151
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Teloni F, Altmeyer M. Readers of poly(ADP-ribose): designed to be fit for purpose. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:993-1006. [PMID: 26673700 PMCID: PMC4756826 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate many aspects of protein function and are indispensable for the spatio-temporal regulation of cellular processes. The proteome-wide identification of PTM targets has made significant progress in recent years, as has the characterization of their writers, readers, modifiers and erasers. One of the most elusive PTMs is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a nucleic acid-like PTM involved in chromatin dynamics, genome stability maintenance, transcription, cell metabolism and development. In this article, we provide an overview on our current understanding of the writers of this modification and their targets, as well as the enzymes that degrade and thereby modify and erase poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Since many cellular functions of PARylation are exerted through dynamic interactions of PAR-binding proteins with PAR, we discuss the readers of this modification and provide a synthesis of recent findings, which suggest that multiple structurally highly diverse reader modules, ranging from completely folded PAR-binding domains to intrinsically disordered sequence stretches, evolved as PAR effectors to carry out specific cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Teloni
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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152
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Parvatkar P, Kato N, Uesugi M, Sato SI, Ohkanda J. Intracellular Generation of a Diterpene-Peptide Conjugate that Inhibits 14-3-3-Mediated Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15624-7. [PMID: 26632868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic agents that disrupt intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are highly desirable for elucidating signaling networks and developing new therapeutics. However, designing cell-penetrating large molecules equipped with the many functional groups necessary for binding to large interfaces remains challenging. Here, we describe a rational strategy for the intracellular oxime ligation-mediated generation of an amphipathic bivalent inhibitor composed of a peptide and diterpene natural product, fusicoccin, which binds 14-3-3 protein with submicromolar affinity. Our results demonstrate that co-treatment of cells with small module molecules, the aldehyde-containing fusicoccin 1 and the aminooxy-containing peptide 2, generates the corresponding conjugate 3 in cells, resulting in significant cytotoxicity. In contrast, chemically synthesized 3 is not cytotoxic, likely due to its inability to penetrate cells. Compound 3, but not 1 or 2, disrupts endogenous 14-3-3/cRaf interactions, suggesting that cell death is caused by inhibition of 14-3-3 activity. These results suggest that intracellular generation of large-sized molecules may serve as a new approach for modulating PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parvatkar
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Junko Ohkanda
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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153
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Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
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154
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Asghar A, Lajeunesse A, Dulla K, Combes G, Thebault P, Nigg EA, Elowe S. Bub1 autophosphorylation feeds back to regulate kinetochore docking and promote localized substrate phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8364. [PMID: 26399325 PMCID: PMC4598568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, Bub1 kinase phosphorylates histone H2A-T120 to promote centromere sister chromatid cohesion through recruitment of shugoshin (Sgo) proteins. The regulation and dynamics of H2A-T120 phosphorylation are poorly understood. Using quantitative phosphoproteomics we show that Bub1 is autophosphorylated at numerous sites. We confirm mitosis-specific autophosphorylation of a several residues and show that Bub1 activation is primed in interphase but fully achieved only in mitosis. Mutation of a single autophosphorylation site T589 alters kinetochore turnover of Bub1 and results in uniform H2A-T120 phosphorylation and Sgo recruitment along chromosome arms. Consequently, improper sister chromatid resolution and chromosome segregation errors are observed. Kinetochore tethering of Bub1-T589A refocuses H2A-T120 phosphorylation and Sgo1 to centromeres. Recruitment of the Bub1-Bub3-BubR1 axis to kinetochores has recently been extensively studied. Our data provide novel insight into the regulation and kinetochore residency of Bub1 and indicate that its localization is dynamic and tightly controlled through feedback autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Asghar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.,Department of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Audrey Lajeunesse
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Kalyan Dulla
- ProQR Therapeutics N.V., Darwinweg 24, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Combes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.,Department of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Philippe Thebault
- Department of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.,Department of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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155
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Dietlein F, Kalb B, Jokic M, Noll EM, Strong A, Tharun L, Ozretić L, Künstlinger H, Kambartel K, Randerath WJ, Jüngst C, Schmitt A, Torgovnick A, Richters A, Rauh D, Siedek F, Persigehl T, Mauch C, Bartkova J, Bradley A, Sprick MR, Trumpp A, Rad R, Saur D, Bartek J, Wolf J, Büttner R, Thomas RK, Reinhardt HC. A Synergistic Interaction between Chk1- and MK2 Inhibitors in KRAS-Mutant Cancer. Cell 2015; 162:146-59. [PMID: 26140595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. Despite substantial efforts, no clinically applicable strategy has yet been developed to effectively treat KRAS-mutant tumors. Here, we perform a cell-line-based screen and identify strong synergistic interactions between cell-cycle checkpoint-abrogating Chk1- and MK2 inhibitors, specifically in KRAS- and BRAF-driven cells. Mechanistically, we show that KRAS-mutant cancer displays intrinsic genotoxic stress, leading to tonic Chk1- and MK2 activity. We demonstrate that simultaneous Chk1- and MK2 inhibition leads to mitotic catastrophe in KRAS-mutant cells. This actionable synergistic interaction is validated using xenograft models, as well as distinct Kras- or Braf-driven autochthonous murine cancer models. Lastly, we show that combined checkpoint inhibition induces apoptotic cell death in KRAS- or BRAF-mutant tumor cells directly isolated from patients. These results strongly recommend simultaneous Chk1- and MK2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of KRAS- or BRAF-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dietlein
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bastian Kalb
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mladen Jokic
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elisa M Noll
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Strong
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lars Tharun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Luka Ozretić
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen Künstlinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kato Kambartel
- Network Genomic Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Lungenklinik, Krankenhaus Bethanien Moers, Bethanienstraße 21, 47441 Moers, Germany
| | - Winfried J Randerath
- Network Genomic Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Pneumologie, Krankenhaus Bethanien Solingen, Aufderhöher Strasse 169-175, 42699 Solingen, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandro Torgovnick
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - André Richters
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Siedek
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin R Sprick
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Network Genomic Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Network Genomic Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman K Thomas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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156
