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Abstract
Galectins is a family of non-classically secreted, beta-galactoside-binding proteins that has recently received considerable attention in the spatio-temporal regulation of surface 'signal lattice' organization, membrane dynamics, cell-adhesion and disease therapeutics. Galectin-9 is a unique member of this family, with two non-homologous carbohydrate recognition domains joined by a linker peptide sequence of variable lengths, generating isoforms with distinct properties and functions in both physiological and pathological settings, such as during development, immune reaction, neoplastic transformations and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the structure, receptors, cellular targets, trafficking pathways and functional properties of galectin-9 and discuss how galectin-9-mediated signalling cascades can be exploited in cancers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Division of Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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152
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Bhide GP, Prehna G, Ramirez BE, Colley KJ. The Polybasic Region of the Polysialyltransferase ST8Sia-IV Binds Directly to the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1504-1517. [PMID: 28233978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique post-translational modification found on a small set of mammalian glycoproteins. Composed of long chains of α2,8-linked sialic acid, this large, negatively charged polymer attenuates protein and cell adhesion and modulates signaling mediated by its carriers and proteins that interact with these carriers. PolySia is crucial for the proper development of the nervous system and is upregulated during tissue regeneration and in highly invasive cancers. Our laboratory has previously shown that the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, has an acidic surface patch in its first fibronectin type III repeat (FN1) that is critical for the polysialylation of N-glycans on the adjacent immunoglobulin domain (Ig5). We have also identified a polysialyltransferase (polyST) polybasic region (PBR) that may mediate substrate recognition. However, a direct interaction between the NCAM FN1 acidic patch and the polyST PBR has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we have probed this interaction using isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We observe direct and specific binding between FN1 and the PBR peptide that is dependent upon acidic residues in FN1 and basic residues of the PBR. NMR titration experiments verified the role of the FN1 acidic patch in the recognition of the PBR and suggest a conformational change of the Ig5-FN1 linker region following binding of the PBR to the acidic patch. Finally, mutation of residues identified by NMR titration experiments impacts NCAM polysialylation, supporting their mechanistic role in protein-specific polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang P Bhide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Gerd Prehna
- Center for Structural Biology, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Benjamin E Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Center for Structural Biology, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Karen J Colley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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153
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Kavaliauskiene S, Dyve Lingelem AB, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Protection against Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E44. [PMID: 28165371 PMCID: PMC5331424 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins consist of an A-moiety and five B-moieties able to bind the neutral glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. To intoxicate cells efficiently, the toxin A-moiety has to be cleaved by furin and transported retrogradely to the Golgi apparatus and to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymatically active part of the A-moiety is then translocated to the cytosol, where it inhibits protein synthesis and in some cell types induces apoptosis. Protection of cells can be provided either by inhibiting binding of the toxin to cells or by interfering with any of the subsequent steps required for its toxic effect. In this article we provide a brief overview of the interaction of Shiga toxins with cells, describe some compounds and conditions found to protect cells against Shiga toxins, and discuss whether they might also provide protection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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154
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Bielaszewska M, Rüter C, Bauwens A, Greune L, Jarosch KA, Steil D, Zhang W, He X, Lloubes R, Fruth A, Kim KS, Schmidt MA, Dobrindt U, Mellmann A, Karch H. Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: Intracellular delivery, trafficking and mechanisms of cell injury. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006159. [PMID: 28158302 PMCID: PMC5310930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are important tools in bacterial virulence but their role in the pathogenesis of infections caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading cause of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome, is poorly understood. Using proteomics, electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunoblotting, and bioassays, we investigated OMVs secreted by EHEC O157 clinical isolates for virulence factors cargoes, interactions with pathogenetically relevant human cells, and mechanisms of cell injury. We demonstrate that O157 OMVs carry a cocktail of key virulence factors of EHEC O157 including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The toxins are internalized by cells via dynamin-dependent endocytosis of OMVs and differentially separate from vesicles during intracellular trafficking. Stx2a and CdtV-B, the DNase-like CdtV subunit, separate from OMVs in early endosomes. Stx2a is trafficked, in association with its receptor globotriaosylceramide within detergent-resistant membranes, to the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum from where the catalytic Stx2a A1 fragment is translocated to the cytosol. CdtV-B is, after its retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, translocated to the nucleus to reach DNA. CdtV-A and CdtV-C subunits remain OMV-associated and are sorted with OMVs to lysosomes. EHEC hemolysin separates from OMVs in lysosomes and targets mitochondria. The OMV-delivered CdtV-B causes cellular DNA damage, which activates DNA damage responses leading to G2 cell cycle arrest. The arrested cells ultimately die of apoptosis induced by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. By demonstrating that naturally secreted EHEC O157 OMVs carry and deliver into cells a cocktail of biologically active virulence factors, thereby causing cell death, and by performing first comprehensive analysis of intracellular trafficking of OMVs and OMV-delivered virulence factors, we provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EHEC O157 infections. Our data have implications for considering O157 OMVs as vaccine candidates. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157, the leading EHEC group causing diarrhea and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, produce several virulence factors which play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the mechanisms of their secretion and host cell injury are poorly understood. We show here that EHEC O157 strains isolated from patients shed nanostructures termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which contain major EHEC O157 virulence factors including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, and flagellin. The OMVs are taken up by human intestinal epithelial and renal and brain microvascular endothelial cells, which are the major targets during EHEC O157 infections, and deliver the virulence factors intracellularly. Inside cells the virulence factors separate from OMVs and are transported via different pathways to their target compartments including the cytosol (Stx2a), nucleus (CdtV-B subunit), and mitochondria (EHEC hemolysin). Cells exposed to EHEC O157 OMVs develop G2 cell cycle arrest induced by CdtV-B-mediated DNA damage. This is followed by apoptotic cell death triggered by Stx2a and CdtV via caspase-9 activation. OMVs thus serve as novel tools of EHEC O157-mediated host injury and are quite likely involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Lloubes
- Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systemes Macromoleculaires UMR7255, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Branch Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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155
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Pezeshkian W, Gao H, Arumugam S, Becken U, Bassereau P, Florent JC, Ipsen JH, Johannes L, Shillcock JC. Mechanism of Shiga Toxin Clustering on Membranes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:314-324. [PMID: 27943675 PMCID: PMC5348102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial Shiga toxin interacts with its cellular receptor, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 or CD77), as a first step to entering target cells. Previous studies have shown that toxin molecules cluster on the plasma membrane, despite the apparent lack of direct interactions between them. The precise mechanism by which this clustering occurs remains poorly defined. Here, we used vesicle and cell systems and computer simulations to show that line tension due to curvature, height, or compositional mismatch, and lipid or solvent depletion cannot drive the clustering of Shiga toxin molecules. By contrast, in coarse-grained computer simulations, a correlation was found between clustering and toxin nanoparticle-driven suppression of membrane fluctuations, and experimentally we observed that clustering required the toxin molecules to be tightly bound to the membrane surface. The most likely interpretation of these findings is that a membrane fluctuation-induced force generates an effective attraction between toxin molecules. Such force would be of similar strength to the electrostatic force at separations around 1 nm, remain strong at distances up to the size of toxin molecules (several nanometers), and persist even beyond. This force is predicted to operate between manufactured nanoparticles providing they are sufficiently rigid and tightly bound to the plasma membrane, thereby suggesting a route for the targeting of nanoparticles to cells for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weria Pezeshkian
- Center
for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- TRANSPOL
Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Haifei Gao
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- TRANSPOL
Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Senthil Arumugam
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL
Research University, CNRS UMR16855216, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Becken
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire
Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL
Research University, CNRS UMR16855216, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
