151
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ASTE1 promotes shieldin-complex-mediated DNA repair by attenuating end resection. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:894-904. [PMID: 34354233 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The shieldin complex functions as the downstream effector of 53BP1-RIF1 to promote DNA double-strand break end-joining by restricting end resection. The SHLD2 subunit binds to single-stranded DNA ends and blocks end resection through OB-fold domains. Besides blocking end resection, it is unclear how the shieldin complex processes SHLD2-bound single-stranded DNA and promotes non-homologous end-joining. Here, we identify a downstream effector of the shieldin complex, ASTE1, as a structure-specific DNA endonuclease that specifically cleaves single-stranded DNA and 3' overhang DNA. ASTE1 localizes to DNA damage sites in a shieldin-dependent manner. Loss of ASTE1 impairs non-homologous end-joining, leads to hyper-resection and causes defective immunoglobulin class switch recombination. ASTE1 deficiency also causes resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in BRCA1-deficient cells owing to restoration of homologous recombination. These findings suggest that ASTE1-mediated 3' single-stranded DNA end cleavage contributes to the control of DSB repair choice by 53BP1, RIF1 and shieldin.
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152
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He YJ, Chowdhury D. ASTE1 cutting to block DNA end resection. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:818-819. [PMID: 34354234 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Joseph He
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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153
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McPherson KS, Korzhnev DM. Targeting protein-protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1167-1195. [PMID: 34458830 PMCID: PMC8342002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
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154
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Etourneaud L, Moussa A, Rass E, Genet D, Willaume S, Chabance-Okumura C, Wanschoor P, Picotto J, Thézé B, Dépagne J, Veaute X, Dizet E, Busso D, Barascu A, Irbah L, Kortulewski T, Campalans A, Le Chalony C, Zinn-Justin S, Scully R, Pennarun G, Bertrand P. Lamin B1 sequesters 53BP1 to control its recruitment to DNA damage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb3799. [PMID: 34452908 PMCID: PMC8397269 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are harmful lesions and a major cause of genome instability. Studies have suggested a link between the nuclear envelope and the DNA damage response. Here, we show that lamin B1, a major component of the nuclear envelope, interacts directly with 53BP1 protein, which plays a pivotal role in the DSB repair. This interaction is dissociated after DNA damage. Lamin B1 overexpression impedes 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage sites and leads to a persistence of DNA damage, a defect in nonhomologous end joining and an increased sensitivity to DSBs. The identification of interactions domains between lamin B1 and 53BP1 allows us to demonstrate that the defect of 53BP1 recruitment and the DSB persistence upon lamin B1 overexpression are due to sequestration of 53BP1 by lamin B1. This study highlights lamin B1 as a factor controlling the recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA damage sites upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Etourneaud
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Angela Moussa
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Emilie Rass
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Diane Genet
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Simon Willaume
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Caroline Chabance-Okumura
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Paul Wanschoor
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Julien Picotto
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Benoît Thézé
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Jordane Dépagne
- Genetic Engineering and Expression Platform (CIGEX), iRCM, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Xavier Veaute
- Genetic Engineering and Expression Platform (CIGEX), iRCM, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eléa Dizet
- Genetic Engineering and Expression Platform (CIGEX), iRCM, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Didier Busso
- Genetic Engineering and Expression Platform (CIGEX), iRCM, DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aurélia Barascu
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Lamya Irbah
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Imaging platform, iRCM, DRF, CEA, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Kortulewski
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "Radiopathology" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, "Genetic Instability Research" Team, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Le Chalony
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Radiobiology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaëlle Pennarun
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
| | - Pascale Bertrand
- Université de Paris and Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, iRCM/IBFJ, CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
- "DNA Repair and Ageing" Team, iRCM/IBFJ, DRF, CEA, France
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155
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Thakar T, Moldovan GL. The emerging determinants of replication fork stability. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7224-7238. [PMID: 33978751 PMCID: PMC8287955 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal response to replication stress is replication fork reversal, where the nascent complementary DNA strands are annealed to form a protective four-way junction allowing forks to avert DNA damage while replication stress is resolved. However, reversed forks are in turn susceptible to nucleolytic digestion of the regressed nascent DNA arms and rely on dedicated mechanisms to protect their integrity. The most well studied fork protection mechanism involves the BRCA pathway and its ability to catalyze RAD51 nucleofilament formation on the reversed arms of stalled replication forks. Importantly, the inability to prevent the degradation of reversed forks has emerged as a hallmark of BRCA deficiency and underlies genome instability and chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient cells. In the past decade, multiple factors underlying fork stability have been discovered. These factors either cooperate with the BRCA pathway, operate independently from it to augment fork stability in its absence, or act as enablers of fork degradation. In this review, we examine these novel determinants of fork stability, explore the emergent conceptual underpinnings underlying fork protection, as well as the impact of fork protection on cellular viability and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Thakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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156
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Isobe SY, Hiraga SI, Nagao K, Sasanuma H, Donaldson AD, Obuse C. Protein phosphatase 1 acts as a RIF1 effector to suppress DSB resection prior to Shieldin action. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109383. [PMID: 34260925 PMCID: PMC8293623 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired mainly by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). RIF1 negatively regulates resection through the effector Shieldin, which associates with a short 3' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhang by the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex, to prevent further resection and HR repair. In this study, we show that RIF1, but not Shieldin, inhibits the accumulation of CtIP at DSB sites immediately after damage, suggesting that RIF1 has another effector besides Shieldin. We find that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a known RIF1 effector in replication, localizes at damage sites dependent on RIF1, where it suppresses downstream CtIP accumulation and limits the resection by the MRN complex. PP1 therefore acts as a RIF1 effector distinct from Shieldin. Furthermore, PP1 deficiency in the context of Shieldin depletion elevates HR immediately after irradiation. We conclude that PP1 inhibits resection before the action of Shieldin to prevent precocious HR in the early phase of the damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Isobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hiraga
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Koji Nagao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne D Donaldson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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157
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Zatreanu D, Robinson HMR, Alkhatib O, Boursier M, Finch H, Geo L, Grande D, Grinkevich V, Heald RA, Langdon S, Majithiya J, McWhirter C, Martin NMB, Moore S, Neves J, Rajendra E, Ranzani M, Schaedler T, Stockley M, Wiggins K, Brough R, Sridhar S, Gulati A, Shao N, Badder LM, Novo D, Knight EG, Marlow R, Haider S, Callen E, Hewitt G, Schimmel J, Prevo R, Alli C, Ferdinand A, Bell C, Blencowe P, Bot C, Calder M, Charles M, Curry J, Ekwuru T, Ewings K, Krajewski W, MacDonald E, McCarron H, Pang L, Pedder C, Rigoreau L, Swarbrick M, Wheatley E, Willis S, Wong AC, Nussenzweig A, Tijsterman M, Tutt A, Boulton SJ, Higgins GS, Pettitt SJ, Smith GCM, Lord CJ. Polθ inhibitors elicit BRCA-gene synthetic lethality and target PARP inhibitor resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3636. [PMID: 34140467 PMCID: PMC8211653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify approaches to target DNA repair vulnerabilities in cancer, we discovered nanomolar potent, selective, low molecular weight (MW), allosteric inhibitors of the polymerase function of DNA polymerase Polθ, including ART558. ART558 inhibits the major Polθ-mediated DNA repair process, Theta-Mediated End Joining, without targeting Non-Homologous End Joining. In addition, ART558 elicits DNA damage and synthetic lethality in BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutant tumour cells and enhances the effects of a PARP inhibitor. Genetic perturbation screening revealed that defects in the 53BP1/Shieldin complex, which cause PARP inhibitor resistance, result in in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to small molecule Polθ polymerase inhibitors. Mechanistically, ART558 increases biomarkers of single-stranded DNA and synthetic lethality in 53BP1-defective cells whilst the inhibition of DNA nucleases that promote end-resection reversed these effects, implicating these in the synthetic lethal mechanism-of-action. Taken together, these observations describe a drug class that elicits BRCA-gene synthetic lethality and PARP inhibitor synergy, as well as targeting a biomarker-defined mechanism of PARPi-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zatreanu
