151
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) represents the largest interface between the human organism and the external environment. In the lumen and upper part of the mucus layer, this organ hosts an enormous number of microorganisms whose composition affects the functions of the epithelial barrier and the gut immune system. Consequentially, the microorganisms in the GIT influence the health status of the organism. Probiotics are living microorganisms which, in specific conditions, confer a health benefit to the host. Among others, probiotics have immunomodulatory properties that usually act directly by (a) increasing the activity of macrophages or natural killer cells, (b) modulating the secretion of immunoglobulins or cytokines, or indirectly by (c) enhancing the gut epithelial barrier, (d) altering the mucus secretion, and (e) competitive exclusion of other (pathogenic) bacteria. This review focuses on specific bacteria strains with indirect immunomodulatory properties. Particularly, we describe here the mechanisms through which specific probiotics enhance the gut epithelial barrier and modulate mucus production. Moreover, we describe the antimicrobial properties of specific bacteria strains. Recent data suggest that multiple pathologies are associated with an unbalanced gut microflora (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between pathology and gut microflora is not yet well established, consumption of specific probiotics may represent a powerful tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio La Fata
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., R & D Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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152
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Intestinal Snakeskin Limits Microbial Dysbiosis during Aging and Promotes Longevity. iScience 2018; 9:229-243. [PMID: 30419503 PMCID: PMC6231084 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is an evolutionarily conserved hallmark of aging, which has been linked to microbial dysbiosis, altered expression of occluding junction proteins, and impending mortality. However, the interplay between intestinal junction proteins, age-onset dysbiosis, and lifespan determination remains unclear. Here, we show that altered expression of Snakeskin (Ssk), a septate junction-specific protein, can modulate intestinal homeostasis, microbial dynamics, immune activity, and lifespan in Drosophila. Loss of Ssk leads to rapid and reversible intestinal barrier dysfunction, altered gut morphology, dysbiosis, and dramatically reduced lifespan. Remarkably, restoration of Ssk expression in flies showing intestinal barrier dysfunction rescues each of these phenotypes previously linked to aging. Intestinal up-regulation of Ssk protects against microbial translocation following oral infection with pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, intestinal up-regulation of Ssk improves intestinal barrier function during aging, limits dysbiosis, and extends lifespan. Our findings indicate that intestinal occluding junctions may represent prolongevity targets in mammals.
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153
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Hu S, Cao X, Wu Y, Mei X, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gong L, Li W. Effects of Probiotic Bacillus as an Alternative of Antibiotics on Digestive Enzymes Activity and Intestinal Integrity of Piglets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2427. [PMID: 30405544 PMCID: PMC6204369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous study in our team found that supplementation of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) instead of antibiotics promote growth performance of piglets. Hence, the present study was carried out to further demonstrate the effect of Ba replacement of antibiotics on digestive and absorption enzyme activity and intestinal microbiota population of piglets. A total of 90 piglets were selected and divided into three groups: G1 group was fed with basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/Kg aureomycin, G2 group was fed with 1 × 108 cfu/Kg Ba and half dose of aureomycin, G3 group was used the diet with 2 × 108cfu/Kg Ba replaced aureomycin. Each treatment had three replications of 10 pigs per pen. Results indicated that Ba replacement significantly increased the activities of amylase, disaccharides and Na+/K+-ATPase. And chymotrypsin activity in different section of intestine was dramatically enhanced in half replacement of aureomycin with Ba. Moreover, Ba replacement maintained the intestinal integrity with the significantly decreased activity of DAO compared with aureomycin group. Besides, supplementation with Ba increased the β-diversity of intestinal microbiota. Taken together, the current study indicated that diet supplementation with Ba instead of aureomycin increased the growth performance of piglets by improving the digestive and absorb enzyme activities, enhancing the intestinal integrity and regulating the population of intestinal micrbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Utilization of Bamboo of State Forestry Administration, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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154
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Jaworska K, Huc T, Gawrys M, Onyszkiewicz M, Samborowska E, Ufnal M. An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394384 DOI: 10.3791/58456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-blood barrier (GBB) controls the passage of nutrients, bacterial metabolites and drugs from intestinal lumen to the bloodstream. The GBB integrity is disturbed in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which may result in easier access of biologically active compounds, such as gut bacterial metabolites, to the bloodstream. Thus, the permeability of the GBB may be a marker of both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Furthermore, the increased penetration of bacterial metabolites may affect the functioning of the entire organism. Commonly used methods for studying the GBB permeability are performed ex vivo. The accuracy of those methods is limited, because the functioning of the GBB depends on intestinal blood flow. On the other hand, commonly used in vivo methods may be biased by liver and kidney performance, as those methods are based on evaluation of urine or/and peripheral blood concentrations of exogenous markers. Here, we present a direct measurement of GBB permeability in rats using an in vivo method based on portal blood sampling, which preserves intestinal blood flow and is virtually not affected by the liver and kidney function. Polyurethane catheters are inserted into the portal vein and inferior vena cava just above the hepatic veins confluence. Blood is sampled at baseline and after administration of a selected marker into a desired part of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present several applications of the method including (1) evaluation of the colon permeability to TMA, a gut bacterial metabolite, (2) evaluation of liver clearance of TMA, and (3) evaluation of a gut-portal blood-liver-peripheral blood pathway of gut bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the protocol may also be used for tracking intestinal absorption and liver metabolism of drugs or for measurements of portal blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Tomasz Huc
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Marta Gawrys
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw;
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155
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Dicks LMT, Dreyer L, Smith C, van Staden AD. A Review: The Fate of Bacteriocins in the Human Gastro-Intestinal Tract: Do They Cross the Gut-Blood Barrier? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2297. [PMID: 30323796 PMCID: PMC6173059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier, consisting of the vascular endothelium, epithelial cell lining, and mucus layer, covers a surface of about 400 m2. The integrity of the gut wall is sustained by transcellular proteins forming tight junctions between the epithelial cells. Protected by three layers of mucin, the gut wall forms a non-permeable barrier, keeping digestive enzymes and microorganisms within the luminal space, separate from the blood stream. Microorganisms colonizing the gut may produce bacteriocins in an attempt to outcompete pathogens. Production of bacteriocins in a harsh and complex environment such as the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) may be below minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels. At such low levels, the stability of bacteriocins may be compromised. Despite this, most bacteria in the gut have the ability to produce bacteriocins, distributed throughout the GIT. With most antimicrobial studies being performed in vitro, we know little about the migration of bacteriocins across epithelial barriers. The behavior of bacteriocins in the GIT is studied ex vivo, using models, flow cells, or membranes resembling the gut wall. Furthermore, little is known about the effect bacteriocins have on the immune system. It is generally believed that the peptides will be destroyed by macrophages once they cross the gut wall. Studies done on the survival of neurotherapeutic peptides and their crossing of the brain-blood barrier, along with other studies on small peptides intravenously injected, may provide some answers. In this review, the stability of bacteriocins in the GIT, their effect on gut epithelial cells, and their ability to cross epithelial cells are discussed. These are important questions to address in the light of recent papers advocating the use of bacteriocins as possible alternatives to, or used in combination with, antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leané Dreyer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anton D. van Staden
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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156
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Farquhar MJ, McCluskey E, Staunton R, Hughes KR, Coltherd JC. Characterisation of a canine epithelial cell line for modelling the intestinal barrier. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:115-132. [PMID: 30022673 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how food interacts with the intestinal epithelium during the digestion process. However, it is known that ingredients in food can modulate the intestinal barrier, and have the potential to disrupt homeostasis of the gut. Here, we characterise a conditionally immortalised canine intestinal epithelial cell (cIEC) line for use in in vitro assays, to assess the effect of food ingredients on intestinal barrier function, permeability, cell health, and inflammation. Microscopy and flow cytometry confirmed that cIECs had a phenotype consistent with those of epithelial origin, and were able to differentiate to mature enterocytes. The cIECs also formed a monolayer when grown on Transwell® inserts, producing functional tight junctions between the cells. In contrast to the human-derived Caco-2 cell line, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was increased in cIECs in response to two different raw ingredients. The exposure of cIECs to known inflammatory stimuli and raw ingredients induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-?B). This work demonstrates the value of a unique cIEC in vitro model to study the effects of food ingredients on canine intestinal function and health, and supports continued efforts to reduce and refine the use of animals in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma McCluskey
