151
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Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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152
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Noda N. Recent advances in the research and development of blue flowers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:79-87. [PMID: 29681750 PMCID: PMC5903984 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the most important trait in the breeding of ornamental plants. In the floriculture industry, however, bluish colored flowers of desirable plants have proved difficult to breed. Many ornamental plants with a high production volume, such as rose and chrysanthemum, lack the key genes for producing the blue delphinidin pigment or do not have an intracellular environment suitable for developing blue color. Recently, it has become possible to incorporate a blue flower color trait through progress in molecular biological analysis of pigment biosynthesis genes and genetic engineering. For example, introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Furthermore, the world's first blue chrysanthemum was recently produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum. This review focuses on the biotechnological efforts to develop blue flowers, and describes future prospects for blue flower breeding and commercialization.
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153
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QUINA FRANKH, BASTOS ERICKL. Chemistry Inspired by the Colors of Fruits, Flowers and Wine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:681-695. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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154
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From vine to wine: photophysics of a pyranoflavylium analog of red wine pyranoanthocyanins. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the ground state, the p-methoxyphenyl-substituted pyranoflavylium cation I, prepared by the reaction of the 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylflavylium cation with p-methoxybenzaldehyde, is a weak acid (pKa=3.7±0.1). In its lowest excited singlet state, I is a moderate photoacid (pKa*=0.67) in 30% methanol-water acidified with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In comparison to anthocyanins and 7-hydroxyflavylium cations, the photoacidity of I is much less pronounced and the rate of proton loss from the excited acid form of I much slower (by a factor of up to 100). In 50% ethanol:0.10 mol dm−3 HClO4, the excited state of the acid form of I undergoes fast (12 ps) initial relaxation (potentially in the direction of an intramolecular charge transfer state), followed by much slower (340 ps) adiabatic deprotonation to form the excited base. The excited base in turn exhibits a moderately fast relaxation (70 ps), consistent with solvent hydrogen-bond reorganization times, followed by slower but efficient decay (1240 ps) back to the ground state. As in uncomplexed anthocyanins and 7-hydroxyflavylium cations, the photophysical behavior of I points to excited state proton transfer as the dominant excited state deactivation pathway of pyranoanthocyanins, consistent with relatively good photostability of natural pyranoanthocyanins.
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155
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Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees. Nature 2017; 550:469-474. [DOI: 10.1038/nature24285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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156
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Effect of complexes of cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside with rutin and metal ions on their antioxidant activities. Food Chem 2017; 232:545-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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157
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Ishii I, Sakaguchi K, Fujita K, Ozeki Y, Miyahara T. A double knockout mutant of acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin glucosyltransferase genes in Delphinium grandiflorum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 216:74-78. [PMID: 28577387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blue coloration in delphinium flowers arises from 7-polyacylated anthocyanins which are modified alternately with acyl and glucosyl residues at the 7 position of the aglycone. Previously, we identified two independent genes for acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin 7-(6-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-glucoside) glucosyltransferases (AA7BG-GT); recombinant proteins from the two cDNAs were produced in Escherichia coli and showed AA7BG-GT activity in vitro. Here, a double knockout mutant of both genes was found to lack modification of the second glucosyl residue following further acyl and glucosyl modifications. Both genes in the double mutant had nucleotide sequence changes and deletions that disrupted their transcripts and caused loss of AA7BG-GT activity in sepals. These results provide genetic confirmation that both genes are responsible for AA7BG-GT enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishii
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Agricultural Research, Miyoshi & Co., Ltd R&D Center, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0041, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Agricultural Research, Miyoshi & Co., Ltd R&D Center, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0041, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ozeki
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Taira Miyahara
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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158
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Hu DG, Li YY, Zhang QY, Li M, Sun CH, Yu JQ, Hao YJ. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MdMYB73 is involved in malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in apple. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:443-454. [PMID: 28423209 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Malate, the predominant organic acid in many fruits, is a crucial component of the organoleptic quality of fruit, including taste and flavor. The genetic and environmental mechanisms affecting malate metabolism in fruit cells have been studied extensively. However, the transcriptional regulation of malate-metabolizing enzymes and vacuolar transporters remains poorly understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that MdMYB1 modulates anthocyanin accumulation and vacuolar acidification by directly activating vacuolar transporters, including MdVHA-B1, MdVHA-E, MdVHP1 and MdtDT. Interestingly, we isolated and identified a MYB transcription factor, MdMYB73, a distant relative of MdMYB1 in this study. It was subsequently found that MdMYB73 protein bound directly to the promoters of MdALMT9 (aluminum-activated malate transporter 9), MdVHA-A (vacuolar ATPase subunit A) and MdVHP1 (vacuolar pyrophosphatase 1), transcriptionally activating their expression and thereby enhancing their activities. Analyses of transgenic apple calli demonstrated that MdMYB73 influenced malate accumulation and vacuolar pH. Furthermore, MdCIbHLH1 interacted with MdMYB73 and enhanced its activity upon downstream target genes. These findings help to elucidate how MdMYB73 directly modulates the vacuolar transport system to affect malate accumulation and vacuolar pH in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Cui-Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
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159
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Yoshida K, Azuma K, Kondo T. Structure of Muscariflavone A-C, Isolated from Purplish Blue Spicate Flower Petals of Muscari armeniacum. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From purplish-blue spicate flowers of muscari ( Muscari armeniacum), three new glycosylated flavones, named muscariflavone A-C (1–3), were isolated, and their structures were determined using MS and NMR analyses. All of these flavones contained the apigenin chromophore, and three to four sugar linear-chains were attached at the 7-OH of apigenin. The mixture of muscarinin A, muscariflavone A-C and aluminum ions gave a stable purplish-blue color similar to that of the petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kayoko Azuma