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Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) has been implicated in DNA damage signaling. By using BJ human fibroblasts, HCT116 colorectal cancer cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells, we further detailed phosphorylation kinetics of Chk2 under treatment with neocarcinostatin (NCS) or doxorubicin (Dox). After NCS treatment, phosphorylation of Chk2 Thr68 occurs in 3 min, followed by phosphorylation of Ser19 and Ser33/35. In ATM deficient fibroblasts, NCS does not induce phosphorylation of NBS1 Ser343 and Chk2 Ser19 and Ser33/35, however Chk2 Thr68 is still phosphorylated, indicating that ATM is essential for phosphorylation of these residues when treated with NCS. By using Chk2-deficient HCT116 cells re-expressing phospho-mutant Chk2 (T68A), we found that inhibition of Thr68 phosphorylation enhances Ser19 phosphorylation in NCS treated cells. Interestingly, in contrast to NCS, Dox does not induce Ser33/35 phosphorylation in HeLa and HCT116 cells. Phosphorylation of Thr68 is sustained until 3 to 4 hours, and phosphorylation of Ser19 occurs 70 to 80 min after Dox treatment. These results demonstrate that Chk2 s involved in the early stages of DNA damage response. Differential phosphorylation kinetics of these residues suggests that DNA damage determines intermolecular and intramolecular interaction of Chk2, which may regulate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Ouchi
- a Department of Cancer Genetics; Roswell Park Cancer Center ; Buffalo , NY USA
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157
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Lee HS, Park YY, Cho MY, Chae S, Yoo YS, Kwon MH, Lee CW, Cho H. The chromatin remodeller RSF1 is essential for PLK1 deposition and function at mitotic kinetochores. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7904. [PMID: 26259146 PMCID: PMC4918322 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of PLK1 at kinetochores is essential for chromosome alignment and segregation; however, the mechanism underlying PLK1 recruitment to kinetochores remains unresolved. The chromatin remodeller RSF1 tightly associates with centromere proteins, but its mitotic function is unknown. Here we show that RSF1 localizes at mitotic kinetochores and directly binds PLK1. RSF1 depletion disrupts localization of PLK1 at kinetochores; the C-terminal fragment of RSF1, which can bind PLK1, is sufficient to restore PLK1 localization. Moreover, CDK1 phosphorylates RSF1 at Ser1375, and this phosphorylation is necessary for PLK1 recruitment. Subsequently, PLK1 phosphorylates RSF1 at Ser1359, stabilizing PLK1 deposition. Importantly, RSF1 depletion mimicks the chromosome misalignment phenotype resulting from PLK1 knockdown; these defects are rescued by RSF1 S1375D or RSF1 S1359D but not RSF1 S1375A, showing a functional link between phosphorylation of RSF1 and chromosome alignment. Together, these data show that RSF1 is an essential centromeric component that recruits PLK1 to kinetochores and plays a crucial role in faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Soo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Yong-Yea Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 443-380, Korea
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158
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Herrero-Ruiz J, Mora-Santos M, Giráldez S, Sáez C, Japón MA, Tortolero M, Romero F. βTrCP controls the lysosome-mediated degradation of CDK1, whose accumulation correlates with tumor malignancy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7563-74. [PMID: 25149538 PMCID: PMC4202144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, cell cycle progression is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases, among which CDK1 plays important roles in the regulation of the G2/M transition, G1 progression and G1/S transition. CDK1 is highly regulated by its association to cyclins, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, changes in subcellular localization, and by direct binding of CDK inhibitor proteins. CDK1 steady-state protein levels are held constant throughout the cell cycle by a coordinated regulation of protein synthesis and degradation. We show that CDK1 is ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFβTrCP and degraded by the lysosome. Furthermore, we found that DNA damage not only triggers the stabilization of inhibitory phosphorylation sites on CDK1 and repression of CDK1 gene expression, but also regulates βTrCP-induced CDK1 degradation in a cell type-dependent manner. Specifically, treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in certain cell lines provokes CDK1 degradation and induces apoptosis, whereas in others it inhibits destruction of the protein. These observations raise the possibility that different tumor types, depending on their pathogenic spectrum mutations, may display different sensitivity to βTrCP-induced CDK1 degradation after DNA damage. Finally, we found that CDK1 accumulation in patients’ tumors shows a negative correlation with βTrCP and a positive correlation with the degree of tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Herrero-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mar Mora-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Servando Giráldez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Sáez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Tortolero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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159
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Douglas P, Ye R, Morrice N, Britton S, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Lees-Miller SP. Phosphorylation of SAF-A/hnRNP-U Serine 59 by Polo-Like Kinase 1 Is Required for Mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2699-713. [PMID: 25986610 PMCID: PMC4524121 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01312-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A), also called heterogenous nuclear ribonuclear protein U (hnRNP-U), is phosphorylated on serine 59 by the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in response to DNA damage. Since SAF-A, DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), and protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), which interacts with DNA-PKcs, have all been shown to have roles in mitosis, we asked whether DNA-PKcs phosphorylates SAF-A in mitosis. We show that SAF-A is phosphorylated on serine 59 in mitosis, that phosphorylation requires polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) rather than DNA-PKcs, that SAF-A interacts with PLK1 in nocodazole-treated cells, and that serine 59 is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in mitosis. Moreover, cells expressing SAF-A in which serine 59 is mutated to alanine have multiple characteristics of aberrant mitoses, including misaligned chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, polylobed nuclei, and delayed passage through mitosis. Our findings identify serine 59 of SAF-A as a new target of both PLK1 and PP2A in mitosis and reveal that both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of SAF-A serine 59 by PLK1 and PP2A, respectively, are required for accurate and timely exit from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douglas
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Morrice
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse-Université Paul Sabatier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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160
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c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of JunB is required for Adriamycin-induced expression of p21. Biochem J 2015. [PMID: 26217035 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase c-Abl functions as a cytoplasmic signal transducer upon activation of cell-surface receptors. c-Abl is also involved in DDR (DNA-damage response), which is initiated in the nucleus, whereas its molecular functions in DDR are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that c-Abl phosphorylates JunB, a member of the AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor family. Because JunB was suggested to be involved in DDR, we analysed the role of c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of JunB in DDR. We first analysed phosphorylation sites of JunB and found that c-Abl majorly phosphorylates JunB at Tyr(173), Tyr(182) and Tyr(188). Because c-Abl promotes expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 upon stimulation with the DNA-damaging agent Adriamycin (doxorubicin), we analysed the involvement of JunB in Adriamycin-induced p21 expression. We found that JunB suppresses p21 induction through inhibition of its promoter activity. The phosphomimetic JunB, which was generated by glutamic acid substitutions at the phosphorylation sites, failed to repress p21 induction. Recruitment of JunB to the p21 promoter was promoted by Adriamycin stimulation and was further enhanced by co-treatment with the c-Abl inhibitor imatinib. The phosphomimetic glutamic acid substitutions in JunB or Adriamycin treatment impaired the JunB-c-Fos transcription factor complex formation. Taken together, these results suggest that, although JunB represses p21 promoter activity, c-Abl phosphorylates JunB and conversely inhibits its suppressive role on p21 promoter activity upon Adriamycin stimulation. Therefore JunB is likely to be a key target of c-Abl in expression of p21 in Adriamycin-induced DDR.
