151
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Massarelli R, Durkin T, Niedergang C, Mandel P. A simple raio-enzymatic determination of choline and acetylcholine concentrations. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1976; 8:407-16. [PMID: 1026964 DOI: 10.1016/0031-6989(76)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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152
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Johnson M, Ross D, Meyers M, Rees R, Bunge R, Wakshull E, Burton H. Synaptic vesicle cytochemistry changes when cultured sympathetic neurones develop cholinergic interactions. Nature 1976; 262:308-10. [PMID: 183125 DOI: 10.1038/262308a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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153
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Wonnacott S, Marchbanks RM. Inhibition by botulinum toxin of depolarization-evoked release of (14C)acetylcholine from synaptosomes in vitro. Biochem J 1976; 156:701-12. [PMID: 949350 PMCID: PMC1163806 DOI: 10.1042/bj1560701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Cerebral-cortex synaptosomes were shown to synthesize (14C)acetylcholine after incubation with (14C)choline, and 25mM-KCl released (14C)acetylcholine (but not (14C)choline) into the medium by a Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-sensitive process. 2. The K+-stimulated release of (14C)acetylcholine was inhibited by more than 80% after preincubation of the synaptosomes with 10(5) mouse lethal doses of botulinum toxin/ml. (14C)choline uptake, (14C)acetylcholine synthesis, intrasynaptosomal K+ and occluded lactate dehydrogenase were unaffected by the toxin. It also failed to prevent the K+-stimulated release of (3H)noradrenaline and (14C)glycine from synaptosomes. 3. Fractionation of hypo-osmotically shocked synaptosomes revealed that more than 75% of the radioactive acetylcholine was in the cytoplasmic compartment, although the vesicle pellet contained more total acetylcholine than the cytoplasmic pool. Consequently the specific radioactivity of acetylcholine in the cytoplasmic pool was almost 5 times that of the vesicles. This distribution was unaffected by preincubation with botulinum toxin. It is concluded that the toxin acts directly on the release of acetylcholine, rather than influencing its storage. 4. After K+-stimulation, toxin-inhibited synaptosomes contained increased amounts of total acetylcholine, which suggests that its rate of synthesis is controlled by depolarization rather than release.
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154
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155
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Massarelli R, Syapin PJ, Noble EP. Increased uptake of choline by neural cell cultures chronically exposed to ethanol. Life Sci 1976; 18:397-403. [PMID: 1256243 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(76)90216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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156
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Hayes JS, Alizade MA, Brendel K. A rapid method of separation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds involved in carnitine metabolism. Anal Chim Acta 1975; 80:361-7. [PMID: 1200381 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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157
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158
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Blankenship JE, Langlais PJ, Kittredge JS. Identification of a cholinomimetic compound in the digestive gland of Aplysia californica. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1975; 51:129-37. [PMID: 239816 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(75)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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159
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Guyenet PG, Javory AF, Beaujouan JC, Rossier BJ, Glowinski J. Effects of dopaminergic receptor agonists and antagonists on the activity of the neo-striatal cholinergic system. Brain Res 1975; 84:227-44. [PMID: 234276 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various neuroleptics and of apomorphine on the metabolism of ACh were examined in the neostriatum of the rat. For this purpose, a specific radio-enzymatic assay for brain ACh was used. This method is based on the preliminary purification of the choline esters by liquid cation exchange, separation of choline and ACh on thin layer chromatography plates, hydrolysis of ACh then reactylation of the choline moiety with a purified and stabilized rat brain choline acetyltransferase. The rat neostriatal ACh levels were decreased by neuroleptics of the phenothiazine and butyrophenone type and increased by apomorphine. An "in vivo" estimation of the rate of utilization of ACh was obtained by measuring the decline in neostriatal ACh content following the local microinjection of hemicholinium-3. This compound blocked almost totally the synthesis of ACh in these conditions. Chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg) enhanced neo-striatal ACh utilization and apomorphine (10 mg/kg) antagonized this effect. Neuroleptics did not effect ACh levels in the parietal cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation. The modifications of the activity of neostriatal cholinergic neurons by chlorpromazine and apomorphine were still observed following the degeneration of the nigro-neostriatal dopaminergic fibers induced by the injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra. The results strongly suggest that dopaminergic receptors as defined by their pharmacological interaction with neuroleptics and apomorphine are localized on neostriatal ACh neurons.