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Helen M R Robinson
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Omar Alkhatib
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie Boursier
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Finch
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lerin Geo
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diego Grande
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vera Grinkevich
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert A Heald
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Langdon
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jayesh Majithiya
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire McWhirter
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niall M B Martin
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shaun Moore
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joana Neves
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eeson Rajendra
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marco Ranzani
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresia Schaedler
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Stockley
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley Wiggins
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sandhya Sridhar
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nan Shao
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Luned M Badder
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Novo
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Eleanor G Knight
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Marlow
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Joost Schimmel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Prevo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Alli
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Ferdinand
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cameron Bell
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Blencowe
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Bot
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathew Calder
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Charles
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jayne Curry
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tennyson Ekwuru
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Ewings
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellen MacDonald
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hollie McCarron
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leon Pang
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Pedder
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurent Rigoreau
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Swarbrick
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ed Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Willis
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ai Ching Wong
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Boulton
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Graeme C M Smith
- Artios Pharma, The Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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158
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Clairmont CS, D'Andrea AD. REV7 directs DNA repair pathway choice. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:965-978. [PMID: 34147298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
REV7 is a small multifunctional protein that participates in multiple DNA repair pathways, most notably translesion DNA synthesis and double-strand break (DSB) repair. While the role of REV7 in translesion synthesis has been known for several decades, its function in DSB repair is a recent discovery. Investigations into the DSB repair function of REV7 have led to the discovery of a new DNA repair complex known as Shieldin. Recent studies have also highlighted the importance of REV7's HORMA domain, an ancient structural motif, in REV7 function and have identified the HORMA regulators, TRIP13 and p31, as novel DNA repair factors. In this review, we discuss these recent findings and their implications for repair pathway choice, at both DSBs and replication forks. We suggest that REV7, in particular the activation state of its HORMA domain, can act as a critical determinant of mutagenic versus error-free repair in multiple contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Clairmont
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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159
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recently discovered PARP inhibitor resistance mechanisms and highlight the clinical relevance of these findings to date. RECENT FINDINGS A predominant mechanism of acquired PARP inhibitor resistance in homologous recombination-deficient cancers is the acquisition of homologous recombination proficiency as a consequence of secondary genetic or epigenetic events, such as secondary mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, or reversal of BRCA1 promoter methylation that restores homologous recombination and leads to PARP inhibitor resistance. Multiple other potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors including loss of DNA end resection inhibition (53BP1/REV7/RIF1/Sheldin) or DNA replication fork protection (PTIP/EZH2), but also increased drug efflux or induction of a reversible senescent or mesenchymal cell state have been described in ovarian cancer models. However, only few of these mechanisms have been identified in clinical samples. SUMMARY Multiple adaptive responses following PARP inhibitor treatment have been identified. Further research is needed to better understand what role these mechanisms play for clinical PARP inhibitor resistance and how these mechanisms may render ovarian cancer cells susceptible to subsequent novel combination therapies.
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160
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Repair pathway choice for double-strand breaks. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:765-777. [PMID: 32648897 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is at a constant risk of damage from endogenous substances, environmental radiation, and chemical stressors. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a significant threat to genomic integrity and cell survival. There are two major pathways for DSB repair: nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The extent of DNA end resection, which determines the length of the 3' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhang, is the primary factor that determines whether repair is carried out via NHEJ or HR. NHEJ, which does not require a 3' ssDNA tail, occurs throughout the cell cycle. 53BP1 and the cofactors PTIP or RIF1-shieldin protect the broken DNA end, inhibit long-range end resection and thus promote NHEJ. In contrast, HR mainly occurs during the S/G2 phase and requires DNA end processing to create a 3' tail that can invade a homologous region, ensuring faithful gene repair. BRCA1 and the cofactors CtIP, EXO1, BLM/DNA2, and the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex promote DNA end resection and thus HR. DNA resection is influenced by the cell cycle, the chromatin environment, and the complexity of the DNA end break. Herein, we summarize the key factors involved in repair pathway selection for DSBs and discuss recent related publications.
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161
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Lyu X, Sang PB, Chai W. CST in maintaining genome stability: Beyond telomeres. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103104. [PMID: 33780718 PMCID: PMC8081025 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) complex is an RPA-like single-stranded DNA binding protein complex. While its telomeric functions have been well investigated, numerous studies have revealed that hCST also plays important roles in maintaining genome stability beyond telomeres. Here, we review and discuss recent discoveries on CST in various global genome maintenance pathways, including findings on the CST supercomplex structure, its functions in unperturbed DNA replication, stalled replication, double-strand break repair, and the ATR-CHK1 activation pathway. By summarizing these recent discoveries, we hope to offer new insights into genome maintenance mechanisms and the pathogenesis of CST mutation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Lyu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250062, China; Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States
| | - Pau Biak Sang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States
| | - Weihang Chai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
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162
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Cornelia de Lange syndrome-associated mutations cause a DNA damage signalling and repair defect. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3127. [PMID: 34035299 PMCID: PMC8149872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a multisystem developmental disorder typically caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cohesin loader NIPBL. The associated phenotype is generally assumed to be the consequence of aberrant transcriptional regulation. Recently, we identified a missense mutation in BRD4 associated with a Cornelia de Lange-like syndrome that reduces BRD4 binding to acetylated histones. Here we show that, although this mutation reduces BRD4-occupancy at enhancers it does not affect transcription of the pluripotency network in mouse embryonic stem cells. Rather, it delays the cell cycle, increases DNA damage signalling, and perturbs regulation of DNA repair in mutant cells. This uncovers a role for BRD4 in DNA repair pathway choice. Furthermore, we find evidence of a similar increase in DNA damage signalling in cells derived from NIPBL-deficient individuals, suggesting that defective DNA damage signalling and repair is also a feature of typical Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a developmental disorder typically caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cohesin loader NIPBL. The authors, here, by analysing previously identified mutations in BRD4 associated with the disease, reveal that a BRD4 mutation affects DNA damage signalling, and perturbs regulation of DNA repair in mutant cells.
