151
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Veeramuthu L, Cho CJ, Liang FC, Venkatesan M, Kumar G R, Hsu HY, Chung RJ, Lee CH, Lee WY, Kuo CC. Human Skin-Inspired Electrospun Patterned Robust Strain-Insensitive Pressure Sensors and Wearable Flexible Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30160-30173. [PMID: 35748505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable skin-inspired electronic skins present remarkable outgrowth in recent years because their promising comfort device integration, lightweight, and mechanically robust durable characteristics led to significant progresses in wearable sensors and optoelectronics. Wearable electronic devices demand real-time applicability and factors such as complex fabrication steps, manufacturing cost, and reliable and durable performances, severely limiting the utilization. Herein, we nominate a scalable solution-processable electrospun patterned candidate capable of forming ultralong mechanically robust nano-microdimensional fibers with higher uniformity. Nanofibrous patterned substrates present surface energy and silver nanoparticle crystallization shifts, contributing to strain-sensitive and -insensitive conductive electrodes (10 000 cycles of 50% strain). Synergistic robust stress releasing and durable electromechanical behavior engenders stretchable durable health sensors, strain-insensitive pressure sensors (sensitivity of ∼83 kPa-1 and 5000 durable cycles), robust alternating current electroluminescent displays, and flexible organic light-emitting diodes (20% improved luminescence and 300 flex endurance of 2 mm bend radius).
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ranjith Kumar G
- International Graduate Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Yi Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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152
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Sanchez-Botero L, Shah DS, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Are Liquid Metals Bulk Conductors? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109427. [PMID: 35293649 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have potential in wide-reaching applications including wearables, personal health monitoring, and soft robotics. Many recent advances in stretchable electronics leverage liquid metals, particularly eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn). A variety of EGaIn electromechanical behaviors have been reported, ranging from bulk conductor responses to effectively strain-insensitive responses. However, numerous measurement techniques have been used throughout the literature, making it difficult to directly compare the various proposed formulations. Here, the electromechanical responses of EGaIn found in the literature is reviewed and pure EGaIn is investigated using three electrical resistance measurement techniques: four point probe, two point probe, and Wheatstone bridge. The results indicate substantial differences in measured electromechanical behavior between the three methods, which can largely be accounted for by correcting for a fixed offset corresponding to the resistances of various parts of the measurement circuits. Yet, even accounting for several of these sources of experimental error, the average relative change in resistance of EGaIn is found to be lower than that predicted by the commonly used bulk conductor assumption, referred to as Pouillet's law. Building upon recent theories proposed in the literature, possible explanations for the discrepancies are discussed. Finally, suggestions are provided on experimental design to enable reproducible and interpretable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sanchez-Botero
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dylan S Shah
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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153
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Wu D, Liu D, Tian X, Lei C, Chen X, Zhang S, Chen F, Wu K, Fu Q. A Universal Mechanochemistry Allows On-Demand Synthesis of Stable and Processable Liquid Metal Composites. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200246. [PMID: 35615947 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the new-generation jigsaw of stretchable electronics. Nonetheless, the obstacle for the LM application lies in its high surface tension and easy fluidity which leads to great difficulty in handling and processing. Herein, a cross-mechanochemistry between liquid metal and inorganic solid, mediated via the coordination binding between the empty electronic orbits of the former and the lone electron pair of the latter is reported. The mechanism is validated via density functional theory calculation and electron energy loss spectroscopy, and experimentally proven to be universally applicable for various liquid metals and inorganic solids. With the unique mechanochemistry, simple ball milling allows on-demand transformation of the liquid metal into a low-surface-tension liquid, semi-solid paste, or even solid powder. The overcoming of the intrinsic high surface tension of the liquid metal with this approach unleashes the freedom to easily process the liquid metal composites into polymer composites or as direct molding processable paste and printable electronic ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dingyao Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China
| | - Chuxin Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xianchun Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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154
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Guan T, Wang X, Zhu YL, Qian L, Lu Z, Men Y, Li J, Wang Y, Sun J. Mechanically Robust Skin-like Poly(urethane-urea) Elastomers Cross-Linked with Hydrogen-Bond Arrays and Their Application as High-Performance Ultrastretchable Conductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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155
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Ding L, Hang C, Yang S, Qi J, Dong R, Zhang Y, Sun H, Jiang X. In Situ Deposition of Skin-Adhesive Liquid Metal Particles with Robust Wear Resistance for Epidermal Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4482-4490. [PMID: 35580197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Comfort and mechanical stability are vital for epidermal electronics in daily use. In situ deposition of circuitry without the protection of substrates or encapsulation can produce imperceptible, conformal, and permeable epidermal electronics. However, they are easily destroyed by daily wear because the binding force between deposited materials and skin is usually weak. Here, we in situ deposited skin-adhesive liquid metal particles (ALMP) to fabricate epidermal electronics with robust wear resistance. It represents the most wear-resistant in situ deposited epidermal electronic materials. It can withstand ∼1600 cm, 175 g loaded paper tape wearing by a standard abrasion wear tester. Stretchability, conformality, permeability, and thinness of the ALMP coating provide an imperceptible and comfortable wearing experience. Without degradation of electrical property caused by solvent evaporation, the dry ALMP coating possesses natural advantages over gel electrodes. In situ deposited ALMP is an ideal material for fabricating comfortable epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Chen Hang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Hansong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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156
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Lim T, Ring TA, Zhang H. Chemical Analysis of the Gallium Surface in a Physiologic Buffer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6817-6825. [PMID: 35620858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gallium and its alloys have been regarded as one of the promising materials for flexible bioelectronics due to their liquid-like mechanical properties, excellent electrical property, and low toxicity. Although many studies have fabricated bioelectronics from gallium-based liquid metals, gallium surface chemistry in physiologic conditions is rarely investigated. Here, we investigated the chemical change of the gallium surface in a physiologic buffer at 37 °C over 45 days. The gallium ion concentration and pH measurement indicated that the oxidation and corrosion progressed more rapidly in the physiological buffer than in air. Also, the release of gallium ions and protons followed a square root of time growth. Various spectroscopic techniques were used to measure the chemical composition change on the gallium surface. The FT-IR study indicated that the GaOOH-rich gallium surface produced Ga3+ and OH- ions. The XPS study indicated the oxide layer formation within 5 days, and then the contamination layer was deposited over time, which includes different ions and organic materials derived from the physiologic buffer. This study provides a detailed chemical analysis of the gallium surface in a physiological buffer. These fundamental studies would be a cornerstone for understanding the complex interaction between the gallium surface and the biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Terry A Ring
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Huanan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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157
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Self-Healable and Recyclable Dual-Shape Memory Liquid Metal–Elastomer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112259. [PMID: 35683935 PMCID: PMC9182922 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)–polymer composites that combine the thermal and electrical conductivity of LMs with the shape-morphing capability of polymers are attracting a great deal of attention in the fields of reconfigurable electronics and soft robotics. However, investigation of the synergetic effect between the shape-changing properties of LMs and polymer matrices is lacking. Herein, a self-healable and recyclable dual-shape memory composite, comprising an LM (gallium) and a Diels–Alder (DA) crosslinked crystalline polyurethane (PU) elastomer, is reported. The composite exhibits a bilayer structure and achieves excellent shape programming abilities, due to the phase transitions of the LM and the crystalline PU elastomers. To demonstrate these shape-morphing abilities, a heat-triggered soft gripper, which can grasp and release objects according to the environmental temperature, is designed and built. Similarly, combining the electrical conductivity and the dual-shape memory effect of the composite, a light-controlled reconfigurable switch for a circuit is produced. In addition, due to the reversible nature of DA bonds, the composite is self-healable and recyclable. Both the LM and PU elastomer are recyclable, demonstrating the extremely high recycling efficiency (up to 96.7%) of the LM, as well as similar mechanical properties between the reprocessed elastomers and the pristine ones.
