151
|
Talia A, Duschinsky R, Mazzarella D, Hauschild S, Taubner S. Epistemic Trust and the Emergence of Conduct Problems: Aggression in the Service of Communication. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:710011. [PMID: 34630177 PMCID: PMC8494977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonagy and colleagues have recently proposed that deficits in the capacity for epistemic trust (i. e., the expectation that interpersonal communication is relevant to the addressee) are fundamental to psychopathology. In this paper, we consider the implications of this hypothesis for understanding the role of aggression in conduct disorder and conduct problems more generally. Our main proposal is to view conduct problems not only as reflecting dysregulation, but as an adaptation that allows communication with others who are (or are perceived to be) unreliable. Our formulation hinges on two propositions. The first one is to view aggression as a modality of communication adapted to scenarios in which the communicator expects the audience to have low epistemic trust in the communicator. The second idea is to conceptualize the failed "unlearning of aggression" as reflecting a lack of interest in maintaining one's reputation as a communicator, which in turn stems from a lack of epistemic trust in other communicators. In this paper, we discuss these ideas and examine how they may account for the developmental pathways that lead young people to develop conduct problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Talia
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robbie Duschinsky
- Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Mazzarella
- Cognitive Science Centre of the University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Hauschild
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Taubner
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Zhang R, Bashford-Largo J, Lukoff J, Elowsky J, Carollo E, Schwartz A, Dobbertin M, Bajaj S, Blair KS, Leibenluft E, Blair RJR. Callous-Unemotional Traits Moderate the Relationship Between Irritability and Threatening Responding. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:617052. [PMID: 34867494 PMCID: PMC8635046 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.617052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritability and callous-unemotional (CU; reduced guilt/empathy) traits vary dimensionally in the typically developing population but may be particularly marked in youth with conduct disorder (CD). While these dimensional traits are positively correlated, they have been associated with divergent forms of dysfunction, particularly with respect to threat processing (i.e., irritability with increased, and CU traits with decreased, threat responsiveness). This suggests that interactions between these two dimensions may be complex at the neurobiological level. However, this issue has received minimal empirical attention. Methods: The study included 105 adolescents (typically developing and cases with CD; N = 59). They were scanned with fMRI during a looming threat task that involved images of threatening and neutral human faces or animals that appeared to be either looming or receding. Results: Significant irritability-by-CU traits-by-Direction-by-Emotion interactions were seen within right thalamus/PAG, left lingual gyrus and right fusiform gyrus; irritability was positively associated with the BOLD response for Looming Threatening vs. Receding Threatening trials, particularly for youth with low CU traits. In contrast, CU traits were negatively associated with the same differential BOLD response but particularly for youth showing higher levels of irritability. Similar findings were seen within left ventral anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, though the addition of the interaction with CU traits was only seen at slightly more lenient thresholds. Conclusions: The results support previous work linking irritability to increased, and CU traits to reduced, threat responsiveness. However, for adolescents with high irritability, if CU traits are also high, the underlying neuropathology appears to relate to reduced, rather than increased, threat responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Johannah Bashford-Largo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Jennie Lukoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Jaimie Elowsky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Erin Carollo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Amanda Schwartz
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Matthew Dobbertin
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Sahil Bajaj
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Karina S Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Mood Dysregulation and Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - R James R Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Kohls G, Fairchild G, Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Smaragdi A, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Wells A, Rogers JC, Pauli R, Oldenhof H, Jansen L, van Rhijn A, Kersten L, Alfano J, Baumann S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Vetro A, Lazaratou H, Hervas A, Fernández-Rivas A, Popma A, Stadler C, De Brito SA, Freitag CM, Konrad K. Neuropsychological Subgroups of Emotion Processing in Youths With Conduct Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:585052. [PMID: 33414731 PMCID: PMC7783416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: At the group level, youths with conduct disorder (CD) show deficient emotion processing across various tasks compared to typically developing controls (TDC). But little is known about neuropsychological subgroups within the CD population, the clinical correlates of emotion processing deficits [for instance, with regard to the presence or absence of the DSM-5 Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) specifier], and associated risk factors. Methods: 542 children and adolescents with CD (317 girls) and 710 TDCs (479 girls), aged 9-18 years, were included from the FemNAT-CD multisite study. All participants completed three neuropsychological tasks assessing emotion recognition, emotion learning, and emotion regulation. We used a self-report measure of callous-unemotional traits to create a proxy for the LPE specifier. Results: Relative to TDCs, youths with CD as a group performed worse in all three emotion domains. But using clinically based cut-off scores, we found poor emotion recognition skills in only 23% of the participants with CD, followed by emotion regulation deficits in 18%, and emotion learning deficits in 13% of the CD group. Critically, the majority of youths with CD (~56%) did not demonstrate any meaningful neuropsychological deficit, and only a very small proportion showed pervasive deficits across all three domains (~1%). Further analyses indicate that established DSM-5 subtypes of CD are not tightly linked to neurocognitive deficits in one particular emotion domain over another (i.e., emotion recognition deficits in CD+LPE vs. emotion regulation deficits in CD-LPE). Conclusions: Findings from this large-scale data set suggest substantial neuropsychological diversity in emotion processing in the CD population and, consequently, only a subgroup of youths with CD are likely to benefit from additional behavioral interventions specifically targeting emotion processing mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kohls