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161
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Morrison CD, Schiemann WP. Tipping the balance between good and evil: aberrant 14-3-3ζ expression drives oncogenic TGF-β signaling in metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:92. [PMID: 26160166 PMCID: PMC4702299 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) readily suppresses the development of early-stage breast cancers, an activity that gives way to tumor promotion in their late-stage counterparts. The molecular mechanisms underlying this mysterious switch in TGF-β function remain murky. In addressing this conundrum, Xu et al. observed aberrant 14-3-3ζ expression to prevent the formation of tumor-suppressive Smad2/3:p53 complexes, while simultaneously driving the generation of oncogenic Smad2/3:Gli2 complexes. Once formed, Smad2/3:Gli2 complexes stimulate the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein necessary for breast cancer metastasis to bone. This viewpoint highlights 14-3-3ζ as an essential driver of oncogenic signaling by Smad2/3 and TGF-β in metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevaun D Morrison
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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162
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Luo S, Xin X, Du LL, Ye K, Wei Y. Dimerization Mediated by a Divergent Forkhead-associated Domain Is Essential for the DNA Damage and Spindle Functions of Fission Yeast Mdb1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21054-21066. [PMID: 26160178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MDC1 is a key factor of DNA damage response in mammalian cells. It possesses two phospho-binding domains. In its C terminus, a tandem BRCA1 C-terminal domain binds phosphorylated histone H2AX, and in its N terminus, a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain mediates a phosphorylation-enhanced homodimerization. The FHA domain of the Drosophila homolog of MDC1, MU2, also forms a homodimer but utilizes a different dimer interface. The functional importance of the dimerization of MDC1 family proteins is uncertain. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a protein sharing homology with MDC1 in the tandem BRCA1 C-terminal domain, Mdb1, regulates DNA damage response and mitotic spindle functions. Here, we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal 91 amino acids of Mdb1. Despite a lack of obvious sequence conservation to the FHA domain of MDC1, this region of Mdb1 adopts an FHA-like fold and is therefore termed Mdb1-FHA. Unlike canonical FHA domains, Mdb1-FHA lacks all the conserved phospho-binding residues. It forms a stable homodimer through an interface distinct from those of MDC1 and MU2. Mdb1-FHA is important for the localization of Mdb1 to DNA damage sites and the spindle midzone, contributes to the roles of Mdb1 in cellular responses to genotoxins and an antimicrotubule drug, and promotes in vitro binding of Mdb1 to a phospho-H2A peptide. The defects caused by the loss of Mdb1-FHA can be rescued by fusion with either of two heterologous dimerization domains, suggesting that the main function of Mdb1-FHA is mediating dimerization. Our data support that FHA-mediated dimerization is conserved for MDC1 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoran Xin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yi Wei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
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163
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Bohrer RC, Coutinho ARS, Duggavathi R, Bordignon V. The Incidence of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Is Higher in Late-Cleaving and Less Developmentally Competent Porcine Embryos. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:59. [PMID: 26134870 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.130542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in different species, including human, mice, bovine, and swine, demonstrated that early-cleaving embryos have higher capacity to develop to the blastocyst stage and produce better quality embryos with superior capacity to establish pregnancy than late-cleaving embryos. It has also been shown that experimentally induced DNA damage delays embryo cleavage kinetics and reduces blastocyst formation. To gain additional insights into the effects of genome damage on embryo cleavage kinetics and development, the present study compared the occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) with the expression profile of genes involved in DNA repair and cell cycle control between early- and late-cleaving embryos. Porcine oocytes matured in vitro were activated, and then early-cleaving (before 24 h) and late-cleaving (between 24 and 48 h) embryos were identified and cultured separately. Developing embryos, on Days 3, 5, and 7, were used to evaluate the total cell number and presence of DSBs (by counting the number of immunofluorescent foci for phosphorylated histone H2A.x [H2AX139ph] and RAD51 proteins) and to quantify transcripts of genes involved in DNA repair and cell cycle control by quantitative RT-PCR. Early-cleaving embryos had fewer DSBs, lower transcript levels for genes encoding DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint proteins, and more cells than late-cleaving embryos. Interestingly, at the blastocyst stage, embryos that developed from early- and late-cleaving groups had similar number of DSBs as well as transcript levels of genes induced by DNA damage. This indicates that only embryos with less DNA damage and/or superior capacity for DNA repair are able to progress to the blastocyst stage. Collectively, findings in this study revealed a negative correlation between the occurrence of DSBs and embryo cleavage kinetics and embryo developmental capacity to the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita S Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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164
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Shohag MH, Nishioka T, Ahammad RU, Nakamuta S, Yura Y, Hamaguchi T, Kaibuchi K, Amano M. Phosphoproteomic Analysis Using the WW and FHA Domains as Biological Filters. Cell Struct Funct 2015; 40:95-104. [PMID: 26119529 DOI: 10.1247/csf.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a key role in regulating nearly all intracellular biological events. However, poorly developed phospho-specific antibodies and low phosphoprotein abundance make it difficult to study phosphoproteins. Cellular protein phosphorylation data have been obtained using phosphoproteomic approaches, but the detection of low-abundance or fast-cycling phosphorylation sites remains a challenge. Enrichment of phosphoproteins together with phosphopeptides may greatly enhance the spectrum of low-abundance but biologically important phosphoproteins. Previously, we used 14-3-3ζ to selectively enrich for HeLa cell lysate phosphoproteins. However, because 14-3-3 does not isolate phosphoproteins lacking the 14-3-3-binding motif, we looked for other domains that could complementarily enrich for phosphoproteins. We here assessed and characterized the phosphoprotein binding domains Pin1-WW, CHEK2-FHA, and DLG1-GK. Using a strategy based on affinity chromatography, phosphoproteins were collected from the lysates of HeLa cells treated with phosphatase inhibitor or cAMP activator. We identified different subsets of phosphoproteins associated with WW or FHA after calyculin A, okadaic acid, or forskolin treatment. Our Kinase-Oriented Substrate Screening (KiOSS) method, which used phosphoprotein-binding domains, showed that WW and FHA are applicable and useful for the identification of novel phospho-substrates for kinases and can therefore be used as biological filters for comprehensive phosphoproteome analysis.
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165
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Thompson CM, Bloom LR, Ogiue-Ikeda M, Machida K. SH2-PLA: a sensitive in-solution approach for quantification of modular domain binding by proximity ligation and real-time PCR. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 26112401 PMCID: PMC4482279 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in studying phosphotyrosine dependent protein-protein interactions in tyrosine kinase pathways that play a critical role in many aspects of cellular function. We previously established SH2 profiling, a phosphoproteomic approach based on membrane binding assays that utilizes purified Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains as a molecular tool to profile the global tyrosine phosphorylation state of cells. However, in order to use this method to investigate SH2 binding sites on a specific target in cell lysate, additional procedures such as pull-down or immunoprecipitation which consume large amounts of sample are required. RESULTS We have developed PLA-SH2, an alternative in-solution modular domain binding assay that takes advantage of Proximity Ligation Assay and real-time PCR. The SH2-PLA assay utilizes oligonucleotide-conjugated anti-GST and anti-EGFR antibodies recognizing a GST-SH2 probe and cellular EGFR, respectively. If the GST-SH2 and EGFR are in close proximity as a result of SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions, the two oligonucleotides are brought within a suitable distance for ligation to occur, allowing for efficient complex amplification via real-time PCR. The assay detected signal across at least 3 orders of magnitude of lysate input with a linear range spanning 1-2 orders and a low femtomole limit of detection for EGFR phosphotyrosine. SH2 binding kinetics determined by PLA-SH2 showed good agreement with established far-Western analyses for A431 and Cos1 cells stimulated with EGF at various times and doses. Further, we showed that PLA-SH2 can survey lung cancer tissues using 1 μl lysate without requiring phospho-enrichment. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that interactions between SH2 domain probes and EGFR in cell lysate can be determined in a microliter-scale assay using SH2-PLA. The obvious benefit of this method is that the low sample requirement allows detection of SH2 binding in samples which are difficult to analyze using traditional protein interaction assays. This feature along with short assay runtime makes this method a useful platform for the development of high throughput assays to determine modular domain-ligand interactions which could have wide-ranging applications in both basic and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Thompson
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Lee R Bloom
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Mari Ogiue-Ikeda
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
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166
