151
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Chaturvedi PK, Bhui K, Shukla Y. Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention. Cancer Lett 2008; 263:1-13. [PMID: 18359153 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The perception of chemoprevention lies still in its infancy. Intervention, to slow down, arrest or reverse the process of carcinogenesis, by the use of either natural or synthetic substances individually or in combination therapy has emerged as a promising and pragmatic medical approach to reduce cancer risk. Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes exemplified by lupeol [lup-20(29)-en-3b-ol], are principally found in common fruit plants such as olive, mango, fig, etc. Although, lupeol exhibits an array of biological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-mutagenic and anti-malarial activity both in in vitro and in vivo systems yet, extensive exploration in regard to establish its role as chemopreventive compound is warranted. Interest in developing lupeol based potent anti-neoplastic agents, has led to the discovery of a host of highly active derivatives exhibiting greater potencies and better therapeutic indices. This review asserts on the chemopreventive prospects of lupeol and reveals potential chemoprevention drug targets, central to which are the cell cycle regulatory pathway genes and tries to explain the mechanism operating behind its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav K Chaturvedi
- Proteomics Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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152
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de Gruijl FR, Rebel H. Early Events in UV Carcinogenesis—DNA Damage, Target Cells and Mutant p53 Foci. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:382-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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153
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Prasad S, Kalra N, Singh M, Shukla Y. Protective effects of lupeol and mango extract against androgen induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:313-8. [PMID: 18097535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate antioxidant potential of lupeol/mango pulp extract (MPE) in testosterone induced oxidative stress in prostate of male Swiss albino mice. METHODS Oral treatment of lupeol (1 mg/animal) and MPE (1 mL [20% w/v]/animal) was given separately to animals along with subcutaneous injection of testosterone (5 mg/kg body weight) consecutively for 15 days. At the end of the study period, the prostate was dissected out for the determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes status (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase). RESULTS In testosterone treated animals, increased ROS resulted in depletion of antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidation in mouse prostate. However, lupeol/MPE treatment resulted in a decrease in ROS levels with restoration in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that lupeol/MPE are effective in combating oxidative stress-induced cellular injury of mouse prostate. Mango and its constituents, therefore, deserve study as a potential chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, M.G.Marg, Lucknow, India
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154
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Lira WDM, dos Santos FV, Sannomiya M, Rodrigues CM, Vilegas W, Varanda EA. Modulatory Effect of Byrsonima basiloba Extracts on the Mutagenicity of Certain Direct and Indirect-Acting Mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium Assays. J Med Food 2008; 11:111-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walclecio de Moraes Lira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vieira dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Sannomiya
- Chemical Institute of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Chemical Institute of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
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155
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Abstract
It is estimated that nearly one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States could be prevented through appropriate dietary modification. Various dietary antioxidants have shown considerable promise as effective agents for cancer prevention by reducing oxidative stress which has been implicated in the development of many diseases, including cancer. Therefore, for reducing the incidence of cancer, modifications in dietary habits, especially by increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, are increasingly advocated. Accumulating research evidence suggests that many dietary factors may be used alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic agents to prevent the occurrence of cancer, their metastatic spread, or even to treat cancer. The reduced cancer risk and lack of toxicity associated with high intake of fruits and vegetables suggest that specific concentrations of antioxidant agents from these dietary sources may produce cancer chemopreventive effects without causing significant levels of toxicity. This review presents an extensive analysis of the key findings from studies on the effects of dietary antioxidants such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, lycopene, pomegranate, and lupeol against cancers of the skin, prostate, breast, lung, and liver. This research is also leading to the identification of novel cancer drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghma Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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156
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the elucidation of the biological functions of triterpenoids, ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom, some of which are used as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents in Asian countries. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, is the major component of some traditional medicine herbs and is well known to possess a wide range of biological functions, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammation, and anticancer activities, that are able to counteract endogenous and exogenous biological stimuli. In contrast to these beneficial properties, some laboratory studies have recently revealed that the effects of UA on normal cells and tissues are occasionally pro-inflammatory. Thus, UA may be designated as a double-edged sword with both positive and negative effects, and further evaluations of the effects of UA on the biological status of target cells or tissues are necessary. This review summarizes previous and current information regarding UA, and provides new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Ikeda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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157