- Sorbonne
Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Florent
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - John Hjort Ipsen
- Center
for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy (FKF), University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut
Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM
U 1143, CNRS UMR 3666, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
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156
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Müller SK, Wilhelm I, Schubert T, Zittlau K, Imberty A, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Thuenauer R, Römer W. Gb3-binding lectins as potential carriers for transcellular drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:141-153. [PMID: 27935765 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1266327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial cell layers as well as endothelia forming the blood-brain barrier can drastically reduce the efficiency of drug targeting. Our goal was to investigate lectins recognizing the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) for their potential as carriers for transcytotic drug delivery. METHODS We utilized an in vitro model based on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with Gb3 synthase to characterize transcytosis of the Gb3-binding lectins LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB). RESULTS Both lectins were rapidly transcytosed from the apical to the basolateral plasma membrane and vice versa. Whereas StxB proceeded on retrograde and transcytotic routes, LecA avoided retrograde transport. This differential trafficking could be explained by our observation that LecA and StxB segregated into different domains during endocytosis. Furthermore, inhibiting the small GTPase Rab11a, which organizes trafficking through apical recycling endosomes, blocked basolateral to apical transcytosis of both lectins. CONCLUSIONS Gb3-binding lectins are promising candidates for transcytotic drug delivery. Our findings highlight that LecA and StxB, which both bind Gb3 but exhibit dissimilar valence and molecular structures of their carbohydrate binding sites and can take divergent intracellular trafficking routes. This opens up the possibility of developing tailor-made glycosphingolipid-binding carrier lectins, which take optimized trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Müller
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Isabel Wilhelm
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Schubert
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Katharina Zittlau
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- d Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, UPR5301 , CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Josef Madl
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- a Faculty of Biology , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine , Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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157
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Adnan H, Zhang Z, Park HJ, Tailor C, Che C, Kamani M, Spitalny G, Binnington B, Lingwood C. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Subunit Toxins Provide a New Approach to Rescue Misfolded Mutant Proteins and Revert Cell Models of Genetic Diseases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166948. [PMID: 27935997 PMCID: PMC5147855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many germ line diseases stem from a relatively minor disturbance in mutant protein endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3D assembly. Chaperones are recruited which, on failure to correct folding, sort the mutant for retrotranslocation and cytosolic proteasomal degradation (ER-associated degradation-ERAD), to initiate/exacerbate deficiency-disease symptoms. Several bacterial (and plant) subunit toxins, retrograde transport to the ER after initial cell surface receptor binding/internalization. The A subunit has evolved to mimic a misfolded protein and hijack the ERAD membrane translocon (dislocon), to effect cytosolic access and cytopathology. We show such toxins compete for ERAD to rescue endogenous misfolded proteins. Cholera toxin or verotoxin (Shiga toxin) containing genetically inactivated (± an N-terminal polyleucine tail) A subunit can, within 2–4 hrs, temporarily increase F508delCFTR protein, the major cystic fibrosis (CF) mutant (5-10x), F508delCFTR Golgi maturation (<10x), cell surface expression (20x) and chloride transport (2x) in F508del CFTR transfected cells and patient-derived F508delCFTR bronchiolar epithelia, without apparent cytopathology. These toxoids also increase glucocerobrosidase (GCC) in N370SGCC Gaucher Disease fibroblasts (3x), another ERAD–exacerbated misfiling disease. We identify a new, potentially benign approach to the treatment of certain genetic protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Adnan
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chetankumar Tailor
- Division of Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare Che
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mustafa Kamani
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Beth Binnington
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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158
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Tsering D, Chen C, Ye J, Han Z, Jing BQ, Liu XW, Chen X, Wang F, Ling P, Cao H. Enzymatic synthesis of human blood group P1 pentasaccharide antigen. Carbohydr Res 2016; 438:39-43. [PMID: 27960098 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of biologically important and structurally unique human P1PK blood group type P1 pentasaccharide antigen is described. This synthesis features a three-step sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation for the stepwise enzymatic chain elongation of readily available lactoside acceptor with cheap and commercially available galactose and N-acetylglucosamine as donor precursors. This enzymatic synthesis provides an operationally simple approach to access P1 pentasaccharide and its structurally related Gb3 and P1 trisaccharide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawa Tsering
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinfeng Ye
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bai-Qian Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peixue Ling
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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159
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Chmiest D, Sharma N, Zanin N, Viaris de Lesegno C, Shafaq-Zadah M, Sibut V, Dingli F, Hupé P, Wilmes S, Piehler J, Loew D, Johannes L, Schreiber G, Lamaze C. Spatiotemporal control of interferon-induced JAK/STAT signalling and gene transcription by the retromer complex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13476. [PMID: 27917878 PMCID: PMC5150223 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFNs) play a key role in the immune defences against viral and bacterial infections, and in cancer immunosurveillance. We have established that clathrin-dependent endocytosis of the type-I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) is required for JAK/STAT signalling. Here we show that the internalized IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits of the IFNAR complex are differentially sorted by the retromer at the early endosome. Binding of the retromer VPS35 subunit to IFNAR2 results in IFNAR2 recycling to the plasma membrane, whereas IFNAR1 is sorted to the lysosome for degradation. Depletion of VPS35 leads to abnormally prolonged residency and association of the IFNAR subunits at the early endosome, resulting in increased activation of STAT1- and IFN-dependent gene transcription. These experimental data establish the retromer complex as a key spatiotemporal regulator of IFNAR endosomal sorting and a new factor in type-I IFN-induced JAK/STAT signalling and gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chmiest
- Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Natacha Zanin
- Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Viaris de Lesegno
- Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
- INSERM U900, 75005 Paris, France
- Mines Paris-Tech, F-75272 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hupé
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
- INSERM U900, 75005 Paris, France
- Mines Paris-Tech, F-75272 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Damarys Loew
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institut Curie–Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1143, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, 75005 Paris, France
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Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6531-6540. [PMID: 27590808 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01702-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx) production and further explored the underlying mechanisms. The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon oil against E. coli O157:H7 were 0.025% and 0.05% (vol/vol), respectively. Cinnamon oil significantly reduced Stx2 production and the stx2 mRNA expression that is associated with diminished Vero cell cytotoxicity. Consistently, induction of the Stx-converting phage where the stx2 gene is located, along with the total number of phages, decreased proportionally to cinnamon oil concentration. In line with decreased Stx2 phage induction, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC eliminated RecA, a key mediator of SOS response, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), and poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which positively regulate Stx-converting phages, contributing to reduced Stx-converting phage induction and Stx production. Furthermore, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC strongly inhibited the qseBC and luxS expression associated with decreased AI-2 production, a universal quorum sensing signaling molecule. However, the expression of oxidative stress response genes oxyR, soxR, and rpoS was increased in response to cinnamon oil at 0.25× or 0.5× MIC, which may contribute to stunted bacterial growth and reduced Stx2 phage induction and Stx2 production due to the inhibitory effect of OxyR on prophage activation. Collectively, cinnamon oil inhibits Stx2 production and Stx2 phage induction in E. coli O157:H7 in multiple ways. IMPORTANCE This study reports the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil on Shiga toxin 2 phage induction and Shiga toxin 2 production. Subinhibitory concentrations (concentrations below the MIC) of cinnamon oil reduced Stx2 production, stx2 mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil also dramatically reduced both the Stx2 phage and total phage induction in E. coli O157:H7, which may be due to the suppression of RNA polyadenylation enzyme PNPase at 0.25× to 1.0× MIC and the downregulation of bacterial SOS response key regulator RecA and RNA polyadenylation enzyme PAP I at 0.75× or 1.0× MIC. Cinnamon oil at higher levels (0.75× and 1.0× MIC) eliminated quorum sensing and oxidative stress. Therefore, cinnamon oil has potential applications as a therapeutic to control E. coli O157:H7 infection through inhibition of bacterial growth and virulence factors.