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Knittel G, Liedgens P, Reinhardt HC. Targeting ATM-deficient CLL through interference with DNA repair pathways. Front Genet 2015; 6:207. [PMID: 26113859 PMCID: PMC4461826 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in the Western world and accounts for approximately 30% of adult leukemias and 25% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The median age at diagnosis is 72 years. During recent years numerous genetic aberrations have been identified that are associated with an aggressive course of the disease and resistance against genotoxic chemotherapies. The DNA damage-responsive proapoptotic ATM-CHK2-p53 signaling pathway is frequently mutationally inactivated in CLL either through large deletions on chromosome 11q (ATM) or 17p (TP53), or through protein-damaging mutations. Here, we focus on the role of ATM signaling for the immediate DNA damage response, DNA repair and leukemogenesis. We further discuss novel therapeutic concepts for the targeted treatment of ATM-defective CLLs. We specifically highlight the potential use of PARP1 and DNA-PKcs inhibitors for the treatment of ATM-mutant CLL clones. Lastly, we briefly discuss the current state of genetically engineered mouse models of the disease and emphasize the use of these preclinical tools as a common platform for the development and validation of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Knittel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of CologneCologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Paul Liedgens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of CologneCologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Hans C. Reinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of CologneCologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of CologneCologne, Germany
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167
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Tut TG, Lim SHS, Dissanayake IU, Descallar J, Chua W, Ng W, de Souza P, Shin JS, Lee CS. Upregulated Polo-Like Kinase 1 Expression Correlates with Inferior Survival Outcomes in Rectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129313. [PMID: 26047016 PMCID: PMC4457812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) expression has been associated with inferior outcomes in colorectal cancer. Our aims were to analyse PLK1 in rectal cancer, and its association with clinicopathological variables, overall survival as well as tumour regression to neoadjuvant treatment. METHODS PLK1 expression was quantified with immunohistochemistry in the centre and periphery (invasive front) of rectal cancers, as well as in the involved regional lymph nodes from 286 patients. Scores were based on staining intensity and percentage of positive cells, multiplied to give weighted scores from 1-12, dichotomised into low (0-5) or high (6-12). RESULTS PLK1 scores in the tumour periphery were significantly different to adjacent normal mucosa. Survival analysis revealed that low PLK1 score in the tumour periphery had a hazard ratio of death of 0.59 in multivariate analysis. Other predictors of survival included age, tumour depth, metastatic status, vascular and perineural invasion and adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no statistically significant correlation between PLK1 score and histological tumour regression in the neoadjuvant cohort. CONCLUSION Low PLK1 score was an independent predictor of superior overall survival, adjusting for multiple clinicopathological variables including treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. G. Tut
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - S. H. S. Lim
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - I. U. Dissanayake
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - J. Descallar
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - W. Chua
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - W. Ng
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - P. de Souza
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - J-S. Shin
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - C. S. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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168
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Liu X. Targeting Polo-Like Kinases: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Cancer Treatment. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:185-95. [PMID: 26055176 PMCID: PMC4486469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate multiple intracellular processes including DNA replication, mitosis, and stress response. Plk1, the most well understood family member, regulates numerous stages of mitosis and is overexpressed in many cancers. Plk inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation, including phase III trials of volasertib, a Plk inhibitor, in acute myeloid leukemia and rigosertib, a dual inhibitor of Plk1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways, in myelodysplastic syndrome. Other Plk inhibitors, including the Plk1 inhibitors GSK461364A, TKM-080301, GW843682, purpurogallin, and poloxin and the Plk4 inhibitor CFI-400945 fumarate, are in earlier clinical development. This review discusses the biologic roles of Plks in cell cycle progression and cancer, and the mechanisms of action of Plk inhibitors currently in development as cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Liu
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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169
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Boucas J, Fritz C, Schmitt A, Riabinska A, Thelen L, Peifer M, Leeser U, Nuernberg P, Altmueller J, Gaestel M, Dieterich C, Reinhardt HC. Label-Free Protein-RNA Interactome Analysis Identifies Khsrp Signaling Downstream of the p38/Mk2 Kinase Complex as a Critical Modulator of Cell Cycle Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125745. [PMID: 25993413 PMCID: PMC4439058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a key role for RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in genome stability programs. Additionally, recent developments in RNA sequencing technologies, as well as mass-spectrometry techniques, have greatly expanded our knowledge on protein-RNA interactions. We here use full transcriptome sequencing and label-free LC/MS/MS to identify global changes in protein-RNA interactions in response to etoposide-induced genotoxic stress. We show that RBPs have distinct binding patterns in response to genotoxic stress and that inactivation of the RBP regulator module, p38/MK2, can affect the entire spectrum of protein-RNA interactions that take place in response to stress. In addition to validating the role of known RBPs like Srsf1, Srsf2, Elavl1 in the genotoxic stress response, we add a new collection of RBPs to the DNA damage response. We identify Khsrp as a highly regulated RBP in response to genotoxic stress and further validate its role as a driver of the G(1/)S transition through the suppression of Cdkn1a(P21) transcripts. Finally, we identify KHSRP as an indicator of overall survival, as well as disease free survival in glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Boucas
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Fritz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arina Riabinska
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Peifer
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uschi Leeser
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nuernberg
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmueller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Computational RNA Biology and Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Straße 9b, 50913, Cologne, Germany
| | - H. Christian Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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170
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Chen X, Kim IK, Honaker Y, Paudyal SC, Koh WK, Sparks M, Li S, Piwnica-Worms H, Ellenberger T, You Z. 14-3-3 proteins restrain the Exo1 nuclease to prevent overresection. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12300-12. [PMID: 25833945 PMCID: PMC4424361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA end resection process dictates the cellular response to DNA double strand break damage and is essential for genome maintenance. Although insufficient DNA resection hinders homology-directed repair and ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent checkpoint activation, overresection produces excessive single-stranded DNA that could lead to genomic instability. However, the mechanisms controlling DNA end resection are poorly understood. Here we show that the major resection nuclease Exo1 is regulated both positively and negatively by protein-protein interactions to ensure a proper level of DNA resection. We have shown previously that the sliding DNA clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) associates with the C-terminal domain of Exo1 and promotes Exo1 damage association and DNA resection. In this report, we show that 14-3-3 proteins interact with a central region of Exo1 and negatively regulate Exo1 damage recruitment and subsequent resection. 14-3-3s limit Exo1 damage association, at least in part, by suppressing its association with PCNA. Disruption of the Exo1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins results in elevated sensitivity of cells to DNA damage. Unlike Exo1, the Dna2 resection pathway is apparently not regulated by PCNA and 14-3-3s. Our results provide critical insights into the mechanism and regulation of the DNA end resection process and may have implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chen
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and
| | - In-Kwon Kim
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Yuchi Honaker
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and
| | | | - Won Kyun Koh
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and
| | | | - Shan Li
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology and the Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230
| | - Tom Ellenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
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171
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Phosphorylation-Dependent Enhancement of Rad53 Kinase Activity through the INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complex. Mol Cell 2015; 58:863-9. [PMID: 25959398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes such as INO80 have been implicated in checkpoint regulation in response to DNA damage. However, how chromatin remodeling complexes regulate DNA damage checkpoints remain unclear. Here, we identified a mechanism of regulating checkpoint effector kinase Rad53 through a direct interaction with the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex. Rad53 is a key checkpoint kinase downstream of Mec1. Mec1/Tel1 phosphorylates the Ies4 subunit of the INO80 complex in response to DNA damage. We find that the phosphorylated Ies4 binds to the N-terminal FHA domain of Rad53. In vitro, INO80 can activate Rad53 kinase activity in an Ies4-phosphorylation-dependent manner in the absence of known activators such as Rad9. In vivo, Ies4 and Rad9 function synergistically to activate Rad53. These findings establish a direct connection between ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and checkpoint regulation.