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158
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Hao XP, Zhang CW, Zhang XN, Hou LX, Hu J, Dickey MD, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Healable, Recyclable, and Multifunctional Soft Electronics Based on Biopolymer Hydrogel and Patterned Liquid Metal. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201643. [PMID: 35532205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of sustainable materials. Along this line, developing biodegradable or recyclable soft electronics is challenging yet important due to their versatile applications in biomedical devices, soft robots, and wearables. Although some degradable bulk hydrogels are directly used as the soft electronics, the sensing performances are usually limited due to the absence of distributed conducting circuits. Here, sustainable hydrogel-based soft electronics (HSE) are reported that integrate sensing elements and patterned liquid metal (LM) in the gelatin-alginate hybrid hydrogel. The biopolymer hydrogel is transparent, robust, resilient, and recyclable. The HSE is multifunctional; it can sense strain, temperature, heart rate (electrocardiogram), and pH. The strain sensing is sufficiently sensitive to detect a human pulse. In addition, the device serves as a model system for iontophoretic drug delivery by using patterned LM as the soft conductor and electrode. Noncontact detection of nearby objects is also achieved based on electrostatic-field-induced voltage. The LM and biopolymer hydrogel are healable, recyclable, and degradable, favoring sustainable applications and reconstruction of the device with new functions. Such HSE with multiple functions and favorable attributes should open opportunities in next-generation electronic skins and hydrogel machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Peng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuan Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Li Xin Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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159
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Jung D, Lim C, Park C, Kim Y, Kim M, Lee S, Lee H, Kim JH, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Adaptive Self-Organization of Nanomaterials Enables Strain-Insensitive Resistance of Stretchable Metallic Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200980. [PMID: 35388541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive and stretchable nanocomposites are promising material candidates for skin electronics. However, the resistance of stretchable metallic nanocomposites highly depends on external strains, often deteriorating the performance of fabricated electronic devices. Here, a material strategy for the highly conductive and stretchable nanocomposites comprising metal nanomaterials of various dimensions and a viscoelastic block-copolymer matrix is presented. The resistance of the nanocomposites can be well retained under skin deformations (<50% strain). It is demonstrated that silver nanomaterials can self-organize inside the viscoelastic media in response to external strain when their surface is conjugated with 1-decanethiol. Distinct self-organization behaviors associated with nanomaterial dimensions and strain conditions are found. Adopting the optimum composition of 0D/1D/2D silver nanomaterials can render the resistance of the nanocomposites insensitive to uniaxial or biaxial strains. As a result, the resistance can be maintained with a variance of < 1% during 1000 stretching cycles under uniaxial and biaxial strains of <50% while a high conductivity of ≈31 000 S cm-1 is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehong Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansul Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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160
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Du R, Jin Q, Zhu T, Wang C, Li S, Li Y, Huang X, Jiang Y, Li W, Bao T, Cao P, Pan L, Chen X, Zhang Q, Jia X. Sliding Cyclodextrin Molecules along Polymer Chains to Enhance the Stretchability of Conductive Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200533. [PMID: 35388964 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand for stretchable electronics with a broader working range is increasing for wide application in wearable sensors and e-skin. However, stretchable conductors based on soft elastomers always exhibit low working range due to the inhomogeneous breakage of the conductive network when stretched. Here, a highly stretchable and self-healable conductor is reported by adopting polyrotaxane and disulfide bonds into the binding layer. The binding layer (PR-SS) builds the bridge between polymer substrates (PU-SS) and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The incorporation of sliding molecules endows the stretchable conductor with a long sensing range (190%) due to the energy dissipation derived from the sliding nature of polyrotaxanes, which is two times higher than the working range (93%) of conductors based on AP-SS without polyrotaxanes. Furthermore, the mechanism of sliding effect for the polyrotaxanes in the elastomers is investigated by SEM for morphological change of AgNWs, in situ small-angle x-ray scattering, as well as stress relaxation experiments. Finally, human-body-related sensing tests and a self-correction system in fitness are designed and demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichun Du
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Qi Jin
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Tangsong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Changxian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tianwei Bao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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161
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Marion JS, Gupta N, Cheung H, Monir K, Anikeeva P, Fink Y. Thermally Drawn Highly Conductive Fibers with Controlled Elasticity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201081. [PMID: 35278246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic fabrics necessitate both electrical conductivity and, like any textile, elastic recovery. Achieving both requirements on the scale of a single fiber remains an unmet need. Here, two approaches for achieving conductive fibers (107 S m-1 ) reaching 50% elongation while maintaining minimal change in resistance (<0.5%) in embedded metallic electrodes are introduced. The first approach involves inducing a buckling instability in a metal microwire within a cavity of a thermally drawn elastomer fiber. The second approach relies on twisting an elastomer fiber to yield helical metal electrodes embedded in a stretchable yarn. The scalability of both approaches is illustrated in apparatuses for continuous buckling and twisting that yield tens of meters of elastic conducting fibers. Through experimental and analytical methods, it is elucidated how geometric parameters, such as buckling pre-strain and helical angle, as well as materials choice, control not only the fiber's elasticity but also its Young's modulus. Links between mechanical and electrical properties are exposed. The resulting fibers are used to construct elastic fabrics that contain diodes, by weaving and knitting, thus demonstrating the scalable fabrication of conformable and stretchable antennas that support optical data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette S Marion
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nikhil Gupta
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Henry Cheung
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kirmina Monir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yoel Fink
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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162
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Haake A, Tutika R, Schloer GM, Bartlett MD, Markvicka EJ. On-Demand Programming of Liquid Metal-Composite Microstructures through Direct Ink Write 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200182. [PMID: 35353948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft, elastically deformable composites with liquid metal (LM) droplets can enable new generations of soft electronics, robotics, and reconfigurable structures. However, techniques to control local composite microstructure, which ultimately governs material properties and performance, is lacking. Here a direct ink writing technique is developed to program the LM microstructure (i.e., shape, orientation, and connectivity) on demand throughout elastomer composites. In contrast to inks with rigid particles that have fixed shape and size, it is shown that emulsion inks with LM fillers enable in situ control of microstructure. This enables filaments, films, and 3D structures with unique LM microstructures that are generated on demand and locked in during printing. This includes smooth and discrete transitions from spherical to needle-like droplets, curvilinear microstructures, geometrically complex embedded inclusion patterns, and connected LM networks. The printed materials are soft (modulus < 200 kPa), highly deformable (>600 % strain), and can be made locally insulating or electrically conductive using a single ink by controlling the process conditions. These capabilities are demonstrated by embedding elongated LM droplets in a soft heat sink, which rapidly dissipates heat from high-power LEDs. These programmable microstructures can enable new composite paradigms for emerging technologies that demand mechanical compliance with multifunctional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Haake
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ravi Tutika
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Schloer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Michael D Bartlett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Eric J Markvicka
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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163
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Meng K, Xiao X, Wei W, Chen G, Nashalian A, Shen S, Xiao X, Chen J. Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109357. [PMID: 35044014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sophia Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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164
