the 3' UTR. When these components are combined in a transcript in which targets sites for RNA cleavage are placed between the poly(A) tract and CopA, cleavage results in translational activation, providing a single transcript-based method of sensing mRNA cleavage with a positive readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kandul
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Ming Guo
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Hay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
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163
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Diaz-Dussan D, Nakagawa Y, Peng YY, C LVS, Ebara M, Kumar P, Narain R. Effective and Specific Gene Silencing of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors Mediated by Conjugated Oxaborole and Galactose-Based Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:768-774. [PMID: 35650860 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxaborole-based polymers are stimuli-responsive materials that can reversibly interact with diols at pH values higher than their pKa. The strong binding of the oxaborole with cis-hydroxyl groups allow rapid cross-linking of the polymer chains. In this study, we exploited this phenomenon to develop a novel delivery system for the complexation, protection, and delivery of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) siRNA (small interfering RNA). Galactose and oxaborole polymers were first synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, and they were found to show a robust interaction with each other via the oxaborole-diol effect, which allowed the formation of stable polyplexes with siRNA. Although complexes were successfully formed between the neutral galactose and oxaborole-based polymers, these complexes were insufficient in the protection of the siRNA. Therefore, cationic glycopolymers and oxaborole polymers were investigated showing superior complexation with siRNA and exhibiting effective gene silencing in HeLa (cervical) cancer cells, while showing low toxicity. Gene silencing of up to 60% was achieved with these new complexes in the presence and absence of serum. The excellent stability of the complexes under physiological conditions and the observed low cytotoxicity 48 h post-transfection demonstrated the high potential of this new system for gene silencing therapy application in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
| | - Yasuhiro Nakagawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yi-Yang Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
| | - Leslie V. Sanchez C
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
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164
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The inducible blockage of RNAi reveals a role for polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of dsRNA-endocytic capacity in Bactrocera dorsalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5584. [PMID: 28717187 PMCID: PMC5514080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can trigger gene silencing through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Our previous research established that Bactrocera dorsalis can block RNAi after an initial priming of exposure to dsRNA. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways play important roles in the blockage of RNAi induced by dsRNA priming. The ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly increased in the hemolymph of B. dorsalis following dsRNA priming, and further, the endocytosis of dsRNA into the midgut cells of B. dorsalis was inhibited in these samples. The expression levels of most genes involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways were altered following priming with dsRNA. Furthermore, altering the composition of fatty acids via the injection of AA can facilitate the uptake of ingested dsRNA into the midgut cells of Drosophila melanogaster and successfully induce an RNAi effect, which cannot be achieved via feeding in fruit flies. Our results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in the regulation of the dsRNA-endocytic ability in B. dorsalis.
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165
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Osteopontin at the Crossroads of Inflammation and Tumor Progression. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4049098. [PMID: 28769537 PMCID: PMC5523273 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4049098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between tumor and host cells regulate systemic tumor dissemination, a process that begins early at the primary tumor site and goes on until tumor cells detach themselves from the tumor mass and start migrating into the blood or lymphatic vessels. Metastatic cells colonize the target organs and are capable of surviving and growing at distant sites. In this context, osteopontin (OPN) appears to be a key determinant of the crosstalk between cancer cells and the host microenvironment, which in turn modulates immune evasion. OPN is overexpressed in several human carcinomas and has been implicated in inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Thus, it represents one of the most attracting targets for cancer therapy. Within the tumor mass, OPN is secreted in various forms either by the tumor itself or by stroma cells, and it can exert either pro- or antitumorigenic effects according to the cell type and tumor microenvironment. Thus, targeting OPN for therapeutic purposes needs to take into account the heterogeneous functions of the multiple OPN forms with regard to cancer formation and progression. In this review, we will describe the role of systemic, tumor-derived, and stroma-derived OPN, highlighting its pivotal role at the crossroads of inflammation and tumor progression.
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166
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Khalid A, Persano S, Shen H, Zhao Y, Blanco E, Ferrari M, Wolfram J. Strategies for improving drug delivery: nanocarriers and microenvironmental priming. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 14:865-877. [PMID: 27690153 PMCID: PMC5584706 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ultimate goal in the field of drug delivery is to exclusively direct therapeutic agents to pathological tissues in order to increase therapeutic efficacy and eliminate side effects. This goal is challenging due to multiple transport obstacles in the body. Strategies that improve drug transport exploit differences in the characteristics of normal and pathological tissues. Within the field of oncology, these concepts have laid the groundwork for a new discipline termed transport oncophysics. Areas covered: Efforts to improve drug biodistribution have mainly focused on nanocarriers that enable preferential accumulation of drugs in diseased tissues. A less common approach to enhance drug transport involves priming strategies that modulate the biological environment in ways that favor localized drug delivery. This review discusses a variety of priming and nanoparticle design strategies that have been used for drug delivery. Expert opinion: Combinations of priming agents and nanocarriers are likely to yield optimal drug distribution profiles. Although priming strategies have yet to be widely implemented, they represent promising solutions for overcoming biological transport barriers. In fact, such strategies are not restricted to priming the tumor microenvironment but can also be directed toward healthy tissue in order to reduce nanoparticle uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khalid
- Medical Program, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stefano Persano
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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167