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172
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Rameseder J, Krismer K, Dayma Y, Ehrenberger T, Hwang MK, Airoldi EM, Floyd SR, Yaffe MB. A Multivariate Computational Method to Analyze High-Content RNAi Screening Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:985-97. [PMID: 25918037 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115583037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-content screening (HCS) using RNA interference (RNAi) in combination with automated microscopy is a powerful investigative tool to explore complex biological processes. However, despite the plethora of data generated from these screens, little progress has been made in analyzing HC data using multivariate methods that exploit the full richness of multidimensional data. We developed a novel multivariate method for HCS, multivariate robust analysis method (M-RAM), integrating image feature selection with ranking of perturbations for hit identification, and applied this method to an HC RNAi screen to discover novel components of the DNA damage response in an osteosarcoma cell line. M-RAM automatically selects the most informative phenotypic readouts and time points to facilitate the more efficient design of follow-up experiments and enhance biological understanding. Our method outperforms univariate hit identification and identifies relevant genes that these approaches would have missed. We found that statistical cell-to-cell variation in phenotypic responses is an important predictor of hits in RNAi-directed image-based screens. Genes that we identified as modulators of DNA damage signaling in U2OS cells include B-Raf, a cancer driver gene in multiple tumor types, whose role in DNA damage signaling we confirm experimentally, and multiple subunits of protein kinase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rameseder
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Computational Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin Krismer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yogesh Dayma
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Ehrenberger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mun Kyung Hwang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edoardo M Airoldi
- Department of Statistics and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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173
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Cussiol JR, Jablonowski CM, Yimit A, Brown GW, Smolka MB. Dampening DNA damage checkpoint signalling via coordinated BRCT domain interactions. EMBO J 2015; 34:1704-17. [PMID: 25896509 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, checkpoint signalling protects genome integrity at the cost of repressing cell cycle progression and DNA replication. Mechanisms for checkpoint down-regulation are therefore necessary for proper cellular proliferation. We recently uncovered a phosphatase-independent mechanism for dampening checkpoint signalling, where the checkpoint adaptor Rad9 is counteracted by the repair scaffolds Slx4-Rtt107. Here, we establish the molecular requirements for this new mode of checkpoint regulation. We engineered a minimal multi-BRCT-domain (MBD) module that recapitulates the action of Slx4-Rtt107 in checkpoint down-regulation. MBD mimics the damage-induced Dpb11-Slx4-Rtt107 complex by synergistically interacting with lesion-specific phospho-sites in Ddc1 and H2A. We propose that efficient recruitment of Dpb11-Slx4-Rtt107 or MBD via a cooperative 'two-site-docking' mechanism displaces Rad9. MBD also interacts with the Mus81 nuclease following checkpoint dampening, suggesting a spatio-temporal coordination of checkpoint signalling and DNA repair via a combinatorial mode of BRCT-domains interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Cussiol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn M Jablonowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Askar Yimit
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Donnelly Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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174
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Tanaka H, Goto H, Inoko A, Makihara H, Enomoto A, Horimoto K, Matsuyama M, Kurita K, Izawa I, Inagaki M. Cytokinetic Failure-induced Tetraploidy Develops into Aneuploidy, Triggering Skin Aging in Phosphovimentin-deficient Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12984-98. [PMID: 25847236 PMCID: PMC4505553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.633891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a state in which cells have doubled chromosomal sets, is observed in ∼20% of solid tumors and is considered to frequently precede aneuploidy in carcinogenesis. Tetraploidy is also detected during terminal differentiation and represents a hallmark of aging. Most tetraploid cultured cells are arrested by p53 stabilization. However, the fate of tetraploid cells in vivo remains largely unknown. Here, we analyze the ability to repair wounds in the skin of phosphovimentin-deficient (VIMSA/SA) mice. Early into wound healing, subcutaneous fibroblasts failed to undergo cytokinesis, resulting in binucleate tetraploidy. Accordingly, the mRNA level of p21 (a p53-responsive gene) was elevated in a VIMSA/SA-specific manner. Disappearance of tetraploidy coincided with an increase in aneuploidy. Thereafter, senescence-related markers were significantly elevated in VIMSA/SA mice. Because our tetraploidy-prone mouse model also exhibited subcutaneous fat loss at the age of 14 months, another premature aging phenotype, our data suggest that following cytokinetic failure, a subset of tetraploid cells enters a new cell cycle and develops into aneuploid cells in vivo, which promote premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, the Departments of Cellular Oncology and
| | - Akihito Inoko
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681
| | - Hiroyuki Makihara
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 466-8550, and
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550
| | - Katsuhisa Horimoto
- the Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681
| | - Kenichi Kurita
- the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 466-8550, and
| | - Ichiro Izawa
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, the Departments of Cellular Oncology and
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175
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Kao YL, Kuo YM, Lee YR, Yang SF, Chen WR, Lee HJ. Apple polyphenol induces cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and mitotic catastrophe in human bladder transitional carcinoma cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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176
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Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA decay are often regulated by phosphorylation of RNA-binding proteins. Cells use phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways to turn on and off gene expression. Not much is known about how phosphorylation-dependent signals transmitted by exogenous factors or cell cycle checkpoints regulate RNA-mediated gene expression at the atomic level. Several human diseases are linked to an altered phosphorylation state of an RNA binding protein. Understanding the structural response to the phosphorylation "signal" and its effect on ribonucleoprotein assembly provides mechanistic understanding, as well as new information for the design of novel drugs. In this review, I highlight recent structural studies that reveal the mechanisms by which phosphorylation can regulate protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions in ribonucleoprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Thapar
- BioSciences
at Rice, Biochemistry
and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
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177
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Lafrance-Vanasse J, Williams GJ, Tainer JA. Envisioning the dynamics and flexibility of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex to decipher its roles in DNA replication and repair. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 117:182-193. [PMID: 25576492 PMCID: PMC4417436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex is a dynamic macromolecular machine that acts in the first steps of DNA double strand break repair, and each of its components has intrinsic dynamics and flexibility properties that are directly linked with their functions. As a result, deciphering the functional structural biology of the MRN complex is driving novel and integrated technologies to define the dynamic structural biology of protein machinery interacting with DNA. Rad50 promotes dramatic long-range allostery through its coiled-coil and zinc-hook domains. Its ATPase activity drives dynamic transitions between monomeric and dimeric forms that can be modulated with mutants modifying the ATPase rate to control end joining versus resection activities. The biological functions of Mre11's dual endo- and exonuclease activities in repair pathway choice were enigmatic until recently, when they were unveiled by the development of specific nuclease inhibitors. Mre11 dimer flexibility, which may be regulated in cells to control MRN function, suggests new inhibitor design strategies for cancer intervention. Nbs1 has FHA and BRCT domains to bind multiple interaction partners that further regulate MRN. One of them, CtIP, modulates the Mre11 excision activity for homologous recombination repair. Overall, these combined properties suggest novel therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, they collectively help to explain how MRN regulates DNA repair pathway choice with implications for improving the design and analysis of cancer clinical trials that employ DNA damaging agents or target the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A Tainer
- Life Science Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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178
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BoseDasgupta S, Moes S, Jenoe P, Pieters J. Cytokine-induced macropinocytosis in macrophages is regulated by 14-3-3ζ through its interaction with serine-phosphorylated coronin 1. FEBS J 2015; 282:1167-81. [PMID: 25645340 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The induction of macropinocytosis in macrophages during an inflammatory response is important for clearance of pathogenic microbes as well as the generation of appropriate immune responses. Recent data suggest that cytokine stimulation of macrophages induces macropinocytosis through phosphorylation of the protein coronin 1, thereby redistributing coronin 1 from the cell cortex to the cytoplasm followed by the activation of phosphoinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase. However, how coronin 1 phosphorylation regulates these processes remains unclear. We here define an essential role for 14-3-3ζ in cytokine-induced and coronin-1-dependent macropinocytosis in macrophages. We found that, upon stimulation, phosphorylated coronin 1 transiently associated with 14-3-3ζ and receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1). Importantly, downregulation of 14-3-3ζ, but not RACK1, prevented relocation of coronin 1, as well as the induction of PI-3 kinase activity and thereby macropinocytosis upon cytokine stimulation. Together these data define an essential role for 14-3-3ζ in the regulation of macropinocytosis in macrophages upon cytokine stimulation through modulation of the localization of coronin 1.
