151
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Wong WK, Yin B, Lam CYK, Huang Y, Yan J, Tan Z, Wong SHD. The Interplay Between Epigenetic Regulation and CD8 + T Cell Differentiation/Exhaustion for T Cell Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783227. [PMID: 35087832 PMCID: PMC8787221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective immunotherapy treats cancers by eradicating tumourigenic cells by activated tumour antigen-specific and bystander CD8+ T-cells. However, T-cells can gradually lose cytotoxicity in the tumour microenvironment, known as exhaustion. Recently, DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin architecture have provided novel insights into epigenetic regulations of T-cell differentiation/exhaustion, thereby controlling the translational potential of the T-cells. Thus, developing strategies to govern epigenetic switches of T-cells dynamically is critical to maintaining the effector function of antigen-specific T-cells. In this mini-review, we 1) describe the correlation between epigenetic states and T cell phenotypes; 2) discuss the enzymatic factors and intracellular/extracellular microRNA imprinting T-cell epigenomes that drive T-cell exhaustion; 3) highlight recent advances in epigenetic interventions to rescue CD8+ T-cell functions from exhaustion. Finally, we express our perspective that regulating the interplay between epigenetic changes and transcriptional programs provides translational implications of current immunotherapy for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ki Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bohan Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Ying Katherine Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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152
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Hypermethylation at the CXCR5 gene locus limits trafficking potential of CD8+ T cells into B-cell follicles during HIV-1 infection. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1904-1916. [PMID: 34991160 PMCID: PMC8941472 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cells play an important role in HIV control. However, in human lymph nodes (LNs), only a small subset of CD8+ T-cells expresses CXCR5, the chemokine receptor required for cell migration into B cell follicles, which are major sanctuaries for HIV persistence in individuals on therapy. Here, we investigate the impact of HIV infection on follicular CD8+ T-cells (fCD8s) frequencies, trafficking pattern and CXCR5 regulation. We show that, although HIV infection results in a marginal increase of fCD8s in LN, the majority of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells are CXCR5 negative (non-fCD8s) (p<0.003). Mechanistic investigations using ATAC-seq showed that non-fCD8s have closed chromatin at the CXCR5 transcriptional start site (TSS). DNA bisulfite sequencing identified DNA hypermethylation at the CXCR5 TSS as the most probable cause of closed chromatin. Transcriptional factor footprints analysis revealed enrichment of transforming growth factors (TGFs) at the TSS of fCD8s. In-vitro stimulation of non-fCD8s with recombinant TGF-β resulted in significant increase in CXCR5 expression (fCD8s). Thus, this study identifies TGF-β signaling as a viable strategy for increasing fCD8s frequencies in follicular areas of the LN where they are needed to eliminate HIV infected cells, with implications for HIV cure strategies.
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153
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Abstract
Vaccination affords protection from disease by activating pathogen-specific immune cells and facilitating the development of persistent immunologic memory toward the vaccine-specific pathogen. Current vaccine regimens are often based on the efficiency of the acute immune response, and not necessarily on the generation of memory cells, in part because the mechanisms underlying the development of efficient immune memory remain incompletely understood. This Review describes recent advances in defining memory T cell metabolism and how metabolism of these cells might be altered in patients affected by mitochondrial diseases or metabolic syndrome, who show higher susceptibility to recurrent infections and higher rates of vaccine failure. It discusses how this new understanding could add to the way we think about immunologic memory, vaccine development, and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corrado
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Oncology, The Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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154
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Simonetta F, Bertoni F. An epigenetic signature in CD19-CAR T cells predicts clinical outcome. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:81-82. [PMID: 34972674 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of epigenetic profiles on adoptive T cell immunotherapies is currently unknown. In a recent study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Garcia-Prieto et al. show that specific DNA methylation profiles of CD19-CAR T cells are associated with improved clinical outcome of patients with B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Simonetta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Onco-Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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155
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Lau CM, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell memory. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:90-110. [PMID: 34908173 PMCID: PMC8955591 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the underlying mechanism by which the immune system remembers previous encounters with pathogens to produce an enhanced secondary response upon re-encounter. It stands as the hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system and the cornerstone of vaccine development. Classic recall responses are executed by conventional T and B cells, which undergo somatic recombination and modify their receptor repertoire to ensure recognition of a vast number of antigens. However, recent evidence has challenged the dogma that memory responses are restricted to the adaptive immune system, which has prompted a reevaluation of what delineates "immune memory." Natural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system have been at the forefront of these pushed boundaries, and have proved to be more "adaptable" than previously thought. Like T cells, we now appreciate that their "natural" abilities actually require a myriad of signals for optimal responses. In this review, we discuss the many signals required for effector and memory NK cell responses and the epigenetic mechanisms that ultimately endow their enhanced features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriela M. Wiedemann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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156
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T Cell Immunity: T Cell Receptors and Their Effector Functions. Mol Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04025-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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157
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Wang X, Wang X, Li J. Overcoming T-cell exhaustion in glioblastoma: A narrative review. GLIOMA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_16_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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158
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Ou L, Zhang A, Cheng Y, Chen Y. The cGAS-STING Pathway: A Promising Immunotherapy Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795048. [PMID: 34956229 PMCID: PMC8695770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of immunotherapy, researchers have paid more attention to the specific immune regulatory mechanisms of various immune responses in different diseases. As a novel and vital innate immune signal pathway, the cGAS-STING signal pathway activated by nucleic acid substances, interplays with other immune responses, by which it participates in regulating cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, microbial and parasitic infectious diseases, and other diseases. With the exception of its role in innate immunity, the growing list of researches demonstrated expanding roles of the cGAS-STING signal pathway in bridging the innate immunity (macrophage polarization) with the adaptive immunity (T lymphocytes differentiation). Macrophages and T lymphocytes are the most representative cells of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, respectively. Their polarization or differentiation are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases. Here we mainly summarized recent advanced discoveries of how the cGAS-STING signal pathway regulated macrophages polarization and T lymphocytes differentiation in various diseases and vaccine applications, providing a promising direction for the development and clinical application of immunotherapeutic strategies for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ou
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxing Cheng
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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159
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Dai E, Zhu Z, Wahed S, Qu Z, Storkus WJ, Guo ZS. Epigenetic modulation of antitumor immunity for improved cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:171. [PMID: 34930302 PMCID: PMC8691037 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play vital roles not only in cancer initiation and progression, but also in the activation, differentiation and effector function(s) of immune cells. In this review, we summarize current literature related to epigenomic dynamics in immune cells impacting immune cell fate and functionality, and the immunogenicity of cancer cells. Some important immune-associated genes, such as granzyme B, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, FoxP3 and STING, are regulated via epigenetic mechanisms in immune or/and cancer cells, as are immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT) expressed by immune cells and tumor-associated stromal cells. Thus, therapeutic strategies implementing epigenetic modulating drugs are expected to significantly impact the tumor microenvironment (TME) by promoting transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming in local immune cell populations, resulting in inhibition of immunosuppressive cells (MDSCs and Treg) and the activation of anti-tumor T effector cells, professional antigen presenting cells (APC), as well as cancer cells which can serve as non-professional APC. In the latter instance, epigenetic modulating agents may coordinately promote tumor immunogenicity by inducing de novo expression of transcriptionally repressed tumor-associated antigens, increasing expression of neoantigens and MHC processing/presentation machinery, and activating tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD provides a rich source of immunogens for anti-tumor T cell cross-priming and sensitizing cancer cells to interventional immunotherapy. In this way, epigenetic modulators may be envisioned as effective components in combination immunotherapy approaches capable of mediating superior therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shudipto Wahed