- School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, 17-3 Hoshigaoka-motomachi, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8662, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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160
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Noda N, Yoshioka S, Kishimoto S, Nakayama M, Douzono M, Tanaka Y, Aida R. Generation of blue chrysanthemums by anthocyanin B-ring hydroxylation and glucosylation and its coloration mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602785. [PMID: 28782017 PMCID: PMC5529055 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various colored cultivars of ornamental flowers have been bred by hybridization and mutation breeding; however, the generation of blue flowers for major cut flower plants, such as roses, chrysanthemums, and carnations, has not been achieved by conventional breeding or genetic engineering. Most blue-hued flowers contain delphinidin-based anthocyanins; therefore, delphinidin-producing carnation, rose, and chrysanthemum flowers have been generated by overexpression of the gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), the key enzyme for delphinidin biosynthesis. Even so, the flowers are purple/violet rather than blue. To generate true blue flowers, blue pigments, such as polyacylated anthocyanins and metal complexes, must be introduced by metabolic engineering; however, introducing and controlling multiple transgenes in plants are complicated processes. We succeeded in generating blue chrysanthemum flowers by introduction of butterfly pea UDP (uridine diphosphate)-glucose:anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase gene, in addition to the expression of the Canterbury bells F3'5'H. Newly synthesized 3',5'-diglucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanins exhibited a violet color under the weakly acidic pH conditions of flower petal juice and showed a blue color only through intermolecular association, termed "copigmentation," with flavone glucosides in planta. Thus, we achieved the development of blue color by a two-step modification of the anthocyanin structure. This simple method is a promising approach to generate blue flowers in various ornamental plants by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Noda
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Satoshi Yoshioka
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
| | - Sanae Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakayama
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Douzono
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited, Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Aida
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
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161
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Fedenko VS, Shemet SA, Landi M. UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models for detecting anthocyanin-metal complexes in plants: An overview of in vitro and in vivo techniques. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 212:13-28. [PMID: 28242414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although anthocyanin (ACN) biosynthesis is one of the best studied pathways of secondary metabolism in plants, the possible physiological and ecological role(s) of these pigments continue to intrigue scientists. Like other dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids, ACNs have an ability to bind metal and metalloid ions, a property that has been exploited for a variety of purposes. For example, the metal binding ability may be used to stabilize ACNs from plant food sources, or to modify their colors for using them as food colorants. The complexation of metals with cyanidin derivatives can also be used as a simple, sensitive, cheap, and rapid method for determination concentrations of several metals in biological and environmental samples using UV-vis spectroscopy. Far less information is available on the ecological significance of ACN-metal complexes in plant-environment interactions. Metalloanthocyanins (protocyanin, nemophilin, commelinin, protodelphin, cyanosalvianin) are involved in the copigmentation phenomenon that leads to blue-pigmented petals, which may facilitate specific plant-pollinator interactions. ACN-metal formation and compartmentation into the vacuole has also been proposed to be part of an orchestrated detoxification mechanism in plants which experience metal/metalloid excess. However, investigations into ACN-metal interactions in plant biology may be limited because of the complexity of the analytical techniques required. To address this concern, here we describe simple methods for the detection of ACN-metal both in vitro and in vivo using UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models. In particular, the use of UV-vis spectra, difference absorption spectra, and colorimetry techniques will be described for in vitro determination of ACN-metal features, whereas reflectance spectroscopy and colorimetric parameters related to CIE L*a*b* and CIE XYZ systems will be detailed for in vivo analyses. In this way, we hope to make this high-informative tool more accessible to plant physiologists and ecologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr S Fedenko
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy A Shemet
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
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162
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Anthocyanin Profiles in Flowers of Grape Hyacinth. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050688. [PMID: 28445423 PMCID: PMC6154549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a popular ornamental bulbous perennial famous for its blue flowers. To understand the chemical basis of the rich blue colors in this plant, anthocyanin profiles of six blue flowering grape hyacinths as well as one pink and one white cultivar were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Along with two known compounds, eight putative anthocyanins were identified in the tepals of grape hyacinth for the first time. The accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins in the plant showed significant cultivar and flower development specificity. Violet-blue flowers mainly contained simple delphinidin-type anthocyanins bearing one or two methyl-groups but no acyl groups, whereas white and pink flowers synthesised more complex pelargonidin/cyanidin-derivatives with acyl-moieties but no methyl-groups. The results partially reveal why solid blue, orange or red flowers are rare in this plant in nature. In addition, pelargonidin-type anthocyanins were found for the first time in the genus, bringing more opportunities in terms of breeding of flower color in grape hyacinth.
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163
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Effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on blue color expression of cyanidin derivatives and their metal chelates. Food Chem 2017; 234:131-138. [PMID: 28551216 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to recreate many anthocyanin blue hues in nature are not fully understood, but interactions with metal ions and phenolic compounds are thought to play important roles. Bluing effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on cyanidin and chelates were investigated by addition of the acids to triglycosylated cyanidin (0-50×[anthocyanin]) and by comparison to hydroxycinnamic acid monoacylated and diacylated Cy fractions by spectrophotometry (380-700nm) and colorimetry in pH 5-8. With no metal ions, λmax and absorbance was greatest for cyanidin with diacylation>monoacylation>increasing [acids]. Hydroxycinnamic acids added to cyanidin solutions weakly impacted color characteristics (ΔE<5); while acylation (covalent acid attachment) resulted in ΔE 5-15. Triglycosylated cyanidin expressed blue color (pH 7-8), suggesting glycosylation pattern also plays a role. Al3+ chelation increased absorbance 2-42× and λmax≳40nm (pH 5-6) compared to added hydroxycinnamic acids. Metal chelation and aromatic diacylation resulted in the most blue hues.