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179
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Xu J, Acharya S, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Saito Y, Yao J, Wang H, Li P, Zhang L, Lowery FJ, Kuo WL, Xiao Y, Ensor J, Sahin AA, Zhang XHF, Hung MC, Zhang JD, Yu D. 14-3-3ζ turns TGF-β's function from tumor suppressor to metastasis promoter in breast cancer by contextual changes of Smad partners from p53 to Gli2. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:177-92. [PMID: 25670079 PMCID: PMC4325275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) functions as a tumor suppressor in premalignant cells but as a metastasis promoter in cancer cells. The dichotomous functions of TGF-β are proposed to be dictated by different partners of its downstream effector Smads. However, the mechanism for the contextual changes of Smad partners remained undefined. Here, we demonstrate that 14-3-3ζ destabilizes p53, a Smad partner in premalignant mammary epithelial cells, by downregulating 14-3-3σ, thus turning off TGF-β's tumor suppression function. Conversely, 14-3-3ζ stabilizes Gli2 in breast cancer cells, and Gli2 partners with Smads to activate PTHrP and promote TGF-β-induced bone metastasis. The 14-3-3ζ-driven contextual changes of Smad partners from p53 to Gli2 may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets of TGF-β-mediated cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunil Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yohei Saito
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank J Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Ling Kuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joe Ensor
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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180
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Zhang C, Zhang F. The Multifunctions of WD40 Proteins in Genome Integrity and Cell Cycle Progression. J Genomics 2015; 3:40-50. [PMID: 25653723 PMCID: PMC4316180 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genome encodes numerous WD40 repeat proteins, which generally function as platforms of protein-protein interactions and are involved in numerous biological process, such as signal transduction, gene transcriptional regulation, protein modifications, cytoskeleton assembly, vesicular trafficking, DNA damage and repair, cell death and cell cycle progression. Among these diverse functions, genome integrity maintenance and cell cycle progression are extremely important as deregulation of them is clinically linked to uncontrolled proliferative diseases such as cancer. Thus, we mainly summarize and discuss the recent understanding of WD40 proteins and their molecular mechanisms linked to genome stability and cell cycle progression in this review, thereby demonstrating their pervasiveness and importance in cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 2. Orthopedics Department, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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181
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Li Z, Park HR, Shi Z, Li Z, Pham CD, Du Y, Khuri FR, Zhang Y, Han Q, Fu H. Pro-oncogenic function of HIP-55/Drebrin-like (DBNL) through Ser269/Thr291-phospho-sensor motifs. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3197-209. [PMID: 24912570 PMCID: PMC4102803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIP-55 (HPK1-interacting protein of 55 kDa, also named DBNL, SH3P7, and mAbp1) is a multidomain adaptor protein that is critical for organ development and the immune response. Here, we report the coupling of HIP-55 to cell growth control through its 14-3-3-binding phospho-Ser/Thr-sensor sites. Using affinity chromatography, we found HIP-55 formed a complex with 14-3-3 proteins, revealing a new node in phospho-Ser/Thr-mediated signaling networks. In addition, we demonstrated that HIP-55 is required for proper cell growth control. Enforced HIP-55 expression promoted proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells while silencing of HIP-55 reversed these effects. Importantly, HIP-55 was found to be upregulated in lung cancer cell lines and in tumor tissues of lung cancer patients. Upregulated HIP-55 was required to promote the growth of tumors in a xenograft animal model. However, tumors with S269A/T291A-mutated HIP-55, which ablates 14-3-3 binding, exhibited significantly reduced sizes, supporting a vital role of the HIP-55/14-3-3 protein interaction node in transmitting oncogenic signals. Mechanistically, HIP-55-mediated tumorigenesis activity appears to be in part mediated by antagonizing the tumor suppressor function of HPK1. Thus, the HIP-55–mediated oncogenic pathway, through S269/T291, may be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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182
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Jin Z, Chung JW, Mei W, Strack S, He C, Lau GW, Yang J. Regulation of nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and function of Family with sequence similarity 13, member A (Fam13a), by B56-containing PP2As and Akt. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1160-73. [PMID: 25609086 PMCID: PMC4357514 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies reveal that the FAM13A gene is associated with human lung function and a variety of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. The biological functions of Fam13a, however, have not been studied. In an effort to identify novel substrates of B56-containing PP2As, we found that B56-containing PP2As and Akt act antagonistically to control reversible phosphorylation of Fam13a on Ser-322. We show that Ser-322 phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to control the subcellular distribution of Fam13a. Fam13a shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. When Ser-322 is phosphorylated by Akt, the binding between Fam13a and 14-3-3 is enhanced, leading to cytoplasmic sequestration of Fam13a. B56-containing PP2As dephosphorylate phospho-Ser-322 and promote nuclear localization of Fam13a. We generated Fam13a-knockout mice. Fam13a-mutant mice are viable and healthy, indicating that Fam13a is dispensable for embryonic development and physiological functions in adult animals. Intriguingly, Fam13a has the ability to activate the Wnt pathway. Although Wnt signaling remains largely normal in Fam13a-knockout lungs, depletion of Fam13a in human lung cancer cells causes an obvious reduction in Wnt signaling activity. Our work provides important clues to elucidating the mechanism by which Fam13a may contribute to human lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802
| | - Jin Wei Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gee W Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802
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183
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The role of protein-protein interactions in the intracellular traffic of the potassium channels TASK-1 and TASK-3. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:1105-20. [PMID: 25559843 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular transport of membrane proteins is controlled by trafficking signals: Short peptide motifs that mediate the contact with COPI, COPII or various clathrin-associated coat proteins. In addition, many membrane proteins interact with accessory proteins that are involved in the sorting of these proteins to different intracellular compartments. In the K2P channels, TASK-1 and TASK-3, the influence of protein-protein interactions on sorting decisions has been studied in some detail. Both TASK paralogues interact with the adaptor protein 14-3-3; TASK-1 interacts, in addition, with the adaptor protein p11 (S100A10) and the endosomal SNARE protein syntaxin-8. The role of these interacting proteins in controlling the intracellular traffic of the channels and the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarised in this review. In the case of 14-3-3, the interacting protein masks a retention signal in the C-terminus of the channel; in the case of p11, the interacting protein carries a retention signal that localises the channel to the endoplasmic reticulum; and in the case of syntaxin-8, the interacting protein carries an endocytosis signal that complements an endocytosis signal of the channel. These examples illustrate some of the mechanisms by which interacting proteins may determine the itinerary of a membrane protein within a cell and suggest that the intracellular traffic of membrane proteins may be adapted to the specific functions of that protein by multiple protein-protein interactions.
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184
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Na Z, Peng B, Ng S, Pan S, Lee JS, Shen HM, Yao SQ. A small-molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitor of PARP1 that targets its BRCT domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2515-9. [PMID: 25565365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a BRCT-containing enzyme (BRCT = BRCA1 C-terminus) mainly involved in DNA repair and damage response and a validated target for cancer treatment. Small-molecule inhibitors that target the PARP1 catalytic domain have been actively pursued as anticancer drugs, but are potentially problematic owing to a lack of selectivity. Compounds that are capable of disrupting protein-protein interactions of PARP1 provide an alternative by inhibiting its activities with improved selectivity profiles. Herein, by establishing a high-throughput microplate-based assay suitable for screening potential PPI inhibitors of the PARP1 BRCT domain, we have discovered that (±)-gossypol, a natural product with a number of known biological activities, possesses novel PARP1 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in cancer cells and presumably acts through disruption of protein-protein interactions. As the first known cell-permeable small-molecule PPI inhibitor of PAPR1, we further established that (-)-gossypol was likely the causative agent of PARP1 inhibition by promoting the formation of a 1:2 compound/PARP1 complex by reversible formation of a covalent imine linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Na
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543 (Singapore) http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/∼syao
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185
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Na Z, Peng B, Ng S, Pan S, Lee JS, Shen HM, Yao SQ. A Small-Molecule Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of PARP1 That Targets Its BRCT Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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186
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Bidlingmaier S, Liu B. Identification of Posttranslational Modification-Dependent Protein Interactions Using Yeast Surface Displayed Human Proteome Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1319:193-202. [PMID: 26060076 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2748-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The identification of proteins that interact specifically with posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation is often necessary to understand cellular signaling pathways. Numerous methods for identifying proteins that interact with posttranslational modifications have been utilized, including affinity-based purification and analysis, protein microarrays, phage display, and tethered catalysis. Although these techniques have been used successfully, each has limitations. Recently, yeast surface-displayed human proteome libraries have been utilized to identify protein fragments with affinity for various target molecules, including phosphorylated peptides. When coupled with fluorescently activated cell sorting and high throughput methods for the analysis of selection outputs, yeast surface-displayed human proteome libraries can rapidly and efficiently identify protein fragments with affinity for any soluble ligand that can be fluorescently detected, including posttranslational modifications. In this review we compare the use of yeast surface display libraries to other methods for the identification of interactions between proteins and posttranslational modifications and discuss future applications of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bidlingmaier
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, 1305, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
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187
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Treacher Collins syndrome TCOF1 protein cooperates with NBS1 in the DNA damage response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18631-6. [PMID: 25512513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422488112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction pathway of the DNA damage response (DDR) is activated to maintain genomic integrity following DNA damage. The DDR promotes genomic integrity by regulating a large network of cellular activities that range from DNA replication and repair to transcription, RNA splicing, and metabolism. In this study we define an interaction between the DDR factor NBS1 and TCOF1, a nucleolar protein that regulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and is mutated in Treacher Collins syndrome. We show that NBS1 relocalizes to nucleoli after DNA damage in a manner dependent on TCOF1 and on casein kinase II and ATM, which are known to modify TCOF1 by phosphorylation. Moreover, we identify a putative ATM phosphorylation site that is required for NBS1 relocalization to nucleoli in response to DNA damage. Last, we report that TCOF1 promotes cellular resistance to DNA damaging agents. Collectively, our findings identify TCOF1 as a DDR factor that could cooperate with ATM and NBS1 to suppress inappropriate rDNA transcription and maintain genomic integrity after DNA damage.