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Immunology, Pathology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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160
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Montacchiesi G, Pace L. Epigenetics and CD8 + T cell memory. Immunol Rev 2021; 305:77-89. [PMID: 34923638 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following antigen recognition, CD8+ T lymphocytes can follow different patterns of differentiation, with the generation of different subsets characterized by distinct phenotypes, functions, and migration properties. The changes of transcription factors activity and chromatin structure dynamics drive the functional differentiation and phenotypic heterogeneity of these T cell subsets, which include short-lived effectors, long-term survival of memory, and also dysfunctional exhausted T cells. Recent progress in the field has shed light on the key contribution of chromatin organization to control the T cell fate specification. In fact, the understanding of these processes has important implications for the development of new immunotherapy protocols and to design new vaccination strategies. Here, we review the current understanding of the contribution of chromatin architecture and transcription factor activity orchestrating the gene expression programs guiding the CD8+ T cell subset commitment. We will focus on epigenetic changes, acting sequentially or in combination, which control the transcriptional programs governing T cell plasticity, stability, and memory. New molecular insights into the mechanisms of maintenance of cellular memory and identity, favoring or impeding the reprogramming, will be discussed in the context of T cell memory differentiation in infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Montacchiesi
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo (Turin), Turin, Italy.,University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigia Pace
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.,University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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161
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Dutta A, Venkataganesh H, Love PE. New Insights into Epigenetic Regulation of T Cell Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123459. [PMID: 34943965 PMCID: PMC8700096 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature CD4− CD8− thymocytes progress through several developmental steps in the thymus, ultimately emerging as mature CD4+ (helper) or CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells. Activation of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the presence of specific cytokines results in the induction of transcriptional programs that result in their differentiation into effector or memory cells and in the case of CD4+ T cells, the adoption of distinct T-helper fates. Previous studies have shown that histone modification and DNA methylation play important roles in each of these events. More recently, the roles of specific epigenetic regulators in T cell differentiation have been clarified. The identification of the epigenetic modifications and modifiers that control mature T cell differentiation and specification has also provided further insights into how dysregulation of these processes can lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have provided new insights into epigenetic regulation of T cell differentiation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Dutta
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.D.); (H.V.)
| | - Harini Venkataganesh
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.D.); (H.V.)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Paul E. Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.D.); (H.V.)
- Correspondence:
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162
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Zhang M, Jin X, Sun R, Xiong X, Wang J, Xie D, Zhao M. Optimization of metabolism to improve efficacy during CAR-T cell manufacturing. J Transl Med 2021; 19:499. [PMID: 34876185 PMCID: PMC8650271 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy is a relatively new, effective, and rapidly evolving therapeutic for adoptive immunotherapies. Although it has achieved remarkable effect in hematological malignancies, there are some problems that remain to be resolved. For example, there are high recurrence rates and poor efficacy in solid tumors. In this review, we first briefly describe the metabolic re-editing of T cells and the changes in metabolism during the preparation of CAR-T cells. Furthermore, we summarize the latest developments and newest strategies to improve the metabolic adaptability and antitumor activity of CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- First Center Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- First Center Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- First Center Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Danni Xie
- First Center Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - MingFeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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163
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Genetic ablation of PRDM1 in antitumor T cells enhances therapeutic efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Blood 2021; 139:2156-2172. [PMID: 34861037 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cancer immunotherapy can induce objective clinical efficacy in patients with advanced cancer; however, a sustained response is achieved in a minority of cases. The persistence of infused T cells is an essential determinant of a durable therapeutic response. Antitumor T cells undergo a genome-wide remodeling of the epigenetic architecture upon repeated antigen encounters, which inevitably induces progressive T-cell differentiation and the loss of longevity. In this study, we identified PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1) i.e., Blimp-1, as a key epigenetic gene associated with terminal T-cell differentiation. The genetic knockout of PRDM1 by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) supported the maintenance of an early memory phenotype and polyfunctional cytokine secretion in repeatedly stimulated chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells. PRDM1 disruption promoted the expansion of less differentiated memory CAR-T cells in vivo, which enhanced T-cell persistence and improved therapeutic efficacy in multiple tumor models. Mechanistically, PRDM1-ablated T cells displayed enhanced chromatin accessibility of the genes that regulate memory formation, thereby leading to the acquisition of gene expression profiles representative of early memory T cells. PRDM1 knockout also facilitated maintaining an early memory phenotype and cytokine polyfunctionality in T-cell receptor-engineered T cells as well as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In other words, targeting PRDM1 enabled the generation of superior antitumor T cells, which is potentially applicable to a wide range of adoptive cancer immunotherapies.
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164
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Zhai X, Liu K, Fang H, Zhang Q, Gao X, Liu F, Zhou S, Wang X, Niu Y, Hong Y, Lin SH, Liu WH, Xiao C, Li Q, Xiao N. Mitochondrial C1qbp promotes differentiation of effector CD8 + T cells via metabolic-epigenetic reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0490. [PMID: 34860557 PMCID: PMC8641941 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Early-activated CD8+ T cells increase both aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). However, whether and how the augmentation of OXPHOS regulates differentiation of effector CD8+ T cell remains unclear. Here, we found that C1qbp was intrinsically required for such differentiation in antiviral and antitumor immune responses. Activated C1qbp-deficient CD8+ T cells failed to increase mitochondrial respiratory capacities, resulting in diminished acetyl–coenzyme A as well as elevated fumarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate. Consequently, hypoacetylation of H3K27 and hypermethylation of H3K27 and CpG sites were associated with transcriptional down-regulation of effector signature genes. The effector differentiation of C1qbp-sufficient or C1qbp-deficient CD8+ T cells was reversed by fumarate or a combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor and acetate. Therefore, these findings identify C1qbp as a pivotal positive regulator in the differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells and highlight a metabolic-epigenetic axis in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hongkun Fang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xianjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shangshang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yujia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yazhen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shu-Hai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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165
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Davis L, Tarduno A, Lu YC. Neoantigen-Reactive T Cells: The Driving Force behind Successful Melanoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236061. [PMID: 34885172 PMCID: PMC8657037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer immunotherapy is a revolutionary type of cancer therapy. It uses the patient’s own immune system to fight and potentially cure cancer. The first major breakthrough of immunotherapy came from successful clinical trials for melanoma treatments. Since then, researchers have focused on understanding the science behind immunotherapy, so that patients with other types of cancer may also benefit. One of the major findings is that the T cells in melanoma patients may recognize a specific type of tumor antigen, called neoantigens, and then kill tumor cells that present these neoantigens. The neoantigens mainly arise from the DNA mutations found in tumor cells. These mutations are translated into mutated proteins that are then distinguished by T cells. In this article, we discuss the critical role of T cells in immunotherapy, as well as the clinical trials that shaped the treatments for melanoma. Abstract Patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma have experienced significant clinical responses after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy or adoptive cell therapy. Neoantigens are mutated proteins that arise from tumor-specific mutations. It is hypothesized that the neoantigen recognition by T cells is the critical step for T-cell-mediated anti-tumor responses and subsequent tumor regressions. In addition to describing neoantigens, we review the sentinel and ongoing clinical trials that are helping to shape the current treatments for patients with cutaneous melanoma. We also present the existing evidence that establishes the correlations between neoantigen-reactive T cells and clinical responses in melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Davis
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (L.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Ashley Tarduno
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (L.D.); (A.T.)