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164
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Deng J, Khalid N, Sanaullah T, Shuilin H. Biotechnological Advancements for Improving Floral Attributes in Ornamental Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28473834 PMCID: PMC5397496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing new ornamental cultivars with improved floral attributes is a major goal in floriculture. Biotechnological approach together with classical breeding methods has been used to modify floral color, appearance as well as for increasing disease resistance. Transgenic strategies possess immense potential to produce novel flower phenotypes that are not found in nature. Adoption of Genetic engineering has supported the idea of floral trait modification. Ornamental plant attributes like floral color, fragrance, disease resistance, and vase life can be improved by means of genetic manipulation. Therefore, we witness transgenic plant varieties of high aesthetic and commercial value. This review focuses on biotechnological advancements in manipulating key floral traits that contribute in development of diverse ornamental plant lines. Data clearly reveals that regulation of biosynthetic pathways related to characteristics like pigment production, flower morphology and fragrance is both possible and predictable. In spite of their great significance, small number of genetically engineered varieties of ornamental plants has been field tested. Today, novel flower colors production is regarded as chief commercial benefit obtained from transgenic plants. But certain other floral traits are much more important and have high commercial potential. Other than achievements such as novel architecture, modified flower color, etc., very few reports are available regarding successful transformation of other valuable horticultural characteristics. Our review also summarized biotechnological efforts related to enhancement of fragrance and induction of early flowering along with changes in floral anatomy and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Botany, Government College UniversityFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University SialkotSialkot, Pakistan
| | | | - He Shuilin
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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165
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Marpaung AM, Andarwulan N, Hariyadi P, Nur Faridah D. The colour degradation of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) petal in various solvents at pH 7. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2273-2280. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1303689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Muzi Marpaung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Food Technology Department, Swiss German University EduTown BSD City, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Nuri Andarwulan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purwiyatno Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Didah Nur Faridah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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166
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Kimura Y, Oyama KI, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Synthesis of 8-aryl-3,5,7,3′,4′-penta-O-methylcyanidins from the corresponding quercetin derivatives by reduction with LiAlH4. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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167
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Ratanapoompinyo J, Nguyen LT, Devkota L, Shrestha P. The effects of selected metal ions on the stability of red cabbage anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds subjected to encapsulation process. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakaphan Ratanapoompinyo
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Loc T. Nguyen
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Lavaraj Devkota
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pratiksha Shrestha
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
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168
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Kimura Y, Oyama KI, Murata Y, Wakamiya A, Yoshida K. Synthesis of 8-Aryl-O-methylcyanidins and Their Usage for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Devices. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020427. [PMID: 28212330 PMCID: PMC5343961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins as natural pigments are colorful and environmentally compatible dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To increase the efficiency, we designed and synthesized unnatural O-methylflavonols and O-methylcyanidins that possess an aryl group at the 8-position. We synthesized per-O-methylquercetin from quercetin, then using selective demethylation prepared various O-methylquercetins. Using the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, 8-arylation of per-O-methylquercetin was achieved. Using a LiAlH4 reduction or Clemmensen reduction, these flavonols were transformed to the corresponding cyanidin derivatives in satisfactory yields. Using these dyes, we fabricated DSSCs, and their efficiency was investigated. The efficiency of tetra-O-methylflavonol was 0.31%. However, the introduction of the 8-aryl residue increased the efficiency to 1.04%. In comparison to these flavonols, O-methylcyanidins exhibited a lower efficiency of 0.05% to 0.52%. The introduction of the 8-aryl group into the cyanidin derivatives did not result in a remarkable increase in the efficiency. These phenomena may be due to the poor fit of the HOMO-LUMO level of the dyes to the TiO2 conduction band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Chemical Instrumentation Facility, Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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169
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Kimura Y, Maeda T, Iuchi S, Koga N, Murata Y, Wakamiya A, Yoshida K. Characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using five pure anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosides possessing different chromophores. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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170