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188
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Xu MY, Kim YS. Antitumor activity of glycyrol via induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and defective autophagy. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:311-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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189
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Dietlein F, Reinhardt HC. Molecular Pathways: Exploiting Tumor-Specific Molecular Defects in DNA Repair Pathways for Precision Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5882-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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190
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Barton O, Naumann SC, Diemer-Biehs R, Künzel J, Steinlage M, Conrad S, Makharashvili N, Wang J, Feng L, Lopez BS, Paull TT, Chen J, Jeggo PA, Löbrich M. Polo-like kinase 3 regulates CtIP during DNA double-strand break repair in G1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:877-94. [PMID: 25267294 PMCID: PMC4178966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201401146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plk3 phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and is required with CtIP for the repair of complex double-strand breaks and regulation of resection-mediated end-joining pathways. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The C terminal binding protein–interacting protein (CtIP) is phosphorylated in G2 by cyclin-dependent kinases to initiate resection and promote HR. CtIP also exerts functions during NHEJ, although the mechanism phosphorylating CtIP in G1 is unknown. In this paper, we identify Plk3 (Polo-like kinase 3) as a novel DSB response factor that phosphorylates CtIP in G1 in a damage-inducible manner and impacts on various cellular processes in G1. First, Plk3 and CtIP enhance the formation of ionizing radiation-induced translocations; second, they promote large-scale genomic deletions from restriction enzyme-induced DSBs; third, they are required for resection and repair of complex DSBs; and finally, they regulate alternative NHEJ processes in Ku−/− mutants. We show that mutating CtIP at S327 or T847 to nonphosphorylatable alanine phenocopies Plk3 or CtIP loss. Plk3 binds to CtIP phosphorylated at S327 via its Polo box domains, which is necessary for robust damage-induced CtIP phosphorylation at S327 and subsequent CtIP phosphorylation at T847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Barton
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Naumann
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ronja Diemer-Biehs
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Künzel
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Monika Steinlage
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandro Conrad
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nodar Makharashvili
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lin Feng
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Junjie Chen
- Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, England, UK
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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191
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Cancer-causing human papillomavirus E6 proteins display major differences in the phospho-regulation of their PDZ interactions. J Virol 2014; 89:1579-86. [PMID: 25410862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01961-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that the cancer-causing high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoproteins have PDZ binding potential, an activity which is important for their ability to support the viral life cycle and to cooperate in the induction of malignancy. However, PDZ interactions are not constitutive, and they can be negatively regulated by phosphorylation within the E6 PDZ binding motif (PBM). In this study, we have investigated the differential regulation of the HPV E6 PBMs from diverse high-risk HPV types. We show that, depending on the HPV type, PDZ binding activity can be regulated by phosphorylation with protein kinase A (PKA) or AKT, which, in turn, inhibits PDZ recognition. Such regulation is highly conserved between E6 proteins derived from HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-58 while being somewhat weaker or absent from other types such as HPV-31, HPV-33, and HPV-51. In the case of HPV31, PKA phosphorylation occurs within the core of the E6 protein and has no effect on PDZ interactions, and this demonstrates a surprising degree of heterogeneity among the different high-risk HPV E6 oncoproteins in how they are regulated by different cellular signaling pathways. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that the cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins are all subject to posttranslational modification of their extreme C-terminal PDZ binding motifs through phosphorylation. However, the identities of the kinase are not the same for all HPV types. This demonstrates a very important divergence between these HPVs, and it suggests that changes in cell signaling pathways have different consequences for different high-risk virus infections and their associated malignancies.
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192
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Maréchal A, Zou L. RPA-coated single-stranded DNA as a platform for post-translational modifications in the DNA damage response. Cell Res 2014; 25:9-23. [PMID: 25403473 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Replication Protein A (RPA) complex is an essential regulator of eukaryotic DNA metabolism. RPA avidly binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) through multiple oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding folds and coordinates the recruitment and exchange of genome maintenance factors to regulate DNA replication, recombination and repair. The RPA-ssDNA platform also constitutes a key physiological signal which activates the master ATR kinase to protect and repair stalled or collapsed replication forks during replication stress. In recent years, the RPA complex has emerged as a key target and an important regulator of post-translational modifications in response to DNA damage, which is critical for its genome guardian functions. Phosphorylation and SUMOylation of the RPA complex, and more recently RPA-regulated ubiquitination, have all been shown to control specific aspects of DNA damage signaling and repair by modulating the interactions between RPA and its partners. Here, we review our current understanding of the critical functions of the RPA-ssDNA platform in the maintenance of genome stability and its regulation through an elaborate network of covalent modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maréchal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- 1] Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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193
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Chang KE, Wei BR, Madigan JP, Hall MD, Simpson RM, Zhuang Z, Gottesman MM. The protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor LB100 sensitizes ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:90-100. [PMID: 25376608 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite early positive response to platinum-based chemotherapy, the majority of ovarian carcinomas develop resistance and progress to fatal disease. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitous phosphatase involved in the regulation of DNA-damage response (DDR) and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways. Recent studies have shown that LB100, a small-molecule inhibitor of PP2A, sensitizes cancer cells to radiation-mediated DNA damage. We hypothesized that LB100 could sensitize ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. We performed in vitro studies in SKOV-3, OVCAR-8, and PEO1, -4, and -6 ovarian cancer lines to assess cytotoxicity potentiation, cell-death mechanism(s), cell-cycle regulation, and DDR signaling. In vivo studies were conducted in an intraperitoneal metastatic mouse model using SKOV-3/f-Luc cells. LB100 sensitized ovarian carcinoma lines to cisplatin-mediated cell death. Sensitization via LB100 was mediated by abrogation of cell-cycle arrest induced by cisplatin. Loss of the cisplatin-induced checkpoint correlated with decreased Wee1 expression, increased cdc2 activation, and increased mitotic entry (p-histone H3). LB100 also induced constitutive hyperphosphorylation of DDR proteins (BRCA1, Chk2, and γH2AX), altered the chronology and persistence of JNK activation, and modulated the expression of 14-3-3 binding sites. In vivo, cisplatin sensitization via LB100 significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition and prevented disease progression after treatment cessation. Our results suggest that LB100 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the DDR pathway and cell-cycle checkpoint abrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Chang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James P Madigan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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194
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Weitzman MD, Weitzman JB. What's the damage? The impact of pathogens on pathways that maintain host genome integrity. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:283-94. [PMID: 24629335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genome integrity and transmission of intact genomes is critical for cellular, organismal, and species survival. Cells can detect damaged DNA, activate checkpoints, and either enable DNA repair or trigger apoptosis to eliminate the damaged cell. Aberrations in these mechanisms lead to somatic mutations and genetic instability, which are hallmarks of cancer. Considering the long history of host-microbe coevolution, an impact of microbial infection on host genome integrity is not unexpected, and emerging links between microbial infections and oncogenesis further reinforce this idea. In this review, we compare strategies employed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites to alter, subvert, or otherwise manipulate host DNA damage and repair pathways. We highlight how microbes contribute to tumorigenesis by directly inducing DNA damage, inactivating checkpoint controls, or manipulating repair processes. We also discuss indirect effects resulting from inflammatory responses, changes in cellular metabolism, nuclear architecture, and epigenome integrity, and the associated evolutionary tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Weitzman
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France.