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Shibata N, Nagai K, Morita Y, Ujikawa O, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Koyama R, Sano O, Imaeda Y, Nara H, Cho N, Naito M. Development of Protein Degradation Inducers of Androgen Receptor by Conjugation of Androgen Receptor Ligands and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Ligands. J Med Chem 2017; 61:543-575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nagai
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yoko Morita
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Osamu Ujikawa
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Koyama
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Osamu Sano
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical
Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi
2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Divisions
of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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168
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Shibata N, Miyamoto N, Nagai K, Shimokawa K, Sameshima T, Ohoka N, Hattori T, Imaeda Y, Nara H, Cho N, Naito M. Development of protein degradation inducers of oncogenic BCR-ABL protein by conjugation of ABL kinase inhibitors and IAP ligands. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1657-1666. [PMID: 28556300 PMCID: PMC5543464 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation occurs in some cancer cells, which results in the expression of aberrant oncogenic fusion proteins that include BCR‐ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Inhibitors of ABL tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib and dasatinib, exhibit remarkable therapeutic effects, although emergence of drug resistance hampers the therapy during long‐term treatment. An alternative approach to treat CML is to downregulate the BCR‐ABL protein. We have devised a protein knockdown system by hybrid molecules named Specific and Non‐genetic inhibitor of apoptosis protein [IAP]‐dependent Protein Erasers (SNIPER), which is designed to induce IAP‐mediated ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of target proteins, and a couple of SNIPER(ABL) against BCR‐ABL protein have been developed recently. In this study, we tested various combinations of ABL inhibitors and IAP ligands, and the linker was optimized for protein knockdown activity of SNIPER(ABL). The resulting SNIPER(ABL)‐39, in which dasatinib is conjugated to an IAP ligand LCL161 derivative by polyethylene glycol (PEG) × 3 linker, shows a potent activity to degrade the BCR‐ABL protein. Mechanistic analysis suggested that both cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) and X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) play a role in the degradation of BCR‐ABL protein. Consistent with the degradation of BCR‐ABL protein, the SNIPER(ABL)‐39 inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and Crk like proto‐oncogene (CrkL), and suppressed the growth of BCR‐ABL‐positive CML cells. These results suggest that SNIPER(ABL)‐39 could be a candidate for a degradation‐based novel anti‐cancer drug against BCR‐ABL‐positive CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shibata
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nagai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Sameshima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hattori
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Cho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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169
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Quantitative determination of a siRNA (AD00370) in rat plasma using peptide nucleic acid probe and HPLC with fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:861-872. [PMID: 28617037 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic studies of therapeutic oligonucleotides require validated bioanalytical methods for sensitive and specific quantification of oligonucleotide drug candidates in biological samples. RESULTS A peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization-based HPLC-fluorescence assay was developed and validated for quantification of Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals' proprietary siRNA in rat plasma samples via hybridization and anion-exchange-HPLC (AEX-HPLC) with fluorescence detection. CONCLUSION The validated method provided a sensitive and selective approach for quantification of siRNA in biological samples at a linear quantitation range of 1-1000 ng/ml. The assay requires only 25 μl of plasma sample and shows excellent accuracy and precision even without using an internal standard, providing a useful quantification method for siRNA determination in biological matrix with limited sample volume.
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170
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Zaimy MA, Saffarzadeh N, Mohammadi A, Pourghadamyari H, Izadi P, Sarli A, Moghaddam LK, Paschepari SR, Azizi H, Torkamandi S, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. New methods in the diagnosis of cancer and gene therapy of cancer based on nanoparticles. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:233-243. [PMID: 28574057 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world with the prevalence of >10 million mortalities annually. Current cancer treatments include surgical intervention, radiation, and taking chemotherapeutic drugs, which often kill the healthy cells and result in toxicity in patients. Therefore, researchers are looking for ways to be able to eliminate just cancerous cells. Intra-tumor heterogeneity of cancerous cells is the main obstacle on the way of an effective cancer treatment. However, better comprehension of molecular basis of tumor and the advent of new diagnostic technologies can help to improve the treatment of various cancers. Therefore, study of epigenetic changes, gene expression of cancerous cells and employing methods that enable us to correct or minimize these changes is critically important. In this paper, we will review the recent advanced strategies being used in the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zaimy
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Saffarzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Pourghadamyari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Izadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Sarli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - L K Moghaddam
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - S R Paschepari
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Azizi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - S Torkamandi
- Department of Medical Genetics and immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - J Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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171
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Fernandez-Piñeiro I, Badiola I, Sanchez A. Nanocarriers for microRNA delivery in cancer medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:350-360. [PMID: 28286148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Fernandez-Piñeiro
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Badiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque Country, B° Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - A Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Genetics and Biology of the Development of Kidney Diseases Unit, Sanitary Research Institute (IDIS) of the University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Travesía da Choupana, s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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172