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163
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de Krijger I, Boersma V, Jacobs JJL. REV7: Jack of many trades. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:686-701. [PMID: 33962851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The HORMA domain protein REV7, also known as MAD2L2, interacts with a variety of proteins and thereby contributes to the establishment of different complexes. With doing so, REV7 impacts a diverse range of cellular processes and gained increasing interest as more of its activities became uncovered. REV7 has important roles in translesion synthesis and mitotic progression, and acts as a central component in the recently discovered shieldin complex that operates in DNA double-strand break repair. Here we discuss the roles of REV7 in its various complexes, focusing on its activity in genome integrity maintenance. Moreover, we will describe current insights on REV7 structural features that allow it to be such a versatile protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge de Krijger
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Boersma
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J L Jacobs
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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164
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The dystonia gene THAP1 controls DNA double-strand break repair choice. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2611-2624.e10. [PMID: 33857404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Shieldin complex shields double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) from nucleolytic resection. Curiously, the penultimate Shieldin component, SHLD1, is one of the least abundant mammalian proteins. Here, we report that the transcription factors THAP1, YY1, and HCF1 bind directly to the SHLD1 promoter, where they cooperatively maintain the low basal expression of SHLD1, thereby ensuring a proper balance between end protection and resection during DSB repair. The loss of THAP1-dependent SHLD1 expression confers cross-resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor and cisplatin in BRCA1-deficient cells and shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, the embryonic lethality and PARPi sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mice is rescued by ablation of SHLD1. Our study uncovers a transcriptional network that directly controls DSB repair choice and suggests a potential link between DNA damage and pathogenic THAP1 mutations, found in patients with the neurodevelopmental movement disorder adult-onset torsion dystonia type 6.
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165
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Al-Mugotir M, Lovelace JJ, George J, Bessho M, Pal D, Struble L, Kolar C, Rana S, Natarajan A, Bessho T, Borgstahl GEO. Selective killing of homologous recombination-deficient cancer cell lines by inhibitors of the RPA:RAD52 protein-protein interaction. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248941. [PMID: 33784323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality is a successful strategy employed to develop selective chemotherapeutics against cancer cells. Inactivation of RAD52 is synthetically lethal to homologous recombination (HR) deficient cancer cell lines. Replication protein A (RPA) recruits RAD52 to repair sites, and the formation of this protein-protein complex is critical for RAD52 activity. To discover small molecules that inhibit the RPA:RAD52 protein-protein interaction (PPI), we screened chemical libraries with our newly developed Fluorescence-based protein-protein Interaction Assay (FluorIA). Eleven compounds were identified, including FDA-approved drugs (quinacrine, mitoxantrone, and doxorubicin). The FluorIA was used to rank the compounds by their ability to inhibit the RPA:RAD52 PPI and showed mitoxantrone and doxorubicin to be the most effective. Initial studies using the three FDA-approved drugs showed selective killing of BRCA1-mutated breast cancer cells (HCC1937), BRCA2-mutated ovarian cancer cells (PE01), and BRCA1-mutated ovarian cancer cells (UWB1.289). It was noteworthy that selective killing was seen in cells known to be resistant to PARP inhibitors (HCC1937 and UWB1 SYr13). A cell-based double-strand break (DSB) repair assay indicated that mitoxantrone significantly suppressed RAD52-dependent single-strand annealing (SSA) and mitoxantrone treatment disrupted the RPA:RAD52 PPI in cells. Furthermore, mitoxantrone reduced radiation-induced foci-formation of RAD52 with no significant activity against RAD51 foci formation. The results indicate that the RPA:RAD52 PPI could be a therapeutic target for HR-deficient cancers. These data also suggest that RAD52 is one of the targets of mitoxantrone and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Al-Mugotir
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J Lovelace
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joseph George
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mika Bessho
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lucas Struble
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Carol Kolar
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Rana
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gloria E O Borgstahl
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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166
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Castells-Roca L, Tejero E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Surrallés J. CRISPR Screens in Synthetic Lethality and Combinatorial Therapies for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1591. [PMID: 33808217 PMCID: PMC8037779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the accumulation of genetic dysfunctions. Tumor heterogeneity causes the molecular variety that divergently controls responses to chemotherapy, leading to the recurrent problem of cancer reappearance. For many decades, efforts have focused on identifying essential tumoral genes and cancer driver mutations. More recently, prompted by the clinical success of the synthetic lethality (SL)-based therapy of the PARP inhibitors in homologous recombinant deficient tumors, scientists have centered their novel research on SL interactions (SLI). The state of the art to find new genetic interactions are currently large-scale forward genetic CRISPR screens. CRISPR technology has rapidly evolved to be a common tool in the vast majority of laboratories, as tools to implement CRISPR screen protocols are available to all researchers. Taking advantage of SLI, combinatorial therapies have become the ultimate model to treat cancer with lower toxicity, and therefore better efficiency. This review explores the CRISPR screen methodology, integrates the up-to-date published findings on CRISPR screens in the cancer field and proposes future directions to uncover cancer regulation and individual responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castells-Roca
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eudald Tejero
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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167
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Repair of programmed DNA lesions in antibody class switch recombination: common and unique features. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:115-125. [PMID: 33817557 PMCID: PMC7996122 DOI: 10.1007/s42764-021-00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system can diversify the antigen receptors to eliminate various pathogens through programmed DNA lesions at antigen receptor genes. In immune diversification, general DNA repair machineries are applied to transform the programmed DNA lesions into gene mutation or recombination events with common and unique features. Here we focus on antibody class switch recombination (CSR), and review the initiation of base damages, the conversion of damaged base to DNA double-strand break, and the ligation of broken ends. With an emphasis on the unique features in CSR, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of DNA repair/replication coordination, and ERCC6L2-mediated deletional recombination. We further elaborate the application of CSR in end-joining, resection and translesion synthesis assays. In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we hope it help to understand the generation of therapeutic antibodies.
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168
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Sorrells S, McKinnon KE, McBratney A, Sumey C. Longitudinal and multi-tissue molecular diagnostics track somatic BRCA2 reversion mutations that correct the open reading frame of germline alteration upon clinical relapse. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:17. [PMID: 33619265 PMCID: PMC7900170 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA-mutant cancers often develop therapeutic resistance through several mechanisms. Here, we report a case of pathogenic germline BRCA2-driven breast cancer monitored for disease progression and acquired resistance using longitudinal multi-tissue genomic testing. Briefly, genomic testing was performed throughout the course of disease on tumor tissue from multiple sites, circulating tumor DNA from blood plasma, and matched normal tissue. Genomic analyses identified actionable variants for targeted therapies, as well as emerging resistance mutations over time. Two unique BRCA2 somatic alterations (p.N255fs and p.D252fs) were identified upon resistance to PARP inhibitor and platinum treatment, respectively. Both alterations restored the open reading frame of the original germline alteration, likely accounting for acquired resistance. This case exemplifies the evolution of multiple subclonal BRCA reversion alterations over time and demonstrates the value of longitudinal multi-tissue genomic testing for monitoring disease progression, predicting measures of response, and evaluating treatment outcomes in oncology patients.