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195
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Di Giammartino DC, Manley JL. New links between mRNA polyadenylation and diverse nuclear pathways. Mol Cells 2014; 37:644-9. [PMID: 25081038 PMCID: PMC4179132 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3' ends of most eukaryotic messenger RNAs must undergo a maturation step that includes an endonuc-leolytic cleavage followed by addition of a polyadenylate tail. While this reaction is catalyzed by the action of only two enzymes it is supported by an unexpectedly large number of proteins. This complexity reflects the necessity of coordinating this process with other nuclear events, and growing evidence indicates that even more factors than previously thought are necessary to connect 3' processing to additional cellular pathways. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the molecular machinery involved in this step of mRNA maturation, focusing on new core and auxiliary proteins that connect polyadenylation to splicing, DNA damage, transcription and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Manley
- Columbia University, Department of Biological Sciences, New York NY, 10027, USA
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196
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Rybaczek D. Ultrastructural changes associated with the induction of premature chromosome condensation in Vicia faba root meristem cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1547-1564. [PMID: 24898011 PMCID: PMC4133037 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PCC induction is regulated by several signaling pathways, and all observed effects associated with PCC induction are strongly dependent on the mechanism of action of each PCC inducer used. Electron microscopic observations of cells with symptoms of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) showed that the interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes differed with respect to a chemical compound inducing PCC. Induction of this process under the influence of hydroxyurea and caffeine as well as hydroxyurea and sodium metavanadate led to a slight decrease in interphase chromatin condensation and the formation of chromosomes with a considerably loosened structure in comparison with the control. Incubation in the mixture of hydroxyurea and 2-aminopurine brought about clear chromatin dispersion in interphase and very strong mitotic chromosome condensation. Electron microscopic examinations also revealed the characteristic features of the structural organization of cytoplasm of Vicia faba root meristems, which seemed to be dependent on the type of the PCC inducer used. The presence of the following was observed: (i) large plastids filled with starch grains (caffeine), (ii) mitochondria and plastids of electron dense matrix with dilated invaginations of their internal membranes (2-aminopurine), and (iii) large mitochondria of electron clear matrix and plastids containing protein crystals in their interior (sodium metavanadate). Moreover, since caffeine causes either the most effective loosening of chromatin fibrils (within the prematurely condensed chromosomes) or induction of starch formation (in the plastids surrounding the nuclei), this may be a proof that demonstrates the existence of a link between physical accessibility to chromatin and the effectiveness of cellular signaling (e.g., phosphothreonine-connected).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybaczek
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland,
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197
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14-3-3 proteins play a role in the cell cycle by shielding cdt2 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:4049-61. [PMID: 25154416 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00838-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdt2 is the substrate recognition adaptor of CRL4(Cdt2) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and plays a pivotal role in the cell cycle by mediating the proteasomal degradation of Cdt1 (DNA replication licensing factor), p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase [CDK] inhibitor), and Set8 (histone methyltransferase) in S phase. Cdt2 itself is attenuated by SCF(FbxO11)-mediated proteasomal degradation. Here, we report that 14-3-3 adaptor proteins interact with Cdt2 phosphorylated at threonine 464 (T464) and shield it from polyubiquitination and consequent proteasomal degradation. Depletion of 14-3-3 proteins promotes the interaction of FbxO11 with Cdt2. Overexpressing 14-3-3 proteins shields Cdt2 that has a phospho-mimicking mutation (T464D [change of T to D at position 464]) but not Cdt2(T464A) from ubiquitination. Furthermore, the delay of the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and decrease in cell proliferation seen upon depletion of 14-3-3γ is partly due to the accumulation of the CRL4(Cdt2) substrate, Set8 methyltransferase. Therefore, the stabilization of Cdt2 is an important function of 14-3-3 proteins in cell cycle progression.
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198
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Newman RH, Zhang J, Zhu H. Toward a systems-level view of dynamic phosphorylation networks. Front Genet 2014; 5:263. [PMID: 25177341 PMCID: PMC4133750 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how cells sense and respond to their environment, it is important to understand the organization and regulation of the phosphorylation networks that underlie most cellular signal transduction pathways. These networks, which are composed of protein kinases, protein phosphatases and their respective cellular targets, are highly dynamic. Importantly, to achieve signaling specificity, phosphorylation networks must be regulated at several levels, including at the level of protein expression, substrate recognition, and spatiotemporal modulation of enzymatic activity. Here, we briefly summarize some of the traditional methods used to study the phosphorylation status of cellular proteins before focusing our attention on several recent technological advances, such as protein microarrays, quantitative mass spectrometry, and genetically-targetable fluorescent biosensors, that are offering new insights into the organization and regulation of cellular phosphorylation networks. Together, these approaches promise to lead to a systems-level view of dynamic phosphorylation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; High-Throughput Biology Center, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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199
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Nishi H, Shaytan A, Panchenko AR. Physicochemical mechanisms of protein regulation by phosphorylation. Front Genet 2014; 5:270. [PMID: 25147561 PMCID: PMC4124799 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation offers a dynamic way to regulate protein activity and subcellular localization, which is achieved through its reversibility and fast kinetics. Adding or removing a dianionic phosphate group somewhere on a protein often changes the protein’s structural properties, its stability and dynamics. Moreover, the majority of signaling pathways involve an extensive set of protein–protein interactions, and phosphorylation can be used to regulate and modulate protein–protein binding. Losses of phosphorylation sites, as a result of disease mutations, might disrupt protein binding and deregulate signal transduction. In this paper we focus on the effects of phosphorylation on protein stability, dynamics, and binding. We describe several physico-chemical mechanisms of protein regulation through phosphorylation and pay particular attention to phosphorylation in protein complexes and phosphorylation in the context of disorder–order and order–disorder transitions. Finally we assess the role of multiple phosphorylation sites in a protein molecule, their possible cooperativity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafumi Nishi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Alexey Shaytan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Anna R Panchenko
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD USA
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200
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Dietlein F, Thelen L, Reinhardt HC. Cancer-specific defects in DNA repair pathways as targets for personalized therapeutic approaches. Trends Genet 2014; 30:326-39. [PMID: 25017190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair pathways enable cancer cells to accumulate genomic alterations that contribute to their aggressive phenotype. However, tumors rely on residual DNA repair capacities to survive the damage induced by genotoxic stress. This dichotomy might explain why only isolated DNA repair pathways are inactivated in cancer cells. Accordingly, synergism has been observed between DNA-damaging drugs and targeted inhibitors of DNA repair. DNA repair pathways are generally thought of as mutually exclusive mechanistic units handling different types of lesions in distinct cell cycle phases. Recent preclinical studies, however, provide strong evidence that multifunctional DNA repair hubs, which are involved in multiple conventional DNA repair pathways, are frequently altered in cancer. We therefore propose that targeted anticancer therapies should not only exploit synthetic lethal interactions between two single genes but also consider alterations in DNA repair hubs. Such a network-based approach considerably increases the opportunities for targeting DNA repair-defective tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dietlein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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