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Ruth Staunton
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
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157
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Pérez-Reytor D, Jaña V, Pavez L, Navarrete P, García K. Accessory Toxins of Vibrio Pathogens and Their Role in Epithelial Disruption During Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2248. [PMID: 30294318 PMCID: PMC6158335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal episodes associated with Vibrio species have been rising worldwide in the last few years. Consequently, it is important to comprehend how occurs the production of diarrhea, to establish new preventive and therapeutic measures. Besides the classical CT and TCP toxins, Zot, RTX, and Ace among others have been deeply studied in V. cholerae. However, in other Vibrio species of clinical interest, where some of these toxins have been reported, there is practically no information. Zot activates a cascade of signals inside of the cell that increase the permeability of epithelial barrier, while RTX causes depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton and Ace increases the permeability of intestinal cell monolayers. The goal of this study is to acquire information about the distribution of these toxins in human pathogenic Vibrios and to review the progress in the study of their role in the intestinal epithelium during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Jaña
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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158
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Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 Improved Expression of Genes of Tight Junction Proteins via the MLCK Pathway in IPEC-1 Cells during Infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6434910. [PMID: 30210262 PMCID: PMC6120278 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6434910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier damage disrupts immune homeostasis and leads to many intestinal disorders. Lactobacillus reuteri strains have probiotic functions in their modulation of the microbiota and immune system in intestines. In this study, the effects of L. reuteri LR1, a new strain isolated from the feces of weaning piglets, on intestinal epithelial barrier damage in IPEC-1 cells caused by challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 were examined. It was found that L. reuteri LR1, in large part, offset the ETEC K88-induced increase in permeability of IPEC-1 cell monolayers and decreased the adhesion and invasion of the coliform in IPEC-1 cells. In addition, L. reuteri LR1 increased transcript abundance and protein contents of tight junction (TJ) proteins zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in ETEC K88-infected IPEC-1 cells, whereas it had no effects on claudin-1 and F-actin expression. Using colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy, these effects of L. reuteri LR1 on ZO-1 and occludin content in IPEC-1 cells were confirmed. By using ML-7, a selective inhibitor of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), the beneficial effect of L. reuteri LR1 on contents of ZO-1 and occludin was shown to be dependent on the MLCK pathway. In conclusion, L. reuteri LR1 had beneficial effects on epithelial barrier function consistent with increasing ZO-1 and occludin expression via a MLCK-dependent manner in IPEC-1 cells during challenge with ETEC K88.
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159
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Kiewiet MBG, Faas MM, de Vos P. Immunomodulatory Protein Hydrolysates and Their Application. Nutrients 2018; 10:E904. [PMID: 30011891 PMCID: PMC6073538 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory protein hydrolysate consumption may delay or prevent western immune-related diseases. In order to purposively develop protein hydrolysates with an optimal and reproducible immunomodulatory effect, knowledge is needed on which components in protein hydrolysates are responsible for the immune effects. Important advances have been made on this aspect. Also, knowledge on mechanisms underlying the immune modulating effects is indispensable. In this review, we discuss the most promising application possibilities for immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates. In order to do so, an overview is provided on reported in vivo immune effects of protein hydrolysates in both local intestinal and systemic organs, and the current insights in the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Furthermore, we discuss current knowledge and physicochemical approaches to identify the immune active protein sequence(s). We conclude that multiple hydrolysate compositions show specific immune effects. This knowledge can improve the efficacy of existing hydrolysate-containing products such as sports nutrition, clinical nutrition, and infant formula. We also provide arguments for why immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates could be applied to manage the immune response in the increasing number of individuals with a higher risk of immune dysfunction due to, for example, increasing age or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mensiena B G Kiewiet
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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160
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Yu H, Ding X, Shang L, Zeng X, Liu H, Li N, Huang S, Wang Y, Wang G, Cai S, Chen M, Levesque CL, Johnston LJ, Qiao S. Protective Ability of Biogenic Antimicrobial Peptide Microcin J25 Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Dysfunction and Inflammatory Responses IPEC-J2 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:242. [PMID: 30057893 PMCID: PMC6053529 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poison of intestinal induce severe health problems in human infants and young animals due to contaminating foods and feedstuffs. With the emergence of public health concerns and high-speed diffuse of drug-opposition of bacteria, the adoption of antimicrobial peptides as potential candidates in treating pathogen infections raised up. Nature Microcin J25 (MccJ25), a class of lasso peptides separated from a fecal strain of E. coli, has been replied to display powerful antimicrobial behavior. Herein, the study was to assess the usefulness of biogenic MccJ25 in the prophylaxis of ETEC K88 infection in IPEC-J2 cells. In vitro antimicrobial activity against ETEC K88 and cytotoxicity of biogenic MccJ25 were determined first. To further understand how biogenic MccJ25 mediates its impact, ETEC K88 adhesion in cells, membrane permeability [as indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), barrier function, and proinflammatory cytokines levels were determined in IPEC-J2 cells after treatment with biogenic MccJ25 and challenge with ETEC K88. Biogenic MccJ25 had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25 μg/mL against ETEC K88, decreased ETEC K88 adhesion in cells and did not cause cytotoxicity toward cells. Furthermore, biogenic MccJ25 protects against ETEC-induced barrier dysfunction by increasing the TEER, decreasing the LDH and promoting tight junction proteins (TJPs) by promoting the assembly of occludin and claudin-1 in the tight junction complex. Biogenic MccJ25 was further found to relieve inflammation responses through modulation of interleukine-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB activation. In summary, biogenic MccJ25 can protects against ETEC K88-induced intestinal damage and inflammatory response, recommend the hidden adoption of biogenic MccJ25 as a novel prophylactic agent to reduce pathogen infection in animals, food or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuliang Ding
- National Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Lee J Johnston
- Swine Nutrition and Production, West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, United States
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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161
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Zhang YG, Xia Y, Lu R, Sun J. Inflammation and intestinal leakiness in older HIV+ individuals with fish oil treatment. Genes Dis 2018; 5:220-225. [PMID: 30320186 PMCID: PMC6176151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oil is a natural product that has shown efficacy for managing inflammatory conditions with few side effects. There is emerging evidence that crosstalks between gut epithelial cells and immune cells contribute to chronic infectious diseases. HIV-infected (HIV+) older adults show age-related co-morbidities at a younger age than their uninfected counterparts. Persistent inflammation related to the chronic viral infection and its sequelae is thought to contribute to this disparity. However, little is known about whether fish oil reduces intestinal inflammation in HIV + patients. We measure inflammation and gut barrier function in HIV + older adults (median age = 52, N = 33), following 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation (a total daily dose of 1.6 g of omega-3 fatty acids). We showed a reduction in inflammation and gut permeability as measured by CD14, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. The results indicate that older HIV + adults may benefit from a diet supplemented with the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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162
