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Lechner K, Kessler T, Schunkert H. Should We Use Genetic Scores in the Determination of Treatment Strategies to Control Dyslipidemias? Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22:146. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Muri J, Wolleb H, Broz P, Carreira EM, Kopf M. Electrophilic Nrf2 activators and itaconate inhibit inflammation at low dose and promote IL-1β production and inflammatory apoptosis at high dose. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101647. [PMID: 32863237 PMCID: PMC7387846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling inflammation is critical for preventing many diseases including cancer, autoimmune disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that controls the cellular antioxidant and cytoprotective response. Moreover, Nrf2 has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory processes, although the ultimate mechanism by which this is achieved is unknown. Here, we investigated mechanisms of inflammation and cell death pathways induced by a variety of Nrf2 activators including dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and the endogenous metabolite itaconate. We found that exposure of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to low concentrations of a variety of electrophilic Nrf2 activators including itaconate prior to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation inhibits transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin [IL]-12 and IL-1β) by activation of Nrf2. By contrast, high doses of these electrophilic compounds after TLR activation promote inflammatory apoptosis and caspase-8-dependent IL-1β processing and release independently of Nrf2. Interestingly, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a non-electrophilic Nrf2-activator, failed to induce IL-1β production. These results have important implications for clinical application of electrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Wolleb
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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153
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Watanabe Y, Hirao Y, Kasuga K, Tokutake T, Kitamura K, Niida S, Ikeuchi T, Nakamura K, Yamamoto T. Urinary Apolipoprotein C3 Is a Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2020; 10:94-104. [PMID: 33082773 PMCID: PMC7548924 DOI: 10.1159/000509561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that can easily be measured in routine health checkups are desirable. Urine is a source of biomarkers that can be collected easily and noninvasively. We previously reported on the comprehensive profile of the urinary proteome of AD patients and identified proteins estimated to be significantly increased or decreased in AD patients by a label-free quantification method. The present study aimed to validate urinary levels of proteins that significantly differed between AD and control samples from our proteomics study (i.e., apolipoprotein C3 [ApoC3], insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 [Igfbp3], and apolipoprotein D [ApoD]). METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed using urine samples from the same patient and control groups analyzed in the previous proteomics study (18 AD and 18 controls, set 1) and urine samples from an independent group of AD patients and controls (13 AD, 5 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 32 controls) from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Biobank (set 2). RESULTS In set 1, the crude urinary levels of ApoD, Igfbp3, and creatinine-adjusted ApoD were significantly higher in the AD group relative to the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.002, and p = 0.019, respectively), consistent with our previous proteomics results. In set 2, however, the crude urinary levels of Igfbp3 were significantly lower in the AD+MCI group than in the control group (p = 0.028), and the levels of ApoD and ApoC3 did not differ significantly compared to the control group. Combined analysis of all samples revealed creatinine-adjusted ApoC3 levels to be significantly higher in the AD+MCI group (p = 0.015) and the AD-only group (p = 0.011) relative to the control group. CONCLUSION ApoC3 may be a potential biomarker for AD, as validated by ELISA. Further analysis of ApoC3 as a urinary biomarker for AD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Watanabe
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Hirao
- bBiofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- cDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tokutake
- dDepartment of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitamura
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- eResearch Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- cDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nakamura
- aDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- bBiofluid Biomarker Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- fDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shinrakuen Hospital, Niigata, Japan
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154
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Stitziel NO, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE. Emerging Targets for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:744-757. [PMID: 32423639 PMCID: PMC7395866 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), resulting in acute cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke. Recent clinical trials point toward new treatment and prevention strategies for cardiovascular complications of T2DM. New antidiabetic agents show unexpected cardioprotective benefits. Moreover, genetic and reverse translational strategies have revealed potential novel targets for CVD prevention in diabetes, including inhibition of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3). Modeling and pharmacology-based approaches to improve insulin action provide additional potential strategies to combat CVD. The development of new strategies for improved diabetes and lipid control fuels hope for future prevention of CVD associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O Stitziel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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155
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Jahnen-Dechent W, Büscher A, Köppert S, Heiss A, Kuro-O M, Smith ER. Mud in the blood: the role of protein-mineral complexes and extracellular vesicles in biomineralisation and calcification. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107577. [PMID: 32711043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-mineral interaction is known to regulate biomineral stability and morphology. We hypothesise that fluid phases produce highly dynamic protein-mineral complexes involved in physiology and pathology of biomineralisation. Here, we specifically focus on calciprotein particles, complexes of vertebrate mineral-binding proteins and calcium phosphate present in the systemic circulation and abundant in extracellular fluids - hence the designation of the ensuing protein-mineral complexes as "mud in the blood". These complexes exist amongst other extracellular particles that we collectively refer to as "the particle zoo".