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161
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Emson PC, Fonnum F. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in single identified nerve cell bodies from snail Helix aspersa. J Neurochem 1974; 22:1079-88. [PMID: 4546754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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163
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Storm-Mathisen J, Guldberg HC. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in the hippocampal region: effect of transection of afferent pathways on endogenous levels, high affinity uptake and some transmitter-related enzymes. J Neurochem 1974; 22:793-803. [PMID: 4600898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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164
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Israël M, Tucek S. Utilization of acetate and pyruvate for the synthesis of 'total', 'bound' and 'free' acetylcholine in the electric organ of Torpedo. J Neurochem 1974; 22:487-91. [PMID: 4829969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb06883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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165
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Malthe-Sorenssen D, Andersen RA, Fonnum F. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of acryloylcholine, an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:577-86. [PMID: 4822743 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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166
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Jaffe MJ, Thoma L. Rapid phytochrome-mediated changes in the uptake by bean roots of sodium acetate [1-(14)C] and their modification by cholinergic drugs. PLANTA 1973; 113:283-291. [PMID: 24468987 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
4 min of red light increases the uptake of sodium acetate[1-(14)C] by excised, etiolated secondary roots of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. 4 min of far-red light reveres this effect. AMO-1618, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity, enhances the red-light effect, while d-tubocurarine, which blocks the animal acetylcholine receptor, inhibits it. Red light also increases basipetal translocation of the label. When the metabolic fate of the label was determined in dark-held roots, 36% of the label remained as acetate, 48% evolved as [(14)C]CO2, 3% partitioned with acetylcholine, and 3% effluxed from the roots. The rest of the label was associated with the coarse residue left after extraction. The major effect of red light was to increase the uptake of the label in the acetate fraction.We interpret these observations to mean that the phytochrome mechanism immediately causes an increase in uptake of the label during brief irradiation with red light. Because of our previous demonstration that both red light and acetylcholine increase respiration, it is probable that the increased absorption of the label is a process requiring respiratory energy. These data support the concept of phytochrome as a membrane-bound functional system that in bean roots is mediated by the acetylcholine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jaffe
- Department of Botany, Ohio University, 45701, Athens, Ohio, USA
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167
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Guyenet P, Lefresne P, Rossier J, Beaujouan JC, Glowinski J. Effect of sodium, hemicholinium-3 and antiparkinson drugs on (14C)acetylcholine synthesis and (3H)choline uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. Brain Res 1973; 62:523-9. [PMID: 4148552 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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168
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Shea PA, Aprison MH. An enzymatic method for measuring picomole quantities of acetylcholine and choline in CNS tissue. Anal Biochem 1973; 56:165-77. [PMID: 4358017 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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169
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McCaman RE, Weinreich D, Borys H. Endogenous levels of acetylcholine and choline in individual neurons of Aplysia. J Neurochem 1973; 21:473-6. [PMID: 4724332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb04267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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170
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Frankenberg L, Heimbürger G, Nilsson C, Sörbo B. Biochemical and pharmacological studies on the sulfonium analogues of choline and acetylcholine. Eur J Pharmacol 1973; 23:37-46. [PMID: 4733771 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(73)90242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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171
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Fonnum F, Malthe-Sorenssen D. Membrane affinities and subcellular distribution of the different molecular forms of choline acetyltransferase from rat. J Neurochem 1973; 20:1351-9. [PMID: 4716830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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172
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Lefresne P, Guyenet P, Glowinski J. Acetylcholine synthesis from (2- 14 C)pyruvate in rat striatal slices. J Neurochem 1973; 20:1083-97. [PMID: 4697871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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173
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Tucek S. An improved solvent system for liquid scintillation counting in choline acetyltransferase activity assays by Fonnum's method. J Neurochem 1973; 20:901-3. [PMID: 4703801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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174
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Barker LA, Dowdall MJ, Whittaker VP. Choline metabolism in the cerebral cortex of guinea pigs. Stable-bound acetylcholine. Biochem J 1972; 130:1063-75. [PMID: 4656793 PMCID: PMC1174556 DOI: 10.1042/bj1301063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. The turnover of synaptosomal (vesicular-cytoplasmic) and stable-bound (vesicular) acetylcholine isolated from cortical tissue was investigated after the administration, under local anaesthesia, of [N-Me-(3)H]choline into the lateral ventricles of guinea pigs. 2. Radioactive acetylcholine and choline present in acid extracts of subcellular fractions were separated by a combination of liquid and column ion-exchange and thin-layer chromatography. 3. The specific radioactivity and pattern of labelling of acetylcholine present in a fraction of monodisperse synaptic vesicles was found to be essentially the same as that of synaptosomal acetylcholine. 4. The specific radioactivity of stable-bound acetylcholine present in partially disrupted synaptosomes (fraction H) at short times (10-20min) after the injection of [N-Me-(3)H]choline was very variable and inversely related to the yield of acetylcholine in that fraction. 5. Evidence was found for the existence of two small, but highly labelled pools of acetylcholine, one which could be isolated in fraction H and the other which was lost when synaptosomes, after isolation by gradient centrifugation, were left at 0 degrees C or pelleted. 6. It is concluded that the results are best explained by metabolic differences among the nerve-ending compartments (thought to be vesicles) which contain stable-bound acetylcholine. Computer simulation of our experiments supports this possibility and suggests that the highly labelled pool in fraction H is present in vesicles close to the external membrane.