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Li X, Zhu P, Zhang S, Wang X, Luo X, Leng Z, Zhou H, Pan Z, Mao Y. A Self-Supporting, Conductor-Exposing, Stretchable, Ultrathin, and Recyclable Kirigami-Structured Liquid Metal Paper for Multifunctional E-Skin. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5909-5919. [PMID: 35312286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (E-skin) is a crucial seamless human-machine interface (HMI), holding promise in healthcare monitoring and personal electronics. Liquid metal (LM) has been recognized as an ideal electrode material to fabricate E-skins. However, conventional sealed LM electrodes cannot expose the LM layer for direct contact with the skin resulting in the low performance of electrophysiological monitoring. Furthermore, traditional printed LM electrodes are difficult to transfer or recycle, and fractures easily occur under stretching of the substrate. Here, we report a kind of LM electrode that we call a kirigami-structured LM paper (KLP), which is self-supporting, conductor-exposing, stretchable, ultrathin, and recyclable for multifunctional E-skin. The KLP is fabricated by the kirigami paper cutting art with three types of structures including uniaxial, biaxial, and square spiral. The KLP can act as an E-skin to acquire high-quality electrophysiological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electromyogram (EMG). Upon integration with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), the KLP can also operate as a self-powered E-skin. On the basis of the self-powered E-skin, we further developed a smart dialing communication system, which is applied on human skin to call a cellphone. Compared with conventional sealed or printed LM electrodes, the KLP can simultaneously achieve self-supporting, conductor-exposing, stretchable, ultrathin, and recyclable features. Such KLP offers potential for E-skins in healthcare monitoring and intelligent control, as well as smart robots, virtual reality, on-skin personal electronics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuepeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ziwei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhifeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanchao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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165
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Abstract
The application of flexible electronics in the field of communication has made the transition from rigid physical form to flexible physical form. Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation. This paper summarizes the research results of flexible stretchable electrodes from three aspects: material, process, and structure, as well as the prospects for future development.
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166
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Wang Y, Haick H, Guo S, Wang C, Lee S, Yokota T, Someya T. Skin bioelectronics towards long-term, continuous health monitoring. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3759-3793. [PMID: 35420617 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin bioelectronics are considered as an ideal platform for personalised healthcare because of their unique characteristics, such as thinness, light weight, good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical robustness, and great skin conformability. Recent advances in skin-interfaced bioelectronics have promoted various applications in healthcare and precision medicine. Particularly, skin bioelectronics for long-term, continuous health monitoring offer powerful analysis of a broad spectrum of health statuses, providing a route to early disease diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discuss (1) representative healthcare sensing devices, (2) material and structure selection, device properties, and wireless technologies of skin bioelectronics towards long-term, continuous health monitoring, (3) healthcare applications: acquisition and analysis of electrophysiological, biophysical, and biochemical signals, and comprehensive monitoring, and (4) rational guidelines for the design of future skin bioelectronics for long-term, continuous health monitoring. Long-term, continuous health monitoring of advanced skin bioelectronics will open unprecedented opportunities for timely disease prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment, demonstrating great promise to revolutionise traditional medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 32000, Israel.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shuyang Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Chunya Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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167
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Yang L, Ma Y, Lin C, Qu G, Bai X, Huang Z. Nanohelix-Induced Optical Activity of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200620. [PMID: 35319827 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (such as gallium or Ga) exist in liquid states under ambient conditions and are hardly sculpted in chiral structures. Herein, through electron-beam evaporation of Ga, hemispherical achiral Ga nanoparticles (NPs) are randomly immobilized along helical surfaces of SiO2 nanohelices (NHs), functioning as a chiral template. Helical assembly of Ga NPs shows chiroplasmonic optical activity owing to collective plasmon-plasmon interactions, which can be tuned as a function of a helical SiO2 pitch (P) and the amount of Ga evaporated. At a P of ≈150 nm, the chiroplasmonic optical activity, evaluated with anisotropic g-factor, can be as large as ≈0.1. Because the SiO2 NHs and Ga NPs have high environmental stability of nanostructures, the chiroplasmonic optical activity shows excellent anti-aging stability, despite slight blue shift and chiroplasmonic degradation for the first 2 weeks. Spontaneous oxidation of the Ga NPs enables the formation of dense Ga2 O3 layers covering Ga cores to prevent further oxidation and thus to stabilize the chiroplasmonic optical activity. This work devises an alternative approach to impose optical activity onto Ga NPs, providing an additional degree of freedom (i.e., chirality) for Ga-based flexible electronic devices to develop advanced applications of 3D display, circular polarizers, bio-imaging, and bio-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Geping Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Golden Meditech Centre for Neuro Regeneration Sciences, HKBU, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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168
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Shi S, Si Y, Han Y, Wu T, Iqbal MI, Fei B, Li RKY, Hu J, Qu J. Recent Progress in Protective Membranes Fabricated via Electrospinning: Advanced Materials, Biomimetic Structures, and Functional Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107938. [PMID: 34969155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a significant micro/nanofiber processing technology and has been rapidly developing in the past 2 decades. It has several applications, including advanced sensing, intelligent manufacturing, and high-efficiency catalysis. Here, multifunctional protective membranes fabricated via electrospinning in terms of novel material design, construction of novel structures, and various protection requirements in different environments are reviewed. To achieve excellent comprehensive properties, such as, high water vapor transmission, high hydrostatic pressure, optimal mechanical property, and air permeability, combinations of novel materials containing nondegradable/degradable materials and functional structures inspired by nature have been investigated for decades. Currently, research is mainly focused on conventional protective membranes with multifunctional properties, such as, anti-UV, antibacterial, and electromagnetic-shielding functions. However, important aspects, such as, the properties of electrospun monofilaments, development of "green electrospinning solutions" with high solid content, and approaches for enhancing adhesion between hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers are not considered. Based on this systematic review, the development of electrospinning for protective membranes is discussed, the existing gaps in research are discussed, and solutions for the development of technology are proposed. This review will assist in promoting the diversified development of protective membranes and is of great significance for fabricating advanced materials for intelligent protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Yifan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Yanting Han
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
| | - Mohammad Irfan Iqbal
- School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Robert K. Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Jinping Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science & Technology Wuhan Hubei 430074 China
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169
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Wang J, Fukuda K, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Sun L, Xiong S, Yokota T, Someya T. Solution-Processed Electron-Transport Layer-free Organic Photovoltaics with Liquid Metal Cathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14165-14173. [PMID: 35298152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible, lightweight, and large-area solar cells provide new power supply opportunities in the renewable energy field and facilitate the supply of power to internet-of-things devices and wearable devices. The choice of printing process technologies is a key parameter for such flexible power sources because of their energy-saving process technology and high throughput rate. In addition to selecting the appropriate printing method for the active and charge transport layers, the development of printed electrodes is critical. Numerous printable materials have been developed to replace conventional evaporated top electrodes. However, achieving fully solution-processed organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) comparable to OPVs with vacuum-deposited transparent and top electrodes is challenging. This is because of the difficulty of forming a uniform interface between the top solution-processed electrode and the active layers while preventing deterioration. In this study, an electron transport layer-free, eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) top-cathode strategy was developed and a record PCE of 12.7% in fully solution-processed, flexible OPVs was achieved. Direct coating of EGaIn on the active layer, in a nitrogen atmosphere, is conducive for energy band matching and obtaining physically perfect interfaces without any penetrations or voids. An average PCE of 14.1% and enhanced operating stability, comparable to conventional OPVs, were achieved with indium tin oxide transparent electrodes by eliminating the electron-transport layer. The fully solution-processed flexible OPVs fabricated with the embedded silver nanowire strategy in ultrathin transparent polyimide, achieved an average PCE of 12.7%, representing a promising technique to meet green and high-throughput energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wang