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Nigam N, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Preventive effects of lupeol on DMBA induced DNA alkylation damage in mouse skin. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2331-5. [PMID: 17637493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that occur through DNA strand breaks are the precursors of the variety of genetic disorders including cancer. Life style and dietary habits are considered as major determinants in causation and prevention of genetic diseases. Epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest that plant derived compounds have the potential to prevent a number of genetic diseases. Therefore, use of nutraceuticals can be an important and convenient tool for chemoprevention. Polyphenolic phytochemicals such as epigallocatechin gallate flavonoids quercetin, genistein, curcumin and resveratrol constitute a class of nutraceuticals with notable efficacy in preclinical models of carcinogenesis. Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpene present in mango, is a biologically active compound that has been reported to possess a number of pharmacological properties in the in vivo and in vitro studies. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lupeol on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), induced DNA strand breaks in mouse skin, using an alkaline unwinding assay. Increasing doses of lupeol (50-200 microg/mouse) were given topically, prior or after the single topical application of DMBA (100 microg/mouse) with the sampling time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. Both pre and post treatment of lupeol showed significant (p<0.001) preventive effects in DMBA induced DNA strand breaks in dose and time dependent manner. The pre-treatment of lupeol at the dose of 200 microg/mouse showed 56.05% prevention, and post-treatment at the same dose showed 43.26% prevention, at 96 h time interval, against DMBA induced DNA strand breakage. The results suggest preventive effects of lupeol on DMBA induced DNA alkylation damage in Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nigam
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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158
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Park E, Zhu F, Liu B, Xia X, Shen J, Bustos T, Fischer SM, Hu Y. Reduction in IκB Kinase α Expression Promotes the Development of Skin Papillomas and Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9158-68. [PMID: 17909021 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We reported recently a marked reduction in IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) expression in a large proportion of human poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and the occurrence of Ikkalpha mutations in human SCCs. In addition, overexpression of IKKalpha in the epidermis inhibited the development of skin carcinomas and metastases in mice. However, whether a reduction in IKKalpha expression promotes skin tumor development is currently unknown. Here, we assessed the susceptibility of Ikkalpha hemizygotes to chemical carcinogen-induced skin carcinogenesis. Ikkalpha+/- mice developed 2 times more papillomas and 11 times more carcinomas than did Ikkalpha+/+ mice. The tumors were larger in Ikkalpha+/- than in Ikkalpha+/+ mice, but tumor latency was shorter in Ikkalpha+/- than in Ikkalpha+/+ mice. Some of the Ikkalpha+/- papillomas and most Ikkalpha+/- carcinomas lost the remaining Ikkalpha wild-type allele. Somatic Ikkalpha mutations were detected in carcinomas and papillomas. The chemical carcinogen-induced H-Ras mutations were detected in all the tumors. The phorbol ester tumor promoter induced higher mitogenic and angiogenic activities in Ikkalpha+/- than in Ikkalpha+/+ skin. These elevated activities were intrinsic to keratinocytes, suggesting that a reduction in IKKalpha expression provided a selective growth advantage, which cooperated with H-Ras mutations to promote papilloma formation. Furthermore, excessive extracellular signal-regulated kinase and IKK kinase activities were observed in carcinomas compared with those in papillomas. Thus, the combined mitogenic, angiogenic, and IKK activities might contribute to malignant conversion. Our findings provide evidence that a reduction in IKKalpha expression promotes the development of papillomas and carcinomas and that the integrity of the Ikkalpha gene is required for suppressing skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Park
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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159
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Lee TK, Poon RTP, Wo JY, Ma S, Guan XY, Myers JN, Altevogt P, Yuen APW. Lupeol Suppresses Cisplatin-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Inhibits Local Invasion and Nodal Metastasis in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8800-9. [PMID: 17875721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients is commonly associated with the presence of regional metastasis. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy concurrent with radiation therapy is commonly used in the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC. However, the result is dismal due to common acquisition of chemoresistance and radioresistance. Epidemiologic studies have shown the importance of dietary substances in the prevention of HNSCC. Here, we found that lupeol, a triterpene found in fruits and vegetables, selectively induced substantial HNSCC cell death but exhibited only a minimal effect on a normal tongue fibroblast cell line in vitro. Down-regulation of NF-kappaB was identified as the major mechanism of the anticancer properties of lupeol against HNSCC. Lupeol alone was not only found to suppress tumor growth but also to impair HNSCC cell invasion by reversal of the NF-kappaB-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Lupeol exerted a synergistic effect with cisplatin, resulting in chemosensitization of HNSCC cell lines with high NF-kappaB activity in vitro. In in vivo studies, using an orthotopic metastatic nude mouse model of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, lupeol at a dose of 2 mg/animal dramatically decreased tumor volume and suppressed local metastasis, which was more effective than cisplatin alone. Lupeol exerted a significant synergistic cytotoxic effect when combined with low-dose cisplatin without side effects. Our results suggest that lupeol may be an effective agent either alone or in combination for treatment of advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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160