| | - Yong-Chen Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence:
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166
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Pace L. Temporal and Epigenetic Control of Plasticity and Fate Decision during CD8 + T-Cell Memory Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a037754. [PMID: 33972365 PMCID: PMC8635004 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a fundamental hallmark of the adaptive immune responses and one of the most relevant aspects of protective immunity. Our understanding of the processes of memory T-cell differentiation and maintenance of long-term immunity is continuously evolving, and recent advances highlight new regulatory networks and chromatin dynamic changes contributing to maintain T-cell identity and impeding the reprogramming of specific T-cell states. Here, the current understanding of the mechanisms that generate the diversity and the heterogeneity of CD8+ T-cell subsets will be discussed, focusing on the temporal and epigenetic mechanisms orchestrating the establishment and maintenance of distinct states of T-cell fate determination and functional commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Pace
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, IIGM
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
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167
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Arslan E, Schulz J, Rai K. Machine Learning in Epigenomics: Insights into Cancer Biology and Medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188588. [PMID: 34245839 PMCID: PMC8595561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent deluge of genome-wide technologies for the mapping of the epigenome and resulting data in cancer samples has provided the opportunity for gaining insights into and understanding the roles of epigenetic processes in cancer. However, the complexity, high-dimensionality, sparsity, and noise associated with these data pose challenges for extensive integrative analyses. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are particularly suited for epigenomic data analyses due to their flexibility and ability to learn underlying hidden structures. We will discuss four overlapping but distinct major categories under ML: dimensionality reduction, unsupervised methods, supervised methods, and deep learning (DL). We review the preferred use cases of these algorithms in analyses of cancer epigenomics data with the hope to provide an overview of how ML approaches can be used to explore fundamental questions on the roles of epigenome in cancer biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Arslan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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168
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Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:618-653. [PMID: 34977871 PMCID: PMC8706767 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nuclear factor of κ-light chain of enhancer-activated B cells (NF-κB) was discovered in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating mechanism of NF-κB for 35 years, which lead to significant progress. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanisms regulating NF-κB activation have also been illuminated, the cascades of signaling events leading to NF-κB activity and key components of the NF-κB pathway are also identified. It has been suggested NF-κB plays an important role in human diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases. These studies make the NF-κB an attractive target for disease treatment. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of the family members of NF-κB, as well as the basic mechanisms of NF-κB signaling pathway activation. We will also review the effects of dysregulated NF-κB on inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tumor microenvironment. The progression of the translational study and drug development targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment and the potential obstacles will be discussed. Further investigations on the precise functions of NF-κB in the physiological and pathological settings and underlying mechanisms are in the urgent need to develop drugs targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Ma
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science CenterHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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169
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Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
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170
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Zheng R, Li Y, Chen D, Su J, Han N, Chen H, Ning Z, Xiao M, Zhao M, Zhu B. Changes of Host Immunity Mediated by IFN-γ + CD8 + T Cells in Children with Adenovirus Pneumonia in Different Severity of Illness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122384. [PMID: 34960654 PMCID: PMC8708941 DOI: 10.3390/v13122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immunity of patients with adenovirus pneumonia in different severity of illness is unclear. This study compared the routine laboratory tests and the host immunity of human adenovirus (HAdV) patients with different severity of illness. A co-cultured cell model in vitro was established to verify the T cell response in vitro. Among 140 patients with confirmed HAdV of varying severity, the number of lymphocytes in the severe patients was significantly reduced to 1.91 × 109/L compared with the healthy control (3.92 × 109/L) and the mild patients (4.27 × 109/L). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in patients with adenovirus pneumonia were significantly elevated with the severity of the disease. Compared with the healthy control (20.82%) and the stable patients (33.96%), the percentage of CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-γ increased to 56.27% in the progressing patients. Adenovirus infection increased the percentage of CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ in the co-culture system. The hyperfunction of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells might be related to the severity of adenovirus infection. The in vitro co-culture cell model could also provide a usable cellular model for subsequent experiments.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Patient Acuity
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
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171
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Hu J, Othmane B, Yu A, Li H, Cai Z, Chen X, Ren W, Chen J, Zu X. 5mC regulator-mediated molecular subtypes depict the hallmarks of the tumor microenvironment and guide precision medicine in bladder cancer. BMC Med 2021; 19:289. [PMID: 34836536 PMCID: PMC8627095 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depicting the heterogeneity and functional characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is necessary to achieve precision medicine for bladder cancer (BLCA). Although classical molecular subtypes effectively reflect TME heterogeneity and characteristics, their clinical application is limited by several issues. METHODS In this study, we integrated the Xiangya cohort and multiple external BLCA cohorts to develop a novel 5-methylcytosine (5mC) regulator-mediated molecular subtype system and a corresponding quantitative indicator, the 5mC score. Unsupervised clustering was performed to identify novel 5mC regulator-mediated molecular subtypes. The principal component analysis was applied to calculate the 5mC score. Then, we correlated the 5mC clusters (5mC score) with classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic opportunities in BLCA. Finally, we performed pancancer analyses on the 5mC score. RESULTS Two 5mC clusters, including 5mC cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. These novel 5mC clusters (5mC score) could accurately predict classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, prognosis, and therapeutic opportunities of BLCA. 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) indicated a luminal subtype and noninflamed phenotype, characterized by lower anticancer immunity but better prognosis. Moreover, 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) predicted low sensitivity to cancer immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, but high sensitivity to antiangiogenic therapy and targeted therapies, such as blocking the β-catenin, FGFR3, and PPAR-γ pathways. CONCLUSIONS The novel 5mC regulator-based subtype system reflects many aspects of BLCA biology and provides new insights into precision medicine in BLCA. Furthermore, the 5mC score may be a generalizable predictor of immunotherapy response and prognosis in pancancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Belaydi Othmane
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Anze Yu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhiyong Cai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wenbiao Ren
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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172
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Liu Y, Debo B, Li M, Shi Z, Sheng W, Shi Y. LSD1 inhibition sustains T cell invigoration with a durable response to PD-1 blockade. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6831. [PMID: 34819502 PMCID: PMC8613218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+ T cells are key targets of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and their ineffective reinvigoration limits the durable benefit in some cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that histone demethylase LSD1 acts to enforce an epigenetic program in progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells to antagonize the TCF1-mediated progenitor maintenance and to promote terminal differentiation. Consequently, genetic perturbation or small molecules targeting LSD1 increases the persistence of the progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells, which provide a sustained source for the proliferative conversion to numerically larger terminally exhausted T cells with tumor-killing cytotoxicity, thereby leading to effective and durable responses to anti-PD1 therapy. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into epigenetic mechanisms that regulate T cell exhaustion and have important implications for durable immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Brian Debo
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Mingfeng Li
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Zhennan Shi
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Wanqiang Sheng