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Johannes L, Wunder C, Shafaq-Zadah M. Glycolipids and Lectins in Endocytic Uptake Processes. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:S0022-2836(16)30453-3. [PMID: 27984039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A host of endocytic processes has been described at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Their categorization has most commonly referenced cytosolic machinery, of which the clathrin coat has occupied a preponderant position. In what concerns intra-membrane constituents, the focus of interest has been on phosphatidylinositol lipids and their capacity to orchestrate endocytic events on the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane. The contribution of extracellular determinants to the construction of endocytic pits has received much less attention, depite the fact that (glyco)sphingolipids are exoplasmic leaflet fabric of membrane domains, termed rafts, whose contributions to predominantly clathrin-independent internalization processes is well recognized. Furthermore, sugar modifications on extracellular domains of proteins, and sugar-binding proteins, termed lectins, have also been linked to the uptake of endocytic cargoes at the plasma membrane. In this review, we first summarize these contributions by extracellular determinants to the endocytic process. We thus propose a molecular hypothesis - termed the GL-Lect hypothesis - on how GlycoLipids and Lectins drive the formation of compositional nanoenvrionments from which the endocytic uptake of glycosylated cargo proteins is operated via clathrin-independent carriers. Finally, we position this hypothesis within the global context of endocytic pathway proposals that have emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christian Wunder
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Gupta N, Noël R, Goudet A, Hinsinger K, Michau A, Pons V, Abdelkafi H, Secher T, Shima A, Shtanko O, Sakurai Y, Cojean S, Pomel S, Liévin-Le Moal V, Leignel V, Herweg JA, Fischer A, Johannes L, Harrison K, Beard PM, Clayette P, Le Grand R, Rayner JO, Rudel T, Vacus J, Loiseau PM, Davey RA, Oswald E, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D. Inhibitors of retrograde trafficking active against ricin and Shiga toxins also protect cells from several viruses, Leishmania and Chlamydiales. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:96-103. [PMID: 27712998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical countermeasures to treat biothreat agent infections require broad-spectrum therapeutics that do not induce agent resistance. A cell-based high-throughput screen (HTS) against ricin toxin combined with hit optimization allowed selection of a family of compounds that meet these requirements. The hit compound Retro-2 and its derivatives have been demonstrated to be safe in vivo in mice even at high doses. Moreover, Retro-2 is an inhibitor of retrograde transport that affects syntaxin-5-dependent toxins and pathogens. As a consequence, it has a broad-spectrum activity that has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo against ricin, Shiga toxin-producing O104:H4 entero-hemorrhagic E. coli and Leishmania sp. and in vitro against Ebola, Marburg and poxviruses and Chlamydiales. An effect is anticipated on other toxins or pathogens that use retrograde trafficking and syntaxin-5. Since Retro-2 targets cell components of the host and not directly the pathogen, no selection of resistant pathogens is expected. These lead compounds need now to be developed as drugs for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Gupta
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Romain Noël
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Karen Hinsinger
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Michau
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pons
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Olena Shtanko
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leignel
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jo-Ana Herweg
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Fischer
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, UMR3666, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, U1143, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Kate Harrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Surrey GH24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Clayette
- ImmunoPharmacology and Biosafety Laboratory, BERTIN Pharma, CEA, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Infrastructure, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, U1184, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris South, U1184, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jonathan O Rayner
- Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Thomas Rudel
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joël Vacus
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Robert A Davey
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
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163
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Mostafa MM, Nassef M, Badr A. Computational determination of the effects of virulent Escherichia coli and salmonella bacteriophages on human gut. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 135:27-35. [PMID: 27586477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Salmonella and Escherichia coli are different types of bacteria that cause food poisoning in humans. In the elderly, infants and people with chronic conditions, it is very dangerous if Salmonella or E. coli gets into the bloodstream and then they must be treated by phage therapy. Treating Salmonella and E. coli by phage therapy affects the gut flora. This research paper presents a system for detecting the effects of virulent E. coli and Salmonella bacteriophages on human gut. METHODS A method based on Domain-Domain Interactions (DDIs) model is implemented in the proposed system to determine the interactions between the proteins of human gut bacteria and the proteins of bacteriophages that infect virulent E. coli and Salmonella. The system helps gastroenterologists to realize the effect of injecting bacteriophages that infect virulent E. coli and Salmonella on the human gut. RESULTS By testing the system over Enterobacteria phage 933W, Enterobacteria phage VT2-Sa and Enterobacteria phage P22, it resulted in four interactions between the proteins of the bacteriophages that infect E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O104:H4 and Salmonella typhimurium and the proteins of human gut bacterium strains. CONCLUSION Several effects were detected such as: antibacterial activity against a number of bacterial species in human gut, regulation of cellular differentiation and organogenesis during gut, lung, and heart development, ammonia assimilation in bacteria, yeasts, and plants, energizing defense system and its function in the detoxification of lipopolysaccharide, and in the prevention of bacterial translocation in human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mostafa Mostafa
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Nassef
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Amr Badr
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt.
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164
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Goldstein J, Carden TR, Perez MJ, Taira CA, Höcht C, Gironacci MM. Angiotensin-(1-7) protects from brain damage induced by shiga toxin 2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1173-R1185. [PMID: 27681328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00467.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing enterohemorrhagic induced brain damage. Since a cerebroprotective action was reported for angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), our aim was to investigate whether Ang-(1-7) protects from brain damage induced by Stx2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli The anterior hypothalamic area of adult male Wistar rats was injected with saline solution or Stx2 or Stx2 plus Ang-(1-7) or Stx2 plus Ang-(1-7) plus A779. Rats received a single injection of Stx2 at the beginning of the experiment, and Ang-(1-7), A779, or saline was administered daily in a single injection for 8 days. Cellular ultrastructural changes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Stx2 induced neurodegeneration, axonal demyelination, alterations in synapse, and oligodendrocyte and astrocyte damage, accompanied by edema. Ang-(1-7) prevented neuronal damage triggered by the toxin in 55.6 ± 9.5% of the neurons and the Stx2-induced synapse dysfunction was reversed. In addition, Ang-(1-7) blocked Stx2-induced demyelination in 92 ± 4% of the axons. Oligodendrocyte damage caused by Stx2 was prevented by Ang-(1-7) but astrocytes were only partially protected by the peptide (38 ± 5% of astrocytes were preserved). Ang-(1-7) treatment resulted in 50% reduction in the number of activated microglial cells induced by Stx2, suggesting an anti-inflammatory action. All these beneficial effects elicited by Ang-(1-7) were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist and thus it was concluded that Ang-(1-7) protects mainly neurons and oligodendrocytes, and partially astrocytes, in the central nervous system through Mas receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Houssay"-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás R Carden
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María J Perez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Carlos A Taira
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Höcht
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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165
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Zadravec P, Marečková L, Petroková H, Hodnik V, Perišić Nanut M, Anderluh G, Štrukelj B, Malý P, Berlec A. Development of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Displaying Albumin-Binding Domain Variants against Shiga Toxin 1 B Subunit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162625. [PMID: 27606705 PMCID: PMC5015993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with shiga toxin-producing bacteria, like enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae, represent a serious medical problem. No specific and effective treatment is available for patients with these infections, creating a need for the development of new therapies. Recombinant lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis was engineered to bind Shiga toxin by displaying novel designed albumin binding domains (ABD) against Shiga toxin 1 B subunit (Stx1B) on their surface. Functional recombinant Stx1B was produced in Escherichia coli and used as a target for selection of 17 different ABD variants (named S1B) from the ABD scaffold-derived high-complex combinatorial library in combination with a five-round ribosome display. Two most promising S1Bs (S1B22 and S1B26) were characterized into more details by ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and microscale thermophoresis. Addition of S1Bs changed the subcellular distribution of Stx1B, completely eliminating it from Golgi apparatus most likely by interfering with its retrograde transport. All ABD variants were successfully displayed on the surface of L. lactis by fusing to the Usp45 secretion signal and to the peptidoglycan-binding C terminus of AcmA. Binding of Stx1B by engineered lactococcal cells was confirmed using flow cytometry and whole cell ELISA. Lactic acid bacteria prepared in this study are potentially useful for the removal of Shiga toxin from human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zadravec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucie Marečková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v. v. i., BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Petroková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v. v. i., BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Štrukelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v. v. i., BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Berlec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Thuenauer R, Müller SK, Römer W. Pathways of protein and lipid receptor-mediated transcytosis in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:341-351. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1220364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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168