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169
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Chiappa M, Guffanti F, Bertoni F, Colombo I, Damia G. Overcoming PARPi resistance: Preclinical and clinical evidence in ovarian cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 55:100744. [PMID: 33551306 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth cause of cancer-related deaths in women with high grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC) representing the most common histological subtype. Approximately 50 % of HGSOC are characterized by deficiency in homologous recombination (HR), one of the main cellular pathways to repair DNA double strand breaks and one of the well-described mechanisms is the loss of function of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Inhibition of the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) is synthetic lethal with HR deficiency and the use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) has significantly improved the outcome of patients with HGSOC with a greater benefit in patients with BRCA1/2 deficient tumors. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to PARPi inevitably occurs in most HGSOC patients. Distinct heterogeneous mechanisms underlying the resistance to PARPi have been described, including a decrease in intracellular drug levels due to upregulation of multidrug efflux pumps, loss of expression/inactivating mutations in the PARP1 protein, restoration of HR and the protection of the replicative fork. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistance to PARPi is of paramount importance towards the development of new treatment strategies and/or novel pharmacological agents to overcome this chemoresistance and optimize the treatment regimen for individual HGSOC patients. The current review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the resistance to PARPi, the available preclinical and clinical data on new combination treatment strategies (with chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors) as well as agents under investigation which target the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiappa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - F Guffanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - F Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - I Colombo
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - G Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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170
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Schrempf A, Slyskova J, Loizou JI. Targeting the DNA Repair Enzyme Polymerase θ in Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:98-111. [PMID: 33109489 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies represent a milestone towards personalized treatment as they function via inhibition of cancer-specific alterations. Polymerase θ (POLQ), an error-prone translesion polymerase, also involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is often upregulated in cancer. POLQ is synthetic lethal with various DNA repair genes, including known cancer drivers such as BRCA1/2, making it essential in homologous recombination-deficient cancers. Thus, POLQ represents a promising target in cancer therapy and efforts for the development of POLQ inhibitors are actively underway with first clinical trials due to start in 2021. This review summarizes the journey of POLQ from a backup DNA repair enzyme to a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schrempf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Slyskova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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171
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Zhang F, Gong Z. Regulation of DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice: a new focus on 53BP1. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:38-46. [PMID: 33448186 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cellular homeostasis and genome integrity is a critical responsibility of DNA double-strand break (DSB) signaling. P53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) plays a critical role in coordinating the DSB repair pathway choice and promotes the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated DSB repair pathway that rejoins DSB ends. New insights have been gained into a basic molecular mechanism that is involved in 53BP1 recruitment to the DNA lesion and how 53BP1 then recruits the DNA break-responsive effectors that promote NHEJ-mediated DSB repair while inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) signaling. This review focuses on the up- and downstream pathways of 53BP1 and how 53BP1 promotes NHEJ-mediated DSB repair, which in turn promotes the sensitivity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) in BRCA1-deficient cancers and consequently provides an avenue for improving cancer therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zihua Gong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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172
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Ma S, Rong Z, Liu C, Qin X, Zhang X, Chen Q. DNA damage promotes microtubule dynamics through a DNA-PK-AKT axis for enhanced repair. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211656. [PMID: 33404607 PMCID: PMC7791344 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired by c-NHEJ and HR pathways. The enhanced DSB mobility after DNA damage is critical for efficient DSB repair. Although microtubule dynamics have been shown to regulate DSB mobility, the reverse effect of DSBs to microtubule dynamics remains elusive. Here, we uncovered a novel DSB-induced microtubule dynamics stress response (DMSR), which promotes DSB mobility and facilitates c-NHEJ repair. DMSR is accompanied by interphase centrosome maturation, which occurs in a DNA-PK-AKT-dependent manner. Depletion of PCM proteins attenuates DMSR and the mobility of DSBs, resulting in delayed c-NHEJ. Remarkably, DMSR occurs only in G1 or G0 cells and lasts around 6 h. Both inhibition of DNA-PK and depletion of 53BP1 abolish DMSR. Taken together, our study reveals a positive DNA repair mechanism in G1 or G0 cells in which DSBs actively promote microtubule dynamics and facilitate the c-NHEJ process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ma
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeming Rong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Qin
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Correspondence to Qiang Chen:
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173
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Rodríguez A, Yang C, Furutani E, García de Teresa B, Velázquez M, Filiatrault J, Sambel LA, Phan T, Flores-Guzmán P, Sánchez S, Monsiváis Orozco A, Mayani H, Bolukbasi OV, Färkkilä A, Epperly M, Greenberger J, Shimamura A, Frías S, Grompe M, Parmar K, D'Andrea AD. Inhibition of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 promotes hematopoiesis in Fanconi anemia. Exp Hematol 2021; 93:70-84.e4. [PMID: 33166613 PMCID: PMC8686188 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a chromosome instability syndrome with congenital abnormalities, cancer predisposition and bone marrow failure (BMF). Although hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is the recommended therapy, new therapies are needed for FA patients without suitable donors. BMF in FA is caused, at least in part, by a hyperactive growth-suppressive transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway, regulated by the TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 ligands. Accordingly, the TGFβ pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for FA. While inhibition of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 promotes blood cell expansion, inhibition of TGFβ2 is known to suppress hematopoiesis. Here, we report the effects of AVID200, a potent TGFβ1- and TGFβ3-specific inhibitor, on FA hematopoiesis. AVID200 promoted the survival of murine FA HSPCs in vitro. AVID200 also promoted in vitro the survival of human HSPCs from patients with FA, with the strongest effect in patients progressing to severe aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Previous studies have indicated that the toxic upregulation of the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway accounts, at least in part, for the poor growth of FA HSPCs. AVID200 downregulated the expression of NHEJ-related genes and reduced DNA damage in primary FA HSPC in vitro and in in vivo models. Collectively, AVID200 exhibits activity in FA mouse and human preclinical models. AVID200 may therefore provide a therapeutic approach to improving BMF in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rodríguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elissa Furutani
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Martha Velázquez
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Filiatrault
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Larissa A Sambel
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tin Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia Flores-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Héctor Mayani
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ozge V Bolukbasi
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Research Program in Systems Oncology & Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joel Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sara Frías
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Kalindi Parmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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174
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Lee KY, Dutta A. Chk1 promotes non-homologous end joining in G1 through direct phosphorylation of ASF1A. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108680. [PMID: 33503415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle phase is a major determinant of repair pathway choice at DNA double strand breaks, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or homologous recombination (HR). Chk1 responds to genotoxic stress in S/G2 phase, but here, we report a role of Chk1 in directly promoting NHEJ repair in G1 phase. ASF1A is a histone chaperone, but it promotes NHEJ through a pathway independent of its histone-chaperone activity. Chk1 activated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase on DNA breaks in G1 promotes NHEJ through direct phosphorylation of ASF1A at Ser-166. ASF1A phosphorylated at Ser-166 interacts with the repair protein MDC1 and thus enhances MDC1's interaction with ATM and the stable localization of ATM at DNA breaks. Chk1 deficiency suppresses all steps downstream of MDC1 following a DNA break in G1, namely histone ubiquitination, 53BP1 localization to the DNA break, and NHEJ. Thus, ASF1A phosphorylation by Chk1 is essential for DNA break repair by NHEJ in G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, South Korea
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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175
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A highly annotated database of genes associated with platinum resistance in cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:6395-6405. [PMID: 34645978 PMCID: PMC8602037 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, is prescribed to 10-20% of all cancer patients. Unfortunately, platinum resistance develops in a significant number of patients and is a determinant of clinical outcome. Extensive research has been conducted to understand and overcome platinum resistance, and mechanisms of resistance can be categorized into several broad biological processes, including (1) regulation of drug entry, exit, accumulation, sequestration, and detoxification, (2) enhanced repair and tolerance of platinum-induced DNA damage, (3) alterations in cell survival pathways, (4) alterations in pleiotropic processes and pathways, and (5) changes in the tumor microenvironment. As a resource to the cancer research community, we provide a comprehensive overview accompanied by a manually curated database of the >900 genes/proteins that have been associated with platinum resistance over the last 30 years of literature. The database is annotated with possible pathways through which the curated genes are related to platinum resistance, types of evidence, and hyperlinks to literature sources. The searchable, downloadable database is available online at http://ptrc-ddr.cptac-data-view.org .