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lulu Sun
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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170
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Xu D, Cao J, Liu F, Zou S, Lei W, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Li RW. Liquid Metal Based Nano-Composites for Printable Stretchable Electronics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22072516. [PMID: 35408131 PMCID: PMC9002646 DOI: 10.3390/s22072516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has attracted prominent attention for stretchable and elastic electronics applications due to its exceptional fluidity and conductivity at room temperature. Despite progress in this field, a great disparity remains between material fabrication and practical applications on account of the high surface tension and unavoidable oxidation of LM. Here, the composition and nanolization of liquid metal can be envisioned as effective solutions to the processibility-performance dilemma caused by high surface tension. This review aims to summarize the strategies for the fabrication, processing, and application of LM-based nano-composites. The intrinsic mechanism and superiority of the composition method will further extend the capabilities of printable ink. Recent applications of LM-based nano-composites in printing are also provided to guide the large-scale production of stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinwei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Shengbo Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (D.X.); (J.C.); (F.L.); (S.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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171
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Ma X, Cao S, Sun Y, Feng S, Fang T, Kong D. A Highly Stretchable and Permeable Liquid Metal Micromesh Conductor by Physical Deposition for Epidermal Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13713-13721. [PMID: 35262322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics allow functional devices to integrate with human skin seamlessly in an emerging wearable platform termed epidermal electronics. Compliant conductors represent key building components for functional devices. Among the various candidates, gallium-based liquid metals stand out with metallic conductivity and inherent deformability. Currently, the widespread applications of liquid metals in epidermal electronics are hindered by the low steam permeability and hence unpleasant wearing perceptions. In this study, a facile physical deposition approach is established to create a liquid metal micromesh over an elastomer sponge, which exhibits low sheet resistance (∼0.5 Ω sq-1), high stretchability (400% strain), and excellent durability. The porous micromesh shows textile-level permeability to achieve long-term wearing comfort. The conformal interaction of the liquid metal micromesh with the skin gives rise to a low contact impedance. An integrated epidermal sensing sleeve is demonstrated as a human-machine interface to distinguish different hand gestures by recording muscle contractions. The reported stretchable and permeable liquid metal conductor shows promising potentials in next-generation epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitai Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxuan Feng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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172
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Li Z, Cui Z, Zhao L, Hussain N, Zhao Y, Yang C, Jiang X, Li L, Song J, Zhang B, Cheng Z, Wu H. High-throughput production of kilogram-scale nanofibers by Kármán vortex solution blow spinning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3690. [PMID: 35294239 PMCID: PMC8926350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between gas flow and liquid flow, governed by fluid dynamic principles, is of substantial importance in both fundamental science and practical applications. For instance, a precisely designed gas shearing on liquid solution may lead to efficacious production of advanced nanomaterials. Here, we devised a needleless Kármán vortex solution blow spinning system that uses a roll-to-roll nylon thread to deliver spinning solution, coupled with vertically blowing airflow to draw high-quality nanofibers with large throughput. A wide variety of nanofibers including polymers, carbon, ceramics, and composites with tunable diameters were fabricated at ultrahigh rates. The system can be further upgraded from single thread to multiple parallel threads and to the meshes, boosting the production of nanofibers to kilogram scale without compromising their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiwen Cui
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lihao Zhao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naveed Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianan Song
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Baopu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zekun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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173
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Feng P, Zheng Y, Li K, Zhao W. Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors with ginkgo-like sandwich architectures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1681-1693. [PMID: 36134381 PMCID: PMC9417334 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a strain sensor that can detect tensile strains exceeding 800% has been challenging. The non-conductive stretchable Eco-flex tape has been widely used in strain sensors due to its high elastic limit. In this work, an Eco-flex-based strain sensor that was conductive until occurrence of fracture was developed. The silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes constituted stretchable conductive paths in the Eco-flex matrix. The maximum tensile strain of this sensor was 867%, and the resistance change rate was higher than 104, while the strain resolution was 7.9%. Moreover, the sensor is characterized by segmented logarithmic linearity. This excellent performance was attributed to the ginkgo-like pattern, the patterned strain-coordinating architecture (PSCL), and specific nanocomposites with micro-cracks. The deformation of the architecture and the evolution of the microcracks were studied. In addition, the application of this strain sensor on a wing-shaped aircraft was proposed and its feasibility was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdong Feng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
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174
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Oh J, Jang SG, Moon S, Kim J, Park HK, Kim HS, Park S, Jeong U. Air-Permeable Waterproofing Electrocardiogram Patch to Monitor Full-Day Activities for Multiple Days. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102703. [PMID: 35285162 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-skin healthcare patch-type devices have great technological challenges in monitoring full-day activities and wearing for multiple days without detachment. These challenges can be overcome when the sensor is air permeable but waterproof. This study presents a light-weight, highly stable, and stretchable Au electrode that is fabricated by sputtering on an imidized nanofiber mat. The contact surface of the electrode is hydro-wetting and the outer surface of the electrode is hydrophobic, so the porous electrode simultaneously has excellent sweat permeability and waterproofing capabilities. The electrode is applied to the electrocardiogram sensor for monitoring the cardiac signals for five consecutive days without detaching while doing various full-day activities such as relaxing, exercising, showering, and sleeping. This study suggests a modular setup of the electrodes and the cardiac signal processing unit for activating the device when cardiac monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Seok Geun Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering Pohang University of Science Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sung‐Min Park
- Department of convergence IT engineering Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Pohang University of Science Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology 77 Cheongam‐Ro Nam‐Gu Pohang 37673 Korea
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175
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Fitria G, Yoon J. Mechanically tough
dry‐free
ionic hydrogel microfibers swollen in aqueous electrolyte prepared by microfluidic devices. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gea Fitria
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center Pusan National University Busan Republic of Korea
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176