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Krumbeck JA, Rasmussen HE, Hutkins RW, Clarke J, Shawron K, Keshavarzian A, Walter J. Probiotic Bifidobacterium strains and galactooligosaccharides improve intestinal barrier function in obese adults but show no synergism when used together as synbiotics. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:121. [PMID: 29954454 PMCID: PMC6022452 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One way to improve both the ecological performance and functionality of probiotic bacteria is by combining them with a prebiotic in the form of a synbiotic. However, the degree to which such synbiotic formulations improve probiotic strain functionality in humans has not been tested systematically. Our goal was to use a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial in obese humans to compare the ecological and physiological impact of the prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium adolescentis IVS-1 (autochthonous and selected via in vivo selection) and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 (commercial probiotic allochthonous to the human gut) when used on their own or as synbiotic combinations. After 3 weeks of consumption, strain-specific quantitative real-time PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed on fecal samples to assess changes in the microbiota. Intestinal permeability was determined by measuring sugar recovery in urine by GC after consumption of a sugar mixture. Serum-based endotoxin exposure was also assessed. RESULTS IVS-1 reached significantly higher cell numbers in fecal samples than BB-12 (P < 0.01) and, remarkably, its administration induced an increase in total bifidobacteria that was comparable to that of GOS. Although GOS showed a clear bifidogenic effect on the resident gut microbiota, both probiotic strains showed only a non-significant trend of higher fecal cell numbers when administered with GOS. Post-aspirin sucralose:lactulose ratios were reduced in groups IVS-1 (P = 0.050), IVS-1 + GOS (P = 0.022), and GOS (P = 0.010), while sucralose excretion was reduced with BB-12 (P = 0.002) and GOS (P = 0.020), indicating improvements in colonic permeability but no synergistic effects. No changes in markers of endotoxemia were observed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that "autochthony" of the probiotic strain has a larger effect on ecological performance than the provision of a prebiotic substrate, likely due to competitive interactions with members of the resident microbiota. Although the synbiotic combinations tested in this study did not demonstrate functional synergism, our findings clearly showed that the pro- and prebiotic components by themselves improved markers of colonic permeability, providing a rational for their use in pathologies with an underlying leakiness of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina A Krumbeck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert W Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Krista Shawron
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation and 7-142 Katz Group Center, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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163
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Wróblewska B, Szyc AM, Markiewicz LH, Zakrzewska M, Romaszko E. Increased prevalence of eating disorders as a biopsychosocial implication of food allergy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198607. [PMID: 29944672 PMCID: PMC6019672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study evaluates the impact of biopsychosocial factors involved in food allergy (FA) on the prevalence of eating disorders (ED). For the 5-year follow-up studies, 75 participants (aged 1-14 years) with early-onset FA and 81 healthy peers were included. METHOD Participants were diagnosed with FA using antibody/cytokine content immunoassay tests. Medical history, including BMI z-scores, was completed using data obtained in response to a validated allergic questionnaire that incorporated the SCOFF and EAT-8 screening questionnaires for ED. FA was confirmed if total IgE was elevated, specific sIgE to food allergens exceeded 0.7 kUA/L and if manifestations were observed. Screening for ED was considered positive if two or more SCOFF and EAT-8 items were confirmed. RESULTS In the FA+ group, 50% of female participants and 6.7% of their healthy female peers reported ED. An ED+ result was more frequent in FA+ individuals than in their healthy peers (p = 0.046) although the association is weak. In the FA+/ED+ group, 25.3% of the participants were underweight, and 14.7% were overweight compared to their peers where this reached respectively 4.2% and 2.8% (p<0.005). 74% of the FA+/ED+ individuals reported elimination diet implementation and only 15% declared it was medically consulted. The prevalence of ED in the FA+ male group was consistently correlated with lack of confidence in FA issues (r = 0.5424) and in the FA+ female group with applied medical procedures (r = 0.7069; p<0.005). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that participants with FA especially struggling with lack of confidence in FA issues and those following an uncontrolled, restrictive elimination diet are more prone to food aversion and ED than their healthy peers. Applied procedures are necessary, and their neglect is associated with FA deterioration; however, the possibility of ED and biopsychosocial implications development should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Szyc
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Lidia Hanna Markiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Romaszko
- Non-Public Health Care Clinic “ATARAX”, Olsztyn, Poland
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164
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Rudzki L, Szulc A. "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29896124 PMCID: PMC5987016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
- Three Towns Resource Centre, Saltcoats, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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165
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Erkens T, Bueters R, van Heerden M, Cuyckens F, Vreeken R, Goeminne N, Lammens L. Translational safety biomarkers of colonic barrier integrity in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1282-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Erkens
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Ruud Bueters
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Marjolein van Heerden
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Rob Vreeken
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Nick Goeminne
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Lieve Lammens
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV; Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
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166
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Wang J, Lu J, Xie X, Xiong J, Huang N, Wei H, Jiang S, Peng J. Blend of organic acids and medium chain fatty acids prevents the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice challenged with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:64-71. [PMID: 29555328 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired epithelial barrier function disrupts immune homeostasis and increases inflammation in intestines, leading to many intestinal diseases. The blend of organic acids (OAs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) has been shown to have synergistic bactericidal effect. In this study, we demonstrated that two blends of OAs and MCFAs (OM1 and OM2) could prevent the inflammatory response and intestinal barrier dysfunction in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-infected mice. Treatments of OM1 and OM2 significantly reduced the body weight loss and production of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by EHEC. Mice treated with OM1 and OM2 showed decrease in serum D-lactic concentration, DAO activity and bacterial transfer to liver and spleen. Furthermore, OM1 and OM2 increased the expression of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1, mucus protein MUC-2, and host defense peptides mBD1, mBD2 and mBD3. Finally, OM1 and OM2 increased the population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., but decreased that of E. coli in the cecum. These findings indicate that OM1 and OM2 may be used to develop a prophylactic agent for intestinal inflammation and injury in enteric pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - JinXin Lu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - XiaoWei Xie
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia Xiong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ningning Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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167
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Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrázola I, Bonifaz LC, Boudin H, Neunlist M, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29593681 PMCID: PMC5857604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth M Ortega-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helene Boudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad, Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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168
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Wan MLY, Ling KH, El-Nezami H, Wang MF. Influence of functional food components on gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1927-1936. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1433629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murphy L. Y. Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K. H. Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M. F. Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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169
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D'Auria E, Mameli C, Piras C, Cococcioni L, Urbani A, Zuccotti GV, Roncada P. Precision medicine in cow's milk allergy: proteomics perspectives from allergens to patients. J Proteomics 2018; 188:173-180. [PMID: 29408543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies, especially during childhood. CMA is an immunological mediated adverse reaction to one or more cow's milk proteins, which are normally harmless to a non-allergic individual, as the result of a failure of oral tolerance. To make a correct diagnosis of CMA and a proper treatment is critical in clinical practice. Application of proteomics along with new bio-informatics tools in the field of food allergy is one of the hot topics presented in recent years. In the present review, we focus on recent applications of proteomics to the field of cow's milk allergy, from allergens quantification to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Furthermore, we also shed a light on potential future directions and developments, that are parts of personalized medicine but also of the One Health approach. SIGNIFICANCE The field of food allergies is becoming a milestone in public health. Food allergies, in fact, can cause life-threatening reactions and profoundly influence the quality of life. Precise, fast and reliable diagnosis of food allergies, and in particular milk allergies is essential to avoid severe allergic reactions and also to prevent dangerous and eventually unnecessary dietary restrictions; but this can be difficult also due to a complex interaction of genetic background, environment, and microbiota. In this sense, proteomics represents steps toward researching food and milk allergy integrated with the clinic to improve pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristian Piras
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Cococcioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico Gemelli, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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170