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176
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Abstract
In this perspective, we introduce shelterin and the mechanisms of ATM activation and NHEJ at telomeres, before discussing the following questions: How are t-loops proposed to protect chromosome ends and what is the evidence for this model? Can other models explain how TRF2 mediates end protection? Could t-loops be pathological structures? How is end protection achieved in pluripotent cells? What do the insights into telomere end protection in pluripotent cells mean for the t-loop model of end protection? Why might different cell states have evolved different mechanisms of end protection? Finally, we offer support for an updated t-loop model of end protection, suggesting that the data is supportive of a critical role for t-loops in protecting chromosome ends from NHEJ and ATM activation, but that other mechanisms are involved. Finally, we propose that t-loops are likely dynamic, rather than static, structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Ruis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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177
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Zhou J, Zhou XA, Zhang N, Wang J. Evolving insights: how DNA repair pathways impact cancer evolution. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:805-827. [PMID: 33299637 PMCID: PMC7721097 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing cancer as a large, evolving population of heterogeneous cells is a common perspective. Because genomic instability is one of the fundamental features of cancer, this intrinsic tendency of genomic variation leads to striking intratumor heterogeneity and functions during the process of cancer formation, development, metastasis, and relapse. With the increased mutation rate and abundant diversity of the gene pool, this heterogeneity leads to cancer evolution, which is the major obstacle in the clinical treatment of cancer. Cells rely on the integrity of DNA repair machineries to maintain genomic stability, but these machineries often do not function properly in cancer cells. The deficiency of DNA repair could contribute to the generation of cancer genomic instability, and ultimately promote cancer evolution. With the rapid advance of new technologies, such as single-cell sequencing in recent years, we have the opportunity to better understand the specific processes and mechanisms of cancer evolution, and its relationship with DNA repair. Here, we review recent findings on how DNA repair affects cancer evolution, and discuss how these mechanisms provide the basis for critical clinical challenges and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao Albert Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) and Translational Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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178
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Ali RMM, McIntosh SA, Savage KI. Homologous recombination deficiency in breast cancer: Implications for risk, cancer development, and therapy. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 60:358-372. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan M. M. Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Stuart A. McIntosh
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Kienan I. Savage
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
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179
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Saha T, Sundaravinayagam D, Di Virgilio M. Charting a DNA Repair Roadmap for Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:184-199. [PMID: 33250286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) is the process occurring in mature B cells that diversifies the effector component of antibody responses. CSR is initiated by the activity of the B cell-specific enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which leads to the formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the Ig heavy chain (Igh) locus. Mature B cells use a multilayered and complex regulatory framework to ensure that AID-induced DNA breaks are channeled into productive repair reactions leading to CSR, and to avoid aberrant repair events causing lymphomagenic chromosomal translocations. Here, we review the DNA repair pathways acting on AID-induced DSBs and their functional interplay, with a particular focus on the latest developments in their molecular composition and mechanistic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannishtha Saha
- Laboratory of Genome Diversification and Integrity, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- Laboratory of Genome Diversification and Integrity, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Michela Di Virgilio
- Laboratory of Genome Diversification and Integrity, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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180
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Tong ZB, Ai HS, Li JB. The Mechanism of Chromatin Remodeler SMARCAD1/Fun30 in Response to DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:560098. [PMID: 33102471 PMCID: PMC7545370 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.560098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA packs into highly condensed chromatin to organize the genome in eukaryotes but occludes many regulatory DNA elements. Access to DNA within nucleosomes is therefore required for a variety of biological processes in cells including transcription, replication, and DNA repair. To cope with this problem, cells employ a set of specialized ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling protein complexes to enable dynamic access to packaged DNA. In the present review, we summarize the recent advances in the functional and mechanistic studies on a particular chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1Fun30 which has been demonstrated to play a key role in distinct cellular processes and gained much attention in recent years. Focus is given to how SMARCAD1Fun30 regulates various cellular processes through its chromatin remodeling activity, and especially the regulatory role of SMARCAD1Fun30 in gene expression control, maintenance and establishment of heterochromatin, and DNA damage repair. Moreover, we review the studies on the molecular mechanism of SMARCAD1Fun30 that promotes the DNA end-resection on double-strand break ends, including the mechanisms of recruitment, activity regulation and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Bin Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Song Ai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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181
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Sun Y, Curle AJ, Haider AM, Balmus G. The role of DNA damage response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:847-861. [PMID: 33078197 PMCID: PMC7588667 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly disabling and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Due to insufficient disease-modifying treatments, there is an unmet and urgent need for elucidating disease mechanisms that occur early and represent common triggers in both familial and sporadic ALS. Emerging evidence suggests that impaired DNA damage response contributes to age-related somatic accumulation of genomic instability and can trigger or accelerate ALS pathological manifestations. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent studies indicating a direct link between DNA damage response and ALS. Further mechanistic understanding of the role genomic instability is playing in ALS disease pathophysiology will be critical for discovering new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
| | - Annabel J Curle
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
| | - Arshad M Haider
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
| | - Gabriel Balmus
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, U.K
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182
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The molecular basis and disease relevance of non-homologous DNA end joining. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:765-781. [PMID: 33077885 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is the predominant repair mechanism of any type of DNA double-strand break (DSB) during most of the cell cycle and is essential for the development of antigen receptors. Defects in NHEJ result in sensitivity to ionizing radiation and loss of lymphocytes. The most critical step of NHEJ is synapsis, or the juxtaposition of the two DNA ends of a DSB, because all subsequent steps rely on it. Recent findings show that, like the end processing step, synapsis can be achieved through several mechanisms. In this Review, we first discuss repair pathway choice between NHEJ and other DSB repair pathways. We then integrate recent insights into the mechanisms of NHEJ synapsis with updates on other steps of NHEJ, such as DNA end processing and ligation. Finally, we discuss NHEJ-related human diseases, including inherited disorders and neoplasia, which arise from rare failures at different NHEJ steps.
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183
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Marra A, Trapani D, Viale G, Criscitiello C, Curigliano G. Practical classification of triple-negative breast cancer: intratumoral heterogeneity, mechanisms of drug resistance, and novel therapies. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 33088912 PMCID: PMC7568552 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is not a unique disease, encompassing multiple entities with marked histopathological, transcriptomic and genomic heterogeneity. Despite several efforts, transcriptomic and genomic classifications have remained merely theoretic and most of the patients are being treated with chemotherapy. Driver alterations in potentially targetable genes, including PIK3CA and AKT, have been identified across TNBC subtypes, prompting the implementation of biomarker-driven therapeutic approaches. However, biomarker-based treatments as well as immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy have provided contrasting and limited results so far. Accordingly, a better characterization of the genomic and immune contexture underpinning TNBC, as well as the translation of the lessons learnt in the metastatic disease to the early setting would improve patients' outcomes. The application of multi-omics technologies, biocomputational algorithms, assays for minimal residual disease monitoring and novel clinical trial designs are strongly warranted to pave the way toward personalized anticancer treatment for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Viale
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
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184
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p31 comet promotes homologous recombination by inactivating REV7 through the TRIP13 ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26795-26803. [PMID: 33051298 PMCID: PMC7604461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008830117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that arise from external mutagenic agents and routine cellular processes is essential for life. DSBs are repaired by two major pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ). DSB repair pathway choice is largely dictated at the step of 5'-3' DNA end resection, which is promoted during S phase, in part by BRCA1. Opposing end resection is the 53BP1 protein, which recruits the ssDNA-binding REV7-Shieldin complex to favor C-NHEJ repair. We recently identified TRIP13 as a proresection factor that remodels REV7, causing its dissociation from the Shieldin subunit SHLD3. Here, we identify p31comet, a negative regulator of MAD2 and the spindle assembly checkpoint, as an important mediator of the TRIP13-REV7 interaction. p31comet binds to the REV7-Shieldin complex in cells, promotes REV7 inactivation, and causes PARP inhibitor resistance. p31comet also participates in the extraction of REV7 from the chromatin. Furthermore, p31comet can counteract REV7 function in translesion synthesis (TLS) by releasing it from REV3 in the Pol ζ complex. Finally, p31comet, like TRIP13, is overexpressed in many cancers and this correlates with poor prognosis. Thus, we reveal a key player in the regulation of HR and TLS with significant clinical implications.