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Anka Bernhard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Martinelli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Areti Smaragdi
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Wells
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- School of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Pauli
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Oldenhof
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health – Mental Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucres Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health – Mental Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur van Rhijn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health – Mental Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Kersten
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine Alfano
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Baumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnes Vetro
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pediatrics and Child Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helen Lazaratou
- Child and Adolescent Unit of the 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amaia Hervas
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health – Mental Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christina Stadler
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane A. De Brito
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen and Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Menks WM, Fehlbaum LV, Borbás R, Sterzer P, Stadler C, Raschle NM. Eye gaze patterns and functional brain responses during emotional face processing in adolescents with conduct disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 29:102519. [PMID: 33316763 PMCID: PMC7735971 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conduct disorder (CD) is characterized by severe aggressive and antisocial behavior. Initial evidence suggests neural deficits and aberrant eye gaze pattern during emotion processing in CD; both concepts, however, have not yet been studied simultaneously. The present study assessed the functional brain correlates of emotional face processing with and without consideration of concurrent eye gaze behavior in adolescents with CD compared to typically developing (TD) adolescents. METHODS 58 adolescents (23CD/35TD; average age = 16 years/range = 14-19 years) underwent an implicit emotional face processing task. Neuroimaging analyses were conducted for a priori-defined regions of interest (insula, amygdala, and medial orbitofrontal cortex) and using a full-factorial design assessing the main effects of emotion (neutral, anger, fear), group and the interaction thereof (cluster-level, p < .05 FWE-corrected) with and without consideration of concurrent eye gaze behavior (i.e., time spent on the eye region). RESULTS Adolescents with CD showed significant hypo-activations during emotional face processing in right anterior insula compared to TD adolescents, independent of the emotion presented. In-scanner eye-tracking data revealed that adolescents with CD spent significantly less time on the eye, but not mouth region. Correcting for eye gaze behavior during emotional face processing reduced group differences previously observed for right insula. CONCLUSIONS Atypical insula activation during emotional face processing in adolescents with CD may partly be explained by attentional mechanisms (i.e., reduced gaze allocation to the eyes, independent of the emotion presented). An increased understanding of the mechanism causal for emotion processing deficits observed in CD may ultimately aid the development of personalized intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willeke Martine Menks
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn Valérie Fehlbaum
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Réka Borbás
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora Maria Raschle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Lu F, Liu P, Chen H, Wang M, Xu S, Yuan Z, Wang X, Wang S, Zhou J. More than just statics: Abnormal dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in adolescent patients with pure conduct disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 131:60-68. [PMID: 32937251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human brain activity is inherently dynamic over time. Conventional neuroimaging studies have reported abnormalities of static intrinsic brain activity or connectivity in adolescent patients with conduct disorder (CD). Little is known, however, regarding the temporal dynamics alterations of brain activity in CD. METHODS In this study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging examinations were performed on adolescent patients with pure CD and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls. The dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) was first measured using a sliding-window method. The temporal variability (TV) was then quantified as the variance of dALFF over time and compared between the two groups. Further, the relationships between aberrant TV of dALFF and clinical features were evaluated. RESULTS CD patients showed reduced brain dynamics (less temporal variability) in the default-mode network, frontal-limbic cortices, sensorimotor areas, and visual regions which are involved in cognitive, emotional and perceptional processes. Importantly, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that regions with altered TV of dALFF exhibited a better ability to distinguish CD patients than the results from static ALFF in the current data set. CONCLUSIONS Our findings extended previous work by providing a novel perspective on the neural mechanisms underlying adolescent patients with CD and demonstrated that the altered dynamic local brain activity may be a potential biomarker for CD diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Peiqu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Heng Chen
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China
| | - Shiyang Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, SAR, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Song Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Their Anesthetic Implications. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7120253. [PMID: 33255535 PMCID: PMC7759846 DOI: 10.3390/children7120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While most children have anxiety and fears in the hospital environment, especially prior to having surgery, there are several common behavioral and emotional disorders in children that can pose a challenge in the perioperative setting. These include anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this review article is to provide a brief overview of each disorder, explore the impact on anesthesia and perioperative care, and highlight some management techniques that can be used to facilitate a smooth perioperative course.