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Nakamura K, Matsubara H, Akagi S, Sarashina T, Ejiri K, Kawakita N, Yoshida M, Miyoshi T, Watanabe A, Nishii N, Ito H. Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery System for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6050048. [PMID: 28468233 PMCID: PMC5447939 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used as a novel drug delivery system. Drug-incorporated nanoparticles for local delivery might optimize the efficacy and minimize the side effects of drugs. The efficacy and safety of intratracheal administration of prostacyclin analog (beraprost) -incorporated nanoparticles and imatinib (a PDGF-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor) -incorporated nanoparticles in Sugen-hypoxia-normoxia or monocrotaline rat models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and in human PAH-pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells have been reported. The use of inhaled drug-incorporated nanoparticles might be a novel approach for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Matsubara
- Division of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama 701-1192, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Sarashina
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Ejiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Kawakita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Masashi Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Atsuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Nishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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173
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Peng J, Rao Y, Yang X, Jia J, Wu Y, Lu J, Tao Y, Tu W. Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase by a cell penetrating peptide Tat-LK15/siRNA bioconjugate. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:153-160. [PMID: 28450191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) Tat-LK15, as a siRNA carrier to target nNOS. The feasibility, stability, efficiency and selectivity of this peptide-siRNA complex were evaluated in rat neuronal cells. We also compared the new method with conventional siRNA carrier Lipofectamine™. It was found that the CPP Tat-LK15 effectively and specifically delivered nNOS-siRNA into Rat retinal ganglia (RGC-5) cells and silenced the expression of nNOS. The CPP Tat-LK15 can conjugate with siRNA to form stable complex at a ratio of 2:1 (peptide/siRNA, w/w), which maintained stable in serum for as long as 4h. The CPP Tat-LK15 was low-toxicity to cells, as the apoptosis rate of treat cells was not increased significantly when the used peptide lower than 10μg/mL. Moreover, the cellular uptake of nNOS siRNA by Rat Neurons-dorsal spinal cord (RNdsc) cells was also significantly more than naked siRNA by RNdsc cells. The CPP Tat-LK15 was an efficient and stable, and non-cytotoxic siRNA delivery to neurons and effectively silenced the nNOS expression. The CPP Tat-LK15 mediated siRNA delivery was a potential tool to treat neuropathic diseases involving NO or nNOS neurotoxic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Youping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07013, USA
| | - Weifeng Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong Province, China
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174
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Feng C, Fu Y, Chen D, Wang H, Su A, Zhang L, Chang L, Zheng N, Wu Z. miR-127-5p negatively regulates enterovirus 71 replication by directly targeting SCARB2. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:747-758. [PMID: 28593131 PMCID: PMC5458453 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease in young children and can cause severe cerebral and pulmonary complications and even fatality. This study aimed at elucidating whether and how EV71 infection is regulated by a cellular microRNA, miR‐127‐5p. We found that miR‐127‐5p can downregulate the expression of SCARB2, a main receptor of EV71, by targeting two potential sites in its 3′ UTR region and inhibit EV71 infection. Meanwhile, miR‐127‐5p expression was upregulated during EV71 infection. Notably, transfecting cells with miR‐127‐5p mimics led to a significant decrease in viral replication, while inhibition of endogenous miR‐127‐5p facilitated viral replication. Furthermore, our evidence showed that miR‐127‐5p did not affect postentry viral replication. Taken together, these results indicated that miR‐127‐5p inhibited EV71 replication by targeting the SCARB2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Feng
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,School of life sciences Nanjing University China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Airong Su
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Liang Chang
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Nanjing University China.,Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Nanjing University China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research Medical School Nanjing University China.,State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Nanjing University China.,Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Nanjing University China
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175
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Lou C, Samuelsen SV, Christensen NJ, Vester B, Wengel J. Oligonucleotides Containing Aminated 2'-Amino-LNA Nucleotides: Synthesis and Strong Binding to Complementary DNA and RNA. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1214-1220. [PMID: 28332825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and diaminated 2'-amino-LNA monomers were synthesized and introduced into oligonucleotides. Each modification imparts significant stabilization of nucleic acid duplexes and triplexes, excellent sequence selectivity, and significant nuclease resistance. Molecular modeling suggested that structural stabilization occurs via intrastrand electrostatic attraction between the protonated amino groups of the aminated 2'-amino-LNA monomers and the host oligonucleotide backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niels Johan Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular Nanoscale Engineering Center, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
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176
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Tatiparti K, Sau S, Kashaw SK, Iyer AK. siRNA Delivery Strategies: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E77. [PMID: 28379201 PMCID: PMC5408169 DOI: 10.3390/nano7040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
siRNA is a promising therapeutic solution to address gene overexpression or mutations as a post-transcriptional gene regulation process for several pathological conditions such as viral infections, cancer, genetic disorders, and autoimmune disorders like arthritis. This therapeutic method is currently being actively pursued in cancer therapy because siRNA has been found to suppress the oncogenes and address mutations in tumor suppressor genes and elucidate the key molecules in cellular pathways in cancer. It is also effective in personalized gene therapy for several diseases due to its specificity, adaptability, and broad targeting capability. However, naked siRNA is unstable in the bloodstream and cannot efficiently cross cell membranes besides being immunogenic. Therefore, careful design of the delivery systems is essential to fully utilize the potential of this therapeutic solution. This review presents a comprehensive update on the challenges of siRNA delivery and the current strategies used to develop nanoparticulate delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Tatiparti
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Samaresh Sau
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India.