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Márquez LB, Araoz A, Repetto HA, Ibarra FR, Silberstein C. Effects of shiga toxin 2 on cellular regeneration mechanisms in primary and three-dimensional cultures of human renal tubular epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:87-94. [PMID: 27521227 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes post-diarrheal Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), which is one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in children in Argentine. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) on regenerative mechanisms of primary cultures of human cortical renal tubular epithelial cells (HRTEC) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of HRTEC. Primary cultures of HRTEC were able to develop tubular structures when grown in matrigel, which showed epithelial cells surrounding a central lumen resembling the original renal tubules. Exposure to Stx2 inhibited tubulogenesis in 3D-HRTEC cultures. Moreover, a significant increase in apoptosis, and decrease in cell proliferation was observed in tubular structures of 3D-HRTEC exposed to Stx2. A significant reduction in cell migration and vimentin expression levels was observed in HRTEC primary cultures exposed to Stx2, demonstrating that the holotoxin affected HRTEC dedifferentiation. Furthermore, a decreased number of cells expressing CD133 progenitor marker was found in HRTEC cultures treated with Stx2. The CD133 positive cells also expressed the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide, which may explain their sensitivity to Stx2. In conclusion, Stx2 affects the regenerative processes of human renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro, by inhibiting cell dedifferentiation mechanisms, as well as tubules restoration. The development of 3D-HRTEC cultures that resemble original human renal proximal tubules is a novel in vitro model to study renal epithelial repair mechanisms after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Márquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina
| | - Alicia Araoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina
| | - Horacio A Repetto
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina; Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Ryou JH, Sohn YK, Hwang DE, Park WY, Kim N, Heo WD, Kim MY, Kim HS. Engineering of bacterial exotoxins for highly efficient and receptor-specific intracellular delivery of diverse cargos. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1639-46. [PMID: 26773973 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of proteins with high efficiency in a receptor-specific manner is of great significance in molecular medicine and biotechnology, but remains a challenge. Herein, we present the development of a highly efficient and receptor-specific delivery platform for protein cargos by combining the receptor binding domain of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin and the translocation domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. We demonstrated the utility and efficiency of the delivery platform by showing a cytosolic delivery of diverse proteins both in vitro and in vivo in a receptor-specific manner. In particular, the delivery system was shown to be effective for targeting an intracellular protein and consequently suppressing the tumor growth in xenograft mice. The present platform can be widely used for intracellular delivery of diverse functional macromolecules with high efficiency in a receptor-specific manner. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1639-1646. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Ryou
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyoung Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Woo-Yong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Nury Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Won-Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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170
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Abstract
Targeted delivery allows drug molecules to preferentially accumulate at the sites of action and thus holds great promise to improve therapeutic index. Among various drug-targeting approaches, nanoparticle-based delivery systems offer some unique strengths and have achieved exciting preclinical and clinical results. Herein, we aim to provide a review on the recent development of cell membrane-coated nanoparticle system, a new class of biomimetic nanoparticles that combine both the functionalities of cellular membranes and the engineering flexibility of synthetic nanomaterials for effective drug delivery and novel therapeutics. This review is particularly focused on novel designs of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles as well as their underlying principles that facilitate the purpose of drug targeting. Three specific areas are highlighted, including: (i) cell membrane coating to prolong nanoparticle circulation, (ii) cell membrane coating to achieve cell-specific targeting and (iii) cell membrane coating for immune system targeting. Overall, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have emerged as a novel class of targeted nanotherapeutics with strong potentials to improve on drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy for treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- a Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- a Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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171
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Gershlick DC, Schindler C, Chen Y, Bonifacino JS. TSSC1 is novel component of the endosomal retrieval machinery. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2867-78. [PMID: 27440922 PMCID: PMC5025273 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously uncharacterized WD40 domain–containing protein named TSSC1 is shown to interact with the GARP and EARP tethering complexes, promoting retrograde transport of Shiga toxin from endosomes to the TGN, as well as recycling internalized transferrin from endosomes to the plasma membrane. Endosomes function as a hub for multiple protein-sorting events, including retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and recycling to the plasma membrane. These processes are mediated by tubular-vesicular carriers that bud from early endosomes and fuse with a corresponding acceptor compartment. Two tethering complexes named GARP (composed of ANG2, VPS52, VPS53, and VPS54 subunits) and EARP (composed of ANG2, VPS52, VPS53, and Syndetin subunits) were previously shown to participate in SNARE-dependent fusion of endosome-derived carriers with the TGN and recycling endosomes, respectively. Little is known, however, about other proteins that function with GARP and EARP in these processes. Here we identify a protein named TSSC1 as a specific interactor of both GARP and EARP and as a novel component of the endosomal retrieval machinery. TSSC1 is a predicted WD40/β-propeller protein that coisolates with both GARP and EARP in affinity purification, immunoprecipitation, and gel filtration analyses. Confocal fluorescence microscopy shows colocalization of TSSC1 with both GARP and EARP. Silencing of TSSC1 impairs transport of internalized Shiga toxin B subunit to the TGN, as well as recycling of internalized transferrin to the plasma membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching shows that TSSC1 is required for efficient recruitment of GARP to the TGN. These studies thus demonstrate that TSSC1 plays a critical role in endosomal retrieval pathways as a regulator of both GARP and EARP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christina Schindler
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yu Chen
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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172
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Abstract
Post-infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by specific pathogens in patients with no identifiable HUS-associated genetic mutation or autoantibody. The majority of episodes is due to infections by Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This chapter reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS, including bacterial-derived factors and host responses. STEC disease is characterized by hematological (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), renal (acute kidney injury) and extrarenal organ involvement. Clinicians should always strive for an etiological diagnosis through the microbiological or molecular identification of Stx-producing bacteria and Stx or, if negative, serological assays. Treatment of STEC-HUS is supportive; more investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of putative preventive and therapeutic measures, such as non-phage-inducing antibiotics, volume expansion and anti-complement agents. The outcome of STEC-HUS is generally favorable, but chronic kidney disease, permanent extrarenal, mainly cerebral complication and death (in less than 5 %) occur and long-term follow-up is recommended. The remainder of this chapter highlights rarer forms of (post-infectious) HUS due to S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, influenza A and HIV and discusses potential interactions between these pathogens and the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis F. Geary
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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173
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Van Giau V, Nguyen TT, Nguyen TKO, Le TTH, Nguyen TD. A novel multiplex PCR method for the detection of virulence-associated genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 28330075 PMCID: PMC4697910 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) strains are foodborne infectious agents that cause a number of life-threatening diseases, including hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin 1 (stx1), shiga toxin 2 (stx2), or a combination of both are responsible for most clinical symptoms of these diseases. Hence, various diagnostic methods have been developed so far to detect shiga toxins such as cell culture, ELISA, Rapid Latex Agglutination (RPLA) and hybridization, but due to high costs and labor time in addition to low sensitivity, they have not received much attention. The aim of this study was to develop a complete, rapid and reliable multiplex PCR (mPCR) method by using two pairs of specific primers to detect either the stx1 or the stx2 gene confirms the presence of E.coli O157:H7. The study results show that stx1F/stx1R primers are specific for stx1 and primers stx2F/stx2R are specific for stx2 genes in E. coli O157:H7. The mPCR method with two pairs of primers for amplifying the stx1, stx2 target genes to detect E. coli O157:H7 in food has been set up successfully. Complete method performed well in both types of food matrices with a detection limit of 3 CFU/25 g or mL of food samples. Tests on 180 food samples have shown a specificity value of 93.75 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 82.83–100), a sensitivity of 100 % (95 % CI, 83.79–99.85 %), and an accuracy of 96.66 % (CI 95 %, 83.41–99.91 %). Interestingly, results indicate that the mPCR performed as well as the traditional culture methods and can reduce the diagnosis time to 2 days. Finally, complete mPCR method was applied to natural samples covering a wide variety of food types proving that the mPCR method was a rapid and reliable screening method for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Deparment of Faculty of Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Kim Oanh Nguyen