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Büscher
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sina Köppert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiss
- The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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156
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Kasper P, Martin A, Lang S, Kütting F, Goeser T, Demir M, Steffen HM. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: a clinical review. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 110:921-937. [PMID: 32696080 PMCID: PMC8238775 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver DISEASE (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries and affects approximately 25% of the adult population. Since NAFLD is frequently associated with further metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia, it is generally considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In addition to its potential to cause liver-related morbidity and mortality, NAFLD is also associated with subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at substantial risk for the development of hypertension, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias, which clinically result in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The natural history of NAFLD is variable and the vast majority of patients will not progress from simple steatosis to fibrosis and end stage liver disease. However, patients with progressive forms of NAFLD, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and/or advanced fibrosis, as well as NAFLD patients with concomitant types 2 diabetes are at highest risk for CVD. This review describes the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking NAFLD and CVD, discusses the role of NAFLD as a metabolic dysfunction associated cardiovascular risk factor, and focuses on common cardiovascular manifestations in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kasper
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Martin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, USA
| | - Fabian Kütting
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Goeser
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Steffen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Hypertension Center, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Lechner K, McKenzie AL, Kränkel N, Von Schacky C, Worm N, Nixdorff U, Lechner B, Scherr J, Weingärtner O, Krauss RM. High-Risk Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Phenotype: The Roles of Ectopic Adiposity, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Inflammation. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:176-185. [PMID: 32119801 PMCID: PMC7196362 DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current algorithms for assessing risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and, in particular, the reliance on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in conditions where this measurement is discordant with apoB and LDL-particle concentrations fail to identify a sizeable part of the population at high risk for adverse cardiovascular events. This results in missed opportunities for ASCVD prevention, most notably in those with metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes. There is substantial evidence that accumulation of ectopic fat and associated metabolic traits are markers for and pathogenic components of high-risk atherosclerosis. Conceptually, the subset of advanced lesions in high-risk atherosclerosis that triggers vascular complications is closely related to a set of coordinated high-risk traits clustering around a distinct metabolic phenotype. A key feature of this phenotype is accumulation of ectopic fat, which, coupled with age-related muscle loss, creates a milieu conducive for the development of ASCVD: atherogenic dyslipidemia, nonresolving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired fibrinolysis. Sustained vascular inflammation, a hallmark of high-risk atherosclerosis, impairs plaque stabilization in this phenotype. This review describes how metabolic and inflammatory processes that are promoted in large measure by ectopic adiposity, as opposed to subcutaneous adipose tissue, relate to the pathogenesis of high-risk atherosclerosis. Clinical biomarkers indicative of these processes provide incremental information to standard risk factor algorithms and advanced lipid testing identifies atherogenic lipoprotein patterns that are below the discrimination level of standard lipid testing. This has the potential to enable improved identification of high-risk patients who are candidates for therapeutic interventions aimed at prevention of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lechner
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Klinik Für Kardiologie, Campus Benjamin Steglitz, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Omegametrix, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nicolai Worm
- German University for Prevention and Health Care Management, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Lechner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- University Center for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ronald M. Krauss
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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159
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Basu D, Bornfeldt KE. Hypertriglyceridemia and Atherosclerosis: Using Human Research to Guide Mechanistic Studies in Animal Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 32849290 PMCID: PMC7423973 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies support a strong association between hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether a causal relationship exists between hypertriglyceridemia and increased CVD risk is still unclear. One plausible explanation for the difficulty establishing a clear causal role for hypertriglyceridemia in CVD risk is that lipolysis products of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), rather than the TRLs themselves, are the likely mediators of increased CVD risk. This hypothesis is supported by studies of rare mutations in humans resulting in impaired clearance of such lipolysis products (remnant lipoprotein particles; RLPs). Several animal models of hypertriglyceridemia support this hypothesis and have provided additional mechanistic understanding. Mice deficient in lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the major vascular enzyme responsible for TRL lipolysis and generation of RLPs, or its endothelial anchor GPIHBP1, are severely hypertriglyceridemic but develop only minimal atherosclerosis as compared with animal models deficient in apolipoprotein (APO) E, which is required to clear TRLs and RLPs. Likewise, animal models convincingly show that increased clearance of TRLs and RLPs by LPL activation (achieved by inhibition of APOC3, ANGPTL3, or ANGPTL4 action, or increased APOA5) results in protection from atherosclerosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that RLPs are more atherogenic than large TRLs because they more readily enter the artery wall, and because they are enriched in cholesterol relative to triglycerides, which promotes pro-atherogenic effects in lesional cells. Other mechanistic studies show that hepatic receptors (LDLR and LRP1) and APOE are critical for RLP clearance. Thus, studies in animal models have provided additional mechanistic insight and generally agree with the hypothesis that RLPs derived from TRLs are highly atherogenic whereas hypertriglyceridemia due to accumulation of very large TRLs in plasma is not markedly atherogenic in the absence of TRL lipolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karin E. Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karin E. Bornfeldt
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