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Pan W, Kang Y. Gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: implications for novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:289-299. [PMID: 28849345 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complicated communities of microbiota colonizing the human gastrointestinal tract exert a strong function in health maintenance and disease prevention. Indeed, accumulating evidence has indicated that the intestinal microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Modulation of the gut microbiome composition in CKD may contribute to the accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins, high circulating level of lipopolysaccharides and immune deregulation, all of which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CKD and CKD-associated complications. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the potential impact of gut microbiota in CKD and the underlying mechanisms by which microbiota can influence kidney diseases and vice versa. Additionally, the potential efficacy of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in the restoration of healthy gut microbia is described in detail to provide future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Faculty of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongbo Kang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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171
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Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Shaikh M, Zhang L, Raeisi S, Aloman C, Preite NZ, Donohue TM, Fogg L, Keshavarzian A. Diurnal variations in intestinal barrier integrity and liver pathology in mice: implications for alcohol binge. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G131-G141. [PMID: 29074484 PMCID: PMC5866370 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that circadian rhythms regulate intestinal barrier integrity, but it is not clear whether there are daily variations in barrier integrity. This study investigated daily variations in intestinal barrier integrity, including whether there are differences in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction after an alcohol binge at different times of day and whether this is associated with concurrent liver injury. C57BL6/J male mice were fed a standard chow diet, an alcohol-containing liquid diet, or an alcohol control diet for 4 wk. During week 5 (i.e., on days 43-45), mice received three once-daily gavages of alcohol (6 g/kg) or the control (phosphate-buffered saline) at the same time each day. Immediately after the binge on the second day, intestinal permeability was assessed. Four hours after the third and final binge, mice were euthanized and tissue samples collected. The results demonstrated diet-specific and outcome-specific effects of time, alcohol, and/or time by alcohol interaction. Specifically, the alcohol binge robustly influenced markers of intestinal barrier integrity, and liver markers were robustly influenced by time of day. Only intestinal permeability (i.e., sucralose) demonstrated a significant effect of time and also showed a binge by time interaction, suggesting that the time of the alcohol binge influences colonic permeability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated daily variations in intestinal barrier integrity, including whether there are differences in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction after an alcohol binge at different times of day and whether this is associated with concurrent liver injury. We conclude that 1) alcohol binge significantly impacted markers of intestinal permeability, 2) time of day significantly affected liver outcomes, and 3) the time of day influenced colonic permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Voigt
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shohreh Raeisi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Costica Aloman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nailliw Z Preite
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Louis Fogg
- Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Section of Gastroenterology, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University , Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University , Chicago, Illinois
- F. C. Donders Chair, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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172
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Jaworska K, Huc T, Samborowska E, Dobrowolski L, Bielinska K, Gawlak M, Ufnal M. Hypertension in rats is associated with an increased permeability of the colon to TMA, a gut bacteria metabolite. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189310. [PMID: 29236735 PMCID: PMC5728578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased blood trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has emerged as a marker of cardiovascular mortality, however, the mechanisms of the increase are not clear. We evaluated if hypertension was associated with changes in the colon permeability to trimethylamine (TMA), a TMAO precursor. We did experiments on male, 24-26-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR treated with enalapril, an antihypertensive drug (SHR-E). To check the colon permeability and liver TMA clearance, blood was collected from the portal vein and hepatic veins confluence, at baseline and after the intracolonic administration of TMA. Arterial blood pressure (BP) and intestinal blood flow (IBF) recordings and histological assessment of the colon were performed. SHR showed an increased gut-blood barrier permeability to TMA. Namely, at baseline SHR had a higher BP and portal blood TMA, but a lower IBF than WKY. After the intracolonic administration of TMA, SHR had a significantly higher portal blood TMA and higher TMA liver clearance than WKY. In SHR the arteriolar walls of the colon mucosa were significantly thicker than in WKY. Furthermore, SHR showed a significant decrease in the height of the mucosa. In contrast, SHR-E had lower portal blood TMA, lower BP and smaller thickness of arteriolar walls, but higher IBF than SHR, which indicates improved function of the gut-blood barrier in SHR-E. All groups had similar immunostaining of occludin and zonula occludens-1, markers of tight junctions. In conclusion, hypertensive rats show an increased permeability of the colon to TMA, which is accompanied by morphological and hemodynamic alterations in the colon. Therefore, cardiovascular diseases may be characterized by an increased permeability of the gut-blood barrier to bacterial metabolites such as TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huc
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Dobrowolski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bielinska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Gawlak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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173
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Jin C, Xia J, Wu S, Tu W, Pan Z, Fu Z, Wang Y, Jin Y. Insights Into a Possible Influence on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Function During Chronic Exposure of Mice to Imazalil. Toxicol Sci 2017; 162:113-123. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyuan Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jizhou Xia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Sisheng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Zihong Pan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yueyi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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174
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Sundman MH, Chen NK, Subbian V, Chou YH. The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:31-44. [PMID: 28526435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As head injuries and their sequelae have become an increasingly salient matter of public health, experts in the field have made great progress elucidating the biological processes occurring within the brain at the moment of injury and throughout the recovery thereafter. Given the extraordinary rate at which our collective knowledge of neurotrauma has grown, new insights may be revealed by examining the existing literature across disciplines with a new perspective. This article will aim to expand the scope of this rapidly evolving field of research beyond the confines of the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, we will examine the extent to which the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis modulates the complex biological processes occurring at the time of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and over the days, months, and years that follow. In addition to local enteric signals originating in the gut, it is well accepted that gastrointestinal (GI) physiology is highly regulated by innervation from the CNS. Conversely, emerging data suggests that the function and health of the CNS is modulated by the interaction between 1) neurotransmitters, immune signaling, hormones, and neuropeptides produced in the gut, 2) the composition of the gut microbiota, and 3) integrity of the intestinal wall serving as a barrier to the external environment. Specific to TBI, existing pre-clinical data indicates that head injuries can cause structural and functional damage to the GI tract, but research directly investigating the neuronal consequences of this intestinal damage is lacking. Despite this void, the proposed mechanisms emanating from a damaged gut are closely implicated in the inflammatory processes known to promote neuropathology in the brain following TBI, which suggests the gut-brain axis may be a therapeutic target to reduce the risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative diseases following TBI. To better appreciate how various peripheral influences are implicated in the health of the CNS following TBI, this paper will also review the secondary biological injury mechanisms and the dynamic pathophysiological response to neurotrauma. Together, this review article will attempt to connect the dots to reveal novel insights into the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis and propose a conceptual model relevant to the recovery from TBI and subsequent risk for future neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Sundman
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vignesh Subbian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Chou
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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175
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Fu XY. Gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in critically ill patients: Pathogenesis, clinical assessment, and treatment. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2583-2590. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i29.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility dysfunction is a common clinical complication in ICU patients, which can lead to difficulty in enteral nutrition, vomiting, diarrhea, increased intra-abdominal pressure, ventilator associated pneumonia, intestinal flora displacement, and other adverse reactions. The clinical features of gastrointestinal dysfunction mainly include gastric emptying disturbance, intestinal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal motility disorders. The causes of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in ICU patients are complex and the clinical evaluation of gastrointestinal dysfunction is difficult. These factors have led to the fact that gastrointestinal motility monitoring techniques have not been widely used in clinical practice. Timely detection and correction of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in ICU patients can improve outcomes. This article reviews the etiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