Collapse
|
157
|
Fairchild G. Developmental pathways from childhood ADHD to adolescent depression: insights from the ALSPAC study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1477-1478. [PMID: 33037489 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Karwatowska L, Russell S, Solmi F, De Stavola BL, Jaffee S, Pingault JB, Viding E. Risk factors for disruptive behaviours: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental evidence. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038258. [PMID: 32907905 PMCID: PMC7482491 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruptive behaviour disorders, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are a common set of diagnoses in childhood and adolescence, with global estimates of 5.7%, 3.6% and 2.1% for any disruptive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, respectively. There are high economic and social costs associated with disruptive behaviours and the prevalence of these disorders has increased in recent years. As such, disruptive behaviours represent an escalating major public health concern and it is important to understand what factors may influence the risk of these behaviours. Such research would inform interventions that aim to prevent the development of disruptive behaviours. The current review will identify the most stringent evidence of putative risk factors for disruptive behaviour from quasi-experimental studies, which enable stronger causal inference. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The review will be carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search of references published between 1 January 1980 and 1 March 2020 will be conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Initial abstract and title screening, full-text screening and data extraction will be completed independently by two reviewers using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information (EPPI)-Reviewer 4 software. Quasi-experimental studies in the English language examining the association between any putative risk factor and a clearly defined measure of disruptive behaviour (eg, a validated questionnaire measure) will be included. We will conduct meta-analyses if we can pool a minimum of three similar studies with the same or similar exposures and outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The proposed review does not require ethical approval. The results will help to identify risk factors for which there is strong evidence of causal effects on disruptive behaviours and also highlight potential risk factors that require further research. The findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and through presentations at international meetings and conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020169313.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Karwatowska
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Russell
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Jaffee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Essi Viding
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Decety J. [The contribution of forensic neuroscience to psychopathy]. L'ENCEPHALE 2020; 46:301-307. [PMID: 32312566 PMCID: PMC7398850 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a construct characterized by symptoms of emotional detachment, a lack of empathy, guilt and remorse, irresponsibility and a propensity for impulsive behavior. This article critically evaluates the contribution of structural and functional neuroimaging to the understanding of this personality disorder in North American forensic populations with psychopathic traits. Neuroimaging results are highly variable. They report numerous structural and functional abnormalities that are not limited to the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex but include the striatum, hippocampus, and uncinate fasciculus. These brain abnormalities underlie an attenuated emotion processing functioning (but not an absence) and aversion to negative and threats signals, reinforcement learning, representation of rewards and modulation of attention that have an impact in decision-making, caring for others, and moral judgment. It is important to note that the neuroanatomical, neurofunctional, and behavioral differences between individuals with high psychopathic traits and those with low traits are highly heterogeneous and of degree rather than of nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Decety
- Department of psychology and department of psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5848, South University avenue, 60637 Chicago, IL, États-Unis.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Tollenaar MS, Overgaauw S. Empathy and mentalizing abilities in relation to psychosocial stress in healthy adult men and women. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04488. [PMID: 32904299 PMCID: PMC7452492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has many consequences for our wellbeing, both physically and psychologically, underscoring the need to study markers of differential sensitivity to stressful situations. We examined associations between empathy and mentalizing abilities and psycho-physiological responses to a psychosocial stress task. We conducted two highly comparable studies, the first in men (N = 52) and the second in women (N = 72). Each study started with a self-report empathy measure and a mentalizing test [Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)] followed by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or a control task. Stress reactivity was confirmed in both men and women with significantly higher levels of cortisol, blood pressure, and subjective stress levels in response to the TSST compared to the control task. Higher accuracy on the RMET significantly predicted higher cortisol and heart rate reactivity, while self-reported empathic concern significantly predicted higher subjective stress reactivity. These associations were found in men, and when men and women were analyzed together. This indicates that higher levels of mentalizing and empathic abilities may confer sensitivity to socially stressful situations. While a moderation analysis indicated no gender differences in these associations, the findings could not be directly replicated in women. This suggests that gender may impact such associations and that replication of the findings in larger samples is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke S. Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