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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177
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Kang SG, Kim C, Aiken J, Yoo HS, McKenzie D. Dual MicroRNA to Cellular Prion Protein Inhibits Propagation of Pathogenic Prion Protein in Cultured Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2384-2396. [PMID: 28357807 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and various mammals. In spite of intensive efforts, there is no effective cure or treatment for prion diseases. Cellular forms of prion protein (PrPC) is essential for propagation of abnormal isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) and pathogenesis. The effect of an artificial dual microRNA (DmiR) on PrPC suppression and resultant inhibition of prion replication was determined using prion-infectible cell cultures: differentiated C2C12 culture and primary mixed neuronal and glial cells culture (MNGC). Processing of DmiR by prion-susceptible myotubes, but not by reserve cells, in differentiated C2C12 culture slowed prion replication, implying an importance of cell type-specific PrPC targeting. In MNGC, reduction of PrPC with DmiR was effective for suppressing prion replication. MNGC lentivirally transduced with non-targeting control miRNAs (scrambled) reduced prion replication at a level similar to that with a synthetic analogue of viral RNA, poly I:C. The results suggest that a synergistic combination of the immunostimulatory RNA duplexes (miRNA) and PrPC silencing with DmiR might augment a therapeutic potential of RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chiye Kim
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Judd Aiken
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 PLUS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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178
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Cai X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Gu Z. Highly Efficient and Safe Delivery of VEGF siRNA by Bioreducible Fluorinated Peptide Dendrimers for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9402-9415. [PMID: 28228013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has a great promise in treating various acquired and hereditary diseases. However, it remains highly desirable to develop new delivery system to circumvent complex extra- and intracellular barriers for successful clinical translation. Here, we report on a versatile polymeric vector, bioreducible fluorinated peptide dendrimers (BFPD), for efficient and safe small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. In virtue of skillfully integrating all of the unique advantages of reversible cross-linking, fluorination, and peptide dendrimers, this novel vector can surmount almost all extra- and intracellular barriers associated with local siRNA delivery through highly improved physiological stability and serum resistance, significantly increased intratumoral enrichment, cellular internalization, successful facilitation of endosomal escape, and cytosolic siRNA release. BFPD polyplexes, carrying small interfering vascular endothelial growth factor (siVEGF), demonstrated excellent VEGF silencing efficacy (∼65%) and a strong capability for inhibiting HeLa cell proliferation. More importantly, these polyplexes showed superior performance in long-term enrichment in the tumor sites and had a high level of tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, these polyplexes not only exhibited excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy but also demonstrated superior biocompatibility, compared with LPF2000, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate that BFPD is an efficient and safe siRNA delivery system and has remarkable potential for RNAi-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haofang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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179
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A streamlined method for the design and cloning of shRNAs into an optimized Dox-inducible lentiviral vector. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28245848 PMCID: PMC5331646 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) is an established and effective tool for stable knock down of gene expression. Lentiviral vectors can be used to deliver shRNAs, thereby providing the ability to infect most mammalian cell types with high efficiency, regardless of proliferation state. Furthermore, the use of inducible promoters to drive shRNA expression allows for more thorough investigations into the specific timing of gene function in a variety of cellular processes. Moreover, inducible knockdown allows the investigation of genes that would be lethal or otherwise poorly tolerated if constitutively knocked down. Lentiviral inducible shRNA vectors are readily available, but unfortunately the process of cloning, screening, and testing shRNAs can be time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we sought to refine a popular vector (Tet-pLKO-Puro) and streamline the cloning process with efficient protocols so that researchers can more efficiently utilize this powerful tool. METHODS: First, we modified the Tet-pLKO-Puro vector to make it easy ("EZ") for molecular cloning (EZ-Tet-pLKO-Puro). Our primary modification was to shrink the stuffer region, which allows vector purification via polyethylene glycol precipitation thereby avoiding the need to purify DNA through agarose. In addition, we generated EZ-Tet-pLKO vectors with hygromycin or blasticidin resistance to provide greater flexibility in cell line engineering. Furthermore, we provide a detailed guide for utilizing these vectors, including shRNA design strategy and simplified screening methods. RESULTS Notably, we emphasize the importance of loop sequence design and demonstrate that the addition of a single mismatch in the loop stem can greatly improve shRNA efficiency. Lastly, we display the robustness of the system with a doxycycline titration and recovery time course and provide a cost/benefit analysis comparing our system with purchasing pre-designed shRNA vectors. CONCLUSIONS Our aim was twofold: first, to take a very useful shRNA vector and make it more amenable for molecular cloning and, secondly, to provide a streamlined protocol and rationale for cost-effective design, cloning, and screening of shRNAs. With this knowledge, anyone can take advantage of this powerful tool to inducibly knockdown any gene of their choosing.
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180
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Trends in the Binding of Cell Penetrating Peptides to siRNA: A Molecular Docking Study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS 2017; 2017:1059216. [PMID: 28321253 PMCID: PMC5340175 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1059216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of gene therapeutics, including short interfering RNA (siRNA), is limited by the lack of efficient delivery systems. An appealing approach to deliver gene therapeutics involves noncovalent complexation with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) which are able to penetrate the cell membranes of mammals. Although a number of CPPs have been discovered, our understanding of their complexation and translocation of siRNA is as yet insufficient. Here, we report on computational studies comparing the binding affinities of CPPs with siRNA, considering a variety of CPPs. Specifically, seventeen CPPs from three different categories, cationic, amphipathic, and hydrophobic CPPs, were studied. Molecular mechanics were used to minimize structures, while molecular docking calculations were used to predict the orientation and favorability of sequentially binding multiple peptides to siRNA. Binding scores from docking calculations were highest for amphipathic peptides over cationic and hydrophobic peptides. Results indicate that initial complexation of peptides will likely occur along the major groove of the siRNA, driven by electrostatic interactions. Subsequent binding of CPPs is likely to occur in the minor groove and later on bind randomly, to siRNA or previously bound CPPs, through hydrophobic interactions. However, hydrophobic CPPs do not show this binding pattern. Ultimately binding yields a positively charged nanoparticle capable of noninvasive cellular import of therapeutic molecules.
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181
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The Evolutionary Loss of RNAi Key Determinants in Kinetoplastids as a Multiple Sporadic Phenomenon. J Mol Evol 2017; 84:104-115. [PMID: 28210761 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-017-9780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We screened the genomes of a broad panel of kinetoplastid protists for genes encoding proteins associated with the RNA interference (RNAi) system using probes from the Argonaute (AGO1), Dicer1 (DCL1), and Dicer2 (DCL2) genes of Leishmania brasiliensis and Crithidia fasciculata. We identified homologs for all the three of these genes in the genomes of a subset of these organisms. However, several of these organisms lacked evidence for any of these genes, while others lacked only DCL2. The open reading frames encoding these putative proteins were structurally analyzed in silico. The alignments indicated that the genes are homologous with a high degree of confidence, and three-dimensional structural models strongly supported a functional relationship to previously characterized AGO1, DCL1, and DCL2 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of these putative proteins showed that these genes, when present, evolved in parallel with other nuclear genes, arguing that the RNAi system genes share a common progenitor, likely across all Kinetoplastea. In addition, the genome segments bearing these genes are highly conserved and syntenic, even among those taxa in which they are absent. However, taxa in which these genes are apparently absent represent several widely divergent branches of kinetoplastids, arguing that these genes were independently lost at least six times in the evolutionary history of these organisms. The mechanisms responsible for the apparent coordinate loss of these RNAi system genes independently in several lineages of kinetoplastids, while being maintained in other related lineages, are currently unknown.