- Deparment of Faculty of Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Hang Le
- Deparment of Faculty of Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tien Dung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National Agro- Forestry- Fisheries Quality Assurance Department Branch 4 (NAFIQAD 4), 30 Ham Nghi, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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174
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Serra DO, Mika F, Richter AM, Hengge R. The green tea polyphenol EGCG inhibits E. coli biofilm formation by impairing amyloid curli fibre assembly and downregulating the biofilm regulator CsgD via the σ(E) -dependent sRNA RybB. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:136-51. [PMID: 26992034 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In bacterial biofilms, which are often involved in chronic infections, cells are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix that contains amyloid fibres, exopolysaccharides and other biopolymers. The matrix contributes to the pronounced resistance of biofilms against antibiotics and host immune systems. Being highly inflammatory, matrix amyloids such as curli fibres of Escherichia coli can also play a role in pathogenicity. Using macrocolony biofilms of commensal and pathogenic E. coli as a model system, we demonstrate here that the green tea polyphenol epigallocatachin gallate (EGCG) is a potent antibiofilm agent. EGCG virtually eliminates the biofilm matrix by directly interfering with the assembly of curli subunits into amyloid fibres, and by triggering the σ(E) cell envelope stress response and thereby reducing the expression of CsgD - a crucial activator of curli and cellulose biosynthesis - due to csgD mRNA targeting by the σ(E) -dependent sRNA RybB. These findings highlight EGCG as a potential adjuvant for antibiotic therapy of biofilm-associated infections. Moreover, EGCG may support therapies against pathogenic E. coli that produce inflammatory curli fibres along with Shigatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O Serra
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Mika
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja M Richter
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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175
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Kwon T, Kim JB, Bak YS, Yu YB, Kwon KS, Kim W, Cho SH. Draft genome sequence of non-shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 NCCP15738. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:13. [PMID: 27096008 PMCID: PMC4835932 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (non-STEC) O157 is a pathogenic strain that cause diarrhea but does not cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or hemorrhagic colitis. Here, we present the 5-Mb draft genome sequence of non-STEC O157 NCCP15738, which was isolated from the feces of a Korean patient with diarrhea, and describe its features and the structural basis for its genome evolution. Results A total of 565-Mbp paired-end reads were generated using the Illumina-HiSeq 2000 platform. The reads were assembled into 135 scaffolds throughout the de novo assembly. The assembled genome size of NCCP15738 was 5,005,278 bp with an N50 value of 142,450 bp and 50.65 % G+C content. Using Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology analysis, we predicted 4780 ORFs and 31 RNA genes. The evolutionary tree was inferred from multiple sequence alignment of 45 E. coli species. The most closely related neighbor of NCCP15738 indicated by whole-genome phylogeny was E. coli UMNK88, but that indicated by multilocus sequence analysis was E. coli DH1(ME8569). Conclusions A comparison between the NCCP15738 genome and those of reference strains, E. coli K-12 substr. MG1655 and EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 by bioinformatics analyses revealed unique genes in NCCP15738 associated with lysis protein S, two-component signal transduction system, conjugation, the flagellum, nucleotide-binding proteins, and metal-ion binding proteins. Notably, NCCP15738 has a dual flagella system like that in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas spp., and Rhodospirillum centenum. The draft genome sequence and the results of bioinformatics analysis of NCCP15738 provide the basis for understanding the genomic evolution of this strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0096-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesoo Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea ; Division of Biosafety Evaluation and Control, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 363-951 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam 540-950 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Bak
- Department of Emergency Medical Service, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 302-832 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 302-832 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kwon
- New Hazardous Substances Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, 363-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 363-951 Republic of Korea
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176
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Fagerquist CK, Zaragoza WJ. Bacteriophage cell lysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli for top-down proteomic identification of Shiga toxins 1 & 2 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:671-680. [PMID: 26864518 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONAL Analysis of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) often relies upon sample preparation methods that result in cell lysis, e.g. bead-beating. However, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can undergo bacteriophage-induced cell lysis triggered by antibiotic exposure that may allow greater selectivity of the proteins extracted. METHODS We have developed a sample preparation method for selective extraction of bacteriophage-encoded proteins and specifically Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx1 & 2) expressed from STEC strains induced by DNA-damaging antibiotics. STEC strains were cultured overnight on agar supplemented with ciprofloxacin, mitomycin-C or an iron chelator to induce the bacteriophage lytic cycle with concomitant expression and release of Stx1 and/or Stx2. Sample preparation relied exclusively on bacteriophage lysis for release Stx into the extraction solution. RESULTS Three clinical STEC strains were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS) and top-down proteomics analysis: E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL933, E. coli O91:H21 strain B2F1 and E. coli O26:H11 strain ECRC #05.2217. The B-subunit of Stx1a of EDL933 was detected and identified even though it was ~100-fold less abundant than the B-subunit of Stx2a that had been identified previously for this strain. Two bacteriophage-encoded proteins were also identified: L0117 and L0136. The B-subunits of Stx2d of strain B2F1 and Stx1a of strain ECRC #05.2217 were also detected and identified. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophage lysis appeared to enhance the detection sensitivity of Stx for these STEC strains compared to previous work using mechanical lysis. Detection/identification of other bacteriophage-encoded proteins (beyond Stx) tends to support the hypothesis of Stx release by bacteriophage cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton K Fagerquist
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - William J Zaragoza
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
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177
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Kieckens E, Rybarczyk J, Barth SA, Menge C, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Effect of lactoferrin on release and bioactivity of Shiga toxins from different Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. Vet Microbiol 2016; 202:29-37. [PMID: 27039884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infections and of their severe clinical sequelae in humans remain to be a current challenge. Administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) proved to be effective in clearing EHEC from the bovine intestine, an important EHEC reservoir, suggesting that bLF may also be beneficial in human application against EHEC infections. To estimate the biological safety of this approach, we analyzed the effects of bLF on the main EHEC virulence factor, Shiga toxin (Stx). We quantified the release of Stx 1 and 2 from two O157:H7 EHEC strains (Stx1+Stx2+ and Stx2+ producing, respectively) cultured in the presence of bLF using ELISA assays and assessed cytotoxic effects of bLF and co-cultured EHEC on Vero cells. Effects of bLF on the stability of Stx2 were investigated using western blotting. ELISA results indicate a bLF concentration-dependent decrease of active, cell-free Stx2, but not Stx1 in EHEC cultures. High concentrations (100 and 50mg/ml) of bLF resulted in significantly reduced (p<0.05) metabolic activity rates of Vero cells, whereas a concentration of 10mg/ml bLF was considered non-toxic for Vero cells. At concentrations of 1 or 0.1mg/ml, bLF mitigated the verocytotoxicity of EHEC strains in a co-culture model up to 48h after inoculation. When only colonizing bacteria were taken into account, cytotoxicity could be significantly reduced by 10 and 1mg/ml bLF during 48h. This effect of bLF at least partly results from degradation of the Stx2 receptor-binding B-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kieckens
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Rybarczyk
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 654, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - C Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 654, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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178
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Shiga Toxins as Multi-Functional Proteins: Induction of Host Cellular Stress Responses, Role in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030077. [PMID: 26999205 PMCID: PMC4810222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are primary virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities. Current therapeutic options to treat patients infected with toxin-producing bacteria are limited. The structures of Stxs, toxin-receptor binding, intracellular transport and the mode of action of the toxins have been well defined. However, in the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to being potent protein synthesis inhibitors, Stxs are also multifunctional proteins capable of activating multiple cell stress signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, autophagy or activation of the innate immune response. Here, we briefly present the current understanding of Stx-activated signaling pathways and provide a concise review of therapeutic applications to target tumors by engineering the toxins.