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Kalra N, Bhui K, Roy P, Srivastava S, George J, Prasad S, Shukla Y. Regulation of p53, nuclear factor kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by bromelain through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 226:30-7. [PMID: 17889918 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromelain is a pharmacologically active compound, present in stems and immature fruits of pineapples (Ananas cosmosus), which has been shown to have anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-metastatic properties. In the present study, antitumorigenic activity of bromelain was recorded in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted 2-stage mouse skin model. Results showed that bromelain application delayed the onset of tumorigenesis and reduced the cumulative number of tumors, tumor volume and the average number of tumors/mouse. To establish a cause and effect relationship, we targeted the proteins involved in the cell death pathway. Bromelain treatment resulted in upregulation of p53 and Bax and subsequent activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9 with concomitant decrease in antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in mouse skin. Since persistent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is frequently implicated in tumorigenesis and is regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), we also investigated the effect of bromelain on Cox-2 and NF-kappaB expression. Results showed that bromelain application significantly inhibited Cox-2 and inactivated NF-kappaB by blocking phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IkappaBalpha. In addition, bromelain treatment attenuated DMBA-TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt. Taken together, we conclude that bromelain induces apoptosis-related proteins along with inhibition of NF-kappaB-driven Cox-2 expression by blocking the MAPK and Akt/protein kinase B signaling in DMBA-TPA-induced mouse skin tumors, which may account for its anti-tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kalra
- Proteomics Laboratory, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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161
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Prasad S, Kalra N, Shukla Y. Hepatoprotective effects of lupeol and mango pulp extract of carcinogen induced alteration in Swiss albino mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:352-9. [PMID: 17340578 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lupeol, a triterpene present in mango and other fruits, is known to exhibit a number of pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antilithiatic, and antidiabetic effects. In the present study, chemopreventive properties of lupeol and mango pulp extract (MPE) were evaluated against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced alteration in liver of Swiss albino mice. Lupeol (25 mg/kg body weight, bw) or 1 mL of 20% w/v aqueous MPE/mouse were daily given once for 1 wk after a single dose of DMBA (50 mg/kg bw). Lupeol/MPE supplementation effectively influenced the DMBA induced oxidative stress, characterized by restored antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in lipid peroxidation. A reduction of apoptotic cell population in the hypodiploid region was observed in lupeol and MPE supplemented animals. The inhibition of apoptosis was preceded by decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and restoration of mitochondrial transmembrane potential followed by decreased DNA fragmentation. In DMBA treated animals, downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulation of proapoptotic Bax and Caspase 3 in mouse liver was observed. These alterations were restored by lupeol/MPE, indicating inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, lupeol/MPE was found to be effective in combating oxidative stress induced cellular injury of mouse liver by modulating cell-growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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162
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Hata K, Mukaiyama T, Tsujimura N, Sato Y, Kosaka Y, Sakamoto K, Hori K. Differentiation-inducing activity of lupane triterpenes on a mouse melanoma cell line. Cytotechnology 2007; 52:151-8. [PMID: 19002873 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupane triterpenes were found to promote melanogenesis, a hallmark of B16 2F2 mouse melanoma cell differentiation. Studies of the structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the keto function at C-3 of the lupane skeleton played important roles in the melanogenic activities of lupane triterpenes on melanoma cells. The carbonyl group at C-17 of lupane triterpenes was essential against their apoptosis-inducing activity against human cancer cells via the inhibition of topoisomerase I. We investigated whether signaling mechanisms were involved in the stimulative effects of lupane triterpenes on the melanogenesis of B16 2F2 cells. In experiments using selective inhibitors against various signal transduction molecules and Western blotting analysis, it was suggested that p38 MAPK was involved in melanoma cell differentiation as a downstream effector of PKA. Lupeol (compound 1), a lupane triterpene, induced dendrite formations, a morphological hallmark of B16 2F2 cell differentiation by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The activation of cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, by compound 1 caused actin fiber disassembly in B16 2F2 cells. Furthermore, compound 1 was shown to inhibit the cell motilities of human melanoma and neuroblastoma in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Hata
- Akita Research Institute for Food & Brewing (ARIF), 4-26 Sanuki, Araya-machi, Akita, 010-1623, Japan
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163