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182
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Gong H, Liu M, Klomp J, Merrill BJ, Rehman J, Malik AB. Method for Dual Viral Vector Mediated CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Disruption in Primary Human Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42127. [PMID: 28198371 PMCID: PMC5309830 DOI: 10.1038/srep42127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (ECs) are widely used to study mechanisms of angiogenesis, inflammation, and endothelial permeability. Targeted gene disruption induced by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 (Cas9) nuclease gene editing is potentially an important tool for definitively establishing the functional roles of individual genes in ECs. We showed that co-delivery of adenovirus encoding EGFP-tagged Cas9 and lentivirus encoding a single guide RNA (sgRNA) in primary human lung microvascular ECs (HLMVECs) disrupted the expression of the Tie2 gene and protein. Tie2 disruption increased basal endothelial permeability and prevented permeability recovery following injury induced by the inflammatory stimulus thrombin. Thus, gene deletion via viral co-delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 in primary human ECs provides a novel platform to investigate signaling mechanisms of normal and perturbed EC function without the need for clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Menglin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeff Klomp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bradley J. Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Genome Editing Core, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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183
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Liu HM, Zhang YF, Xie YD, Cai YF, Li BY, Li W, Zeng LY, Li YL, Yu RT. Hypoxia-responsive ionizable liposome delivery siRNA for glioma therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1065-1083. [PMID: 28223799 PMCID: PMC5308568 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the hypoxia-responsive ionizable liposomes to deliver small interference RNA (siRNA) anticancer drugs, which can selectively enhance cellular uptake of the siRNA under hypoxic and low-pH conditions to cure glioma. For this purpose, malate dehydrogenase lipid molecules were synthesized, which contain nitroimidazole groups that impart hypoxia sensitivity and specificity as hydrophobic tails, and tertiary amines as hydrophilic head groups. These malate dehydrogenase molecules, together with DSPE-PEG2000 and cholesterol, were self-assembled into O'1,O1-(3-(dimethylamino)propane-1,2-diyl) 16-bis(2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl) di(hexadecanedioate) liposomes (MLP) to encapsulate siRNA through electrostatic interaction. Our study showed that the MLP could deliver polo-like kinase 1 siRNA (siPLK1) into glioma cells and effectively enhance the cellular uptake of MLP/siPLK1 because of increased positive charges induced by hypoxia and low pH. Moreover, MLP/siPLK1 was shown to be very effective in inhibiting the growth of glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the MLP is a promising siRNA delivery system for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Ya-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Yan-Dong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Yi-Fan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Bai-Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Ling-Yu Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-Tong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University
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184
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Scheinberg DA, Grimm J, Heller DA, Stater EP, Bradbury M, McDevitt MR. Advances in the clinical translation of nanotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:66-73. [PMID: 28187340 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of novel materials in the nano-scale size range for applications in devices, drugs and diagnostic agents comes with a number of new opportunities, and also serious challenges to human applications. The larger size of particulate-based agents, as compared to traditional drugs, allows for the significant advantages of multivalency and multi-functionality. However, the human use of nanomaterials requires a thorough understanding of the biocompatibility of the synthetic molecules and their complex pharmacology. Possible toxicities created by the unusual properties of the nanoparticles are neither well-understood, nor predictable yet. A key to the successful use of the burgeoning field of nanomaterials as diagnostic and therapeutic agents will be to appropriately match the biophysical features of the particle to the disease system to be evaluated or treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel A Heller
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evan P Stater
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle Bradbury
- Radiology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael R McDevitt
- Radiology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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185
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Nano-biomimetic carriers are implicated in mechanistic evaluation of intracellular gene delivery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41507. [PMID: 28128339 PMCID: PMC5269746 DOI: 10.1038/srep41507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tissue specific non-viral carriers have been developed for gene delivery purposes. However, the inability to escape endosomes, undermines the efficacy of these carriers. Researchers inspired by HIV and influenza virus, have randomly used Gp41 and H5WYG fusogenic peptides in several gene delivery systems without any rational preference. Here for the first time, we have genetically engineered two Nano-biomimetic carriers composed of either HWYG (HNH) or Gp41 (GNH) that precisely provide identical conditions for the study and evaluation of these fusogenic peptides. The luciferase assay demonstrated a two-fold higher transfection efficiency of HNH compared to GNH. These nanocarriers also displayed equivalent properties in terms of DNA binding ability and DNA protection against serum nucleases and formed similar nanoparticles in terms of surface charge and size. Interestingly, hemolysis and cellular analysis demonstrated both of nanoparticles internalized into cells in similar rate and escaped from endosome with different efficiency. Furthermore, the structural analysis revealed the mechanisms responsible for the superior endosomal escaping capability of H5WYG. In conclusion, this study describes the rationale for using H5WYG peptide to deliver nucleic acids and suggests that using nano-biomimetic carriers to screen different endosomal release peptides, improves gene delivery significantly.