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185
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Wikiniyadhanee R, Lerksuthirat T, Stitchantrakul W, Chitphuk S, Sura T, Dejsuphong D. TRIM29 is required for efficient recruitment of 53BP1 in response to DNA double-strand breaks in vertebrate cells. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2055-2071. [PMID: 33017104 PMCID: PMC7530400 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif‐containing protein 29 (TRIM29) is involved in DNA double‐strand break (DSB) repair. However, the specific roles of TRIM29 in DNA repair are not clearly understood. To investigate the involvement of TRIM29 in DNA DSB repair, we disrupted TRIM29 in DT40 cells by gene targeting with homologous recombination (HR). The roles of TRIM29 were investigated by clonogenic survival assays and immunofluorescence analyses. TRIM29 triallelic knockout (TRIM29−/−/−/+) cells were sensitive to etoposide, but resistant to camptothecin. Foci formation assays to assess DNA repair activities showed that the dissociation of etoposide‐induced phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (ɣ‐H2AX) foci was retained in TRIM29−/−/−/+ cells, and the formation of etoposide‐induced tumor suppressor p53‐binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci in TRIM29−/−/−/+ cells was slower compared with wild‐type (WT) cells. Interestingly, the kinetics of camptothecin‐induced RAD51 foci formation of TRIM29−/−/−/+ cells was higher than that of WT cells. These results indicate that TRIM29 is required for efficient recruitment of 53BP1 to facilitate the nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) pathway and thereby suppress the HR pathway in response to DNA DSBs. TRIM29 regulates the choice of DNA DSB repair pathway by facilitating 53BP1 accumulation to promote NHEJ and may have potential for development into a therapeutic target to sensitize refractory cancers or as biomarker of personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakkreat Wikiniyadhanee
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassanee Lerksuthirat
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wasana Stitchantrakul
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sermsiri Chitphuk
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyachai Sura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Donniphat Dejsuphong
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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186
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Loeillet S, Herzog M, Puddu F, Legoix P, Baulande S, Jackson SP, Nicolas AG. Trajectory and uniqueness of mutational signatures in yeast mutators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24947-24956. [PMID: 32968016 PMCID: PMC7547211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of mutations plays critical roles in adaptation, evolution, senescence, and tumorigenesis. Massive genome sequencing has allowed extraction of specific features of many mutational landscapes but it remains difficult to retrospectively determine the mechanistic origin(s), selective forces, and trajectories of transient or persistent mutations and genome rearrangements. Here, we conducted a prospective reciprocal approach to inactivate 13 single or multiple evolutionary conserved genes involved in distinct genome maintenance processes and characterize de novo mutations in 274 diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutation accumulation lines. This approach revealed the diversity, complexity, and ultimate uniqueness of mutational landscapes, differently composed of base substitutions, small insertions/deletions (InDels), structural variants, and/or ploidy variations. Several landscapes parallel the repertoire of mutational signatures in human cancers while others are either novel or composites of subsignatures resulting from distinct DNA damage lesions. Notably, the increase of base substitutions in the homologous recombination-deficient Rad51 mutant, specifically dependent on the Polζ translesion polymerase, yields COSMIC signature 3 observed in BRCA1/BRCA2-mutant breast cancer tumors. Furthermore, "mutome" analyses in highly polymorphic diploids and single-cell bottleneck lineages revealed a diverse spectrum of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) signatures characterized by interstitial and terminal chromosomal events resulting from interhomolog mitotic cross-overs. Following the appearance of heterozygous mutations, the strong stimulation of LOHs in the rad27/FEN1 and tsa1/PRDX1 backgrounds leads to fixation of homozygous mutations or their loss along the lineage. Overall, these mutomes and their trajectories provide a mechanistic framework to understand the origin and dynamics of genome variations that accumulate during clonal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Loeillet
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mareike Herzog
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Puddu
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Legoix
- ICGex NGS Platform, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- ICGex NGS Platform, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Alain G Nicolas
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France;
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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187
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Grundy MK, Buckanovich RJ, Bernstein KA. Regulation and pharmacological targeting of RAD51 in cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa024. [PMID: 33015624 PMCID: PMC7520849 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of homologous recombination (HR) is central for cancer prevention. However, too little HR can increase cancer incidence, whereas too much HR can drive cancer resistance to therapy. Importantly, therapeutics targeting HR deficiency have demonstrated a profound efficacy in the clinic improving patient outcomes, particularly for breast and ovarian cancer. RAD51 is central to DNA damage repair in the HR pathway. As such, understanding the function and regulation of RAD51 is essential for cancer biology. This review will focus on the role of RAD51 in cancer and beyond and how modulation of its function can be exploited as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie K Grundy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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188
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Nguyen DD, Kim EY, Sang PB, Chai W. Roles of OB-Fold Proteins in Replication Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:574466. [PMID: 33043007 PMCID: PMC7517361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.574466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate DNA replication is essential for maintaining genome stability. However, this stability becomes vulnerable when replication fork progression is stalled or slowed - a condition known as replication stress. Prolonged fork stalling can cause DNA damage, leading to genome instabilities. Thus, cells have developed several pathways and a complex set of proteins to overcome the challenge at stalled replication forks. Oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold containing proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in fork protection and fork restart. These proteins bind to single-stranded DNA with high affinity and prevent premature annealing and unwanted nuclease digestion. Among these OB-fold containing proteins, the best studied in eukaryotic cells are replication protein A (RPA) and breast cancer susceptibility protein 2 (BRCA2). Recently, another RPA-like protein complex CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex has been found to counter replication perturbation. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on how these OB-fold containing proteins (RPA, BRCA2, CST) cooperate to safeguard DNA replication and maintain genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weihang Chai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
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189
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Rose M, Burgess JT, O’Byrne K, Richard DJ, Bolderson E. PARP Inhibitors: Clinical Relevance, Mechanisms of Action and Tumor Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564601. [PMID: 33015058 PMCID: PMC7509090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family has many essential functions in cellular processes, including the regulation of transcription, apoptosis and the DNA damage response. PARP1 possesses Poly (ADP-ribose) activity and when activated by DNA damage, adds branched PAR chains to facilitate the recruitment of other repair proteins to promote the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) were the first approved cancer drugs that specifically targeted the DNA damage response in BRCA1/2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers. Since then, there has been significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms behind sensitization of tumors to PARP inhibitors and expansion of the use of PARPi to treat several other cancer types. Here, we review the recent advances in the proposed mechanisms of action of PARPi, biomarkers of the tumor response to PARPi, clinical advances in PARPi therapy, including the potential of combination therapies and mechanisms of tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Rose
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Burgess
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth O’Byrne
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J. Richard