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Yuan X, Wu P, Gao Q, Xu J, Guo B, He Y. Multifunctionally wearable monitoring with gelatin hydrogel electronics of liquid metals. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:961-972. [PMID: 35179166 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh02030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based flexible electronics have been of widespread interest in recent years. However, current hydrogel electronics have limitations, such as poor biocompatibility, non-reusability, low electrical response to deformation and being single-function. GelMA is a gelatin-based hydrogel that has been widely used in the biological field, such as in tissue repair and drug delivery. Could it be a good choice for high biocompatibility wearable electronics? Here, by controlling the replacement rate of amine and hydroxy functionalities, we made the common brittle GelMA into a highly stretchable hydrogel. And we report for the first time GelMA hydrogel electronics with liquid metals (LMGE), which could be fabricated by simply injecting liquid metals into the internal microchannels of the GelMA hydrogels (GelMA-30). With the unique biocompatibility, outstanding air and ion permeability, and great mechanical properties of GelMA-30, as well as the low toxicity, high conductivity and high rheology of liquid metals, LMGE can not only monitor movement changes and even the heartbeat of rats, but can also be used as a wireless monitor to supervise secretions produced during human exercise. The design of LMGE provides a general strategy for the manufacture of bio-flexible hydrogel electronics, which opens the way for the development of multi-functional biomimetic materials for integrated monitoring and repair for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, 457001, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, 457001, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, 457001, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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177
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Kizim NF, Golubina EN. Structuring of a Liquid in a Water–Lanthanide (or Nickel) Salt–D2EHPA–Diluent System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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178
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Abstract
Low melting point metals and alloys are the group of materials that combine metallic and liquid properties, simultaneously. The fascinating characteristics of liquid metals (LMs) including softness and high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as their unique interfacial chemistry, have started to dominate various research disciplines. Utilization of LMs as responsive interfaces, enabling sensing in a flexible and versatile manner, is one of the most promising traits demonstrated for LMs. In the context of LMs-enabled sensors, gallium (Ga) and its alloys have emerged as multipurpose functional materials with many compelling physical and chemical properties. Responsiveness to different stimuli and easy-to-functionalize interfaces of Ga-based LMs make them ideal candidates for a variety of sensing applications. However, despite the vast capabilities of Ga-based LMs in sensing, applications of these materials for developing different sensors have not been fully explored. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview regarding the applications of Ga-based LMs in a wide range of sensing approaches that cover different physical and chemical sensors. The unique features of Ga-based LMs, which make them promising materials for sensing, are discussed in subsections followed by relevant case studies. Finally, challenges as well as the prospected future and developing motifs are highlighted for each type of LM-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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179
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Liu Z, Zhu T, Wang J, Zheng Z, Li Y, Li J, Lai Y. Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35165824 PMCID: PMC8844338 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors are arousing increasing research interests in recent years on account of their potentials in motion detection, personal and public healthcare, future entertainment, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and so forth. Much research has focused on fiber-based sensors due to the appealing performance of fibers, including processing flexibility, wearing comfortability, outstanding lifetime and serviceability, low-cost and large-scale capacity. Herein, we review the latest advances in functionalization and device fabrication of fiber materials toward applications in fiber-based wearable strain sensors. We describe the approaches for preparing conductive fibers such as spinning, surface modification, and structural transformation. We also introduce the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of state-of-the-art sensors and analyze their merits and demerits. The applications toward motion detection, healthcare, man-machine interaction, future entertainment, and multifunctional sensing are summarized with typical examples. We finally critically analyze tough challenges and future remarks of fiber-based strain sensors, aiming to implement them in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Junru Wang
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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180
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Murakami K, Tochinai R, Tachibana D, Isano Y, Matsuda R, Nakamura F, Kurotaki Y, Isoda Y, Yamane M, Sugita Y, Fukuda J, Ueno K, Miki N, Fuchiwaki O, Ota H. Direct Wiring of Liquid Metal on an Ultrasoft Substrate Using a Polyvinyl Alcohol Lift-off Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7241-7251. [PMID: 35084813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, wiring and system construction on ultrasoft materials such as biological tissues and hydrogels have been proposed for advanced wearable devices, implantable devices, and soft robotics. Among the soft conductive materials, Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) are both biocompatible and ultrasoft, making them a good match for electrodes on the ultrasoft substrates. However, gels and tissues are softer and less wettable to the LMs than conventional soft substrates such as Ecoflex and polydimethylsiloxane. In this study, we demonstrated the transfer of LM paste composed of Ga-based LM and Ni nanoparticles onto ultrasoft substrates such as biological tissue and gels using sacrificial polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. The LM paste pattern fabricated on the PVA film adhered to the ultrasoft substrate along surface irregularities and was transferred without being destroyed by the PVA film before the PVA's dissolution in water. The minimum line width that could be wired was approximately 165 μm. Three-dimensional wiring, such as the helical structure on the gel fiber surface, is also possible. Application of this transfer method to tissues using LM paste wiring allowed the successful stimulation of the vagus nerve in rats. In addition, we succeeded in transferring a temperature measurement system fabricated on a PVA film onto the gel. The connection between the solid-state electrical element and the LM paste was stable and maintained the functionality of the temperature-sensing system. This fundamental study of wiring fabrication and system integration can contribute to the development of advanced electric devices based on ultrasoft substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Tochinai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daiki Tachibana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Fumika Nakamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Kurotaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Isoda
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Monami Yamane
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Sugita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ohmi Fuchiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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181
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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Feng W, Wang W, Yu D. Construction of sensitive strain sensing nanofibrous membrane with polydopamine-modified MXene/CNT dual conductive network. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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182
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Zhou J, Li T, Peydayesh M, Usuelli M, Lutz‐Bueno V, Teng J, Wang L, Mezzenga R. Oat Plant Amyloids for Sustainable Functional Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104445. [PMID: 34931493 PMCID: PMC8811842 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid functional materials from amyloid fibril building blocks, produced in vitro from amyloidogenic natural proteins or synthetic peptides, show diverse functionalities ranging from environmental science and biomedicine, to nanotechnology and biomaterials. However, sustainable and affordable sources of amyloidogenic proteins remain the bottleneck for large-scale applications, and to date, interest remains essentially limited to fundamental studies. Plant-derived proteins would be an ideal source due to their natural abundance and low environmental impact. Hereby oat globulin, the primary protein of oat plant (Avena sativa), is utilized to yield high-quality amyloid fibrils and functional materials based thereof. These fibrils show a rich multistranded ribbon-like polymorphism and a fibrillization process with both irreversible and reversible pathways. The authors furthermore fabricate oat-amyloid aerogels, films, and membranes for possible use in water purification, sensors, and patterned electrodes. The sustainability footprint of oat-amyloids against other protein sources is demonstrated, anticipating an environmentally-efficient platform for advanced materials and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhou
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Ting Li
- School of Food Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityLihu Road 1800Wuxi214122China
| | - Mohammad Peydayesh
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Mattia Usuelli
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Viviane Lutz‐Bueno
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Jie Teng
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityLihu Road 1800Wuxi214122China
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
- Department of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
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183