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Zhuang Y, Tripp EA. Genome-scale transcriptional study of hybrid effects and regulatory divergence in an F 1 hybrid Ruellia (Wild Petunias: Acanthaceae) and its parents. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:15. [PMID: 28095782 PMCID: PMC5240417 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New combinations of divergent genomes can give rise to novel genetic functions in resulting hybrid progeny. Such functions may yield opportunities for ecological divergence, contributing ultimately to reproductive isolation and evolutionary longevity of nascent hybrid lineages. In plants, the degree to which transgressive genotypes contribute to floral novelty remains a question of key interest. Here, we generated an F1 hybrid plant between the red-flowered Ruellia elegans and yellow flowered R. speciosa. RNA-seq technology was used to explore differential gene expression between the hybrid and its two parents, with emphasis on genetic elements involved in the production of floral anthocyanin pigments. RESULTS The hybrid was purple flowered and produced novel floral delphinidin pigments not manufactured by either parent. We found that nearly a fifth of all 86,475 unigenes expressed were unique to the hybrid. The majority of hybrid unigenes (80.97%) showed a pattern of complete dominance to one parent or the other although this ratio was uneven, suggesting asymmetrical influence of parental genomes on the progeny transcriptome. However, 8.87% of all transcripts within the hybrid were expressed at significantly higher or lower mean levels than observed for either parent. A total of 28 unigenes coding putatively for eight core enzymes in the anthocyanin pathway were recovered, along with three candidate MYBs involved in anthocyanin regulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that models of gene evolution that explain phenotypic novelty and hybrid establishment in plants may need to include transgressive effects. Additionally, our results lend insight into the potential for floral novelty that derives from unions of divergent genomes. These findings serve as a starting point to further investigate molecular mechanisms involved in flower color transitions in Ruellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Zhuang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, UCB 350, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Erin A. Tripp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, UCB 334, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, UCB 350, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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171
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Abstract
The color of food is often associated with the flavor, safety, and nutritional value of the product. Synthetic food colorants have been used because of their high stability and low cost. However, consumer perception and demand have driven the replacement of synthetic colorants with naturally derived alternatives. Natural pigment applications can be limited by lower stability, weaker tinctorial strength, interactions with food ingredients, and inability to match desired hues. Therefore, no single naturally derived colorant can serve as a universal alternative for a specified synthetic colorant in all applications. This review summarizes major environmental and biological sources for natural colorants as well as nature-identical counterparts. Chemical characteristics of prevalent pigments, including anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, and chlorophylls, are described. The possible applications and hues (warm, cool, and achromatic) of currently used natural pigments, such as anthocyanins as red and blue colorants, and possible future alternatives, such as purple violacein and red pyranoanthocyanins, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Sigurdson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1007;
| | - Peipei Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1007;
| | - M Mónica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1007;
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172
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Hsu YH, Tagami T, Matsunaga K, Okuyama M, Suzuki T, Noda N, Suzuki M, Shimura H. Functional characterization of UDP-rhamnose-dependent rhamnosyltransferase involved in anthocyanin modification, a key enzyme determining blue coloration in Lobelia erinus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:325-337. [PMID: 27696560 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Because structural modifications of flavonoids are closely related to their properties, such as stability, solubility, flavor and coloration, characterizing the enzymes that catalyze the modification reactions can be useful for engineering agriculturally beneficial traits of flavonoids. In this work, we examined the enzymes involved in the modification pathway of highly glycosylated and acylated anthocyanins that accumulate in Lobelia erinus. Cultivar Aqua Blue (AB) of L. erinus is blue-flowered and accumulates delphinidin 3-O-p-coumaroylrutinoside-5-O-malonylglucoside-3'5'-O-dihydroxycinnamoylglucoside (lobelinins) in its petals. Cultivar Aqua Lavender (AL) is mauve-flowered, and LC-MS analyses showed that AL accumulated delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (Dp3G), which was not further modified toward lobelinins. A crude protein assay showed that modification processes of lobelinin were carried out in a specific order, and there was no difference between AB and AL in modification reactions after rhamnosylation of Dp3G, indicating that the lack of highly modified anthocyanins in AL resulted from a single mutation of rhamnosyltransferase catalyzing the rhamnosylation of Dp3G. We cloned rhamnosyltransferase genes (RTs) from AB and confirmed their UDP-rhamnose-dependent rhamnosyltransferase activities on Dp3G using recombinant proteins. In contrast, the RT gene in AL had a 5-bp nucleotide deletion, resulting in a truncated polypeptide without the plant secondary product glycosyltransferase box. In a complementation test, AL that was transformed with the RT gene from AB produced blue flowers. These results suggest that rhamnosylation is an essential process for lobelinin synthesis, and thus the expression of RT has a great impact on the flower color and is necessary for the blue color of Lobelia flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hsin Hsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kana Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Naonobu Noda
- NARO Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8519, Japan
| | - Masahiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hanako Shimura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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173
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Sigurdson GT, Robbins RJ, Collins TM, Giusti MM. Spectral and colorimetric characteristics of metal chelates of acylated cyanidin derivatives. Food Chem 2016; 221:1088-1095. [PMID: 27979063 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Colorants derived from nature are increasingly popular due to consumer demand. Anthocyanins are a class of naturally occurring pigments that produce red-purple-blue hues in nature, especially when interacting with metal ions and co-pigments. The role of various acylations of cyanidin (Cy) derivatives on color expression and stability of Al3+ and Fe3+ chelates in pH 6-7 were evaluated by spectrophotometry (380-700nm) and colorimetry (CIE-L∗a∗b∗) during dark, ambient storage (48h). Increased substitution generally increased λmax of Cy chelates: malonic acid monoacylation<triglycosylated Cy<Cy monoacylated with hydroxycinnamic acids<diacylated Cy. Patterns were similar regarding bathochromic shifts. Acyl moieties of diacylated Cy with smaller substitution patterns resulted in greater λmax, and no pattern emerged for monoacylated cyanidin. Pigment stability was improved with increasing proportions of metal ions and acylation. Stability followed that diacylated cyanidin (p-coumaric-sinapic>ferulic-sinapic>sinapic-sinapic)>monoacylated (malonic≈sinapic>ferulic>p-coumaric).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Sigurdson
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States
| | - R J Robbins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - T M Collins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - M M Giusti
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States.