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186
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Roy P, Datta A. DCL and Associated Proteins of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana </i>- An Interaction Study. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56431/p-p7a5s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During RNA interference in plants, Dicer-like/DCL proteins process longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors into small RNA molecules. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are four DCLs (DCL1, DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4) that interact with various associated proteins to carry out this processing. The lack of complete structural-functional information and characterization of DCLs and their associated proteins leads to this study where we have generated the structures by modelling, analysed the structures and studied the interactions of Arabidopsisthaliana DCLs with their associated proteins with the homology-derived models to screen the interacting residues. Structural analyses indicate existence of significant conserved domains that may play imperative roles during protein-protein interactions. The interaction study shows some key domain-domain (including multi-domains and inter-residue interactions) interfaces and specific residue biases (like arginine and leucine) that may help in augmenting the protein expression level during stress responses. Results point towards plausible stable associations to carry out RNA processing in a synchronised pattern by elucidating the structural properties and protein-protein interactions of DCLs that may hold significance for RNAi researchers.
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187
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Biodegradable lipid nanoparticles induce a prolonged RNA interference-mediated protein knockdown and show rapid hepatic clearance in mice and nonhuman primates. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:34-43. [PMID: 28089936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles based on ionizable lipids have been clinically validated as a means of delivery for RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics. The ideal properties of RNAi carriers are efficient delivery of oligonucleotides into target cells and rapid elimination after the function is performed. Here, we report that degradable lipid nanoparticles are effective carriers of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and have a high therapeutic index. The newly developed degradable lipid nanoparticles carrying siRNA showed potent gene-silencing activity in mouse hepatocytes (ED50≈0.02mg/kg siRNA). The ester bond in the lipid tail was hydrolyzed in the liver, resulting in rapid metabolism of the lipid. Toxicity assays showed that the degradable lipid was well-tolerated at siRNA doses of up to 16mg/kg in rats (over 800-fold higher than ED50). A single intravenous injection of siRNA targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in cynomolgus monkeys resulted in more than 90% protein silencing, and a 50% decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, with a measurable reduction for 2 months. Moreover, quantification of lipids in liver biopsies revealed rapid hepatic clearance of the degradable lipid in nonhuman primates. These degradable lipid nanoparticles with a high therapeutic index hold promise for RNA-based treatments.
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188
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Roy P, Datta A. DCL and Associated Proteins of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana </i>- An Interaction Study. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.61.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During RNA interference in plants, Dicer-like/DCL proteins process longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors into small RNA molecules. In Arabidopsis thaliana there are four DCLs (DCL1, DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4) that interact with various associated proteins to carry out this processing. The lack of complete structural-functional information and characterization of DCLs and their associated proteins leads to this study where we have generated the structures by modelling, analysed the structures and studied the interactions of Arabidopsisthaliana DCLs with their associated proteins with the homology-derived models to screen the interacting residues. Structural analyses indicate existence of significant conserved domains that may play imperative roles during protein-protein interactions. The interaction study shows some key domain-domain (including multi-domains and inter-residue interactions) interfaces and specific residue biases (like arginine and leucine) that may help in augmenting the protein expression level during stress responses. Results point towards plausible stable associations to carry out RNA processing in a synchronised pattern by elucidating the structural properties and protein-protein interactions of DCLs that may hold significance for RNAi researchers.
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189
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Inheritable Silencing of Endogenous Genes by Hit-and-Run Targeted Epigenetic Editing. Cell 2016; 167:219-232.e14. [PMID: 27662090 PMCID: PMC5039111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing is instrumental to interrogate gene function and holds promise for therapeutic applications. Here, we repurpose the endogenous retroviruses’ silencing machinery of embryonic stem cells to stably silence three highly expressed genes in somatic cells by epigenetics. This was achieved by transiently expressing combinations of engineered transcriptional repressors that bind to and synergize at the target locus to instruct repressive histone marks and de novo DNA methylation, thus ensuring long-term memory of the repressive epigenetic state. Silencing was highly specific, as shown by genome-wide analyses, sharply confined to the targeted locus without spreading to nearby genes, resistant to activation induced by cytokine stimulation, and relieved only by targeted DNA demethylation. We demonstrate the portability of this technology by multiplex gene silencing, adopting different DNA binding platforms and interrogating thousands of genomic loci in different cell types, including primary T lymphocytes. Targeted epigenome editing might have broad application in research and medicine. Repurposing the ERV silencing machinery for targeted epigenetic gene silencing Hit-and-run delivery of combinations of engineered transcriptional repressors (ETRs) Inheritable and stimulation-resistant silencing of endogenous genes by DNA methylation Portable to different cell types and DNA binding platforms and amenable to multiplexing
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190
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Lin AH, Twitty CG, Burnett R, Hofacre A, Mitchell LA, Espinoza FL, Gruber HE, Jolly DJ. Retroviral Replicating Vector Delivery of miR-PDL1 Inhibits Immune Checkpoint PDL1 and Enhances Immune Responses In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 6:221-232. [PMID: 28325288 PMCID: PMC5363416 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells express a number of immunosuppressive molecules that can suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Efficient delivery of small interfering RNAs to treat a wide range of diseases including cancers remains a challenge. Retroviral replicating vectors (RRV) can be used to stably and selectively introduce genetic material into cancer cells. Here, we designed RRV to express shRNA (RRV-shPDL1) or microRNA30-derived shRNA (RRV-miRPDL1) using Pol II or Pol III promoters to downregulate PDL1 in human cancer cells. We also designed RRV expressing cytosine deaminase (yCD2) and miRPDL1 for potential combinatorial therapy. Among various configurations tested, we showed that RRV-miRPDL1 vectors with Pol II or Pol III promoter replicated efficiently and exhibited sustained downregulation of PDL1 protein expression by more than 75% in human cancer cell lines with high expression of PDL1. Immunologic effects of RRV-miRPDL1 were assessed by a trans-suppression lymphocyte assay. In vitro data showed downregulation of PDL1+ tumor cells restored activation of CD8+ T cells and bio-equivalency compared to anti-PDL1 antibody treatment. These results suggest RRV-miRPDL1 may be an alternative therapeutic approach to enhance anti-tumor immunity by overcoming PDL1-induced immune suppression from within cancer cells and this approach may also be applicable to other cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Lin