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Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Prevention of prostate cancer through custom tailoring of chemopreventive regimen. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 171:122-32. [PMID: 17403520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One practical way to control cancer is through chemoprevention, which refers to the administration of synthetic or naturally occurring agents to block, reverse or delay the process of carcinogenesis. For a variety of reasons, the most important of which is human acceptance, for chemopreventive intervention naturally occurring diet-based agents are preferred over synthetic agents. For a long time, the prevailing mantra of cancer chemoprevention has been: "Find effective agents with acceptable or no toxicity and use them in preventing cancer in relatively healthy people or individuals at high risk for developing cancer". In pursuing this goal many naturally occurring phytochemicals capable of affording protection against carcinogenesis in preclinical settings in experimental animals have been described. However, clinical trials of single agents have yielded disappointing results. Since carcinogenesis is a multistage phenomenon in which many normal cellular pathways become aberrant, it is unlikely that one agent could prove effective in preventing cancer. This review underscores the need to build an armamentarium of naturally occurring chemopreventive substances that could prevent or slow down the development and progression of prostate cancer. Thus, the new effective approach for cancer prevention "building a customized mechanism-based chemoprevention cocktail of naturally occurring substances" is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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164
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Boateng J, Verghese M, Shackelford L, Walker LT, Khatiwada J, Ogutu S, Williams DS, Jones J, Guyton M, Asiamah D, Henderson F, Grant L, DeBruce M, Johnson A, Washington S, Chawan CB. Selected fruits reduce azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:725-32. [PMID: 17321025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals contribute to the vibrant colors of fruits and it is suggested that the darker the fruit the higher the antioxidative or anticarcinogenic properties. In this study we investigated the possible effects of blueberries (BLU), blackberries (BLK), plums (PLM), mangoes (MAN), pomegranate juice (POJ), watermelon juice (WMJ) and cranberry juice (CBJ) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Forty-eight male Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n=6). The groups were fed AIN-93G as a control (C) diet, the rats fed fruits received AIN-93G+5% fruits and the groups that were given fruits juices received 20% fruit juice instead of water. The rats received subcutaneous injections of AOM at 16 mg/kg body weight at seventh and eighth weeks of age. At 17th week of age, the rats were killed by CO(2) asphyxiation. Total ACF numbers (mean+/-SEM) in the rats fed CON, BLU, BLK, PLM, MNG, POJ, WMJ and CBJ were 171.67+/-5.6, 11.33+/-2.85, 24.0+/-0.58, 33.67+/-0.89, 28.67+/-1.33, 15.67+/-1.86, 24.33+/-3.92 and 39.0+/-15.31. Total glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity (mICROmol/mg) in the liver of the rats fed fruits (except BLK) and fruit juices were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the rats fed fruits and fruit juices compared with the control. Our findings suggest that among the fruits and fruit juices, BLU and POJ contributed to significant (P<0.05) reductions in the formation of AOM-induced ACF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boateng
- Nutritional Biochemistry and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, United States
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165
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Keum YS, Han YH, Liew C, Kim JH, Xu C, Yuan X, Shakarjian MP, Chong S, Kong AN. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD[P]H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by a phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and its metabolite, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) in primary-cultured human and rat hepatocytes. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2586-94. [PMID: 17048120 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigate the effects of a phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and its metabolite, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) on the induction of HO-1, NQO1 and Nrf2 proteins and their regulatory mechanisms in primary-cultured hepatocytes. METHODS After exposure of BHA and tBHQ to primary-cultured rat and human hepatocytes and mouse neonatal fibroblasts (MFs), Western blot, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and microarray analysis were conducted. RESULTS Induction of HO-1, NQO1 and Nrf2 proteins and activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 were observed after BHA and tBHQ treatments in primary-cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR study and microarray analysis revealed that HO-1 and NQO1 were transcriptionally activated in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes and a substantial transcriptional activation, including HO-1 occurred in primary-cultured human hepatocytes after BHA treatment. Whereas BHA failed to induce HO-1 in wild-type and Nrf2 knock-out MFs, tBHQ strongly induced HO-1 in wild-type, but not in Nrf2 knock-out MFs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that both BHA and tBHQ are strong chemical inducers of HO-1, NQO1 and Nrf2 proteins in primary-cultured human and rat hepatocytes with the activation of MAPK ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. However, in MFs, BHA failed to induce HO-1, whereas tBHQ strongly induced HO-1 in Nrf2 wild-type but not in Nrf2 knock-out, suggesting that Nrf2 is indispensable for tBHQ-induced HO-1 in MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sam Keum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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166
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Abstract
This review will detail progress made in the previous decade on the chemistry and bioactivity of birch bark extractive products. Current and future applications of birch bark natural products in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of cancer, HIV,and other human pathogens are reviewed. Current developments in the technology of birch bark processing are discussed. New approaches for the synthesis of potentially valuable birch bark triterpenoid derivatives are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Krasutsky
- University of Minnesota-Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, Minnesota 55811-1442, USA.