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174
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Hu DG, Sun CH, Zhang QY, An JP, You CX, Hao YJ. Glucose Sensor MdHXK1 Phosphorylates and Stabilizes MdbHLH3 to Promote Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Apple. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006273. [PMID: 27560976 PMCID: PMC4999241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose induces anthocyanin accumulation in many plant species; however, the molecular mechanism involved in this process remains largely unknown. Here, we found that apple hexokinase MdHXK1, a glucose sensor, was involved in sensing exogenous glucose and regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. In vitro and in vivo assays suggested that MdHXK1 interacted directly with and phosphorylated an anthocyanin-associated bHLH transcription factor (TF) MdbHLH3 at its Ser361 site in response to glucose. Furthermore, both the hexokinase_2 domain and signal peptide are crucial for the MdHXK1-mediated phosphorylation of MdbHLH3. Moreover, phosphorylation modification stabilized MdbHLH3 protein and enhanced its transcription of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, thereby increasing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Finally, a series of transgenic analyses in apple calli and fruits demonstrated that MdHXK1 controlled glucose-induced anthocyanin accumulation at least partially, if not completely, via regulating MdbHLH3. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of the glucose sensor HXK1 modulation of anthocyanin accumulation, which occur by directly regulating the anthocyanin-related bHLH TFs in response to a glucose signal in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Cui-Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Ping An
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
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175
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176
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Jiang N, Doseff AI, Grotewold E. Flavones: From Biosynthesis to Health Benefits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E27. [PMID: 27338492 PMCID: PMC4931407 DOI: 10.3390/plants5020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flavones correspond to a flavonoid subgroup that is widely distributed in the plants, and which can be synthesized by different pathways, depending on whether they contain C- or O-glycosylation and hydroxylated B-ring. Flavones are emerging as very important specialized metabolites involved in plant signaling and defense, as well as key ingredients of the human diet, with significant health benefits. Here, we appraise flavone formation in plants, emphasizing the emerging theme that biosynthesis pathway determines flavone chemistry. Additionally, we briefly review the biological activities of flavones, both from the perspective of the functions that they play in biotic and abiotic plant interactions, as well as their roles as nutraceutical components of the human and animal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, 305B Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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177
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Sigurdson GT, Robbins RJ, Collins TM, Giusti MM. Evaluating the role of metal ions in the bathochromic and hyperchromic responses of cyanidin derivatives in acidic and alkaline pH. Food Chem 2016; 208:26-34. [PMID: 27132820 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many food products, colorants derived from natural sources are increasingly popular due to consumer demand. Anthocyanins are one class of versatile and abundant naturally occurring chromophores that produce different hues in nature, especially with metal ions and other copigments assisting. The effects of chelation of metal ions (Mg(2+), Al(3+), Cr(3+), Fe(3+), and Ga(3+)) in factorial excesses to anthocyanin concentration (0-500×) on the spectral characteristics (380-700nm) of cyanidin and acylated cyanidin derivatives were evaluated to better understand the color evolution of anthocyanin-metal chelates in pH 3-8. In all pH, anthocyanins exhibited bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts. Largest bathochromic shifts most often occurred in pH 6; while largest hyperchromic shifts occurred in pH 5. Divalent Mg(2+) showed no observable effect on anthocyanin color while trivalent metal ions caused bathochromic shifts and hue changes. Generally, bathochromic shifts on anthocyanins were greatest with more electron rich metal ions (Fe(3+)≈Ga(3+)>Al(3+)>Cr(3+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Sigurdson
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States
| | - R J Robbins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - T M Collins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - M M Giusti
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States.
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178
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Tedesco I, Moccia S, Volpe S, Alfieri G, Strollo D, Bilotto S, Spagnuolo C, Di Renzo M, Aquino RP, Russo GL. Red wine activates plasma membrane redox system in human erythrocytes. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:557-69. [PMID: 26866566 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1152629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we report that polyphenols present in red wine obtained by a controlled microvinification process are able to protect human erythrocytes from oxidative stress and to activate Plasma Membrane Redox System (PMRS). Human plasma obtained from healthy subjects was incubated in the presence of whole red wine at a concentration corresponding to 9.13-73 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents to verify the capacity to protect against hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced plasma oxidation and to minimize chloramine formation. Red wine reduced hemolysis and chloramine formation induced by HOCl of 40 and 35%, respectively. PMRS present on human erythrocytes transfers electrons from intracellular molecules to extracellular electron acceptors. We demonstrated that whole red wine activated PMRS activity in human erythrocytes isolated from donors in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum at about 70-100 μg/ml gallic acid equivalents. We also showed that red wine increased glutathione (GSH) levels and erythrocytic antioxidant capacity, measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) quenching assay. Furthermore, we reported that GSH played a crucial role in regulating PMRS activity in erythrocytes. In fact, the effect of iodoacetamide, an alkylating agent that induces depletion of intracellular GSH, was completely counteracted by red wine. Bioactive compounds present in red wine, such as gallic acid, resveratrol, catechin, and quercetin were unable to activate PMRS when tested at the concentrations normally present in aged red wines. On the contrary, the increase of PMRS activity was associated with the anthocyanin fraction, suggesting the capacity of this class of compounds to positively modulate PMRS enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idolo Tedesco
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Stefania Moccia
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Silvestro Volpe
- b Division of Onco-Hematology , S.G. Moscati Hospital , Avellino , Italy
| | - Giovanna Alfieri
- b Division of Onco-Hematology , S.G. Moscati Hospital , Avellino , Italy
| | | | - Stefania Bilotto
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
| | | | - Rita P Aquino
- d Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- a Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council , Avellino , Italy
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179