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176
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Felice VD, O'Mahony SM. The microbiome and disorders of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 160:1-13. [PMID: 28666895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of the gut microbiota have been associated with stress-related disorders including depression and anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). More recently, researchers have started investigating the implication of perturbation of the microbiota composition in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders and Attention-Deficit Hypersensitivity Disorder (ADHD). In this review we will discuss how the microbiota is established and its functions in maintaining health. We also summarize both pre and post-natal factors that shape the developing neonatal microbiota and how they may impact on health outcomes with relevance to disorders of the central nervous system. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches based on the manipulation of the gut bacterial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D Felice
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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177
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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178
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Qu W, Yuan X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang J, Li J. Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Yingxiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Juxiu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Northwest A&F University; Yangling P. R. China
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179
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Chen T, Kim CY, Kaur A, Lamothe L, Shaikh M, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR. Dietary fibre-based SCFA mixtures promote both protection and repair of intestinal epithelial barrier function in a Caco-2 cell model. Food Funct 2017; 8:1166-1173. [PMID: 28174773 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impaired gut barrier function plays an important role in the development of many diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and in HIV infection. Dietary fibres have been shown to improve intestinal barrier function through their fermentation products, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the effects of individual SCFAs have been studied. Here, different SCFA mixtures representing possible compositions from fibre fermentation products were studied for protective and reparative effects on intestinal barrier function. The effect of fermentation products from four dietary fibres, i.e. resistant starch, fructooligosaccharides, and sorghum and corn arabinoxylan (varying in their branched structure) on barrier function was positively correlated with their SCFA concentration. Pure SCFA mixtures of various concentrations and compositions were tested using a Caco-2 cell model. SCFAs at a moderate concentration (40-80 mM) improved barrier function without causing damage to the monolayer. In a 40 mM SCFA mixture, the butyrate proportion at 20% and 50% showed both a protective and a reparative effect on the monolayer to disrupting agents (LPS/TNF-α) applied simultaneously or prior to the SCFA mixtures. Relating this result to dietary fibre selection, slow fermenting fibres that deliver appropriate concentrations of SCFAs to the epithelium with a high proportion of butyrate may improve barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. and Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Lisa Lamothe
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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180
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pouchitis occurs in approximately 50% of patients with ulcerative colitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) but the pathogenesis remains unclear. We used a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ileal pouchitis to examine whether intestinal barrier disruption plays a role in the development and progression of the disease. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into DSS (underwent IPAA and administered 5% DSS orally), IPAA (underwent IPAA), and Sham groups (underwent switch abdominal surgery). In the DSS group, levofloxacin intervention and nonintervention subgroups were used to determine the influence of antibiotics on intestinal barrier dysfunction. Hematochezia and fecal scores were recorded. Ileum and pouch specimens were obtained for histological assessment. Immunohistochemistry was performed for myeloperoxidase and occludin protein expression. Levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA were detected by real-time PCR. Plasma D-lactate concentrations were determined with colorimetry. RESULTS Only rats in the DSS group experienced hematochezia, and their fecal and histological scores significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the IPAA and Sham groups, levels of myeloperoxidase, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and plasma D-lactate significantly increased, whereas occludin and IL-10 reduced in the DSS group (P < 0.01). The levofloxacin subgroup showed increased occludin expression and more balanced inflammatory cytokine levels than the nonintervention subgroup. All differences showed linear correlations. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal barrier was disrupted in this rat model of pouchitis. Increased proinflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory factors aggravated the intestinal barrier damage. Antibiotics may ameliorate this process.
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181
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de Roos NM, van Hemert S, Rovers JMP, Smits MG, Witteman BJM. The effects of a multispecies probiotic on migraine and markers of intestinal permeability-results of a randomized placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1455-1462. [PMID: 28537581 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Migraine, associated with several gastrointestinal disorders, may result from increased intestinal permeability, allowing endotoxins to enter the bloodstream. We tested whether probiotics could reduce migraine through an effect on intestinal permeability and inflammation. SUBJECTS/METHODS In total, 63 patients were randomly allocated to the probiotic (n=31) or the placebo group (n=32). Participants ingested a multispecies probiotic (5x109 colony-forming units) or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Migraine was assessed with the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) and headache diaries. At baseline and 12 weeks, intestinal permeability was measured with the urinary lactulose/mannitol test and fecal and serum zonulin; inflammation was measured from interleukin (IL) -6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein in serum. RESULTS The MIDAS migraine intensity score significantly decreased in both groups (P<0.001) and the HDI score significantly decreased in the probiotic group (P=0.032) and borderline in the placebo group (P=0.053). In the probiotics group, patients had a median of 6 migraine days in the first month, 4 in the second month (P=0.002) and 5 in the last month, which was not significantly different from the 5, 4, and 4 days in the placebo group. A ⩾2day reduction in migraine days was seen in 12/31 patients in the probiotics group versus 7/29 in the placebo group (ns). Probiotic use did not significantly affect medication use, intestinal permeability or inflammation compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we could not confirm significant benefit from a multispecies probiotic compared to a placebo on the outcome parameters of migraine and intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M de Roos
- Wageningen UR, Division Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S van Hemert
- Winclove b.v., Innovation Department, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M P Rovers
- Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Department of Neurology, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - M G Smits
- Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Department of Neurology, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - B J M Witteman
- Wageningen UR, Division Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ede, The Netherlands
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182
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Meyrel M, Varin L, Detaint B, Mouaffak F. [The intestinal microbiota: A new player in depression?]. Encephale 2017; 44:67-74. [PMID: 28438331 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world according to the World Health Organization. The effectiveness of the available antidepressant therapies is limited. Data from the literature suggest that some subtypes of depression may be associated with chronic low grade inflammation. The uncovering of the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of the immune system and its bidirectional communication with the brain have led to growing interest on reciprocal interactions between inflammation, microbiota and depression. Our purpose is to review the state of knowledge on these interactions. METHODS We carried out a literature search on Pubmed, Go pubmed, psyC info, Elsevier, Embase until August 13, 2016 using the keywords "depression", "microbiota" and "inflammation". RESULTS Dysbiosis reported in patients suffering from depression seems to contribute to low grade systemic inflammation which in turn feeds back depression. The hypothetical mechanisms behind these interactions are multiple: leaky gut, hyperreactivity of the corticotropic axis, disturbed neurotransmission. Abnormal microbial exposure during childhood and perinatal stress are reported to influence both the maturation of the immune system and the microbiota hence contributing to the ethiopathogeny of depression. There is no evidence in the literature to support a role for diet. CONCLUSION The evidence supporting a causal relationship between dysbiosis and depression through low grade inflammation is limited and precludes us from drawing firm conclusions. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meyrel
- 5, villa Méridienne 55, avenue René Coty bat 5, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - L Varin
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, GHU Saint-Louis-Lariboisère-Fernand-Widal, France
| | - B Detaint
- Unité de psychiatrie de liaison, d'urgence et de recherche, pôle 93G04, EPS Ville Evrard, 93200 Saint-Denis, Réunion; Pôle 93G04, EPS Ville Evrard, 93200 Saint-Denis, Réunion