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167
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Lewis DA, Hengeltraub SF, Gao FC, Leivant MA, Spandau DF. Aberrant NF-κB Activity in HaCaT Cells Alters their Response to UVB Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1885-92. [PMID: 16741515 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immortalized keratinocyte cell line called HaCaT has been used in experiments as a convenient substitute for cultured normal human keratinocytes. However, some molecular differences have been identified that distinguish HaCaT cells from normal human keratinocytes, including differences in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and in their response to UVB irradiation. NF-kappaB is a widely expressed transcription factor that is activated by a cacophony of stimuli, including inflammatory mediators such as TNFalpha and oxidative stressors such as UVB exposure. This report delineates and further elucidates the aberrant NF-kappaB signaling pathway and its effect in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB radiation or inflammatory mediators. We demonstrate that NF-kappaB DNA binding is activated by both UVB and TNFalpha, but discrepancies in the activation of key upstream signaling pathway components such as AKT phosphorylation and IkappaBalpha degradation exist. Disruption of the constitutive NF-kappaB activity in HaCaT cells resulted in alterations in NF-kappaB signaling that were more consistent with the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in normal human keratinocytes. These studies suggest that caution should be used in extrapolating the biological responses of HaCaT cells to those of normal human keratinocytes in the absence of confirmatory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina A Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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168
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Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A. Daboia russellii and Naja kaouthia venom neutralization by lupeol acetate isolated from the root extract of Indian sarsaparilla Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:38-43. [PMID: 16426782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the isolation and purification of lupeol acetate from the methanolic root extract of Indian medicinal plant Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. (family: Asclepiadaceae) which could neutralize venom induced action of Daboia russellii and Naja kaouthia on experimental animals. Lupeol acetate could significantly neutralize lethality, haemorrhage, defibrinogenation, edema, PLA(2) activity induced by Daboia russellii venom. It also neutralized Naja kaouthia venom induced lethality, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and respiratory changes in experimental animals. Lupeol acetate potentiated the protection by snake venom antiserum action against Daboia russellii venom induced lethality in male albino mice. Venom induced changes in lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase activity was antagonized by lupeol acetate. Snake venom neutralization by lupeol acetate and its possible mechanism of action has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta 700009, India
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169
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Samane S, Noël J, Charrouf Z, Amarouch H, Haddad PS. Insulin-sensitizing and anti-proliferative effects of Argania spinosa seed extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2006; 3:317-27. [PMID: 16951716 PMCID: PMC1513146 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Argania spinosa is an evergreen tree endemic of southwestern Morocco. Many preparations have been used in traditional Moroccan medicine for centuries to treat several illnesses including diabetes. However, scientific evidence supporting these actions is lacking. Therefore, we prepared various extracts of the argan fruit, namely keel, cake and argan oil extracts, which we tested in the HTC hepatoma cell line for their potential to affect cellular insulin responses. Cell viability was measured by Trypan Blue exclusion and the response to insulin evaluated by the activation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2), ERK kinase (MEK1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling components. None of the extracts demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity. Certain extracts demonstrated a bi-phasic effect on ERK1/2 activation; low doses of the extract slightly increased ERK1/2 activation in response to insulin, whereas higher doses completely abolished the response. In contrast, none of the extracts had any significant effect on MEK whereas only a cake saponin subfraction enhanced insulin-induced PKB/Akt activation. The specific action of argan oil extracts on ERK1/2 activation made us consider an anti-proliferative action. We have thus tested other transformed cell lines (HT-1080 and MSV-MDCK-INV cells) and found similar results. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation was also associated with decreased DNA synthesis as evidenced by [3H]thymidine incorporation experiments. These results suggest that the products of Argania spinosa may provide a new therapeutic avenue against proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Samane
- Groupe d’e´tude des prote´ines membranaires, Universite´ deMontre´ al, Montre´ al, Canada
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170