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Institute of Immunology, and Department of Respiratory Disease of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Yang Shi
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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173
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Hardardottir L, Bazzano MV, Glau L, Gattinoni L, Köninger A, Tolosa E, Solano ME. The New Old CD8+ T Cells in the Immune Paradox of Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765730. [PMID: 34868016 PMCID: PMC8635142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the most frequent T cell population in the immune cell compartment at the feto-maternal interface. Due to their cytotoxic potential, the presence of CD8+ T cells in the immune privileged pregnant uterus has raised considerable interest. Here, we review our current understanding of CD8+ T cell biology in the uterus of pregnant women and discuss this knowledge in relation to a recently published immune cell Atlas of human decidua. We describe how the expansion of CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype often presenting markers of exhaustion is critical for a successful pregnancy, and host defense towards pathogens. Moreover, we review new evidence on the presence of long-lasting immunological memory to former pregnancies and discuss its impact on prospective pregnancy outcomes. The formation of fetal-specific memory CD8+ T cell subests in the uterus, in particular of tissue resident, and stem cell memory cells requires further investigation, but promises interesting results to come. Advancing the knowledge of CD8+ T cell biology in the pregnant uterus will be pivotal for understanding not only tissue-specific immune tolerance but also the etiology of complications during pregnancy, thus enabling preventive or therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Hardardottir
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Victoria Bazzano
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Department of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Regensburg, Germany
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Regensburg at the St. Hedwig Hospital of the Order of St. John, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Emilia Solano
- Laboratory for Translational Perinatology- Focus: Immunology, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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174
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Inoue T, Omori-Miyake M, Maruyama S, Okabe M, Kuwahara M, Honda H, Miura H, Yamashita M. The Loss of H3K27 Histone Demethylase Utx in T Cells Aggravates Allergic Contact Dermatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2223-2234. [PMID: 34588217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) requires the activation of Ag-specific T cells, including effector and regulatory T cells. The differentiation and function of these T cells is epigenetically regulated through DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, the roles of altered histone H3K27 methylation in T cells in the development of ACD remain unknown. Two types of histone H3K27 demethylases, Utx and Jmjd3, have been reported in mammals. To determine the role of the histone H3K27 demethylase expression of T cells in the development of ACD, we generated T cell-specific, Utx-deficient (Utx KO) mice or Jmjd3-deficient (Jmjd3 KO) mice. Unlike control mice, Utx KO mice had severer symptoms of ACD, whereas Jmjd3 KO mice showed symptoms identical to those in control mice. In Utx KO mice with ACD, the massive infiltration of myeloid cells, including neutrophils and dendritic cells, has been observed. In addition, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T cells of the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and in CD8+ T cells of the skin was increased in Utx KO mice, whereas the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells to Foxp3- conventional CD4+ T cells was decreased in both the draining LNs and the skin of Utx KO mice with ACD. Furthermore, Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells of Utx KO mice with ACD expressed a decreased level of CCR4 (a skin-tropic chemokine receptor) in comparison with control. Thus, in CD4+ T cells, Utx could potentially be involved in the regulation of the pathogenesis of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Inoue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Miyuki Omori-Miyake
- Department of Infections and Host Defenses, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Saho Maruyama
- Department of Immunology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Miura
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Infections and Host Defenses, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; .,Department of Immunology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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175
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Reina-Campos M, Scharping NE, Goldrath AW. CD8 + T cell metabolism in infection and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:718-738. [PMID: 33981085 PMCID: PMC8806153 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection, CD8+ T cell metabolism is coupled to transcriptional, translational and epigenetic changes that are driven by extracellular metabolites and immunological signals. These programmes facilitate the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the diverse and dynamic metabolic environments encountered in the circulation and in the tissues. In the setting of disease, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues contribute to CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In addition, changes in whole-body metabolism, whether through voluntary or disease-induced dietary alterations, can influence CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Defining the metabolic adaptations of CD8+ T cells in specific tissue environments informs our understanding of how these cells protect against pathogens and tumours and maintain tissue health at barrier sites. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing how metabolic networks enforce specific CD8+ T cell programmes and discuss how metabolism is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation and function and determined by environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,
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176
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DNA Methylation and Immune Memory Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112943. [PMID: 34831166 PMCID: PMC8616503 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response, involving different factors in a complex process of cellular differentiation. This process is essential for protecting the second encounter with pathogens and is the mechanism by which vaccines work. Epigenetic changes play important roles in the regulation of cell differentiation events. There are three types of epigenetic regulation: DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. One of these epigenetic changes, DNA methylation, occurs in cytosine residues, mainly in CpG dinucleotides. This brief review aimed to analyse the literature to verify the involvement of DNA methylation during memory T and B cell development. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the DNA methyltransferases, enzymes that catalyse the methylation of DNA, during memory differentiation, maintenance, and function. The methylation profile within different subsets of naïve activated and memory cells could be an interesting tool to help monitor immune memory response.
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177
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Tang W, Xu F, Zhao M, Zhang S. Ferroptosis regulators, especially SQLE, play an important role in prognosis, progression and immune environment of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1160. [PMID: 34715817 PMCID: PMC8555209 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death, has great potential for cancer treatment. However, the roles of ferroptosis-related (FR) genes in breast cancer (BC) remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using TCGA database, a novel FR risk signature was constructed through the Lasso regression analysis. Meanwhile, its prognostic value was assessed by a series of survival analyses. Besides, a nomogram was constructed to predict the overall survival rate (OSR) of individual at 1,3,5 year. Four validation cohorts (n = 2248), including METABRIC, GSE58812, GSE20685 and ICGC-KR datasets, were employed to test the prognostic value of FR risk signature. The effects of FR risk signature on BC immune microenvironment were explored by CIBERSORT algorithm and ssGSEA method. The histological expressions of FR risk genes were presented by HPA database. The biofunctions of SQLE were determined by qPCR, MTT, wound-healing and Transwell assays. RESULTS We constructed a novel FR risk signature consisting of eight genes. High FR risk led a poor prognosis and was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Besides, A higher proportion of patients with luminal A type was observed in low-risk group (53%), while a higher proportion of patients with basal type in high-risk group (24%). FR risk score could discriminate the prognostic difference of most clinical subgroups, except for M1 stage, HER2 and basal types. Moreover, its prognostic value was successfully validated in other four cohorts. Through immune analyses, we found that the reduced infiltration levels of CD8+ and NK cells, whereas the enhanced activity of antigen presentation process appeared in high FR risk. Then, FR risk score was found to weakly correlate with the expressions of six immune checkpoints. Through the experiments in vitro, we confirmed that overexpression of SQLE could promote, whereas blocking SQLE could inhibit the proliferative, migrative and invasive abilities of BC cells. CONCLUSIONS FR risk signature was conducive to BC prognostic assessment. High FR risk level was closely associated with BC immunosuppression, but may not predict ICIs efficacy. Moreover, SQLE was identified as a crucial cancer-promoting gene in BC. Our findings provide new insights into prognostic assessment and molecular mechanism of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Tang
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West Five Road, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangshi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West Five Road, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, China.