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179
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A potential therapeutic peptide-based neutralizer that potently inhibits Shiga toxin 2 in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21837. [PMID: 26903273 PMCID: PMC4763182 DOI: 10.1038/srep21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) is a major virulence factor in infections with Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which can cause serious clinical complications in humans, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Recently, we screened and identified two peptide-based Stx2 neutralizers, TF-1 and WA-8, which specifically and directly bind to Stx2. Computer simulations suggested that the majority of TF-1 or WA-8 binds tightly at the receptor-binding site 3 of Stx2. The two peptides also effectively inhibited the cytotoxic activity of Stx2 by blocking the binding of Stx2 to target cells. TF-1 exhibits remarkable therapeutic potency in both mice and rat toxicity models. In mice toxicity models, TF-1 provided full protection when mice were injected with 5 LD50 of Stx2. In rat toxicity models, TF-1 reduced fatal tissue damage and completely protected rats from the lethal challenges of Stx2. In these rats, TF-1 significantly decreased the concentration of Stx2 in blood and diminished tissue distribution levels of Stx2. Furthermore, TF-1 effectively protected rats from the pathological effects caused by Stx2, especially in the kidney, thymus, adrenal gland, and lung. Taken together, these results indicate that TF-1 is a promising therapeutic agent against the pathogenicity of Stx2.
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180
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Geyer PE, Maak M, Nitsche U, Perl M, Novotny A, Slotta-Huspenina J, Dransart E, Holtorf A, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Gastric Adenocarcinomas Express the Glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77: Targeting of Gastric Cancer Cells with Shiga Toxin B-Subunit. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1008-17. [PMID: 26826119 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of the bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB), which is nontoxic and has low immunogenicity, can be used for tumor targeting of breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Here, we tested whether human gastric cancers, which are among the most aggressive tumor entities, express the cellular receptor of Shiga toxin, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77). The majority of cases showed an extensive staining for Gb3 (36/50 cases, 72%), as evidenced on tissue sections of surgically resected specimen. Gb3 expression was detected independent of type (diffuse/intestinal), and was negatively correlated to increasing tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.0385), as well as with markers for senescence. Gb3 expression in nondiseased gastric mucosa was restricted to chief and parietal cells at the bottom of the gastric glands, and was not elevated in endoscopic samples of gastritis (n = 10). Gb3 expression in established cell lines of gastric carcinoma was heterogeneous, with 6 of 10 lines being positive, evidenced by flow cytometry. STxB was taken up rapidly by live Gb3-positive gastric cancer cells, following the intracellular retrograde transport route, avoiding lysosomes and rapidly reaching the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Treatment of the Gb3-expressing gastric carcinoma cell line St3051 with STxB coupled to SN38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase type I inhibitor irinotecan, resulted in >100-fold increased cytotoxicity, as compared with irinotecan alone. No cytotoxicity was observed on gastric cancer cell lines lacking Gb3 expression, demonstrating receptor specificity of the STxB-SN38 compound. Thus, STxB is a highly specific transport vehicle for cytotoxic agents in gastric carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1008-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Anne Holtorf
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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181
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Zhang J, Kitova EN, Li J, Eugenio L, Ng K, Klassen JS. Localizing Carbohydrate Binding Sites in Proteins Using Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:83-90. [PMID: 26423923 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to localize ligand binding sites in carbohydrate-binding proteins is described. Proteins from three bacterial toxins, the B subunit homopentamers of Cholera toxin and Shiga toxin type 1 and a fragment of Clostridium difficile toxin A, and their interactions with native carbohydrate receptors, GM1 pentasaccharides (β-Gal-(1→3)-β-GalNAc-(1→4)[α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)]-β-Gal-(1→4)-Glc), Pk trisaccharide (α-Gal-(1→4)-β-Gal-(1→4)-Glc) and CD-grease (α-Gal-(1→3)-β-Gal-(1→4)-β-GlcNAcO(CH2)8CO2CH3), respectively, served as model systems for this study. Comparison of the differences in deuterium uptake for peptic peptides produced in the absence and presence of ligand revealed regions of the proteins that are protected against deuterium exchange upon ligand binding. Notably, protected regions generally coincide with the carbohydrate binding sites identified by X-ray crystallography. However, ligand binding can also result in increased deuterium exchange in other parts of the protein, presumably through allosteric effects. Overall, the results of this study suggest that HDX-MS can serve as a useful tool for localizing the ligand binding sites in carbohydrate-binding proteins. However, a detailed interpretation of the changes in deuterium exchange upon ligand binding can be challenging because of the presence of ligand-induced changes in protein structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luiz Eugenio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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182
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Abstract
Vertically transmitted symbionts that protect their hosts against parasites and pathogens are well known from insects, yet the underlying mechanisms of symbiont-mediated defense are largely unclear. A striking example of an ecologically important defensive symbiosis involves the woodland fly Drosophila neotestacea, which is protected by the bacterial endosymbiont Spiroplasma when parasitized by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. The benefit of this defense strategy has led to the rapid spread of Spiroplasma throughout the range of D. neotestacea, although the molecular basis for this protection has been unresolved. Here, we show that Spiroplasma encodes a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) related to Shiga-like toxins from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and that Howardula ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is depurinated during Spiroplasma-mediated protection of D. neotestacea. First, we show that recombinant Spiroplasma RIP catalyzes depurination of 28S rRNAs in a cell-free assay, as well as Howardula rRNA in vitro at the canonical RIP target site within the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 28S rRNA. We then show that Howardula parasites in Spiroplasma-infected flies show a strong signal of rRNA depurination consistent with RIP-dependent modification and large decreases in the proportion of 28S rRNA intact at the α-sarcin/ricin loop. Notably, host 28S rRNA is largely unaffected, suggesting targeted specificity. Collectively, our study identifies a novel RIP in an insect defensive symbiont and suggests an underlying RIP-dependent mechanism in Spiroplasma-mediated defense.
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183
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Liévin-Le Moal V, Loiseau PM. Leishmania hijacking of the macrophage intracellular compartments. FEBS J 2015; 283:598-607. [PMID: 26588037 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp., transmitted to humans by the bite of the sandfly vector, are responsible for the three major forms of leishmaniasis, cutaneous, diffuse mucocutaneous and visceral. Leishmania spp. interact with membrane receptors of neutrophils and macrophages. In macrophages, the parasite is internalized within a parasitophorous vacuole and engages in a particular intracellular lifestyle in which the flagellated, motile Leishmania promastigote metacyclic form differentiates into non-motile, metacyclic amastigote form. This phenomenon is induced by Leishmania-triggered events leading to the fusion of the parasitophorous vacuole with vesicular members of the host cell endocytic pathway including recycling endosomes, late endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Maturation of the parasitophorous vacuole leads to the intracellular proliferation of the Leishmania amastigote forms by acquisition of host cell nutrients while escaping host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal
- Anti-Parasitic Chemotherapy, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR 8076 BioCIS, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics (LabEx LERMIT), Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- Anti-Parasitic Chemotherapy, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR 8076 BioCIS, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics (LabEx LERMIT), Châtenay-Malabry, France
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184
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Persistent cell migration and adhesion rely on retrograde transport of β(1) integrin. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 18:54-64. [PMID: 26641717 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins have key functions in cell adhesion and migration. How integrins are dynamically relocalized to the leading edge in highly polarized migratory cells has remained unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that β1 integrin (known as PAT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans), but not β3, is transported from the plasma membrane to the trans-Golgi network, to be resecreted in a polarized manner. This retrograde trafficking is restricted to the non-ligand-bound conformation of β1 integrin. Retrograde trafficking inhibition abrogates several β1-integrin-specific functions such as cell adhesion in early embryonic development of mice, and persistent cell migration in the developing posterior gonad arm of C. elegans. Our results establish a paradigm according to which retrograde trafficking, and not endosomal recycling, is the key driver for β1 integrin function in highly polarized cells. These data more generally suggest that the retrograde route is used to relocalize plasma membrane machinery from previous sites of function to the leading edge of migratory cells.