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Trouillas P, Sancho-García JC, De Freitas V, Gierschner J, Otyepka M, Dangles O. Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4937-82. [PMID: 26959943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural anthocyanin pigments/dyes and phenolic copigments/co-dyes form noncovalent complexes, which stabilize and modulate (in particular blue, violet, and red) colors in flowers, berries, and food products derived from them (including wines, jams, purees, and syrups). This noncovalent association and their electronic and optical implications constitute the copigmentation phenomenon. Over the past decade, experimental and theoretical studies have enabled a molecular understanding of copigmentation. This review revisits this phenomenon to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of binding (the dispersion and electrostatic components of π-π stacking, the hydrophobic effect, and possible hydrogen-bonding between pigment and copigment) and of spectral modifications occurring in copigmentation complexes, in which charge transfer plays an important role. Particular attention is paid to applications of copigmentation in food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges , Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan C Sancho-García
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante , Apartado de Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor De Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Porto University , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Nanoscience , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Dangles
- University of Avignon, INRA, UMR408 SQPOV , F-84000 Avignon, France
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180
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Oliveira J, Fernandes A, de Freitas V. Synthesis and structural characterization by LC–MS and NMR of a new semi-natural blue amino-based pyranoanthocyanin compound. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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181
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Passeri V, Koes R, Quattrocchio FM. New Challenges for the Design of High Value Plant Products: Stabilization of Anthocyanins in Plant Vacuoles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:153. [PMID: 26909096 PMCID: PMC4754442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade plant biotechnologists and breeders have made several attempt to improve the antioxidant content of plant-derived food. Most efforts concentrated on increasing the synthesis of antioxidants, in particular anthocyanins, by inducing the transcription of genes encoding the synthesizing enzymes. We present here an overview of economically interesting plant species, both food crops and ornamentals, in which anthocyanin content was improved by traditional breeding or transgenesis. Old genetic studies in petunia and more recent biochemical work in brunfelsia, have shown that after synthesis and compartmentalization in the vacuole, anthocyanins need to be stabilized to preserve the color of the plant tissue over time. The final yield of antioxidant molecules is the result of the balance between synthesis and degradation. Therefore the understanding of the mechanism that determine molecule stabilization in the vacuolar lumen is the next step that needs to be taken to further improve the anthocyanin content in food. In several species a phenomenon known as fading is responsible for the disappearance of pigmentation which in some case can be nearly complete. We discuss the present knowledge about the genetic and biochemical factors involved in pigment preservation/destabilization in plant cells. The improvement of our understanding of the fading process will supply new tools for both biotechnological approaches and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca M. Quattrocchio
- Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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182
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Pozolotina VN, Antonova EV, Shimalina NS. Adaptation of greater plantain, Plantago major L., to long-term radiation and chemical exposure. RUSS J ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413616010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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183
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Silva VO, Freitas AA, Maçanita AL, Quina FH. Chemistry and photochemistry of natural plant pigments: the anthocyanins. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volnir O. Silva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo CP 26077, 05513-970 Brazil
| | - Adilson A. Freitas
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - António L. Maçanita
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo CP 26077, 05513-970 Brazil
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184
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Basílio N, Garnier T, Avó J, Danel M, Chassaing S, Pina F. Synthesis and multistate characterization of bis-flavylium dications – symmetric resorcinol- and phloroglucinol-type derivatives as stochastic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two as one! Full kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of two easy-to-prepare bis-flavylium multistate systems showed stochastic behavior, thus revealing lack of interactions between flavylium moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Basílio
- LAQV
- REQUIMTE
- Departmento de Quimica
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologica
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - T. Garnier
- ITAV
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- UPS
- 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1
| | - J. Avó
- LAQV
- REQUIMTE
- Departmento de Quimica
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologica
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - M. Danel
- ITAV
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- UPS
- 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1
| | - S. Chassaing
- ITAV
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- UPS
- 31106 Toulouse Cedex 1
| | - F. Pina
- LAQV
- REQUIMTE
- Departmento de Quimica
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologica
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
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185
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Sun CH, Zhang QY, Sun MH, Hu DG. MdSOS2L1 forms a complex with MdMYB1 to control vacuolar pH by transcriptionally regulating MdVHA-B1 in apples. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1146846. [PMID: 26910596 PMCID: PMC4883882 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1146846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar pH is important and involves in many different physiological processes in plants. A recent paper published in Plant Physiology reveals that MdMYB1 regulates vacuolar pH by directly transcriptionally regulating proton pump genes and malate transporters genes, such as V-ATPase subunit gene MdVHA-B1. Here, we found that MdSOS2L1 in vitro did not directly interact with MdMYB1, however, in vivo formed a complex with MdMYB1 in the nucleus to regulate MdVHA-B1-mediated vacuolar acidification. This finding shed light on the role of MdSOS2L1 in transcriptionally regulating MdVHA-B1 in addition to its post-modified function in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Mei-Hong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong China
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186
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García G, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. Flavonol–carbon nanostructure hybrid systems: a DFT study on the interaction mechanism and UV/Vis features. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4760-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The properties of flavonol–carbon nanosystem hybrid materials are analyzed using computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
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187
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Tierno R, Ruiz de Galarreta JI. Influence of Selected Factors on Anthocyanin Stability in Colored Potato Extracts. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tierno
- NEIKER-Tecnalia; The Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development; PO Box 46 Vitoria-Gasteiz E-01080 Spain
| | - Jose I. Ruiz de Galarreta
- NEIKER-Tecnalia; The Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development; PO Box 46 Vitoria-Gasteiz E-01080 Spain
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188
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Yoshida K, Tojo K, Mori M, Yamashita K, Kitahara S, Noda M, Uchiyama S. Chemical mechanism of petal color development of Nemophila menziesii by a metalloanthocyanin, nemophilin. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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189