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178
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Pietrobon V, Todd LA, Goswami A, Stefanson O, Yang Z, Marincola F. Improving CAR T-Cell Persistence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910828. [PMID: 34639168 PMCID: PMC8509430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade remarkable progress has been made in enhancing the efficacy of CAR T therapies. However, the clinical benefits are still limited, especially in solid tumors. Even in hematological settings, patients that respond to CAR T therapies remain at risk of relapsing due to several factors including poor T-cell expansion and lack of long-term persistence after adoptive transfer. This issue is even more evident in solid tumors, as the tumor microenvironment negatively influences the survival, infiltration, and activity of T-cells. Limited persistence remains a significant hindrance to the development of effective CAR T therapies due to several determinants, which are encountered from the cell manufacturing step and onwards. CAR design and ex vivo manipulation, including culture conditions, may play a pivotal role. Moreover, previous chemotherapy and lymphodepleting treatments may play a relevant role. In this review, the main causes for decreased persistence of CAR T-cells in patients will be discussed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell exhaustion. The approaches taken so far to overcome these limitations and to create exhaustion-resistant T-cells will be described. We will also examine the knowledge gained from several key clinical trials and highlight the molecular mechanisms determining T-cell stemness, as promoting stemness may represent an attractive approach to improve T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violena Pietrobon
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Lauren Anne Todd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Anghsumala Goswami
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ofir Stefanson
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
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179
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Kong M, Dong W, Zhu Y, Fan Z, Miao X, Guo Y, Li C, Duan Y, Lu Y, Li Z, Xu Y. Redox-sensitive activation of CCL7 by BRG1 in hepatocytes during liver injury. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102079. [PMID: 34454163 PMCID: PMC8406035 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injuries induced by various stimuli share in common an acute inflammatory response, in which circulating macrophages home to the liver parenchyma to participate in the regulation of repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. In the present study we investigated the role of hepatocyte-derived C-C motif ligand 7 (CCL7) in macrophage migration during liver injury focusing on its transcriptional regulation. We report that CCL7 expression was up-regulated in the liver by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (acute liver injury) or methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) diet feeding (chronic liver injury) paralleling increased macrophage infiltration. CCL7 expression was also inducible in hepatocytes, but not in hepatic stellate cells or in Kupffer cells, by LPS treatment or exposure to palmitate in vitro. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, resulted in a concomitant loss of CCL7 induction and macrophage infiltration in the murine livers. Of interest, BRG1-induced CCL7 transcription and macrophage migration was completely blocked by the antioxidant N-acetylcystine. Further analyses revealed that BRG1 interacted with activator protein 1 (AP-1) to regulate CCL7 transcription in hepatocytes in a redox-sensitive manner mediated in part by casein kinase 2 (CK2)-catalyzed phosphorylation of BRG1. Importantly, a positive correlation between BRG1/CCL7 expression and macrophage infiltration was identified in human liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel role for BRG1 as a redox-sensitive activator of CCL7 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiulian Miao
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Chengping Li
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China
| | - Yunfei Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Zilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Invention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; College of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, China.
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180
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Dynamics of TCR repertoire and T cell function in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Cell Discov 2021; 7:89. [PMID: 34580278 PMCID: PMC8476510 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has been declared by World Health Organization as a worldwide pandemic. However, there are many unknowns about the antigen-specific T-cell-mediated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we present both single-cell TCR-seq and RNA-seq to analyze the dynamics of TCR repertoire and immune metabolic functions of blood T cells collected from recently discharged COVID-19 patients. We found that while the diversity of TCR repertoire was increased in discharged patients, it returned to basal level ~1 week after becoming virus-free. The dynamics of T cell repertoire correlated with a profound shift of gene signatures from antiviral response to metabolism adaptation. We also demonstrated that the top expanded T cell clones (~10% of total T cells) display the key anti-viral features in CD8+ T cells, confirming a critical role of antigen-specific T cells in fighting against SARS-CoV-2. Our work provides a basis for further analysis of adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients, and also has implications in developing a T-cell-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2.
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181
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Xu T, Pereira RM, Martinez GJ. An Updated Model for the Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 + T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1497-1505. [PMID: 34493604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cells, upon encountering their cognate Ag in vivo, clonally expand and differentiate into distinct cell fates, regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic modulators. Several models have been proposed to explain the differentiation of CTLs, although none fully recapitulate the experimental evidence. In this review article, we will summarize the latest research on the epigenetic regulation of CTL differentiation as well as provide a combined model that contemplates them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL; and
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL; and
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182
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Gonzalez NM, Zou D, Gu A, Chen W. Schrödinger's T Cells: Molecular Insights Into Stemness and Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725618. [PMID: 34512656 PMCID: PMC8427607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell stemness and exhaustion coexist as two key contrasting phenomena during chronic antigen stimulation, such as infection, transplant, cancer, and autoimmunity. T cell exhaustion refers to the progressive loss of effector function caused by chronic antigen exposure. Exhausted T (TEX) cells highly express multiple inhibitory receptors and exhibit severe defects in cell proliferation and cytokine production. The term T cell stemness describes the stem cell-like behaviors of T cells, including self-renewal, multipotency, and functional persistence. It is well accepted that naïve and some memory T cell subsets have stem cell-like properties. When investigating the exhaustive differentiation of T cells in chronic infection and cancer, recent studies highlighted the stemness of "precursors of exhausted" T (TPEX) cells prior to their terminal differentiation to TEX cells. Clinically successful checkpoint blockades for cancer treatment appear to invigorate antitumor TPEX cells but not TEX cells. Here we discuss the transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of T cell stemness and exhaustion, with a focus on how systems immunology was and will be utilized to define the molecular basis underlying the transition of TPEX to TEX cells. We suggest a "stepwise model" of T cell stemness and exhaustion, in which loss of stemness and exhaustion progression are gradual multi-step processes. We provide perspectives on the research needed to define T cell stemness and exhaustion in the transplantation setting, in which allogenic T cells are also chronically exposed to alloantigens. A better understanding of T cell stemness and exhaustion will shed light on developing novel strategies for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Gonzalez
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dawei Zou
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andy Gu
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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183
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Akbari B, Ghahri-Saremi N, Soltantoyeh T, Hadjati J, Ghassemi S, Mirzaei HR. Epigenetic strategies to boost CAR T cell therapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2640-2659. [PMID: 34365035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has led to a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy, but still several obstacles limit CAR T cell efficacy in cancers. Advances in high-throughput technologies revealed new insights into the role that epigenetic reprogramming plays in T cells. Mechanistic studies as well as comprehensive epigenome maps revealed an important role for epigenetic remodeling in T cell differentiation. These modifications shape the overall immune response through alterations in T cell phenotype and function. Here, we outline how epigenetic modifications in CAR T cells can overcome barriers limiting CAR T cell effectiveness, particularly in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. We also offer our perspective on how selected epigenetic modifications can boost CAR T cells to ultimately improve the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Navid Ghahri-Saremi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soltantoyeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Saba Ghassemi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.