| | - F Mouaffak
- Unité de psychiatrie de liaison, d'urgence et de recherche, pôle 93G04, EPS Ville Evrard, 93200 Saint-Denis, Réunion; Pôle 93G04, EPS Ville Evrard, 93200 Saint-Denis, Réunion
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183
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Kato T, Honda Y, Kurita Y, Iwasaki A, Sato T, Kessoku T, Uchiyama S, Ogawa Y, Ohkubo H, Higurashi T, Yamanaka T, Usuda H, Wada K, Nakajima A. Lubiprostone improves intestinal permeability in humans, a novel therapy for the leaky gut: A prospective randomized pilot study in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175626. [PMID: 28410406 PMCID: PMC5391961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The barrier function of the small intestinal mucosa prevents the introduction of undesired pathogens into the body. Breakdown of this barrier function increases intestinal permeability. This has been proposed to induce not only gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, but also various other diseases, including allergies, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, and collagen diseases, which are associated with this so called "leaky gut syndrome." As such, a method to prevent leaky gut syndrome would have substantial clinical value. However, no drugs have been demonstrated to improve disturbed intestinal permeability in humans to date. Therefore, we investigated whether a drug used to treat chronic constipation, lubiprostone, was effective for this purpose. METHODS Healthy male volunteers were treated with lubiprostone (24 μg/day) for 28 days. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by measuring the lactulose-mannitol ratio (LMR) after administration of diclofenac and compared with an untreated group. The examination was conducted three times in total, i.e., at baseline before diclofenac administration and after 14 and 28 days of lubiprostone treatment. Blood endotoxin activity was also evaluated at the same time points. RESULTS The final analysis was conducted on 28 subjects (14 in the lubiprostone group and 14 in the untreated group). The LMR after 28 days of treatment was significantly lower in the lubiprostone group than that in the untreated group (0.017 vs. 0.028, respectively; 95% confidence interval, -0.022--0.0001; p = 0.049). Blood endotoxin activity exhibited almost no change over time in the lubiprostone and untreated groups and displayed no significant differences at any time point of examination. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report an improvement in leaky gut using an available drug in humans. The result suggests that lubiprostone may prevent and ameliorate "leaky gut syndrome". However, a pivotal trial is needed to confirm our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akito Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohkubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeharu Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokoahama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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184
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Mirza A, Mao-Draayer Y. The gut microbiome and microbial translocation in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:213-224. [PMID: 28286112 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a distinct intestinal microbial community (microbiota) and increased low-grade translocation of bacteria from the intestines into the circulation. The observed change of intestinal bacteria in MS patients regulate immune functions involved in MS pathogenesis. These functions include: systemic and central nervous system (CNS) immunity (including peripheral regulatory T cell function), the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and CNS-resident cell activity. This review discusses the MS intestinal microbiota implication on MS systemic- and CNS-immunopathology. We introduce the possible contributions of MS low-grade microbial translocation (LG-MT) to the development of MS, and end on a discussion on microbiota therapies for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4258 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4015 Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg. 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States.
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185
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Stewart AS, Pratt-Phillips S, Gonzalez LM. Alterations in Intestinal Permeability: The Role of the "Leaky Gut" in Health and Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 52:10-22. [PMID: 31000910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Stieler Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Liara M Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Large Animal Models Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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186
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Takahara I, Takeshima F, Ichikawa T, Matsuzaki T, Shibata H, Miuma S, Akazawa Y, Miyaaki H, Taura N, Nakao K. Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:761-767. [PMID: 28035549 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There has been increased interest in sleep disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies in North America and Europe reported that the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is much higher in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) than in the general population. The aim of this study was to reveal the prevalence and clinical features of RLS in Japanese patients with IBD and investigate the influence of RLS on sleep quality and quality of life (QOL). METHODS The study included 80 outpatients with IBD who visited Nagasaki University Hospital between December 2012 and July 2014. All patients completed the international RLS study group rating scale, a validated measure of the presence of RLS. Sleep quality was assessed using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and health-related QOL was assessed using the Japanese version of the 36-item short form healthy profile (SF-36) version 2. RESULTS The prevalence of RLS in patients with IBD was 20%, including rates of 21.7% in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 17.6% in patients with CD. Among patients with CD, the proportion of women and serum level of CRP were higher in the RLS group than in the non-RLS group. Among those with UC, there were no differences in clinical characteristics between the RLS and non-RLS groups. Patients in the RLS group slept significantly less well than those in the non-RLS group (PSQI > 5; 62.5 vs. 34.4%, P < 0.05). No significant relationships were observed between QOL indices and the presence of RLS (SF-36 physical score, 46.8 vs. 50.1; mental score, 43.8 vs. 45.7; role/social score, 48.1 vs. 49.2). CONCLUSIONS RLS occurs frequently in Japanese patients with UC as well as CD. RLS affects sleep quality but not QOL, and it should be considered one of the causes of sleep disturbance in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Takahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Fuminao Takeshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center City Hospital, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Akazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Miyaaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naota Taura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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187
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Magdaleno F, Blajszczak CC, Nieto N. Key Events Participating in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010009. [PMID: 28134813 PMCID: PMC5372721 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It ranges from fatty liver to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The most prevalent forms of ALD are alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcoholic cirrhosis, which frequently progress as people continue drinking. ALD refers to a number of symptoms/deficits that contribute to liver injury. These include steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis, which, when taken together, sequentially or simultaneously lead to significant disease progression. The pathogenesis of ALD, influenced by host and environmental factors, is currently only partially understood. To date, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation from the gut to the portal blood, aging, gender, increased infiltration and activation of neutrophils and bone marrow-derived macrophages along with alcohol plus iron metabolism, with its associated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), are all key events contributing to the pathogenesis of ALD. This review aims to introduce the reader to the concept of alcohol-mediated liver damage and the mechanisms driving injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magdaleno
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Chuck C Blajszczak
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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188
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. J Physiol 2017; 595:489-503. [PMID: 27641441 PMCID: PMC5233671 DOI: 10.1113/jp273106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing realisation that the gut-brain axis and its regulation by the microbiota may play a key role in the biological and physiological basis of neurodevelopmental, age-related and neurodegenerative disorders. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are being unravelled and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signalling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism or by way of microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping future health outcomes is also emerging. Disturbances of this composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, infection, stress and the environmental influences coupled with the influence of host genetics can result in long-term effects on physiology and behaviour, at least in animal models. It is also worth noting that mode of delivery at birth influences microbiota composition with those born by Caesarean section having a distinctly different microbiota in early life to those born per vaginum. At the other extreme of life, ageing is associated with a narrowing in microbial diversity and healthy ageing correlates with a diverse microbiome. Recently, the gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. There is still considerable debate as to whether or not the gut microbiota changes are core to the pathophysiology of such conditions or are merely epiphenomenal. It is plausible that such neuropsychiatric disorders might be treated in the future by targeting the microbiota either by microbiota transplantation, antibiotics or psychobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkIreland
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189