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175
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Barber HE, Bourne GR, Buckley GA. The use of liquid cation exchange in the extraction and separation of ( 14 C)neostigmine iodide and its metabolite ( 14 C)3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium iodide from body fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol 1972; 24:907-8. [PMID: 4405657 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1972.tb08913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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176
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Broch OJ, Fonnum F. The regional and subcellular distribution of catechol-O-methyl transferase in the rat brain. J Neurochem 1972; 19:2049-55. [PMID: 4403687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb05115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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177
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Dunant Y, Gautron J, Israël M, Lesbats B, Manaranche R. [Acetylcholine compartments in stimulated electric organ of Torpedo marmorata]. J Neurochem 1972; 19:1987-2002. [PMID: 5047859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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178
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Mattox VR, Litwiller RD, Goodrich JE. Extraction of steroidal glucosideronic acids from aqueous solutions by anionic liquid ion-exchangers. Biochem J 1972; 126:533-43. [PMID: 5075264 PMCID: PMC1178409 DOI: 10.1042/bj1260533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study on the extraction of three steroidal glucosiduronic acids from water into organic solutions of liquid ion-exchangers is reported. A single extraction of a 0.5mm aqueous solution of either 11-deoxycorticosterone 21-glucosiduronic acid or cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid with 0.1m-tetraheptylammonium chloride in chloroform took more than 99% of the conjugate into the organic phase; under the same conditions, the very polar conjugate, beta-cortol 3-glucosiduronic acid, was extracted to the extent of 43%. The presence of a small amount of chloride, acetate, or sulphate ion in the aqueous phase inhibited extraction, but making the aqueous phase 4.0m with ammonium sulphate promoted extraction strongly. An increase in the concentration of ion-exchanger in the organic phase also promoted extraction. The amount of cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid extracted by tetraheptylammonium chloride over the pH range of 3.9 to 10.7 was essentially constant. Chloroform solutions of a tertiary, a secondary, or a primary amine hydrochloride also will extract cortisone 21-glucosiduronic acid from water. The various liquid ion exchangers will extract steroidal glucosiduronic acid methyl esters from water into chloroform, although less completely than the corresponding free acids. The extraction of the glucosiduronic acids from water by tetraheptylammonium chloride occurs by an ion-exchange process; extraction of the esters does not involve ion exchange.
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179
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McCaman MW, McCaman RE, Lees GJ. Liquid cation exchange--a basis for sensitive radiometric assays for aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. Anal Biochem 1972; 45:242-52. [PMID: 4621556 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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180
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181
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Fonnum F, Storm-Mathisen J, Walberg F. Glutamate decarboxylase in inhibitory neurons. A study of the enzyme in Purkinje cell axons and boutons in the cat. Brain Res 1970; 20:259-75. [PMID: 5511234 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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182
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Storm-Mathisen J. Quantitative histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase in rat hippocampal region correlated to histochemical staining. J Neurochem 1970; 17:739-50. [PMID: 4193407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb03344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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183
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Fonnum F. Radiochemical micro assays for the determination of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Biochem J 1969; 115:465-72. [PMID: 4982085 PMCID: PMC1185125 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. The methods for the assay of choline acetyltransferase were based on the reaction between labelled acetyl-CoA and unlabelled choline to give labelled acetylcholine. 2. Both synthetic acetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA formed from sodium [1-(14)C]acetate or sodium [(3)H]acetate by incubation with CoA, ATP, Mg(2+) and extract from acetone-dried pigeon liver were used. 3. [1-(14)C]Acetylcholine was isolated by extraction with ketonic sodium tetraphenylboron. 4. [(3)H]Acetylcholine was precipitated with sodium tetraphenylboron to remove a ketone-soluble contaminant in sodium [(3)H]acetate and then extracted with ketonic sodium tetraphenylboron. 5. The values of choline acetyltransferase activity obtained in the presence of sodium cyanide or EDTA and synthetic acetyl-CoA were similar to those obtained with acetyl-CoA synthesized in situ. 6. The assay of acetylcholinesterase was based on the formation of labelled acetate from labelled acetylcholine. The labelled acetylcholine could be quantitatively removed from the acetate by extraction with ketonic sodium tetraphenylboron. 7. The methods were tested with samples from central and peripheral nervous tissues and purified enzymes. 8. The blank values for choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase corresponded to the activities in 20ng. and 5ng. of brain tissue respectively.
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