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185
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Autotransporters but not pAA are critical for rabbit colonization by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3080. [PMID: 24445323 PMCID: PMC3905246 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome that occurred in Germany in 2011 was caused by a Shiga toxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strain. The strain was classified as EAEC due to the presence of a plasmid (pAA) that mediates a characteristic pattern of aggregative adherence on cultured cells, the defining feature of EAEC that has classically been associated with virulence. Here, we describe an infant rabbit-based model of intestinal colonization and diarrhea caused by the outbreak strain, which we use to decipher the factors that mediate the pathogen’s virulence. Shiga toxin is the key factor required for diarrhea. Unexpectedly, we observe that pAA is dispensable for intestinal colonization and development of intestinal pathology. Instead, chromosome-encoded autotransporters are critical for robust colonization and diarrheal disease in this model. Our findings suggest that conventional wisdom linking aggregative adherence to EAEC intestinal colonization is false for at least a subset of strains.
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186
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Shiga Toxins Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway To Promote Both Production of the Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-1β and Apoptotic Cell Death. Infect Immun 2015; 84:172-86. [PMID: 26502906 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01095-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-mediated immune responses, including the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), may exacerbate vascular damage and accelerate lethality. However, the immune signaling pathway activated in response to Stx is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that enzymatically active Stx, which leads to ribotoxic stress, triggers NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion in differentiated macrophage-like THP-1 (D-THP-1) cells. The treatment of cells with a chemical inhibitor of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, which suppresses the expression of the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide and subsequent endocytosis of the toxin, substantially blocked activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and processing of caspase-1 and IL-1β. Processing and release of both caspase-1 and IL-1β were significantly reduced or abolished in Stx-intoxicated D-THP-1 cells in which the expression of NLRP3 or ASC was stably knocked down. Furthermore, Stx mediated the activation of caspases involved in apoptosis in an NLRP3- or ASC-dependent manner. In Stx-intoxicated cells, the NLRP3 inflammasome triggered the activation of caspase-8/3, leading to the initiation of apoptosis, in addition to caspase-1-dependent pyroptotic cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that Stxs trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway to release proinflammatory IL-1β as well as to promote apoptotic cell death.
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187
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Steil D, Schepers CL, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Runde J, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors of Vero-B4 kidney epithelial cells and their membrane microdomain lipid environment. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2322-36. [PMID: 26464281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which cause human infections with an often fatal outcome. Vero cell lines, derived from African green monkey kidney, represent the gold standard for determining the cytotoxic effects of Stxs. Despite their global use, knowledge about the exact structures of the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their assembly in lipid rafts is poor. Here we present a comprehensive structural analysis of Stx receptor GSLs and their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were prepared from Vero-B4 cells and used as lipid raft equivalents. We identified globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) as the GSL receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e subtypes using TLC overlay detection combined with MS. The uncommon Stx receptor, globopentaosylceramide (Gb5Cer, Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), which was specifically recognized (in addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer) by Stx2e, was fully structurally characterized. Lipoforms of Stx receptor GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid. Moreover, co-occurrence with lipid raft markers, SM and cholesterol, in DRMs suggested GSL association with membrane microdomains. This study provides the basis for further exploring the functional impact of lipid raft-associated Stx receptors for toxin-mediated injury of Vero-B4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadine Legros
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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188
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Kostova V, Dransart E, Azoulay M, Brulle L, Bai SK, Florent JC, Johannes L, Schmidt F. Targeted Shiga toxin-drug conjugates prepared via Cu-free click chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7150-7. [PMID: 26507432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main drawback of the anticancer chemotherapy consists in the lack of drug selectivity causing severe side effects. The targeted drug delivery appears to be a very promising strategy for controlling the biodistribution of the cytotoxic agent only on malignant tissues by linking it to tumor-targeting moiety. Here we exploit the natural characteristics of Shiga toxin B sub-unit (STxB) as targeting carrier on Gb3-positive cancer cells. Two cytotoxic conjugates STxB-doxorubicin (STxB-Doxo) and STxB-monomethyl auristatin F (STxB-MMAF) were synthesised using copper-free 'click' chemistry. Both conjugates were obtained in very high yield and demonstrated strong tumor inhibition activity in a nanomolar range on Gb3-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela Kostova
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Michel Azoulay
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Laura Brulle
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Siau-Kun Bai
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Florent
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 3666/INSERM U1143, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Cedex 05 Paris, France.
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189
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Genome Sequences of 64 Non-O157:H7 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/5/e01067-15. [PMID: 26430026 PMCID: PMC4591298 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are human pathogens. Although >400 non-O157 serotypes have been involved in human disease, whole-genome sequencing information is missing for many serotypes. We sequenced 64 STEC strains comprising 38 serotypes, isolated from clinical sources, animals, and environmental samples, to improve the phylogenetic understanding of these important foodborne pathogens.
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190
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Kühn K, Cott C, Bohler S, Aigal S, Zheng S, Villringer S, Imberty A, Claudinon J, Römer W. The interplay of autophagy and β-Catenin signaling regulates differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15031. [PMID: 27551462 PMCID: PMC4979480 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major feature of leukemic cells is an arrest of differentiation accompanied by highly active proliferation. In many subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia, these features are mediated by the aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. In our study, we established the lectin LecB as inducer of the differentiation of the acute myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1 and used it for the investigation of the involved processes. During differentiation, functional autophagy and low β-Catenin levels were essential. Corresponding to this, a high β-Catenin level stabilized proliferation and inhibited autophagy, resulting in low differentiation ability. Initiated by LecB, β-Catenin was degraded, autophagy became active and differentiation took place within hours. Remarkably, the reduction of β-Catenin sensitized THP-1 cells to the autophagy-stimulating mTOR inhibitors. As downmodulation of E-Cadherin was sufficient to significantly reduce LecB-mediated differentiation, we propose E-Cadherin as a crucial interaction partner in this signaling pathway. Upon LecB treatment, E-Cadherin colocalized with β-Catenin and thereby prevented the induction of β-Catenin target protein expression and proliferation. That way, our study provides for the first time a link between E-Cadherin, the aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin signaling, autophagy and differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Importantly, LecB was a valuable tool to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of acute myeloid leukemia pathogenesis and may help to identify novel therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kühn
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Cott
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Bohler
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Zheng
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Villringer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , 601 rue de la chimie, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - W Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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191
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Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria sense environmental cues, including the local temperature, to control the production of key virulence factors. Thermal regulation can be achieved at the level of DNA, RNA or protein and although many virulence factors are subject to thermal regulation, the exact mechanisms of control are yet to be elucidated in many instances. Understanding how virulence factors are regulated by temperature presents a significant challenge, as gene expression and protein production are often influenced by complex regulatory networks involving multiple transcription factors in bacteria. Here we highlight some recent insights into thermal regulation of virulence in pathogenic bacteria. We focus on bacteria which cause disease in mammalian hosts, which are at a significantly higher temperature than the outside environment. We outline the mechanisms of thermal regulation and how understanding this fundamental aspect of the biology of bacteria has implications for pathogenesis and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lam
- a The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology ; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
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192
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Applying complement therapeutics to rare diseases. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:225-40. [PMID: 26341313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Around 350 million people worldwide suffer from rare diseases. These may have a genetic, infectious, or autoimmune basis, and several include an inflammatory component. Launching of effective treatments can be very challenging when there is a low disease prevalence and limited scientific insights into the disease mechanisms. As a key trigger of inflammatory processes, complement has been associated with a variety of diseases and has become an attractive therapeutic target for conditions involving inflammation. In view of the clinical experience acquired with drugs licensed for the treatment of rare diseases such as hereditary angioedema and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, growing evidence supports the safety and efficacy of complement therapeutics in restoring immune balance and preventing aggravation of clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of the candidates currently in the pharmaceutical pipeline with potential to treat orphan diseases and discusses the molecular mechanisms triggered by complement involved with the disease pathogenesis.