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | | | - Ryan Burnett
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Andrew Hofacre
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Leah A Mitchell
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | | | - Harry E Gruber
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Douglas J Jolly
- Tocagen Inc., 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
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191
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Wu Y, Zhou B, Xu F, Wang X, Liu G, Zheng L, Zhao J, Zhang X. Functional quantum dot-siRNA nanoplexes to regulate chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 46:165-176. [PMID: 27615736 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 plays an important role in mesenchymal condensations during the early development of embryonic skeletons. However, its function in the chondrogenic differentiation of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has not been fully investigated because SOX9 RNA interference in adult MSCs has seldom been studied. This study used SOX9 gene as the target gene and the quantum dot (QD)-based nanomaterial QD-NH2 (ZnS shell and poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) coating) with a fluorescent tracer function as the gene carrier to transfect siSOX9 into MSCs after sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) activation in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that QD-SMCC could effectively bind and deliver siRNAs into the MSCs, followed by efficient siRNA escape from the endosomes. The siRNAs released from QD-SMCC retained their structural integrity and could effectively inhibit the targeted gene expression, leading to reduced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and delayed cartilage repair. QDs were excreted from living cells instead of dead cells, and the ZnS shell and PEG coating layer greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of the QDs. The transfection efficiency of QD-SMCC was superior to that of polyethylenimine (PEI). In addition, QD-SMCC has an intrinsic signal for noninvasive imaging of siRNA transport. The results indicate that SOX9 is imperative for the chondrogenesis of MSCs and QD-SMCC has great potential for real-time tracking of transfection. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we developed functional quantum dot (QD) nanoplexes by sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) activation of PEG-coated CdSe/ZnS QDs as the gene carrier of siRNA to study the effect of SOX9 RNA interference on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. This study confirmed the importance of SOX9 in chondrogenesis, as evidenced by the findings that SOX9 knockdown significantly inhibited the expression of cartilage-specific markers including acan and col2a1 in MSCs and further delayed cartilage repair. Moreover, QD-SMCC has an intrinsic signal for noninvasive imaging of siRNA transport. The results indicate that SOX9 is imperative for the chondrogenesis of MSCs and QD-SMCC has great potential for real-time tracking of transfection.
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192
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Wei P, Chen J, Hu Y, Li X, Wang H, Shen M, Shi X. Dendrimer-Stabilized Gold Nanostars as a Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoplatform for CT Imaging, Photothermal Therapy, and Gene Silencing of Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:3203-3213. [PMID: 27901317 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of versatile nanomaterials combining diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities within one single nanoplatform is extremely important for tumor theranostics. In this work, the authors report the synthesis of a gold nanostar (Au NS)-based theranostic platform stabilized with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) peptide-modified amine-terminated generation 3 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. The formed RGD-modified dendrimer-stabilized Au NSs (RGD-Au DSNSs) are used as a gene delivery vector to complex small interfering RNA (siRNA) for computed tomography (CT) imaging, thermal imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), and gene therapy of tumors. The results show that the RGD-Au DSNSs are able to compact vascular endothelial growth factor siRNA and specifically deliver siRNA to cancer cells overexpressing αv β3 integrin. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the viability of cancer cells is only 20.2% after incubation with the RGD-Au DSNS/siRNA polyplexes, which is much lower than that of cells after single PTT or gene therapy treatment. Furthermore, in vivo results show that the RGD-Au DSNS/siRNA polyplexes enable tumor CT imaging, thermal imaging, PTT, and gene therapy after intratumoral injection. These results indicate that the developed multifunctional nanoconstruct is a promising platform for tumor imaging and combinational PTT and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Radiology; Shanghai General Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai 200080 P. R. China
| | - Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Radiology; Shanghai General Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai 200080 P. R. China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira; Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada; Funchal 9000-390 Portugal
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193
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Xie D, Shang L, Peng L, Li L. Up-regulation of VEZT by small activating RNA inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:542-548. [PMID: 27856244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an effective saRNA sequence that can specifically up-regulate VEZT expression and to determine the influence of saRNA had on gastric cancer cell growth, proliferation, invasion and migration. METHODS Three various saRNAs, that target the VEZT gene promoter at different locations relative to the transcription start site were synthesized. A dsControl saRNA was synthesized as a negative control, and a specific shRNA was synthesized to knockdown VEZT and eliminate any off-target effects of the saRNA. Both SGC-7901 and M-28 cells were either transfected with the different saRNAs, or treated with Lipofectamine2000 alone. To determine the most effective saRNA, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the VEZT mRNA and protein content, respectively, of each treatment group. After selection, both cell lines were treated with the chosen saRNA, dsControl or Lipofectamine2000. The saRNA treated cells were divided into two groups: the first group was used immediately in the experiments, and the second group was transfected with shRNA by using RNAi-Mate. The proliferation of cells transfected with saRNA, or saRNA and shRNA, as well as the other control cells, was detected by CCK-8. The invasive and migratory abilities were determined using the transwell chamber assay. RESULTS We identified the most effective saRNA via real-time PCR and Western blot. The selected saRNA inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of GC cells by specially reactivating VEZT. The real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that treatment with saRNA caused a significant up-regulation of VEZT, and an obvious decrease in the proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities; compared with the control groups (P < 0.01); furthermore, there were no significant differences among the control groups (P > 0.05). This phenomenon provides a theoretical basis for saRNA design and gene therapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lipan Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China.