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Huang X, Liu J, Zhou P, Su G, Zhou T, Zhang X, Zhang C. Ultrarobust Photothermal Materials via Dynamic Crosslinking for Solar Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104048. [PMID: 34862705 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient and mechanically durable photothermal materials are urgently needed for solar harvesting, but their development still remains challenging. Here, inspired by the hierarchically oriented architecture of natural spider silk, an ultrarobust liquid metals (LMs)/polymer composite is presented via dynamic crosslinking based on the unique mechanical deformable characteristic of LMs. Dynamically cross-linked core-shell structured LMs droplets can be squeezed along with the orientational crystallization of polymer chains during drawing, thus enabling LMs nanoparticles to be uniformly programmed in the rigid polyethylene nanofiber skeleton. The resultant composite exhibits an unprecedented combination of strong broad-band light absorption (96.9-99.3%), excellent photothermal conversion ability, remarkable mechanical property (tensile strength of 283.7 MPa, which can lift 200 000 times its own weight), and long-term structural reliability (bearing 100 000 bending cycles). A powerful and durable solar thermoelectric generator system for real-environmental solar-heat-electricity conversion is further demonstrated, providing a valuable guidance for the design and fabrication of high-performance solar-harvesting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jize Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Gehong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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184
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Xie SM, Zhao X, Peng LM, Yu P, Zha XJ, Ke K, Bao RY, Yang MB, Yang W. In situ interfacial engineering enabled mechanically adaptive and highly stretchable liquid metal conductor. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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185
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Tan P, Wang H, Xiao F, Lu X, Shang W, Deng X, Song H, Xu Z, Cao J, Gan T, Wang B, Zhou X. Solution-processable, soft, self-adhesive, and conductive polymer composites for soft electronics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:358. [PMID: 35042877 PMCID: PMC8766561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electronics are rising electronic technologies towards applications spanning from healthcare monitoring to medical implants. However, poor adhesion strength and significant mechanical mismatches inevitably cause the interface failure of devices. Herein we report a self-adhesive conductive polymer that possesses low modulus (56.1-401.9 kPa), high stretchability (700%), high interfacial adhesion (lap-shear strength >1.2 MPa), and high conductivity (1-37 S/cm). The self-adhesive conductive polymer is fabricated by doping the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) composite with a supramolecular solvent (β-cyclodextrin and citric acid). We demonstrated the solution process-based fabrication of self-adhesive conductive polymer-based electrodes for various soft devices, including alternating current electroluminescent devices, electromyography monitoring, and an integrated system for the visualization of electromyography signals during muscle training with an array of alternating current electroluminescent devices. The self-adhesive conductive polymer-based electronics show promising features to further develop wearable and comfortable bioelectronic devices with the physiological electric signals of the human body readable and displayable during daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Furui Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xi Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Shang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Huafeng Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ziyao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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186
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Zhu Y, Hartel MC, Yu N, Garrido PR, Kim S, Lee J, Bandaru P, Guan S, Lin H, Emaminejad S, de Barros NR, Ahadian S, Kim HJ, Sun W, Jucaud V, Dokmeci MR, Weiss PS, Yan R, Khademhosseini A. Epidermis-Inspired Wearable Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Self-Wrapped Copper Nanowire Networks. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100900. [PMID: 35041280 PMCID: PMC8852346 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wearable piezoresistive sensors are being developed as electronic skins (E-skin) for broad applications in human physiological monitoring and soft robotics. Tactile sensors with sufficient sensitivities, durability, and large dynamic ranges are required to replicate this critical component of the somatosensory system. Multiple micro/nanostructures, materials, and sensing modalities have been reported to address this need. However, a trade-off arises between device performance and device complexity. Inspired by the microstructure of the spinosum at the dermo epidermal junction in skin, a low-cost, scalable, and high-performance piezoresistive sensor is developed with high sensitivity (0.144 kPa-1 ), extensive sensing range ( 0.1-15 kPa), fast response time (less than 150 ms), and excellent long-term stability (over 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the piezoresistive functionality of the device is realized via a flexible transparent electrode (FTE) using a highly stable reduced graphene oxide self-wrapped copper nanowire network. The developed nanowire-based spinosum microstructured FTEs are amenable to wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Corresponding Authors: (Y. Zhu); (R. Yan); (A. Khademhosseini)
| | | | - Ning Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pamela Rosario Garrido
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Technological Institute of Merida, Merida, Yucatan 97118, Mexico
| | - Sanggon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Shenghan Guan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Haisong Lin
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ruoxue Yan
- Corresponding Authors: (Y. Zhu); (R. Yan); (A. Khademhosseini)
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187
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Xu M, Cai H, Liu Z, Chen F, Wang Y, Dai F, Li Z. Skin-friendly corrugated multilayer microspherical sensor fabricated with silk fibroin, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), polyaniline, and kappa-carrageenan for wide range pressure detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:755-762. [PMID: 34838861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To enlarge the linear detection range without sacrificing the sensitivity is one of the urgent problems in the development of high-performance piezoresistive flexible sensors. Inspired by a multilayer corrugated board, this study develops a new multilayer microspherical sensor in which conductive core-shell SiO2/Polyaniline (PANI) (PS) microspheres serve as active particles, while insulated silk fibroin (SF)/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (SP) fibers are used as the support. The size of conductive microspheres attached to the insulated layer is controllable. The multiple layers of assembly endow the flexible sensor with a high sensitivity (0.071 kPa-1) and a wide linear detection (from 10 Pa to 380 kPa) simultaneously. This corrugated sensor also have a fast response time (145 ms) and an excellent durability (over 2000 cycles), and it can be used to detect human joint pressure signals and transmit encrypted information. Moreover, flexible keyboard, safety protection of machinery, as well as object position tracking can be achieved based on this sensor. Most importantly, the sensor encapsulated by biological polysaccharide kappa-carrageenan (KC) is skin-friendly and breathable, and it can be decomposed in 90 °C hot water. In conclusion, this multilayer microspherical sensor presents great potential for flexible wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haihua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zulan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Sericulture Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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188
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Wang M, Ma C, Uzabakiriho PC, Chen X, Chen Z, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Zhao G. Stencil Printing of Liquid Metal upon Electrospun Nanofibers Enables High-Performance Flexible Electronics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19364-19376. [PMID: 34783541 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics as an emerging technology has demonstrated potential for applications in various fields. With the advent of the Internet of Things era, countless flexible electronic systems need to be developed and deployed. However, materials and fabrication technologies are the key factors restricting the development and commercialization of flexible electronics. Here we report a simple, fast, and green flexible electronics preparation technology. The stencil printing method is adopted to pattern liquid metal on the thermoplastic polyurethane membrane prepared by electrospinning. Besides, with layer-by-layer assembly, flexible circuits, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and their composite devices can be prepared parametrically. Furthermore, these devices have good stretchability, air permeability, and stability, while they are multilayered and reconfigurable. As proof, this strategy is used to fabricate flexible displays, flexible sensors, and flexible filters. Finally, flexible electronic devices are also recycled and reconfigured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Pierre Claver Uzabakiriho
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Information Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhongrong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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189