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184
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Xu L, Ye X, Wang Q, Xu B, Zhong J, Chen Y, Wang L. T-cell infiltration, contribution and regulation in the central nervous system post-traumatic injury. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13092. [PMID: 34189783 PMCID: PMC8349661 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells participate in the repair process and immune response in the CNS post-traumatic injury and play both a beneficial and harmful role. Together with nerve cells and other immune cells, they form a microenvironment in the CNS post-traumatic injury. The repair of traumatic CNS injury is a long-term process. T cells contribute to the repair of the injury site to influence the recovery. Recently, with the advance of new techniques, such as mass spectrometry-based flow cytometry, modern live-cell imaging, etc, research focusing on T cells is becoming one of the valuable directions for the future therapy of traumatic CNS injury. In this review, we summarized the infiltration, contribution and regulation of T cells in post-traumatic injury, discussed the clinical significance and predicted the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvwan Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of NeurosurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qingyi Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Bihan Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jinjie Zhong
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Ying‐ying Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lin‐lin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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185
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Hippen KL, Furlan SN, Roychoudhuri R, Wang E, Zhang Y, Osborn MJ, Merkel SC, Hani S, MacMillan ML, Cichocki F, Miller JS, Wagner JE, Restifo NP, Kean LS, Blazar BR. Multiply restimulated human thymic regulatory T cells express distinct signature regulatory T-cell transcription factors without evidence of exhaustion. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:704-714. [PMID: 33893050 PMCID: PMC9275118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adoptive transfer of suppressive CD4+CD25+ thymic regulatory T cells (tTregs) can control auto- and alloimmune responses but typically requires in vitro expansion to reach the target cell number for efficacy. Although the adoptive transfer of expanded tTregs purified from umbilical cord blood ameliorates graft-versus-host disease in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for lymphohematopoietic malignancy, individual Treg products of 100 × 106 cells/kg are manufactured over an extended 19-day time period using a process that yields variable products and is both laborious and costly. These limitations could be overcome with the availability of 'off the shelf' Treg. RESULTS Previously, the authors reported a repetitive restimulation expansion protocol that maintains Treg phenotype (CD4+25++127-Foxp3+), potentially providing hundreds to thousands of patient infusions. However, repetitive stimulation of effector T cells induces a well-defined program of exhaustion that leads to reduced T-cell survival and function. Unexpectedly, the authors found that multiply stimulated human tTregs do not develop an exhaustion signature and instead maintain their Treg gene expression pattern. The authors also found that tTregs expanded with one or two rounds of stimulation and tTregs expanded with three or five rounds of stimulation preferentially express distinct subsets of a group of five transcription factors that lock in Treg Foxp3expression, Treg stability and suppressor function. Multiply restimulated Tregs also had increased transcripts characteristic of T follicular regulatory cells, a Treg subset. DISCUSSION These data demonstrate that repetitively expanded human tTregs have a Treg-locking transcription factor with stable FoxP3 and without the classical T-cell exhaustion gene expression profile-desirable properties that support the possibility of off-the-shelf Treg therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli L Hippen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ena Wang
- Translational Oncology, Allogene Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yigang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah C Merkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sophia Hani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John E Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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186
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BATF regulates progenitor to cytolytic effector CD8 + T cell transition during chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:996-1007. [PMID: 34282329 PMCID: PMC9258987 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During chronic viral infection, CD8+ T cells develop into three major phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets: Ly108+TCF-1+ progenitors, Ly108-CX3CR1- terminally exhausted cells and the recently identified CX3CR1+ cytotoxic effector cells. Nevertheless, how CX3CR1+ effector cell differentiation is transcriptionally and epigenetically regulated remains elusive. Here, we identify distinct gene regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes underpinning the formation of these subsets. Notably, our data demonstrate that CX3CR1+ effector cells bear a striking similarity to short-lived effector cells during acute infection. Genetic deletion of Tbx21 significantly diminished formation of the CX3CR1+ subset. Importantly, we further identify a previously unappreciated role for the transcription factor BATF in maintaining a permissive chromatin structure that allows the transition from TCF-1+ progenitors to CX3CR1+ effector cells. BATF directly bound to regulatory regions near Tbx21 and Klf2, modulating their enhancer accessibility to facilitate the transition. These mechanistic insights can potentially be harnessed to overcome T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer.
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187
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Lu H, Yi W, Sun F, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Li M, Xie Y. Comprehensive investigation of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and choice of anti-HBV therapy. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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188
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Mojic M, Shitaoka K, Ohshima C, Ucche S, Lyu F, Hamana H, Tahara H, Kishi H, Hayakawa Y. NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8 + T cells within tumor microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3484-3490. [PMID: 34187084 PMCID: PMC8409295 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful immunotherapy for cancer, it is important to understand the immunological status of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression. In this study, we monitored the behavior of B16OVA-Luc cells in mice immunized with a model tumor antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Using bioluminescence imaging, we identified the time series of OVA-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during tumor progression: initial progression, immune control, and the escape phase. As a result of analyzing the status of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ cells in those 3 different phases, we found that the expression of NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8+ T cells. NKG2D may control the fate and TOX expression of tumor-reacting CD8+ T cells, considering that NKG2D blockade in OVA-vaccinated mice delayed the growth of the B16OVA-Luc2 tumor and increased the presence of tumor-infiltrating OVA-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojic
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Shitaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Chikako Ohshima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sisca Ucche
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fulian Lyu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- The, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
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189
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Zhang J, Lyu T, Cao Y, Feng H. Role of TCF-1 in differentiation, exhaustion, and memory of CD8 + T cells: A review. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21549. [PMID: 33913198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) (encoded by the TCF7 gene) is a transcription factor that plays important role during the T cell development and differentiation for T cell to exercise its functions including producing memory T cells. Not only TCF-1 can modulate the T cell development but also exerts various effects on the differentiation and function of mature CD8+ T cells. In addition, it drives the production and maintenance of the immune response of CD8+ T cells after PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy. TCF-1 can serve as a potential target of immunotherapy and may provide promising novel treatment strategies for patients with cancer and infections. Moreover, TCF-1 is a potential biomarker of CD8+ T cell functionality to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in fighting against cancer and infections. Herein, we summarize the role of TCF-1 in T cell development and its applications in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Zhang
- The First Clinical Medicine Faculty, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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190
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Yang W, Feng Y, Zhou J, Cheung OKW, Cao J, Wang J, Tang W, Tu Y, Xu L, Wu F, Tan Z, Sun H, Tian Y, Wong J, Lai PBS, Chan SL, Chan AWH, Tan PBO, Chen Z, Sung JJY, Yip KYL, To KF, Cheng ASL. A selective HDAC8 inhibitor potentiates antitumor immunity and efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/588/eaaz6804. [PMID: 33827976 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient T cell infiltration into noninflamed tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), restricts the effectiveness of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) for a subset of patients. Epigenetic therapy provides further opportunities to rewire cancer-associated transcriptional programs, but whether and how selective epigenetic inhibition counteracts the immune-excluded phenotype remain incompletely defined. Here, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27)-specific isozyme overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, thwarts HCC tumorigenicity in a T cell-dependent manner. The tumor-suppressive effect of selective HDAC8 inhibition was abrogated by CD8+ T cell depletion or regulatory T cell adoptive transfer. Chromatin profiling of human HDAC8-expressing HCCs revealed genome-wide H3K27 deacetylation in 1251 silenced enhancer-target gene pairs that are enriched in metabolic and immune regulators. Mechanistically, down-regulation of HDAC8 increased global and enhancer acetylation of H3K27 to reactivate production of T cell-trafficking chemokines by HCC cells, thus relieving T cell exclusion in both immunodeficient and humanized mouse models. In an HCC preclinical model, selective HDAC8 inhibition increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and potentiated eradication of established hepatomas by anti-PD-L1 therapy without evidence of toxicity. Mice treated with HDAC8 and PD-L1 coblockade were protected against subsequent tumor rechallenge as a result of the induction of memory T cells and remained tumor-free for greater than 15 months. Collectively, our study demonstrates that selective HDAC8 inhibition elicits effective and durable responses to ICB by co-opting adaptive immunity through enhancer reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Otto Ka-Wing Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jianquan Cao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Wenshu Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Department of Microbiology and Research Center for Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hanyong Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - John Wong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Paul Bo-San Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Stephen Lam Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Anthony Wing-Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Patrick Boon-Ooi Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,SingHealth/Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Singapore Gastric Cancer Consortium, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Department of Microbiology and Research Center for Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kevin Yuk-Lap Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Alfred Sze-Lok Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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191