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Rhizopoulou S, Spanakis E, Argiropoulos A. Study of petal topography ofLysimachia arvensisgrown under natural conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2015.1091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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190
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Du H, Wu J, Ji KX, Zeng QY, Bhuiya MW, Su S, Shu QY, Ren HX, Liu ZA, Wang LS. Methylation mediated by an anthocyanin, O-methyltransferase, is involved in purple flower coloration in Paeonia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6563-77. [PMID: 26208646 PMCID: PMC4623676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are major pigments in plants. Methylation plays a role in the diversity and stability of anthocyanins. However, the contribution of anthocyanin methylation to flower coloration is still unclear. We identified two homologous anthocyanin O-methyltransferase (AOMT) genes from purple-flowered (PsAOMT) and red-flowered (PtAOMT) Paeonia plants, and we performed functional analyses of the two genes in vitro and in vivo. The critical amino acids for AOMT catalytic activity were studied by site-directed mutagenesis. We showed that the recombinant proteins, PsAOMT and PtAOMT, had identical substrate preferences towards anthocyanins. The methylation activity of PsAOMT was 60 times higher than that of PtAOMT in vitro. Interestingly, this vast difference in catalytic activity appeared to result from a single amino acid residue substitution at position 87 (arginine to leucine). There were significant differences between the 35S::PsAOMT transgenic tobacco and control flowers in relation to their chromatic parameters, which further confirmed the function of PsAOMT in vivo. The expression levels of the two homologous AOMT genes were consistent with anthocyanin accumulation in petals. We conclude that AOMTs are responsible for the methylation of cyanidin glycosides in Paeonia plants and play an important role in purple coloration in Paeonia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kui-Xian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | | | - Shang Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing-Yan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Hong-Xu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zheng-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Liang-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/ Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
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191
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Ahad A, Ahmad A, Din SU, Rao AQ, Shahid AA, Husnain T. In silico study for diversing the molecular pathway of pigment formation: an alternative to manual coloring in cotton fibers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:751. [PMID: 26442064 PMCID: PMC4584984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diversity of colors in flowers and fruits is largely due to anthocyanin pigments. The flavonoid/anthocyanin pathway has been most extensively studied. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is a vital enzyme of the flavonoid pathway which displays major impact on the formation of anthocyanins, flavan 3-ols and flavonols. The substrate specificity of the DFR was found to play a crucial role in determination of type of anthocyanidins. Altering the flavonoid/anthocyanin pathway through genetic engineering to develop color of our own choice is an exciting subject of future research. In the present study, comparison among four DFR genes (Gossypium hirsutum, Iris × hollandica, Ang. DFRI and DFRII), sequence alignment for homology as well as protein modeling and docking is demonstrated. Estimation of catalytic sites, prediction of substrate preference and protein docking were the key features of this article. For specific substrate uptake, a proline rich region and positions 12 plus 26 along with other positions emphasizing the 26-amino acid residue region (132-157) was tested. Results showed that proline rich region position 12, 26, and 132-157 plays an important role in selective attachment of DFRs with respective substrates. Further, "Expasy ProtParam tool" results showed that Iris × hollandica DFR amino acids (Asn 9: Asp 23) are favorable for reducing DHQ and DHM thus accumulating delphinidin, while Gossypium hirsutum DFR has (Asn 13: Asp 21) hypothesized to consume DHK. Protein docking data showed that amino acid residues in above mentioned positions were just involved in attachment of DFR with substrate and had no role in specific substrate uptake. Advanced bioinformatics analysis has revealed that all above mentioned positions have role in substrate attachment. For substrate specificity, other residues region is involved. It will help in color manipulations in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Ahad
- *Correspondence: Ammara Ahad, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 87 W Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore-53700, Pakistan
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192
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Basílio N, Cabrita L, Pina F. Mimicking Positive and Negative Copigmentation Effects in Anthocyanin Analogues by Host-Guest Interaction with Cucurbit[7]uril and β-Cyclodextrins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7624-7629. [PMID: 25891490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Copigmentation and the anti-copigmentation effects can be mimicked by the interaction of anthocyanin's model compounds respectively with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The complex network of chemical reactions displayed by this family of compounds includes the colored flavylium cation, AH(+), and quinoidal base, A, along with the colorless hemiketal, B, cis-chalcone, Cc, and trans-chalcone, Ct. Whereas AH(+) is stable only at very acidic pH values, the remaining species are formed at slightly acidic and neutral conditions. However, under these conditions, for most of the natural and synthetic flavylium salts, the colorless species predominate (B, Cc, and Ct) at the expense of A. The host CB7 was found to improve the color of solutions in two different ways: first, it stabilizes AH(+) at higher pH values by decreasing its acidity and, second, it enhances the mole fraction of A due to selective complexation of this species in the pH range where the flavylium cation is no longer stable. In contrast, β-CD increases the acidity of AH(+), favoring the formation of Ct at the expense of all the other multistate species (Bası́lio et al. New J. Chem. 2013, 37, 3166-3173; Petrov et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 10692-10701; Gago et al. Dyes Pigments 2014, 110, 106-112; and Lopes-Costa et al. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2014, 13, 1420-1426). Although both hosts have a large effect on the hydration rate and pH domain of the flavylium cation, the effect on the degradation kinetics of anthocyanidins is modest. CB7 decreases the hydration rate and decreases the acid-base (AH(+)/A) equilibrium constant (Ka), leading respectively to a slowing and a speeding of the anthocyanin degradation rate. On the other hand, β-CD increases the hydration rate but increases Ka, both effects acting in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Basílio
- Laboratório Associado para a Quı́mica Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luis Cabrita
- Laboratório Associado para a Quı́mica Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pina
- Laboratório Associado para a Quı́mica Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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193