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Yi H, Hu W, Chen S, Lu Z, Wang Y. Cathelicidin-WA Improves Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Enhances Host Defense against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1696-1705. [PMID: 28062699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Impaired epithelial barrier function disrupts immune homeostasis and increases inflammation in intestines, leading to many intestinal diseases. Cathelicidin peptides suppress intestinal inflammation and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function independently of their antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) on intestinal epithelial barrier function, as well as the underlying mechanism, by using enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-infected mice and intestinal epithelial cells. The results showed that CWA attenuated EHEC-induced clinical symptoms and intestinal colitis, as did enrofloxacin (Enro). CWA decreased IL-6 production in the serum, jejunum, and colon of EHEC-infected mice. Additionally, CWA alleviated the EHEC-induced disruption of mucin-2 and goblet cells in the intestine. Interestingly, CWA increased the mucus layer thickness, which was associated with increasing expression of trefoil factor 3, in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. CWA increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. Using intestinal epithelial cells and a Rac1 inhibitor in vitro, we demonstrated that the CWA-mediated increases in the tight junction proteins might depend on the Rac1 pathway. Furthermore, CWA improved the microbiota and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the cecum of EHEC-infected mice. Although Enro and CWA had similar effects on intestinal inflammation, CWA was superior to Enro with regard to improving intestinal epithelial barrier and microbiota in the intestine. In conclusion, CWA attenuated EHEC-induced inflammation, intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and microbiota disruption in the intestine of mice, suggesting that CWA may be an effective therapy for many intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yi
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and.,Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wangyang Hu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Shan Chen
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Zeqing Lu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
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190
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O'Doherty JV, Bouwhuis MA, Sweeney T. Novel marine polysaccharides and maternal nutrition to stimulate gut health and performance in post-weaned pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning complications in piglets are characterised by a reduction in feed intake and growth, atrophy of small-intestine architecture, upregulation of intestinal inflammatory cytokines, alterations in gastrointestinal microflora, diarrhoea and heightened susceptibility to infection. Traditional measures to reduce weaning-associated intestinal dysfunction have centred on dietary inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters in weaning pig diets, or high concentrations of dietary minerals in the form of zinc oxide. However, these strategies are under scrutiny because of their role in promoting multi-drug resistant bacteria and the accumulation of minerals in the environment. Up to recently, the main focus on finding alternatives to in-feed antibiotic growth promoters has been on dietary manipulations post-weaning, through the use of feed additives in the post-weaning diet. However, there are also other strategies that could enhance the growth and health of the newly weaned pig. One of these strategies is the use of maternal nutrition to improve growth and health in her offspring. The development of the immune system begins in utero and is further developed after the colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract with microbiota during birth and post-natal life. The early establishment of this relationship is fundamental to the development and long-term maintenance of gut homeostasis. There are significant efforts being made to identify natural alternatives to support the development of the piglet gastrointestinal tract, in particular during the weaning period. Chemodiversity in nature, including microorganisms, terrestrial plants, seaweeds and marine organisms, offers a valuable source of novel bioactives. This review will discuss the development of the intestinal tract in the pig during gestation, lactation and post-weaning periods and the factors that influence intestinal health post-weaning. It will also discuss how feeding marine bioactives in both the maternal diet and the piglet diet can be used to alleviate the negative effects associated with weaning.
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191
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Nallu A, Sharma S, Ramezani A, Muralidharan J, Raj D. Gut microbiome in chronic kidney disease: challenges and opportunities. Transl Res 2017; 179:24-37. [PMID: 27187743 PMCID: PMC5086447 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 100 trillion microbial cells that reside in the human gut heavily influence nutrition, metabolism, and immune function of the host. Gut dysbiosis, seen commonly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), results from qualitative and quantitative changes in host microbiome profile and disruption of gut barrier function. Alterations in gut microbiota and a myriad of host responses have been implicated in progression of CKD, increased cardiovascular risk, uremic toxicity, and inflammation. We present a discussion of dysbiosis, various uremic toxins produced from dysbiotic gut microbiome, and their roles in CKD progression and complications. We also review the gut microbiome in renal transplant, highlighting the role of commensal microbes in alteration of immune responses to transplantation, and conclude with therapeutic interventions that aim to restore intestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Nallu
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ali Ramezani
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jagadeesan Muralidharan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Dominic Raj
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
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192
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Ufnal M, Pham K. The gut-blood barrier permeability - A new marker in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases? Med Hypotheses 2016; 98:35-37. [PMID: 28012600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that blood-borne metabolites of gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are involved in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases and may serve as markers of cardiovascular risk. To enter the bloodstream the microbiota-derived molecules need to pass the gut-blood barrier (GBB). The GBB plays an important role in maintaining organism homeostasis. It is a complex multi-layer system which determines the absorption of nutrients, water and many other substances. The integrity and permeability of the GBB may be impaired in numerous diseases including gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we propose that the evaluation of the GBB permeability may have a significant diagnostic potential in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Second, we suggest that the GBB permeability is a variable that confounds diagnostic value of new gut microbiota-derived biomarkers such as TMAO. Therefore, cardiovascular risk assessment requires the evaluation of both TMAO and the GBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kinga Pham
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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193
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Ponce M, Diesner SC, Szépfalusi Z, Eiwegger T. Markers of tolerance development to food allergens. Allergy 2016; 71:1393-404. [PMID: 27286276 DOI: 10.1111/all.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated reactions to food allergens are the most common cause of anaphylaxis in childhood. Although allergies to cow's milk, egg, or soy proteins, in contrast to peanut and tree nut allergens, resolve within the first 6 years of life in up to 60% due to natural tolerance development, this process is not well understood. At present, there is no cure or treatment for food allergy that would result in an induction of tolerance to the symptom-eliciting food. Avoidance, providing an emergency plan and education, is the standard of treatment. Oral immunotherapeutic approaches have been proven reasonable efficacy; however, they are associated with high rates of side-effects and low numbers of patients achieving tolerance. Nevertheless, mechanisms that take place during oral immunotherapy may help to understand tolerance development. On the basis of these therapeutic interventions, events like loss of basophil activation and induction of regulatory lymphocyte subsets and of blocking antibodies have been described. Their functional importance at a clinical level, however, remains to be investigated in detail. Consequently, there is eminent need to understand the process of tolerance development to food allergens and define biomarkers to develop and monitor new treatment strategies for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ponce
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - S. C. Diesner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Z. Szépfalusi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - T. Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food allergy and Anaphylaxis Program; The Department of Paediatrics; Hospital for Sick Children; Research Institute, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program; The University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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194
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Julio-Pieper M, Bravo JA. Intestinal Barrier and Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:127-141. [PMID: 27793215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier function contributes to gut homeostasis by modulating absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the lumen into the circulation while restricting the passage of noxious luminal substances and microorganisms. Chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and celiac disease are associated to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Here, the hypothesis is that a leaky intestinal wall allowing for indiscriminate passage of intraluminal compounds to the vascular compartment could in turn lead to systemic inflammation. An increasing number of studies are now investigating the association between gut permeability and CNS disorders, under the premise that translocation of intestinal luminal contents could affect CNS function, either directly or indirectly. Still, it is unknown whether disruption of intestinal barrier is a causative agent or a consequence in these situations. Here, we discuss the latest evidence pointing to an association between increased gut permeability and disrupted behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - J A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Valparaíso, Chile.