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Zhao C, Zhang Y, Zheng H. The Effects of Interferons on Allogeneic T Cell Response in GVHD: The Multifaced Biology and Epigenetic Regulations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717540. [PMID: 34305954 PMCID: PMC8297501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematological malignancies. This beneficial effect is derived mainly from graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects mediated by alloreactive T cells. However, these alloreactive T cells can also induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication after allo-HSCT. Significant progress has been made in the dissociation of GVL effects from GVHD by modulating alloreactive T cell immunity. However, many factors may influence alloreactive T cell responses in the host undergoing allo-HSCT, including the interaction of alloreactive T cells with both donor and recipient hematopoietic cells and host non-hematopoietic tissues, cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory mediators. Interferons (IFNs), including type I IFNs and IFN-γ, primarily produced by monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells, play essential roles in regulating alloreactive T cell differentiation and function. Many studies have shown pleiotropic effects of IFNs on allogeneic T cell responses during GVH reaction. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are important to regulate IFNs’ production and function during GVHD. In this review, we discuss recent findings from preclinical models and clinical studies that characterize T cell responses regulated by IFNs and epigenetic mechanisms, and further discuss pharmacological approaches that modulate epigenetic effects in the setting of allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Zheng
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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192
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Wu H, Tang X, Kim HJ, Jalali S, Pritchett JC, Villasboas JC, Novak AJ, Yang ZZ, Ansell SM. Expression of KLRG1 and CD127 defines distinct CD8 + subsets that differentially impact patient outcome in follicular lymphoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002662. [PMID: 34226281 PMCID: PMC8258669 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets defined by killer lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127 expression have been reported to have an important role in infection, but their role in the setting of lymphoid malignancies, specifically follicular lymphoma (FL), has not been studied. Methods To characterize the phenotype of KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+ subsets, surface and intracellular markers were measured by flow cytometry and Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), and the transcriptional profile of these cells was determined by CITE-Seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing). The functional capacity of each subset was determined, as was their impact on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients with FL. Results We found that intratumoral CD8+ cells in FL are skewed toward effector cell subsets, particularly KLRG+CD127- and KLRG1-CD127- cells over memory cell subsets, such as KLRG1-CD127+ and KLRG1+CD127+ cells. While effector subsets exhibited increased capacity to produce cytokines/granules when compared with memory subsets, their proliferative capacity and viability were found to be substantially inferior. Clinically, a skewed distribution of intratumoral CD8+ T cells favoring effector subtypes was associated with an inferior outcome in patients with FL. Increased numbers of CD127+KLRG1- and CD127+KLRG1+ were significantly associated with a favorable OS and EFS, while CD127-KLRG1- correlated with a poor EFS and OS in patients with FL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-15 promotes CD127-KLRG1+ cell development in the presence of dendritic cells via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism, and treatment of CD8+ T cells with a PI3K inhibitor downregulated the transcription factors responsible for CD127-KLRG1+ differentiation. Conclusions Taken together, these results reveal not only a biological and prognostic role for KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+ subsets in FL but also a potential role for PI3K inhibitors to manipulate the differentiation of CD8+ T cells, thereby promoting a more effective antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shahrzad Jalali
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua C Pritchett
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jose C Villasboas
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anne J Novak
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhi-Zhang Yang
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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193
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Zhou J, Yang Y, Wang YL, Zhao Y, Ye WJ, Deng SY, Lang JY, Lu S. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 contributes to apoptosis by inactivating janus kinase 2/ signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3073-3084. [PMID: 34168409 PMCID: PMC8192283 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a prevalent worldwide health problem featured by relapsing, chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a critical epigenetic regulator in different pathological models, such as cancer and inflammation. However, the role of EZH2 in the IBD development is still obscure.
AIM To explore the effect of EZH2 on IBD progression and the underlying mechanism.
METHODS The IBD mouse model was conducted by adding dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and the effect of EZH2 on DSS-induced colitis was assessed in the model. The function of EZH2 in regulating apoptosis and permeability was evaluated by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit, transepithelial electrical resistance analysis, and Western blot analysis of related markers, including Zona occludens 1, claudin-5, and occludin, in NCM460 and fetal human colon (FHC) cells. The mechanical investigation was performed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.
RESULTS The colon length was inhibited in the DSS-treated mice and was enhanced by the EZH2 depletion in the system. DSS treatment caused a decreased histological score in the mice, which was reversed by EZH2 depletion. The inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, were induced in the DSS-treated mice, in which the depletion of EZH2 could reverse this effect. Moreover, the tumor necrosis factor-α treatment induced the apoptosis of NCM460 and FHC cells, in which EZH2 depletion could reverse this effect in the cells. Moreover, the depletion of EZH2 attenuated permeability of colonic epithelial cells. Mechanically, the depletion of EZH2 or EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 was able to enhance the expression and the phosphorylation of janus kinase 2 (JK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription in the NCM460 and FHC cells. Specifically, EZH2 inactivated JAK2 expression by regulating histone H3K27me3. JAK2 inhibitor TG101348 was able to reverse EZH2 knockdown-mediated colonic epithelial cell permeability and apoptosis.
CONCLUSION Thus, we concluded that EZH2 contributed to apoptosis and inflammatory response by inactivating JAK2/ signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling in IBD. EZH2 may be applied as a potential target for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 255415, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ye
- Department of School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 397992, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Yao Deng
- Department of School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 397992, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Radiological Protection, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 229717, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Radiological Protection, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 229717, Sichuan Province, China
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194
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Tabana Y, Moon TC, Siraki A, Elahi S, Barakat K. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in immunotherapy: a review on current approaches and limitations. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:347-363. [PMID: 34056985 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1937123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and metabolic landscapes, pushing them into an 'exhausted' state. Reversing this T cell exhaustion has been emerging as a 'game-changing' therapeutic approach against cancer and chronic viral infection.Areas covered:This review discusses the cellular pathways related to T cell exhaustion, and the clinical development and possible cellular targets that can be exploited therapeutically to reverse this exhaustion. We searched various databases (e.g. Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other scientific database sites) using the keywords T cell exhaustion, T cell activation, co-inhibitory receptors, and reversing T cell exhaustion.Expert opinion:The discovery of the immune checkpoints pathways represents a significant milestone toward understanding and reversing T cell exhaustion. Antibodies that target these pathways have already demonstrated promising activities in reversing T cell exhaustion. Nevertheless, there are still many associated limitations. In this context, next-generation alternatives are on the horizon. This includes the use of small molecules to block the immune checkpoints' receptors, combining them with other treatments, and identifying novel, safer and more effective immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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195