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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190
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Shibata A, Jeggo PA. Roles for the DNA-PK complex and 53BP1 in protecting ends from resection during DNA double-strand break repair. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:718-726. [PMID: 32779701 PMCID: PMC7482155 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) exerts distinct impacts in different situations involving DNA double-strand break (DSB) rejoining. Here we focus on how 53BP1 impacts upon the repair of ionising radiation-induced DSBs (IR-DSBs) and how it interfaces with Ku, the DNA end-binding component of canonical non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ), the major DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells. We delineate three forms of IR-DSB repair: resection-independent c-NHEJ, which rejoins most IR-DSBs with fast kinetics in G1 and G2, and Artemis and resection-dependent c-NHEJ and homologous recombination (HR), which repair IR-DSBs with slow kinetics in G1 and G2 phase, respectively. The fast component of DSB repair after X-ray exposure occurs via c-NHEJ with normal kinetics in the absence of 53BP1. Ku is highly abundant and has avid DNA end-binding capacity which restricts DNA end-resection and promotes resection-independent c-NHEJ at most IR-DSBs. Thus, 53BP1 is largely dispensable for resection-independent c-NHEJ. In contrast, 53BP1 is essential for the process of rejoining IR-DSBs with slow kinetics. This role requires 53BP1's breast cancer susceptibility gene I (BRCA1) C-terminal (BRCT) 2 domain, persistent ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation and potentially relaxation of compacted chromatin at heterochromatic-DSBs. In distinction, 53BP1 inhibits resection-dependent IR-DSB repair in G1 and G2, and this resection-inhibitory function can be counteracted by BRCA1. We discuss a model whereby most IR-DSBs are rapidly repaired by 53BP1-independent and resection-independent c-NHEJ due to the ability of Ku to inhibit resection, but, if delayed, then resection in the presence of Ku is triggered, the 53BP1 barrier comes into force and BRCA1 counteraction is required for resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK
- Corresponding author. Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK. Tel: 0044 1273 678482; Fax: 0044 1273 678121;
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191
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Sundaravinayagam D, Rahjouei A, Andreani M, Tupiņa D, Balasubramanian S, Saha T, Delgado-Benito V, Coralluzzo V, Daumke O, Di Virgilio M. 53BP1 Supports Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination Independently of Its DNA Double-Strand Break End Protection Function. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1389-1399.e6. [PMID: 31390554 PMCID: PMC6693562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) is a DNA recombination reaction that diversifies the effector functions of antibodies. CSR occurs via the formation and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. The DNA repair factors 53BP1 and Rif1 promote NHEJ and CSR by protecting DSBs against resection. However, to what extent repression of DNA end resection contributes to CSR is unknown. Here, we show that B lymphocytes devoid of 53BP1-Rif1-dependent DSB end protection activity undergo robust CSR. Inactivation of specific sets of phospho-sites within 53BP1 N-terminal SQ/TQ motifs abrogates Rif1 recruitment and inhibition of resection but only mildly reduces CSR. Furthermore, mutations within 53BP1 oligomerization domain abolish CSR without substantially affecting DNA end processing. Thus, inhibition of DNA end resection does not correlate with CSR efficiency, indicating that regulation of DSB processing is not a key determinant step in CSR. 53BP1 oligomerization is largely dispensable for inhibition of DSB resection 53BP1 higher order oligomerization is a pre-requisite for CSR B lymphocytes devoid of 53BP1-Rif1 DSB end protection activity undergo robust CSR 53BP1-mediated DSB end mobility is dispensable for CSR
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Affiliation(s)
- Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Rahjouei
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Andreani
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagnija Tupiņa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Membrane-Associated Processes, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandhya Balasubramanian
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tannishtha Saha
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verónica Delgado-Benito
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Violeta Coralluzzo
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Membrane-Associated Processes, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michela Di Virgilio
- Laboratory of DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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192
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Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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193
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Francica P, Mutlu M, Blomen VA, Oliveira C, Nowicka Z, Trenner A, Gerhards NM, Bouwman P, Stickel E, Hekkelman ML, Lingg L, Klebic I, van de Ven M, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Howald D, Jonkers J, Sartori AA, Fendler W, Chapman JR, Brummelkamp T, Rottenberg S. Functional Radiogenetic Profiling Implicates ERCC6L2 in Non-homologous End Joining. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108068. [PMID: 32846126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using genome-wide radiogenetic profiling, we functionally dissect vulnerabilities of cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR). We identify ERCC6L2 as a major determinant of IR response, together with classical DNA damage response genes and members of the recently identified shieldin and CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complexes. We show that ERCC6L2 contributes to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and it may exert this function through interactions with SFPQ. In addition to causing radiosensitivity, ERCC6L2 loss restores DNA end resection and partially rescues homologous recombination (HR) in BRCA1-deficient cells. As a consequence, ERCC6L2 deficiency confers resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition in tumors deficient for both BRCA1 and p53. Moreover, we show that ERCC6L2 mutations are found in human tumors and correlate with a better overall survival in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT); this finding suggests that ERCC6L2 is a predictive biomarker of RT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Francica
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Merve Mutlu
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent A Blomen
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anika Trenner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora M Gerhards
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elmer Stickel
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten L Hekkelman
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Lingg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ismar Klebic
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research (MCCA), Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renske de Korte-Grimmerink
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research (MCCA), Preclinical Intervention Unit, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Howald
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J Ross Chapman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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194
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The Determinant of DNA Repair Pathway Choices in Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4834965. [PMID: 32908893 PMCID: PMC7468606 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4834965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionising radiation- (IR-) induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be the deleterious DNA lesions that pose a serious threat to genomic stability. The major DNA repair pathways, including classical nonhomologous end joining, homologous recombination, single-strand annealing, and alternative end joining, play critical roles in countering and eliciting IR-induced DSBs to ensure genome integrity. If the IR-induced DNA DSBs are not repaired correctly, the residual or incorrectly repaired DSBs can result in genomic instability that is associated with certain human diseases. Although many efforts have been made in investigating the major mechanisms of IR-induced DNA DSB repair, it is still unclear what determines the choices of IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanisms of IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices can operate in irradiated cells. We first briefly describe the main mechanisms of the major DNA DSB repair pathways and the related key repair proteins. Based on our understanding of the characteristics of IR-induced DNA DSBs and the regulatory mechanisms of DSB repair pathways in irradiated cells and recent advances in this field, We then highlight the main factors and associated challenges to determine the IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices. We conclude that the type and distribution of IR-induced DSBs, chromatin state, DNA-end structure, and DNA-end resection are the main determinants of the choice of the IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathway.