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195
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Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Green SJ, Engen PA, Keshavarzian A. Circadian Rhythm and the Gut Microbiome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:193-205. [PMID: 27793218 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h patterns regulating behavior, organs, and cells in living organisms. These rhythms align biological functions with regular and predictable environmental patterns to optimize function and health. Disruption of these rhythms can be detrimental resulting in metabolic syndrome, cancer, or cardiovascular disease, just to name a few. It is now becoming clear that the intestinal microbiome is also regulated by circadian rhythms via intrinsic circadian clocks as well as via the host organism. Microbiota rhythms are regulated by diet and time of feeding which can alter both microbial community structure and metabolic activity which can significantly impact host immune and metabolic function. In this review, we will cover how host circadian rhythms are generated and maintained, how host circadian rhythms can be disrupted, as well as the consequences of circadian rhythm disruption. We will further highlight the newly emerging literature indicating the importance of circadian rhythms of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Voigt
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - C B Forsyth
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S J Green
- DNA Services Facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - P A Engen
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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196
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197
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Research Advance in Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:9686238. [PMID: 27651792 PMCID: PMC5019909 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9686238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) have not been fully elucidated. It is widely accepted that genetic, immune, and environment factors are closely related to the development of CD. As an important defensive line for human body against the environment, intestinal mucosa is able to protect the homeostasis of gut bacteria and alleviate the intestinal inflammatory and immune response. It is evident that the dysfunction of intestinal mucosa barriers plays a crucial role in CD initiation and development. Yet researches are insufficient on intestinal mucosal barrier's action in the prevention of CD onset. This article summarizes the research advances about the correlations between the disorders of intestinal mucosal barriers and CD.
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198
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Ugalde-Silva P, Gonzalez-Lugo O, Navarro-Garcia F. Tight Junction Disruption Induced by Type 3 Secretion System Effectors Injected by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:87. [PMID: 27606286 PMCID: PMC4995211 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium consists of a single cell layer, which is a critical selectively permeable barrier to both absorb nutrients and avoid the entry of potentially harmful entities, including microorganisms. Epithelial cells are held together by the apical junctional complexes, consisting of adherens junctions, and tight junctions (TJs), and by underlying desmosomes. TJs lay in the apical domain of epithelial cells and are mainly composed by transmembrane proteins such as occludin, claudins, JAMs, and tricellulin, that are associated with the cytoplasmic plaque formed by proteins from the MAGUK family, such as ZO-1/2/3, connecting TJ to the actin cytoskeleton, and cingulin and paracingulin connecting TJ to the microtubule network. Extracellular bacteria such as EPEC and EHEC living in the intestinal lumen inject effectors proteins directly from the bacterial cytoplasm to the host cell cytoplasm, where they play a relevant role in the manipulation of the eukaryotic cell functions by modifying or blocking cell signaling pathways. TJ integrity depends on various cell functions such as actin cytoskeleton, microtubule network for vesicular trafficking, membrane integrity, inflammation, and cell survival. EPEC and EHEC effectors target most of these functions. Effectors encoded inside or outside of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) disrupt the TJ strands. EPEC and EHEC exploit the TJ dynamics to open this structure, for causing diarrhea. EPEC and EHEC secrete effectors that mimic host proteins to manipulate the signaling pathways, including those related to TJ dynamics. In this review, we focus on the known mechanisms exploited by EPEC and EHEC effectors for causing TJ disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Gonzalez-Lugo
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional México City, Mexico
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199
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Chen C, Huang P, Lai L, Luo C, Ge M, Hei Z, Zhu Q, Zhou S. Dexmedetomidine improves gastrointestinal motility after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer: A randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4295. [PMID: 27442674 PMCID: PMC5265791 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of intraoperative application of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on early gastrointestinal motility after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer. METHODS In this prospective, randomized double-blind investigation, 60 patients who underwent laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer were randomly allocated to receive Dex (DEX group, n = 30) or saline (CON group, n = 30). In the DEX group, Dex was loaded (1 μg/kg) before anesthesia induction and was infused (0.3 μg/kg/h) during surgery. Time to postoperative first flatus (FFL) and first feces (FFE), and time to regular diet were recorded. Serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) were detected. RESULTS Both the time to the FFL (44.41 ± 4.51 hours vs 61.03 ± 5.16 hours, P = 0.02) and the time to the FFE (60.67 ± 4.94 hours vs 82.50 ± 6.88 hours, P = 0.014) were significantly shorter in the DEX group than the CON group. Furthermore, the time to regular diet of the DEX group was shorter than that of the CON group (76.15 ± 4.11 hours vs 91.50 ± 5.70 hours, P = 0.037). Both DAO and I-FABP increased significantly from beginning of surgery to postoperative day 1 in the CON group (2.49 ± 0.41 ng/mL vs 4.48 ± 0.94 ng/mL for DAO, P = 0.028, 1.32 ± 0.09 ng/mL vs 2.17 ± 0.12 ng/mL for I-FABP, P = 0.045, respectively), whereas no significant change was observed in the DEX group. Furthermore, patients in the DEX group had stable hemodynamics and shorter hospital stay than those in the CON group. CONCLUSION Dex administration intraoperatively benefits recovery of gastrointestinal motility function after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer with stable hemodynamics during surgery though further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of Dex on gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shaoli Zhou and Qianqian Zhu, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China (e-mails: ; )
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shaoli Zhou and Qianqian Zhu, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China (e-mails: ; )
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200
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Yi H, Zhang L, Gan Z, Xiong H, Yu C, Du H, Wang Y. High therapeutic efficacy of Cathelicidin-WA against postweaning diarrhea via inhibiting inflammation and enhancing epithelial barrier in the intestine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25679. [PMID: 27181680 PMCID: PMC4867772 DOI: 10.1038/srep25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among young mammals, especially during weaning. Here, we investigated the effects of Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) on diarrhea, intestinal morphology, inflammatory responses, epithelial barrier and microbiota in the intestine of young mammals during weaning. Piglets with clinical diarrhea were selected and treated with saline (control), CWA or enrofloxacin (Enro) for 4 days. Both CWA and Enro effectively attenuated diarrhea. Compared with the control, CWA decreased IL-6, IL-8 and IL-22 levels and reduced neutrophil infiltration into the jejunum. CWA inhibited inflammation by down-regulating the TLR4-, MyD88- and NF-κB-dependent pathways. Additionally, CWA improved intestinal morphology by increasing villus and microvillus heights and enhancing intestinal barrier function by increasing tight junction (TJ) protein expression and augmenting wound-healing ability in intestinal epithelial cells. CWA also improved microbiota composition and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in feces. By contrast, Enro not only disrupted the intestinal barrier but also negatively affected microbiota composition and SCFA levels in the intestine. In conclusion, CWA effectively attenuated inflammation, enhanced intestinal barrier function, and improved microbiota composition in the intestines of weaned piglets. These results suggest that CWA could be an effective and safe therapy for diarrhea or other intestinal diseases in young mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yi
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhenshun Gan
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haitao Xiong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Caihua Yu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huahua Du
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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