| | - Sandy Overgaauw
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Bussing R. Editorial: Parental Depression Does Not Impede Benefits From Behavioral Parent Training. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:918-919. [PMID: 32311475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral parent training (BPT) programs are considered the gold standard for intervening in early-onset conduct disorders.1 Our understanding of the disorder etiology has evolved from a focus on the coercive parent-child interaction to include more complex considerations, including gene-environment interactions.2 Refining our understanding of prevention and early intervention for these common and costly disorders is an important public health priority, because an estimated 3% of children and their families are affected, compromising adolescent and adult outcomes.2 As detailed in a recent review, the five most well-established BPTs, including the Incredible Years Series, contain common elements (use of didactics; modeling; role playing; and homework practice) and theoretical underpinnings (eg, social learning; attachment).3 Furthermore, they share the common bond of academic mentorship in the 1960s and 1970s. These BPT programs are referred to as "Hanf-Model BPT programs" in recognition of developers' influential faculty teacher, Dr. Constance Hanf, from the University of Oregon, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center.3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Bussing
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Khavjou O, Forehand R. Helping the Noncompliant Child: An Updated Assessment of Program Costs and Cost-Effectiveness. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 114:105050. [PMID: 32742049 PMCID: PMC7394389 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Behavior disorders (BD) in children can lead to delinquency, antisocial behavior, and mental disorders in adulthood. Evidence-based behavioral parent training (BPT) programs have been developed to treat early-onset BDs, yet cost analyses of BPT are deficient. We provide updated estimates of cost and cost-effectiveness of Helping the Noncompliant Child (HNC), a mastery-based BPT, delivered to low-income families. The cost of research-specific activities was $1,152 per family. HNC program delivery costs were $293 per family from a payer perspective, including the cost of therapist time ($275 per family) and non-labor resources, such as supplies and toys ($18 per family). It costs an average of $6 to improve the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory intensity score by each additional point or $171 to improve it by one standard deviation. The cost of delivering the HNC program appears to compare favorably with the costs of similar BPT programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Khavjou
- Corresponding author: Olga Khavjou, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Durham, NC 27709, tel: 919-541-6689,
| | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Gao Y, Jiang Y, Ming Q, Zhang J, Ma R, Wu Q, Dong D, Guo X, Liu M, Wang X, Situ W, Pauli R, Yao S. Gray Matter Changes in the Orbitofrontal-Paralimbic Cortex in Male Youths With Non-comorbid Conduct Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:843. [PMID: 32435221 PMCID: PMC7218112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conduct disorder is one of the most common developmental psychiatric disorders which is characterized by persistent aggressive and antisocial behaviors during childhood or adolescence. Previous neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates underlying CD and demonstrated several constructive findings. However, Individuals with CD are at high risk for comorbidities, which might give rise to the inconsistencies of existed findings. It remains unclear which neuroanatomical abnormalities are specifically related to CD without comorbidities. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data of 69 CD and 69 typically developing (TD) male youths (aged 14–17 years), the present study aims at investigating gray matter volume alterations of non-comorbid CD (i.e., not comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse disorder, anxiety or depression). We also examined how regional gray matter volumes were related to callous-unemotional (CU) traits and conduct problems in the CD group. The whole-brain analysis revealed decreased gray matter volumes in the right pre-postcentral cortex, supramarginal gyrus and right putamen in CD youths compared with TD youths. The region-of-interest analyses showed increased gray matter volumes in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in CD youths. Correlation analysis found that gray matter volume in the left amygdala was negatively correlated with CU traits in CD participants. These results demonstrated that gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal-paralimbic cortex, including OFC, STG and amygdala, might characterize the male youths with non-comorbid CD and might contribute to different severe forms and trajectories of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Yali Jiang
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Qingsen Ming
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Ren Ma
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Daifeng Dong
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Situ
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruth Pauli
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Rogers JC, Broome MR. Effectiveness of multisystemic therapy for adolescent antisocial behaviour: follow-up findings from the START trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:375-376. [PMID: 32353262 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Matthew R Broome