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193
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Hu J, Zhu MJ. Defects in polynucleotide phosphorylase impairs virulence in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:806. [PMID: 26347717 PMCID: PMC4538292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is reported to regulate virulence in Salmonella, Yersinia sp. and Campylobacter jejuni, yet its role in Escherichia coli O157:H7 has not been investigated. To gain insights into its roles in E. coli O157:H7 virulence, pnp deletion mutants were generated and the major virulence factors were compared to their parental wild type strains. Deletion of pnp in E. coli O157:H7 dramatically decreased stx2 mRNA expression and Stx2 protein production, and impaired lambdoid prophage activation in E. coli O157:H7. Quantitative PCR further confirmed that the Stx2 phage lytic growth was repressed by pnp deletion. Consistent with reduced Stx2 production and Stx2 phage activation, the transcriptional levels of genes involved in phage lysis and replication were down-regulated. In addition, disruption of pnp in E. coli O157:H7 decreased its adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells as well as cattle colonic explant tissues. On the other hand, PNPase inactivation in E. coli O157:H7 enhanced Tir protein content and the transcription of type three secretion system components, including genes encoding intimin, Tir, and EspB as well as locus of enterocyte and effacement positive regulator, Ler. Collectively, data indicate that PNPase has pleiotropic effects on the virulence of E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA ; Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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194
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Abstract
Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) is a clinical phenotype that encompasses a spectrum of syndromes associated with disseminated microvascular thromboses, such as the thrombotic microangiopathies thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Autopsies findings in TTP, HUS, or DIC reveal specific findings that can differentiate these 3 entities. Von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS-13 play a central role in TTP. Shiga toxins and the complement pathway are vital in the development of HUS. Tissue factor is the major protease that drives the pathology of DIC. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common feature in patients with TAMOF.
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195
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Sgambati V, Pizzo E, Mezzacapo MC, Di Giuseppe AMA, Landi N, Poerio E, Di Maro A. Cytotoxic activity of chimeric protein PD-L4UWSCI(tr) does not appear be affected by specificity of inhibition mediated by anti-protease WSCI domain. Biochimie 2015; 107 Pt B:385-90. [PMID: 25457104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previously study, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (PD-L4) and a wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (WSCI) were engineered into a chimeric protein (PD-L4UWSCI) that presented in addition to the same properties of both domains an intriguing selective cytotoxic action on murine tumor cells. This finding supported the idea that the protection of C-terminal region of PD-L4 could amplify its cytotoxic action by virtue of a greater resistance to proteases. Several authors indeed revealed that the cytotoxicity of RIPs depends not only on the intracellular routing, but also on the intrinsic resistance to proteolysis. In this regard in the present work we have produced a variant of chimeric protein, named PD-L4UWSCI(tr), changing the inhibitory specificity of WSCI domain. The purpose of this approach was to check if the cytotoxicity of the chimeric protein was altered depending on the properties of protease inhibitor domain or by a different fold of whole protein. Data collected supposedly indicate that WSCI domain contributes to cytotoxicity of chimeric protein exclusively from a structural point of view.
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196
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Zhan C, Li C, Wei X, Lu W, Lu W. Toxins and derivatives in molecular pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:101-18. [PMID: 25959429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide toxins offer an invaluable source for the development of actively targeted drug delivery systems. They avidly bind to a variety of cognate receptors, some of which are expressed or even up-regulated in diseased tissues and biological barriers. Protein and peptide toxins or their derivatives can act as ligands to facilitate tissue- or organ-specific accumulation of therapeutics. Some toxins have evolved from a relatively small number of structural frameworks that are particularly suitable for addressing the crucial issues of potency and stability, making them an instrumental source of leads and templates for targeted therapy. The focus of this review is on protein and peptide toxins for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and molecular therapies. We summarize disease- and biological barrier-related toxin receptors, as well as targeted drug delivery strategies inspired by those receptors. The design of new therapeutics based on protein and peptide toxins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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197
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Fang RH, Luk BT, Hu CMJ, Zhang L. Engineered nanoparticles mimicking cell membranes for toxin neutralization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:69-80. [PMID: 25868452 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxins secreted from pathogenic bacteria and venomous animals rely on multiple mechanisms to overcome the cell membrane barrier to inflict their virulence effect. A promising therapeutic concept toward developing a broadly applicable anti-toxin platform is to administer cell membrane mimics as decoys to sequester these virulence factors. As such, lipid membrane-based nanoparticulates are an ideal candidate given their structural similarity to cellular membranes. This article reviews the virulence mechanisms employed by toxins at the cell membrane interface and highlights the application of cell-membrane mimicking nanoparticles as toxin decoys for systemic detoxification. In addition, the implication of particle/toxin nanocomplexes in the development of toxoid vaccines is discussed.
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198
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Ryou JH, Sohn YK, Hwang DE, Kim HS. Shiga-like toxin-based high-efficiency and receptor-specific intracellular delivery system for a protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015. [PMID: 26220340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell-specific cytosolic delivery of functional macromolecules with high efficiency is of great significance in molecular medicine and biotechnology. Herein, we present a Shiga-like toxin II-based high-efficiency and receptor-specific intracellular delivery system. We designed and constructed the Shiga-like toxin-based carrier (STC) to comprise the targeting and translocation domains, and used it for delivering a protein cargo. The STC was shown to deliver a protein cargo into the cytosol with high efficiency in a receptor-specific manner, exhibiting much higher efficiency than the most widely used cell-penetrating peptide. The general utility of the STC was demonstrated by modulating the targeting domain. The present delivery platform can be widely used for the intracellular delivery of diverse biomolecules in a receptor-specific and genetically encodable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Ryou
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyoung Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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199
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Schubert T, Römer W. How synthetic membrane systems contribute to the understanding of lipid-driven endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [PMID: 26211452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic membrane systems, such as giant unilamellar vesicles and solid supported lipid bilayers, have widened our understanding of biological processes occurring at or through membranes. Artificial systems are particularly suited to study the inherent properties of membranes with regard to their components and characteristics. This review critically reflects the emerging molecular mechanism of lipid-driven endocytosis and the impact of model membrane systems in elucidating the complex interplay of biomolecules within this process. Lipid receptor clustering induced by binding of several toxins, viruses and bacteria to the plasma membrane leads to local membrane bending and formation of tubular membrane invaginations. Here, lipid shape, and protein structure and valency are the essential parameters in membrane deformation. Combining observations of complex cellular processes and their reconstitution on minimal systems seems to be a promising future approach to resolve basic underlying mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schubert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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200
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Richter AM, Povolotsky TL, Wieler LH, Hengge R. Cyclic-di-GMP signalling and biofilm-related properties of the Shiga toxin-producing 2011 German outbreak Escherichia coli O104:H4. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1622-37. [PMID: 25361688 PMCID: PMC4287979 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, nearly 4,000 people in Germany were infected by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 with > 22% of patients developing haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Genome sequencing showed the outbreak strain to be related to enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), suggesting its high virulence results from EAEC-typical strong adherence and biofilm formation combined to Stx production. Here, we report that the outbreak strain contains a novel diguanylate cyclase (DgcX)--producing the biofilm-promoting second messenger c-di-GMP--that shows higher expression than any other known E. coli diguanylate cyclase. Unlike closely related E. coli, the outbreak strain expresses the c-di-GMP-controlled biofilm regulator CsgD and amyloid curli fibres at 37°C, but is cellulose-negative. Moreover, it constantly generates derivatives with further increased and deregulated production of CsgD and curli. Since curli fibres are strongly proinflammatory, with cellulose counteracting this effect, high c-di-GMP and curli production by the outbreak O104:H4 strain may enhance not only adherence but may also contribute to inflammation, thereby facilitating entry of Stx into the bloodstream and to the kidneys where Stx causes HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Richter
- Institute of Biology / Microbiology Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatyana L Povolotsky
- Institute of Biology / Microbiology Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institute of Biology / Microbiology Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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