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Pasetto A, Lu YC. Single-Cell TCR and Transcriptome Analysis: An Indispensable Tool for Studying T-Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689091. [PMID: 34163487 PMCID: PMC8215674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have been known to be the driving force for immune response and cancer immunotherapy. Recent advances on single-cell sequencing techniques have empowered scientists to discover new biology at the single-cell level. Here, we review the single-cell techniques used for T-cell studies, including T-cell receptor (TCR) and transcriptome analysis. In addition, we summarize the approaches used for the identification of T-cell neoantigens, an important aspect for T-cell mediated cancer immunotherapy. More importantly, we discuss the applications of single-cell techniques for T-cell studies, including T-cell development and differentiation, as well as the role of T cells in autoimmunity, infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy. Taken together, this powerful tool not only can validate previous observation by conventional approaches, but also can pave the way for new discovery, such as previous unidentified T-cell subpopulations that potentially responsible for clinical outcomes in patients with autoimmunity or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pasetto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA FUTURA, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong-Chen Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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196
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Zhang K, Ping L, Du T, Liang G, Huang Y, Li Z, Deng R, Tang J. A Ferroptosis-Related lncRNAs Signature Predicts Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment for Breast Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:678877. [PMID: 34164433 PMCID: PMC8215711 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.678877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death which is driven by the iron-dependent peroxidation of lipids, plays an important role in cancer. However, studies about ferroptosis-related Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in breast cancer (BC) are limited. Besides, the prognostic role of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs and their relationship to immune microenvironment in breast cancer remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential prognostic value of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs and their relationship to immune microenvironment in breast cancer. Methods: RNA-sequencing data of female breast cancer patients were downloaded from TCGA database. 937 patients were randomly separated into training or validation cohort in 2:1 ratio. Ferroptosis-related lncRNAs were screened by Pearson correlation analysis with 239 reported ferroptosis-related genes. A ferroptosis-related lncRNAs signature was constructed with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses in the training cohort, and its prognostic value was further tested in the validation cohort. Results: An 8-ferroptosis-related-lncRNAs signature was developed by multivariate Cox regression analysis to divide patients into two risk groups. Patients in the high-risk group had worse prognosis than patients in the low-risk group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the risk score was an independent prognostic indicator. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis proved the predictive accuracy of the signature. The area under time-dependent ROC curve (AUC) reached 0.853 at 1 year, 0.802 at 2 years, 0.740 at 5 years in the training cohort and 0.791 at 1 year, 0.778 at 2 years, 0.722 at 5 years in the validation cohort. Further analysis demonstrated that immune-related pathways were significantly enriched in the high-risk group. Analysis of the immune cell infiltration landscape showed that breast cancer in the high-risk group tended be immunologically “cold”. Conclusion: We identified a novel ferroptosis-related lncRNA signature which could precisely predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Ferroptosis-related lncRNAs may have a potential role in the process of anti-tumor immunity and serve as therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Ping
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of On cology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Du
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gehao Liang
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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197
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Šustić M, Cokarić Brdovčak M, Lisnić B, Materljan J, Juranić Lisnić V, Rožmanić C, Indenbirken D, Hiršl L, Busch DH, Brizić I, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Memory CD8 T Cells Generated by Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Vector Expressing NKG2D Ligand Have Effector-Like Phenotype and Distinct Functional Features. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681380. [PMID: 34168650 PMCID: PMC8218728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have emerged as a promising alternative to classical vaccines due to their great potential for induction of a potent cellular and humoral immunity. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an attractive vaccine vector due to its large genome with many non-essential immunoregulatory genes that can be easily manipulated to modify the immune response. CMV generates a strong antigen-specific CD8 T cell response with a gradual accumulation of these cells in the process called memory inflation. In our previous work, we have constructed a mouse CMV vector expressing NKG2D ligand RAE-1γ in place of its viral inhibitor m152 (RAE-1γMCMV), which proved to be highly attenuated in vivo. Despite attenuation, RAE-1γMCMV induced a substantially stronger CD8 T cell response to vectored antigen than the control vector and provided superior protection against bacterial and tumor challenge. In the present study, we confirmed the enhanced protective capacity of RAE-1γMCMV as a tumor vaccine vector and determined the phenotypical and functional characteristics of memory CD8 T cells induced by the RAE-1γ expressing MCMV. RNAseq data revealed higher transcription of numerous genes associated with effector-like CD8 T cell phenotype in RAE-1γMCMV immunized mice. CD8 T cells primed with RAE-1γMCMV were enriched in TCF1 negative population, with higher expression of KLRG1 and lower expression of CD127, CD27, and Eomes. These phenotypical differences were associated with distinct functional features as cells primed with RAE-1γMCMV showed inferior cytokine-producing abilities but comparable cytotoxic potential. After adoptive transfer into naive hosts, OT-1 cells induced with both RAE-1γMCMV and the control vector were equally efficient in rejecting established tumors, suggesting the context of latent infection and cell numbers as important determinants of enhanced anti-tumor response following RAE-1γMCMV vaccination. Overall, our results shed new light on the phenotypical and functional distinctness of memory CD8 T cells induced with CMV vector expressing cellular ligand for the NKG2D receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šustić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Materljan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Carmen Rožmanić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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198
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Ahn S, Leblay N, Neri P. Understanding the Mechanisms of Resistance to T Cell-based Immunotherapies to Develop More Favorable Strategies in Multiple Myeloma. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e575. [PMID: 34095759 PMCID: PMC8171358 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Ahn
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Noémie Leblay
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paola Neri
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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Lu H, Liu F, Li Y, Wang J, Ma M, Gao J, Wang X, Shen Z, Wu D. Chromatin accessibility of CD8 T cell differentiation and metabolic regulation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:367-378. [PMID: 32656717 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD8+T cells play an important role in controlling infections and tumorigenesis in vivo. naïve CD8+T cells exponentially expand and exert effector functions in response to TCR ligation. After antigen clearance, most effector CD8+T cells (Teff) experience activation-induced cell death, only a small portion becomes long-lived memory T cells (Tmem). The cell-intrinsic mechanisms driving the differentiation need further understanding. Here we used combined transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq) technology and RNA-seq analysis to explore chromatin accessibility in CD8+T cell subsets (naïve T cells, Teff, and Tmem). The data demonstrates different chromatin openness of CD8+T cell states is associated with metabolic regulation and the high accessibility of upstream binding site SP1 emerged as critical transcription factor for both Teff and Tmem in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glycolysis. The different presence of accessible regions in CD8+T cell subsets provides a novel perspective for understanding epigenetic mechanisms underlying T cell differentiation and related immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Lu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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200
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Hori Y, Kubota A, Yokose T, Furukawa M, Matsushita T, Katsumata N, Oridate N. Prognostic Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tumor Budding in Early Oral Tongue Carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:2512-2518. [PMID: 33955550 PMCID: PMC8518756 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives/Hypothesis Occult lymph metastasis is an important prognosticator for the treatment of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in early oral tongue SCC. The combination of the TIL subtype and intermediate‐ or high‐grade budding scores was investigated as a prognostic marker for occult neck metastases. Study Design Retrospective study. Methods Specimens from 62 patients with early oral tongue SCC treated with only primary surgery were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+, and CD45RO+ T cells and CD163+ macrophages. The highest number of each TIL subtype was counted in two areas of parenchyma and stroma in the tumor (Tumor) and peripheral stroma of the invasion margin. Results Based on multivariate analysis, a high density of Tumor CD163+ macrophages served as the poorest prognostic factor for regional control (RC) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Patients with both a high density of Tumor CD163+ macrophages and an intermediate‐ or a high‐grade budding score had a poor prognosis for RC according to the log‐rank test. Conclusions In summary, each TIL subtype may use different mechanisms during early and advanced stages of oral tongue SCC. A high density of Tumor CD163+ macrophages was determined to be a risk factor for RC and DFS as well as an additional stratification factor for RC in patients with intermediate‐ or high‐grade budding scores. Therefore, identifying TIL subtypes in daily clinical practice can help determine a more successful and individualized therapeutic approach for early oral tongue SCC. Level of Evidence Step 4 (Level 4) Laryngoscope, 131:2512–2518, 2021
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Ueda, Nagano, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Kubota
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hiro Yama Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokose
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Madoka Furukawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushita
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yokosuka General Hospital Uwamachi, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Katsumata
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Oridate
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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