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Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J. Electronic Textiles for Wearable Point-of-Care Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3259-3291. [PMID: 34939791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional public health systems are suffering from limited, delayed, and inefficient medical services, especially when confronted with the pandemic and the aging population. Fusing traditional textiles with diagnostic, therapeutic, and protective medical devices can unlock electronic textiles (e-textiles) as point-of-care platform technologies on the human body, continuously monitoring vital signs and implementing round-the-clock treatment protocols in close proximity to the patient. This review comprehensively summarizes the research advances on e-textiles for wearable point-of-care systems. We start with a brief introduction to emphasize the significance of e-textiles in the current healthcare system. Then, we describe textile sensors for diagnosis, textile therapeutic devices for medical treatment, and textile protective devices for prevention, by highlighting their working mechanisms, representative materials, and clinical application scenarios. Afterward, we detail e-textiles' connection technologies as the gateway for real-time data transmission and processing in the context of 5G technologies and Internet of Things. Finally, we provide new insights into the remaining challenges and future directions in the field of e-textiles. Fueled by advances in chemistry and materials science, textile-based diagnostic devices, therapeutic devices, protective medical devices, and communication units are expected to interact synergistically to construct intelligent, wearable point-of-care textile platforms, ultimately illuminating the future of healthcare system in the Internet of Things era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Bick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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190
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Sun W, Tashman JW, Shiwarski DJ, Feinberg AW, Webster-Wood VA. Long-Fiber Embedded Hydrogel 3D Printing for Structural Reinforcement. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:303-313. [PMID: 34860495 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are candidate building blocks in a wide range of biomaterial applications including soft and biohybrid robotics, microfluidics, and tissue engineering. Recent advances in embedded 3D printing have broadened the design space accessible with hydrogel additive manufacturing. Specifically, the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) technique has enabled the fabrication of complex 3D structures using extremely soft hydrogels, e.g., alginate and collagen, by assembling hydrogels within a fugitive support bath. However, the low structural rigidity of FRESH printed hydrogels limits their applications, especially those that require operation in nonaqueous environments. In this study, we demonstrated long-fiber embedded hydrogel 3D printing using a multihead printing platform consisting of a custom-built fiber extruder and an open-source FRESH bioprinter with high embedding fidelity. Using this process, fibers were embedded in 3D printed hydrogel components to achieve significant structural reinforcement (e.g., tensile modulus improved from 56.78 ± 8.76 to 382.55 ± 25.29 kPa and tensile strength improved from 9.44 ± 2.28 to 45.05 ± 5.53 kPa). In addition, we demonstrated the versatility of this technique by using fibers of a wide range of sizes and material types and implementing different 2D and 3D embedding patterns, such as embedding a conical helix using electrochemically aligned collagen fiber via nonplanar printing. Moreover, the technique was implemented using low-cost material and is compatible with open-source software and hardware, which facilitates its adoption and modification for new research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joshua W Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Victoria A Webster-Wood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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191
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Krings EJ, Zhang H, Sarin S, Shield JE, Ryu S, Markvicka EJ. Lightweight, Thermally Conductive Liquid Metal Elastomer Composite with Independently Controllable Thermal Conductivity and Density. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104762. [PMID: 34723427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and elastically deformable soft materials that are thermally conductive are critical for emerging applications in wearable computing, soft robotics, and thermoregulatory garments. To overcome the fundamental heat transport limitations in soft materials, room temperature liquid metal (LM) has been dispersed in elastomer that results in soft and deformable materials with unprecedented thermal conductivity. However, the high density of LMs (>6 g cm-3 ) and the typically high loading (⩾85 wt%) required to achieve the desired properties contribute to the high density of these elastomer composites, which can be problematic for large-area, weight-sensitive applications. Here, the relationship between the properties of the LM filler and elastomer composite is systematically studied. Experiments reveal that a multiphase LM inclusion with a low-density phase can achieve independent control of the density and thermal conductivity of the elastomer composite. Quantitative design maps of composite density and thermal conductivity are constructed to rationally guide the selection of filler properties and material composition. This new multiphase material architecture provides a method to fine-tune material composition to independently control material and functional properties of soft materials for large-area and weight-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Krings
- Smart Materials and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Suchit Sarin
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jeffery E Shield
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sangjin Ryu
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eric J Markvicka
- Smart Materials and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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192
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Sheng Z, Ding Y, Li G, Fu C, Hou Y, Lyu J, Zhang K, Zhang X. Solid-Liquid Host-Guest Composites: The Marriage of Porous Solids and Functional Liquids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104851. [PMID: 34623698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Composite materials can provide remarkable improvements over the individual constituents. Especially, with a liquid component introduced into a solid porous host, solid-liquid host-guest composites have recently come to the forefront with exceptional functions that promise them for a wealth of applications. Combining the unprecedented dynamic, transparent, omniphobic, self-healing, diffusive and adaptive nature of functional liquid with inherent solid host's property, solid-liquid host-guest composites can realize the ease of fabrication, long-term stability, and a broad spectrum of enhanced properties, which cannot be fully met by conventional solid-solid composites or liquid-liquid composites. This review presents the state-of-the-art progress in solid-liquid host-guest composites. Initially, the concept, classification, design strategy, as well as fabrication methods as a path forward to develop the composites are unraveled, and further it is elaborated on how the functionality of porous solid and functional liquid can be harnessed to create composites with a broad range of unique properties, especially, the optical, thermal, electric, mechanical, sorption, and separation properties. With these fascinating properties, a myriad of emerging applications such as optical devices, thermal management, electromagnetic-interference shielding, soft electronics, gas capture and release, and multiphase separations are touched upon, inspiring more frontier researches in materials science, interfacial chemistry, membrane science, engineering, and multidisciplinary. Finally, this review provides the perspective on the future directions of solid-liquid host-guest composites and assesses the challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Sheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinglai Hou
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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193
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Liu H, Zhong X, He X, Li Y, Zhou N, Ma Z, Zhu D, Ji H. Stretchable Conductive Fabric Enabled By Surface Functionalization of Commercial Knitted Cloth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55656-55665. [PMID: 34758625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based stretchable electronic devices are one of the best candidates for future wearable applications, as they can simultaneously provide high compliance and wearing comfort to the human body. Stretchable conductive textile is the fundamental building block for constructing high-performance textile-based stretchable electronic devices. Here, we report a simple strategy for the fabrication of stretchable conductive fabric using commercial knitted cloth as a substrate. Briefly, we coated the fibers of the fabric with a thin layer of poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) by dip-coating. Then, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded on the fabric by sequential absorption and in situ reduction. After loading AgNPs, the conductivity of the fabric could be as high as ∼800 S/m, while its maximal strain at break was higher than 540%. Meanwhile, such fabric also possesses excellent permeability, robust endurance to repeated stretching, long-time washing, and mechanical rubbing or tearing. We further approve that the fabric is less cytotoxic to mammalian skin and antibacterial to microbial, making it safe for on-skin applications. With these multifarious advantages, the fabric developed here is promising for on-skin wearable applications. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate its use as an electrode for collecting electrocardiograph signals and electrothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Xianmei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 319, Section 3, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou 646000, Jiangyang District, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Yushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Ningjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials &Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Lab, Research Center of Intelligent Sensing, South China University of Technology, Wenyi West Road No. 1818, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road No. 381, Guangzhou 510640, Tianhe District, P. R. China