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Saleem M, Kweon MH, Yun JM, Adhami VM, Khan N, Syed DN, Mukhtar H. A novel dietary triterpene Lupeol induces fas-mediated apoptotic death of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11203-13. [PMID: 16322271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, a fine balance between cell proliferation and apoptotic death is lost, resulting in increased cellular mass and tumor progression. One approach to redress this imbalance and control this malignancy is its preventive intervention through the use of dietary natural agents. Here, we investigated the growth-inhibitory effect and associated mechanisms of Lupeol, a triterpene present in fruits and vegetables, in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cells. Lupeol treatment resulted in significant inhibition of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and caused apoptotic death of prostate cancer cells. Lupeol was found to induce the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein and degradation of acinus protein with a significant increase in the expression of FADD protein. Among all death receptor targets examined, Lupeol specifically caused a significant increase in the expression of Fas receptor. The small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of the Fas gene and inhibition of caspase-6, caspase-8, and caspase-9 by their specific inhibitors confirmed that Lupeol specifically activates the Fas receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. The treatment of cells with a combination of anti-Fas monoclonal antibody and Lupeol resulted in higher cell death compared with the additive effect of the two compounds alone, suggesting a synergistic effect. Lupeol treatment resulted in a significant inhibition in growth of tumors with concomitant reduction in prostate-specific antigen secretion in athymic nude mice implanted with CWR22Rnu1 cells. Because early clinical prostate cancer growth is an androgen-dependent response, the results of the present study suggest that Lupeol may have a potential to be an effective agent against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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171
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Tolstikova TG, Sorokina IV, Tolstikov GA, Tolstikov AG, Flekhter OB. Biological activity and pharmacological prospects of lupane terpenoids: I. natural lupane derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006; 32:42-55. [PMID: 16523720 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162006010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of natural and semisynthetic lupane triterpenoids is discussed in a two-part review. The first part is devoted to the pharmacological properties of natural lupane triterpenoids. Betulinic acid has proven to be the most effective antitumor agent among more than fifty natural lupanes.
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172
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Shen G, Jeong WS, Hu R, Kong ANT. Regulation of Nrf2, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 signaling pathways by chemopreventive agents. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1648-63. [PMID: 16356127 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of carcinogenesis by chemopreventive agents has been demonstrated in many tumorigenesis animal models. The chemopreventive mechanisms of those phytochemicals have been investigated extensively, though mostly in in vitro cell culture systems. The cellular signaling cascades mediated by transcription factors, including nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activator protein-1 (AP-1), have been shown to play pivotal roles in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression processes. Thus, as demonstrated by previous substantive mechanistic studies, they appear to be ideal targets for cancer chemoprevention. In this review, we discuss the current progress and future challenges on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in cancer chemoprevention by phytochemicals, focusing on the regulation of Nrf2, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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173
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Hata K, Hori K, Murata J, Takahashi S. Remodeling of Actin Cytoskeleton in Lupeol-Induced B16 2F2 Cell Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:467-72. [PMID: 16272141 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupeol induces the formation of dendrites in B16 2F2 melanoma cells. The remodeling of cytoskeletal components contributes to the dendricity of melanoma cells. We studied the effects of lupeol on the remodeling of cytoplasmic filaments in B16 2F2 cells. Western blotting revealed no change in the levels of actin and tubulin. Lupeol attenuated stress fiber assembly, but did not promote the remodeling of microtubular networks. We examined the activation of cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor, in lupeol-treated B16 2F2 cells by western blotting. The level of phospho-cofilin was found to decrease in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 blocked tyrosinase induction by lupeol, but did not influence the disruption of stress fiber assembly or the dephosphorylation of cofilin. Furthermore, we studied the effects of lupeol on cell migration. At 10 microM, lupeol markedly inhibited the haptotaxis of B16 2F2 cells to fibronectin. Additionally, lupeol strongly inhibited the migration of human melanoma and neuroblastoma cells, and weakly suppressed the migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells. However, lupeol did not affect the motility of other cancer cells. The results suggest that lupeol suppresses the migration of malignant melanoma cells by disassembling the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Hata
- Department of Bioengineering, Akita Research Institute of Food & Brewing (ARIF), 4-26 Sanuki, Araya-machi, Akita 010-1623, Japan.