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194
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Wang C, Cheng Q, Han S, Wang X, Zhang J, Deng L, Zhao D, Du L, Cao H, Liang Z, Huang Y, Dong A. pH-Sensitive Nanomicelles for High-Efficiency siRNA Delivery in Vitro and in Vivo: An Insight into the Design of Polycations with Robust Cytosolic Release. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6916-6923. [PMID: 27748606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extremely low efficient cytosolic release of the internalized siRNA has emerged recently as a central issue for siRNA delivery, while there is a lack of guidelines to facilitate the cytosolic release of internalized siRNA. To address these concerns, we studied the contribution of the pH-sensitive inner core on handling the cytosolic release of siRNA delivered by a series of PG-P(DPAx-co-DMAEMAy)-PCB amphiphilic polycation nanomicelles (GDDC-Ms) with extremely low internalization (<1/4 of lipofactamine 2000 (Lipo2000)). Significantly, just by varying the mole ratio of DPA and DMAEMA to adjust the initial disassembly pH (pHdis) of the core near to 6.8, GDDC4-Ms/siRNA could get nearly 98.8% silencing efficiency at w/w = 12 with 50 nM siRNA and ∼78% silencing efficiency at w/w = 30 with a very low dose of 5 nM siRNA in HepG-2 cell lines, while Lipo2000 only got 65.7% with 50 nM siRNA. Furthermore, ∼98.4% silencing efficiency was also realized in the hard-to-transfect human acute monoblastic leukemia cell line U937 by GDDC4-Ms/siRNA (at w/w = 15, 50 nM siRNA), in the inefficient case for Lipo2000. Additionally, the high silencing efficiency (∼80%) in skin tissue in vivo was discovered. Undoubtedly, the robust potential of GDDC4-Ms in handling the cytosolic release paves a simple but efficient new way for the design of the nonviral siRNA vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yidi Wu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shangcong Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liandong Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Deyao Zhao
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lili Du
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zicai Liang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Liu J, Zhu H, Zhong N, Jiang Z, Xu L, Deng Y, Jiang Z, Wang H, Wang J. Gene silencing of USP1 by lentivirus effectively inhibits proliferation and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2549-2557. [PMID: 27840911 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant bone tumor, affecting the extremities of adolescents and young adults. Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) plays a critical role in many cellular processes including proteasome degradation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, we discovered that USP1 was overexpressed in 26 out of 30 osteosarcoma tissues compared to cartilage tumor tissues and normal bone tissues. We then constructed a lentiviral vector mediating RNA interference (RNAi) targeting USP1 and demonstrated that it significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of the USP1 gene in U2OS cells. Knockdown of USP1 inhibited the growth and colony-forming, as well as significantly reduced the invasiveness of U2OS cells. Western blot analysis indicated that suppression of USP1 downregulated the expression of many proteins including SIK2, MMP-2, GSK-3β, Bcl-2, Stat3, cyclin E1, Notch1, Wnt-1 and cyclin A1. Most of these proteins are associated with tumor genesis and development. RNAi of SIK2 significantly decreased SIK2 protein expression and inhibited the ability of forming colonies, as well as induced apoptosis and reduced the invasiveness of U2OS cells. Collectively, our results suggest that silencing USP1 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in U2OS cells. Therefore, USP1 may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Zifeng Jiang
- Clinical Laboratories, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lele Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P.R. China
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196
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Wang P, Kang XJ, Tang XH, Liu JY, Li WZ, Wang WJ, Liang SN, Feng YY, Ding Y, Chen WJ. Six generations of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, associated with a KRT9 R163W mutation. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:515-524. [PMID: 27864007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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197
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Tekade RK, Tekade M, Kesharwani P, D’Emanuele A. RNAi-combined nano-chemotherapeutics to tackle resistant tumors. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1761-1774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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198
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Imani R, Shao W, Taherkhani S, Emami SH, Prakash S, Faghihi S. Dual-functionalized graphene oxide for enhanced siRNA delivery to breast cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:315-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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199
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Zhang XY, Zhang PY. Combinations in multimodality treatments and clinical outcomes during cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4301-4304. [PMID: 28101195 PMCID: PMC5228028 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination approach could be easily considered as the future of therapeutics in all pathological states including cancer. Scientists are trying different combinations in order to determine synergism among different therapeutics which ultimately helps in the improved and more efficient management of the affected patients. Combination of multi-chemotherapeutic agents, or multi-drug therapy, may be the most commonly used strategy for cancer treatment. Monotherapy causes drug resistance and loses its response in patients after several cycles of treatment. While combining different anticancer drugs together for cancer treatment, as in the case of the cocktail therapy for HIV, not only overcomes the drug resistance but also leads to a synergistic effect, therefore showing prolonged survival for patients. The present review article is focused on different combinations in use for better efficiency of therapeutics against cancer. We searched the electronic database PubMed for pre-clinical as well as clinical controlled trials reporting diagnostic as well as therapeutic advances of various combinations in cancer. It was observed clearly that combination approach is better in various aspects including increase in efficacy, specificity and decline in the unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Information Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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200
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Simonsen JB. Evaluation of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) as a drug delivery platform – a detailed survey of rHDL particles ranging from biophysical properties to clinical implications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2161-2179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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