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Bandyopadhyay A, Tingay K, Akbari A, Griffiths L, Bedford H, Cortina-Borja M, Walton S, Dezateux C, Lyons RA, Brophy S. Behavioural difficulties in early childhood and risk of adolescent injury. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:282-287. [PMID: 31666244 PMCID: PMC7041499 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term associations between early childhood hyperactivity and conduct problems (CP), measured using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and risk of injury in early adolescence. DESIGN Data linkage between a longitudinal birth cohort and routinely collected electronic health records. SETTING Consenting Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) participants residing in Wales and Scotland. PATIENTS 3119 children who participated in the age 5 MCS interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Children with parent-reported SDQ scores were linked with hospital admission and Accident & Emergency (A&E) department records for injuries between ages 9 and 14 years. Negative binomial regression models adjusting for number of people in the household, lone parent, residential area, household poverty, maternal age and academic qualification, child sex, physical activity level and country of interview were fitted in the models. RESULTS 46% of children attended A&E or were admitted to hospital for injury, and 11% had high/abnormal scores for hyperactivity and CP. High/abnormal or borderline hyperactivity were not significantly associated with risk of injury, incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% CI of the high/abnormal and borderline were 0.92 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.14) and 1.16 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.52), respectively. Children with borderline CP had higher injury rates compared with those without CP (IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.57). CONCLUSIONS Children with high/abnormal hyperactivity or CP scores were not at increased risk of injury; however, those with borderline CP had higher injury rates. Further research is needed to understand if those with difficulties receive treatment and support, which may reduce the likelihood of injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bandyopadhyay
- National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Administrative Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Tingay
- Office for National Statistics, Cardiff Road, Newport, Wales, UK
| | - Ashley Akbari
- Administrative Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Griffiths
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Helen Bedford
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Walton
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Carol Dezateux
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Administrative Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sinead Brophy
- National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Administrative Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
von Polier GG, Greimel E, Konrad K, Großheinrich N, Kohls G, Vloet TD, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Schulte-Rüther M. Neural Correlates of Empathy in Boys With Early Onset Conduct Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:178. [PMID: 32256406 PMCID: PMC7093593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A deficit in empathy has repeatedly been described in individuals with conduct disorder (CD), and in particular in those with callous unemotional traits. Until now, little is known about the neural basis of empathy in children and adolescents with early onset conduct disorder. The aim of this study was to examine neural responses during empathizing in children and adolescents with CD with a task that allowed to differentiate between the judgment of the emotional states of other people and the own emotional response to other people's emotional state. Moreover, we investigated associations of callous-unemotional traits and neural activations during empathizing. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated 14 boys with early onset CD and 15 typically developing (TDC) age matched controls between 8 and 16 years of age. Happy and sad faces were presented, and participants were asked to either infer the emotional state from the face (other-task) or to judge their own emotional response (self-task). A perceptual decision on faces was used as a control task. Individual empathic abilities and callous unemotional traits were assessed. Results: During the other task, TDC boys showed significantly larger right amygdala responses than CD boys. Higher empathic abilities (as assessed with the Bryant Index of Empathy) were associated with higher responses in the right amygdala within the CD boys and across the entire sample. Moreover, across the entire sample, callous-unemotional traits were negatively related to the BOLD-response in the right amygdala. CD boys showed larger responses in the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex across tasks and increased activation in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex specifically during the self-conditions, which were also related to empathic abilities within the CD boys. Conclusions: The data emphasize the important role of the amygdala in empathy related emotional processing. Diminished amygdala responses and their association with low empathy suggest a pivotal influence of impaired amygdala processing in early-onset CD, in particular for deficits in empathic behavior and related callous-unemotional-traits. Elevated response in the medial prefrontal cortex in boys with CD point toward increased involvement of brain areas related to self-referential processing and cognitive empathy during empathizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg G von Polier
- Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ellen Greimel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Großheinrich
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Health Research and Social Psychiatry, Catholic University of Applied Sciences of North Rhine-Westphalia, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Timo D Vloet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Translational Neuroscience in Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|