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174
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Saleem M, Kaur S, Kweon MH, Adhami VM, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Lupeol, a fruit and vegetable based triterpene, induces apoptotic death of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells via inhibition of Ras signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1956-64. [PMID: 15958516 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an exceptionally aggressive disease, the treatment of which has largely been unsuccessful due to higher resistance offered by pancreatic cancer cells to conventional approaches such as surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. The aberration of Ras oncoprotein has been linked to the induction of multiple signaling pathways and to the resistance offered by pancreatic cancer cells to apoptosis. Therefore, there is a need for development of new and effective chemotherapeutic agents which can target multiple pathways to induce responsiveness of pancreatic cancer cells to death signals. In this study, human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells AsPC-1 were used to investigate the effect of Lupeol on cell growth and its effects on the modulation of multiple Ras-induced signaling pathways. Lupeol caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth as assessed by MTT assay and induction of apoptosis as assessed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. Lupeol treatment to cells was found to significantly reduce the expression of Ras oncoprotein and modulate the protein expression of various signaling molecules involved in PKCalpha/ODC, PI3K/Akt and MAPKs pathways along with a significant reduction in the activation of NFkappaB signaling pathway. Our data suggest that Lupeol can adopt a multi-prong strategy to target multiple signaling pathways leading to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Lupeol could be a potential agent against pancreatic cancer, however, further in-depth in vivo studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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175
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Abstract
The cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents is attributed to apoptosis. Acquired resistance to the effects of chemotherapy has emerged as a significant impediment to effective cancer therapy. One feature that cytotoxic treatments of cancer have in common is their activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which regulates cell survival. NF-kappaB activation suppresses the apoptotic potential of chemotherapeutic agents and contributes to resistance. What evidence is there that inhibitors of NF-kappaB might promote apoptosis in cancer cells and can NF-kappaB inhibitors be used to overcome resistance to chemotherapeutic agents?
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikashi Nakanishi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22, Honkomagome, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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176
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Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Lin LT, Lin CC. Asiatic acid, a triterpene, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in human breast cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 313:333-44. [PMID: 15626723 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.078808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study first investigates the anticancer effect of asiatic acid in two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Asiatic acid exhibited effective cell growth inhibition by inducing cancer cells to undergo S-G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Blockade of cell cycle was associated with increased p21/WAF1 levels and reduced amounts of cyclinB1, cyclinA, Cdc2, and Cdc25C in a p53-independent manner. Asiatic acid also reduced Cdc2 function by increasing the association of p21/WAF1/Cdc2 complex and the level of inactivated phospho-Cdc2 and phospho-Cdc25C. Asiatic acid treatment triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway indicated by changing Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation, but it did not act on Fas/Fas ligand pathways and the activation of caspase-8. We also found that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and p38, but not c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), are critical mediators in asiatic acid-induced cell growth inhibition. U0126 [1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene] or SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole], specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and p38 kinase activities, significantly decreased or delayed apoptosis. Asiatic acid was likely to confine the breast cancer cells in the S-G2/M phase mainly through the p38 pathway, because both SB203580 and p38 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition significantly attenuated the accumulation of inactive phospho-Cdc2 and phospho-Cdc25C proteins and the cell numbers of S-G2/M phase. Moreover, U0126 and ERK siRNA inhibition completely suppressed asiatic acid-induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation and Bax up-regulation, and caspase-9 activation. Together, these results imply a critical role for ERK1/2 and p38 but not JNK, p53, and Fas/Fas ligand in asiatic acid-induced S-G2/M arrest and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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