| | - Huijiao Ji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, No. 319, Section 3, Zhongshan Road, Luzhou 646000, Jiangyang District, Sichuan, P. R. China
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194
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Zhou Z, Chen N, Zhong H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yin X, He B. Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6073. [PMID: 34683661 PMCID: PMC8538676 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hongchuan Zhong
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bingwei He
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
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195
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Yao M, Wu B, Feng X, Sun S, Wu P. A Highly Robust Ionotronic Fiber with Unprecedented Mechanomodulation of Ionic Conduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103755. [PMID: 34477247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable ionic conductors are appealing for tissue-like soft electronics, yet suffer from a tardy mechanoelectric response due to their poor modulation of ionic conduction arising from intrinsic homogeneous soft chain network. Here, a highly robust ionotronic fiber is designed by synergizing ionic liquid and liquid crystal elastomer with alternate rigid mesogen units and soft chain spacers, which shows an unprecedented strain-induced ionic conductivity boost (≈103 times enhanced as stretched to 2000% strain). Such a surprisingly high enhancement is attributed to the formation of microphase-separated low-tortuosity ion-conducting nanochannels guided by strain-induced emergence of aligned smectic mesophases, thus allowing for ultrafast ion transport that resembles the role of "swimming lanes." Intriguingly, the boosting conductivity even reverses Pouillet's Law-dictated resistance increase at certain strains, leading to unique waveform-discernible strain sensing. Moreover, the fiber retains thermal actuation properties with a maximum of 70% strain changes upon heating, and enables integrated self-perception and actuation. The findings offer a promising molecular engineering route to mechanically modulate the ion transport behavior of ionic conductors toward advanced ionotronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Xunda Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengtong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
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196
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Lyu Q, Wang S, Peng B, Chen X, Du S, Li M, Zhang L, Zhu J. Bioinspired Photonic Ionogels as Interactively Visual Ionic Skin with Optical and Electrical Synergy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103271. [PMID: 34510737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-growing demands for flexible smart interactive electronics, it remains highly desirable yet challenging to design and fabricate interactive ionic skin with multiple signal synergistic outputs. Herein, high-performance photonic ionogels (PIGs) with excellent stability and synergy sensitivity are designed by locking a non-volatile and non-hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL), that is, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][TFSI]), into photonic elastomers based on polymer networks of poly(ethylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate (PEGPEA). Through manipulating the degree of crosslinking, PIGs exhibit high sensitivity that can output distinct and intuitive color change in visual with the mechanochromic sensitivity of ≈1.76 nm per percent strain and clear electrical signal with the gauge factor of 1, in response to a tiny stretch of millimeter scale. Thanks to the stable photonic elastomers and IL employed, the PIGs developed in this study exhibit good performance under harsh and complex environmental conditions, including high/low temperature (from -35 °C to 100 °C), dry/wet air, and high vacuum. This study provides a novel strategy for developing integrated, stable, and multifunctional photonic ionogels for ionic skin sensors and flexible interactive devices with synergistically optical and electrical output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanqian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shanzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bolun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lianbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
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197
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Miao L, Song Y, Ren Z, Xu C, Wan J, Wang H, Guo H, Xiang Z, Han M, Zhang H. 3D Temporary-Magnetized Soft Robotic Structures for Enhanced Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102691. [PMID: 34396604 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of functional materials offers tremendous potential in a broad variety of areas such as electronics, robotics, and energy devices. Magnetic materials are an attractive candidate that enable multifunctional devices with capabilities in both sensing and actuation. However, current magnetic devices, especially those with complex motion modalities, rely on permanently magnetized materials with complicated, non-uniform magnetization profiles. Here, based on magnetic materials with temporary-magnetization, a mechanically guided assembly process successfully converts laser-patterned 2D magnetic materials into judiciously engineered 3D structures, with dimensions and geometries ranging from mesoscale 3D filaments, to arrayed centimeter-scale 3D membranes. With tailorable mechanical properties and highly adjustable geometries, 3D soft structures can exhibit various tethered locomotions under the precise control of magnetic fields, including local deformation, unidirectional tilting, and omnidirectional rotation, and can serve as dynamic surfaces for further integration with other functional materials or devices. Examples demonstrated here focus on energy-harvesting systems, including 3D piezoelectric devices for noncontact conversion of mechanical energy and active motion sensing, as well as 3D solar tracking systems. The design strategy and resulting magnetic-controlled 3D soft structures hold great promise not only for enhanced energy harvesting, but also for multimodal sensing, robotic interfaces, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Miao
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Zhongyang Ren
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehua Xiang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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198
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Lou Z, Shen G, Ding L. Permeable liquid-metal conductor for stretchable electronics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1819-1821. [PMID: 36654389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lou
- Institute of Semiconductors (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- Institute of Semiconductors (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering (University of Chinese Academy of Sciences), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liming Ding
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (Chinese Academy of Sciences), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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199
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Robust, self-adhesive, reinforced polymeric nanofilms enabling gas-permeable dry electrodes for long-term application. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2111904118. [PMID: 34518214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111904118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust polymeric nanofilms can be used to construct gas-permeable soft electronics that can directly adhere to soft biological tissue for continuous, long-term biosignal monitoring. However, it is challenging to fabricate gas-permeable dry electrodes that can self-adhere to the human skin and retain their functionality for long-term (>1 d) health monitoring. We have succeeded in developing an extraordinarily robust, self-adhesive, gas-permeable nanofilm with a thickness of only 95 nm. It exhibits an extremely high skin adhesion energy per unit area of 159 μJ/cm2 The nanofilm can self-adhere to the human skin by van der Waals forces alone, for 1 wk, without any adhesive materials or tapes. The nanofilm is ultradurable, and it can support liquids that are 79,000 times heavier than its own weight with a tensile stress of 7.82 MPa. The advantageous features of its thinness, self-adhesiveness, and robustness enable a gas-permeable dry electrode comprising of a nanofilm and an Au layer, resulting in a continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram signals with a high signal-to-noise ratio (34 dB) for 1 wk.
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200
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Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Yang F, Liu H, Zhou W, Rümmeli MH, Cuniberti G. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in the Internet of Things Era. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:191. [PMID: 34510300 PMCID: PMC8435483 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The post-Moore's era has boosted the progress in carbon nanotube-based transistors. Indeed, the 5G communication and cloud computing stimulate the research in applications of carbon nanotubes in electronic devices. In this perspective, we deliver the readers with the latest trends in carbon nanotube research, including high-frequency transistors, biomedical sensors and actuators, brain-machine interfaces, and flexible logic devices and energy storages. Future opportunities are given for calling on scientists and engineers into the emerging topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Łukasiewicz Research Network, Ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- College of Energy, Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou, Soochow, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
- Institute for Complex Materials, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), 20 Helmholtz Strasse, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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