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Oyama KI, Yamada T, Ito D, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Metal Complex Pigment Involved in the Blue Sepal Color Development of Hydrangea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7630-5. [PMID: 26006163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins exhibit various vivid colors from red through purple to blue and are potential sources of food colorants. However, their usage is restricted because of their instability, especially as a blue colorant. The blue sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is due to a metal complex named "hydrangea-blue complex" composed of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, 1, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 2, and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3, as copigments, and Al(3+) in aqueous solution at approximately pH 4.0. However, the ratio of each component ins not stoichiometric, but is fluctuates within a certain range. The hydrangea-blue complex exists only in aqueous solution, exhibiting a stable blue color, but attempts at crystallization have failed; therefore, the structure remains obscure. To clarify the basis of the character of the hydrangea-blue pigment and to obtain its structural information, we studied the mixing conditions to reconstruct the same blue color as observed in the sepals. In highly concentrated sodium acetate buffer (6 M, pH 4.0) we could measure (1)H NMR of both the hydrangea-blue complex composed of 1 (5 mM), 2 (10 mM), and Al(3+) (10 mM) and a simple 1-Al(3+) complex. We also recorded the spectra of complexes composed with structurally different anthocyanins and copigments. Comparison of those signals indicated that in the hydrangea-blue complex 1 might be under equilibrium between chelating and nonchelating structures having an interaction with 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ichi Oyama
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamada
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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194
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Seitz C, Ameres S, Schlangen K, Forkmann G, Halbwirth H. Multiple evolution of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. PLANTA 2015; 242:561-73. [PMID: 25916309 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple F3'5'H evolution from F3'H has occurred in dicotyledonous plants. Efficient pollinator attraction is probably the driving force behind, as this allowed for the synthesis of delphinidin-based blue anthocyanins. The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) hydroxylate the B-ring of flavonoids at the 3'- and 3'- and 5'-position, respectively. Their divergence took place early in plant evolution. While F3'H is ubiquitously present in higher plants, the distribution of F3'5'H is scattered. Here, we report that F3'5'H has repeatedly evolved from F3'H precursors at least four times in dicotyledonous plants: In the Asteraceae, we identified F3'5'Hs specific for the subfamilies Cichorioideae and Asteroideae, and additionally an F3'5'H that seems to be specific for the genus Echinops of the subfamily Carduoideae; moreover, characterisation of a sequence from Billardiera heterophylla (formerly Sollya heterophylla) (Pittosporaceae) showed that the independent evolution of an F3'5'H has occurred at least once also in another family. The evolution of F3'5'H from an F3'H precursor represents a gain of enzymatic function, probably triggered by an amino acid change at one position of substrate recognition site 6. The gain of F3'5'H activity allows for the synthesis of delphinidin-based anthocyanins which usually provide the basis for lilac to blue flower colours. Therefore, the need for an efficient pollinator attraction is probably the driving force behind the multiple F3'5'H evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Seitz
- Chair of Floriculture Crops and Horticultural Plant Breeding, Technical University Munich, Am Hochanger 4, 85350, Freising, Germany
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195
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Basílio N, Petrov V, Pina F. Host-Guest Complexes of Flavylium Cations and Cucurbit[7]uril: The Influence of Flavylium Substituents on the Structure and Stability of the Complex. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1779-1785. [PMID: 31973327 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest complexes formed from six differently substituted flavylium cations and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) have been characterized by UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence emission and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. It was observed that all flavylium cations form 1:1 inclusion complexes with association constants that depend on the nature and position of the substituents. The results indicate that CB7 displays higher affinity for more hydrophobic flavylium compounds and for those bearing amino substituents. 1 H NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate the structure of the complexes. While for 7-hydroxyflavylium and 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavylium the phenyl group (ring B) is included within the host's cavity leaving the benzopyrilium group (rings A and C) outside, in 4',7-dihydroxyflavylium and 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavylium the macrocycle shuttles between rings A and B. For compounds with amino substituents it was found that CB7 is attracted towards these groups regardless of their position in ring A or B. In addition, it was observed that the dimethylamino group tends to be positioned near the carbonyl-decorated portal while the diethylamino motif prefers the hydrophobic cavity of CB7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Basílio
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vesselin Petrov
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.,Laboratory of Organic Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Boulevard, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fernando Pina
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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196
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Tuominen A, Sinkkonen J, Karonen M, Salminen JP. Sylvatiins, acetylglucosylated hydrolysable tannins from the petals of Geranium sylvaticum show co-pigment effect. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:239-51. [PMID: 25669991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Four hydrolysable tannins, named as sylvatiins A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4), were isolated from the petals of Geranium sylvaticum. On the basis of spectrometric evidence of NMR analysis ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC), circular dichroism (CD) and ESI-MS/MS, sylvatiins A, B and C were characterized as galloyl glucoses containing one or two acetylglucoses attached to the 3-OH of the galloyl group, whereas sylvatiin D was found to have a chebulinic acid core containing acetylglucose attached in a similar way. The potential of these compounds to act as defensive compounds against herbivores was evaluated using the radial diffusion assay that measures the protein precipitation capacity. In addition, the capacity of sylvatiins to act as co-pigments with anthocyanins of G. sylvaticum petals was measured in vitro at different pH values. Sylvatiins A and D maintained efficiently the purple flower color near the natural pH of petal cells. The amount of sylvatiins was changed according to the flower color; deep purple petals with higher amount of anthocyanin contained more sylvatiins A and C than whiter petals. It was concluded that G. sylvaticum petal cells may accumulate sylvatiins for intermolecular co-pigmentation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Tuominen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
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197
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Sundaramoorthy J, Park GT, Lee JD, Kim JH, Seo HS, Song JT. Genetic and molecular regulation of flower pigmentation in soybean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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198
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Oyama KI, Watanabe N, Yamada T, Suzuki M, Sekiguchi Y, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Efficient and versatile synthesis of 5-O-acylquinic acids with a direct esterification using a p-methoxybenzyl quinate as a key intermediate. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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199
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Photochemistry of the hemiketal form of anthocyanins and its potential role in plant protection from UV-B radiation. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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200
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