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195
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Zhao L, Bao C, Shang Y, He X, Ma C, Lei X, Mi D, Sun Y. The Determinant of DNA Repair Pathway Choices in Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: doi.org/10.1155/2020/4834965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation- (IR-) induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be the deleterious DNA lesions that pose a serious threat to genomic stability. The major DNA repair pathways, including classical nonhomologous end joining, homologous recombination, single-strand annealing, and alternative end joining, play critical roles in countering and eliciting IR-induced DSBs to ensure genome integrity. If the IR-induced DNA DSBs are not repaired correctly, the residual or incorrectly repaired DSBs can result in genomic instability that is associated with certain human diseases. Although many efforts have been made in investigating the major mechanisms of IR-induced DNA DSB repair, it is still unclear what determines the choices of IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanisms of IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices can operate in irradiated cells. We first briefly describe the main mechanisms of the major DNA DSB repair pathways and the related key repair proteins. Based on our understanding of the characteristics of IR-induced DNA DSBs and the regulatory mechanisms of DSB repair pathways in irradiated cells and recent advances in this field, We then highlight the main factors and associated challenges to determine the IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices. We conclude that the type and distribution of IR-induced DSBs, chromatin state, DNA-end structure, and DNA-end resection are the main determinants of the choice of the IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Chengyu Bao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxuan Shang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Xinye He
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Mi
- College of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
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196
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Le Page C, Amuzu S, Rahimi K, Gotlieb W, Ragoussis J, Tonin PN. Lessons learned from understanding chemotherapy resistance in epithelial tubo-ovarian carcinoma from BRCA1and BRCA2mutation carriers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 77:110-126. [PMID: 32827632 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are multi-functional proteins and key factors for maintaining genomic stability through their roles in DNA double strand break repair by homologous recombination, rescuing stalled or damaged DNA replication forks, and regulation of cell cycle DNA damage checkpoints. Impairment of any of these critical roles results in genomic instability, a phenotypic hallmark of many cancers including breast and epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC). Damaging, usually loss of function germline and somatic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2, are important drivers of the development, progression, and management of high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). However, mutations in these genes render patients particularly sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy, and to the more innovative targeted therapies with poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) that are targeted to BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. Here, we reviewed the literature on the responsiveness of BRCA1/2-associated HGSOC to platinum-based chemotherapy and PARPis, and propose mechanisms underlying the frequent development of resistance to these therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Page
- McGill Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Setor Amuzu
- McGill Genome Centre, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kurosh Rahimi
- Department of Pathology du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter Gotlieb
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill Genome Centre, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia N Tonin
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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197
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Kharat SS, Ding X, Swaminathan D, Suresh A, Singh M, Sengodan SK, Burkett S, Marks H, Pamala C, He Y, Fox SD, Buehler EC, Muegge K, Martin SE, Sharan SK. Degradation of 5hmC-marked stalled replication forks by APE1 causes genomic instability. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/645/eaba8091. [PMID: 32817374 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and BRCA deficiency is exploited to treat breast and ovarian tumors. However, resistance to PARP inhibitors (PARPis) is common. To identify potential resistance mechanisms, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in BRCA2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells and validation in KB2P1.21 mouse mammary tumor cells. We found that resistance to multiple PARPi emerged with reduced expression of TET2 (ten-eleven translocation), which promotes DNA demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5hmC) and other products. TET2 knockdown in BRCA2-deficient cells protected stalled replication forks (RFs). Increasing 5hmC abundance induced the degradation of stalled RFs in KB2P1.21 and human cancer cells by recruiting the base excision repair-associated apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1, independent of the BRCA2 status. TET2 loss did not affect the recruitment of the repair protein RAD51 to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs) or the abundance of proteins associated with RF integrity. The loss of TET2, of its product 5hmC, and of APE1 recruitment to stalled RFs promoted resistance to the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. Our findings reveal a previously unknown role for the epigenetic mark 5hmC in maintaining the integrity of stalled RFs and a potential resistance mechanism to PARPi and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas S Kharat
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xia Ding
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Divya Swaminathan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Akshey Suresh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Manish Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Satheesh K Sengodan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hanna Marks
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chinmayi Pamala
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yafeng He
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen D Fox
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eugen C Buehler
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kathrin Muegge
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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198
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Howard SM, Ceppi I, Anand R, Geiger R, Cejka P. The internal region of CtIP negatively regulates DNA end resection. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5485-5498. [PMID: 32347940 PMCID: PMC7261161 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by end-joining or homologous recombination. A key-committing step of recombination is DNA end resection. In resection, phosphorylated CtIP first promotes the endonuclease of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN). Subsequently, CtIP also stimulates the WRN/BLM-DNA2 pathway, coordinating thus both short and long-range resection. The structure of CtIP differs from its orthologues in yeast, as it contains a large internal unstructured region. Here, we conducted a domain analysis of CtIP to define the function of the internal region in DNA end resection. We found that residues 350-600 were entirely dispensable for resection in vitro. A mutant lacking these residues was unexpectedly more efficient than full-length CtIP in DNA end resection and homologous recombination in vivo, and consequently conferred resistance to lesions induced by the topoisomerase poison camptothecin, which require high MRN-CtIP-dependent resection activity for repair. This suggested that the internal CtIP region, further mapped to residues 550-600, may mediate a negative regulatory function to prevent over resection in vivo. The CtIP internal deletion mutant exhibited sensitivity to other DNA-damaging drugs, showing that upregulated resection may be instead toxic under different conditions. These experiments together identify a region within the central CtIP domain that negatively regulates DNA end resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Michael Howard
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ceppi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roopesh Anand
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Roger Geiger
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland
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199
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Aleksandrov R, Hristova R, Stoynov S, Gospodinov A. The Chromatin Response to Double-Strand DNA Breaks and Their Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081853. [PMID: 32784607 PMCID: PMC7464352 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA is constantly being damaged by numerous internal and external mutagenic factors. Probably the most severe type of insults DNA could suffer are the double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). They sever both DNA strands and compromise genomic stability, causing deleterious chromosomal aberrations that are implicated in numerous maladies, including cancer. Not surprisingly, cells have evolved several DSB repair pathways encompassing hundreds of different DNA repair proteins to cope with this challenge. In eukaryotic cells, DSB repair is fulfilled in the immensely complex environment of the chromatin. The chromatin is not just a passive background that accommodates the multitude of DNA repair proteins, but it is a highly dynamic and active participant in the repair process. Chromatin alterations, such as changing patterns of histone modifications shaped by numerous histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling, are pivotal for proficient DSB repair. Dynamic chromatin changes ensure accessibility to the damaged region, recruit DNA repair proteins, and regulate their association and activity, contributing to DSB repair pathway choice and coordination. Given the paramount importance of DSB repair in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, DSB repair has turned into an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer therapies, some of which have already entered the clinic.
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200
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Mechanism and significance of chromosome damage repair by homologous recombination. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:779-790. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major, conserved pathway of chromosome damage repair. It not only fulfills key functions in the removal of deleterious lesions such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and interstrand cross-links (ICLs), but also in replication fork repair and protection. Several familial and acquired cancer predisposition syndromes stem from defects in HR. In particular, individuals with mutations in HR genes exhibit predisposition to breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, and they also show signs of accelerated aging. However, aberrant and untimely HR events can lead to the loss of heterozygosity, genomic rearrangements, and cytotoxic nucleoprotein intermediates. Thus, it is critically important that HR be tightly regulated. In addition to DNA repair, HR is also involved in meiotic chromosome segregation and telomere maintenance in cells that lack telomerase. In this review, we focus on the role of HR in DSB repair (DSBR) and summarize the current state of the field.
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