151
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Autophagy is an essential component of Drosophila immunity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Immunity 2009; 30:588-98. [PMID: 19362021 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic innate immune mechanisms are the first line of defense against pathogens and exist to control infection autonomously in infected cells. Here, we showed that autophagy, an intrinsic mechanism that can degrade cytoplasmic components, played a direct antiviral role against the mammalian viral pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the model organism Drosophila. We found that the surface glycoprotein, VSV-G, was likely the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that initiated this cell-autonomous response. Once activated, autophagy decreased viral replication, and repression of autophagy led to increased viral replication and pathogenesis in cells and animals. Lastly, we showed that the antiviral response was controlled by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-signaling pathway, which normally regulates autophagy in response to nutrient availability. Altogether, these data uncover an intrinsic antiviral program that links viral recognition to the evolutionarily conserved nutrient-signaling and autophagy pathways.
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152
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Infection of Melanoplus sanguinipes grasshoppers following ingestion of rangeland plant species harboring vesicular stomatitis virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3029-33. [PMID: 19286779 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02368-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the many mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission is critical for understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic disease outbreaks in the western United States. Migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)] have been implicated as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of VSV. The grasshopper-cattle-grasshopper transmission cycle is based on the assumptions that (i) virus shed from clinically infected animals would contaminate pasture plants and remain infectious on plant surfaces and (ii) grasshoppers would become infected by eating the virus-contaminated plants. Our objectives were to determine the stability of VSV on common plant species of U.S. Northern Plains rangelands and to assess the potential of these plant species as a source of virus for grasshoppers. Fourteen plant species were exposed to VSV and assayed for infectious virus over time (0 to 24 h). The frequency of viable virus recovery at 24 h postexposure was as high as 73%. The two most common plant species in Northern Plains rangelands (western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii] and needle and thread [Hesperostipa comata]) were fed to groups of grasshoppers. At 3 weeks postfeeding, the grasshopper infection rate was 44 to 50%. Exposure of VSV to a commonly used grasshopper pesticide resulted in complete viral inactivation. This is the first report demonstrating the stability of VSV on rangeland plant surfaces, and it suggests that a significant window of opportunity exists for grasshoppers to ingest VSV from contaminated plants. The use of grasshopper pesticides on pastures would decrease the incidence of a virus-amplifying mechanical vector and might also decontaminate pastures, thereby decreasing the inter- and intraherd spread of VSV.
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153
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein and monoclonal antibody for detecting antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:667-71. [PMID: 19279165 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00043-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using glycoprotein and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed for the detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype New Jersey (NJ). The glycoprotein to be used as a diagnostic antigen was extracted from partially purified VSV-NJ, and a neutralizing MAb specific to VSV-NJ was incorporated to compete with antibodies in a blocking ELISA using glycoprotein (GP ELISA). The cutoff of the GP ELISA was set at 40% inhibition, which corresponded to a virus neutralization test (VNT) titer of 32. With this threshold, the GP ELISA exhibited 99.6% specificity for naïve sera (n = 3,005) from cattle (n = 1,040), pigs (n = 1,120), and horses (n = 845) from domestic farms. The GP ELISA did not cross-react with sera positive for foot-and-mouth disease virus, swine vesicular disease virus, or VSV serotype Indiana. The GP ELISA was more compatible with the VNT than was the nucleocapsid-based ELISA for VSV-NJ-positive sera (n = 19). Taken together, this GP ELISA could be a useful tool as an alternative to the VNT for detecting antibodies specific to VSV-NJ.
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154
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Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein in a murine model of breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:493-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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155
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Wilson WC, Letchworth GJ, Jiménez C, Herrero MV, Navarro R, Paz P, Cornish TE, Smoliga G, Pauszek SJ, Dornak C, George M, Rodriguez LL. Field Evaluation of a Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:179-86. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the United States result in significant economic losses for the U.S. livestock industries because VS is a reportable disease that clinically mimics foot-and-mouth disease. Rapid and accurate differentiation of these 2 diseases is critical because their consequences and control strategies differ radically. The objective of the current study was to field validate a 1-tube multiplexed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus and Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus strains occurring in Mexico and North and Central America. A comprehensive collection of 622 vesicular lesion samples obtained from cattle, horses, and swine from throughout Mexico and Central America was tested by the real-time RT-PCR assay and virus isolation. Overall, clinical sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RT-PCR were 83% and 99%, respectively. Interestingly, VS virus isolates originating from a specific region of Costa Rica were not detected by real-time RT-PCR. Sequence comparisons of these viruses with the real-time RT-PCR probe and primers showed mismatches in the probe and forward and reverse primer regions. Additional lineage-specific primers and a probe corrected the lack of detection of the missing genetic lineage. Thus, this assay reliably identified existing Mexican and Central American VS viruses and proved readily adaptable as new VS viruses were encountered. An important secondary result of this research was the collection of hundreds of new VS virus isolates that provide a foundation from which many additional studies can arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Wilson
- the Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, WY
| | - Geoffrey J. Letchworth
- the Arthropod-Borne Diseases Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, WY
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marco V. Herrero
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto Navarro
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Mexico
| | - Pedro Paz
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales, Mexico
| | - Todd E. Cornish
- the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - George Smoliga
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
| | - Carrie Dornak
- the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Marcos George
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Vesiculares, Panama City, Panama
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY
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156
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Vengust M, Baird JD, van Dreumel T, Ackerley C, Bienzle D. Equid Herpesvirus 2-Associated Oral and Esophageal Ulceration in a Foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:811-5. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of a 1-month-old Thoroughbred foal with dysphagia, salivation, pyrexia, oral mucosal pustules, and esophageal ulceration is reported. Swabs from the ulcerated lesions yielded Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) in virus isolation assays, and histopathology of a biopsy from the esophageal lesion identified nuclear inclusions suggestive of herpesviruses. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for EHV-2 was positive for epithelial cells in the vicinity of the ulcer but not in more distant mucosa. Electron microscopic evaluation of the biopsy showed herpesviral particles in epithelial cells. The foal recovered over 5 days of supportive and gastroprotective therapy, and the esophageal ulcers healed. Serology and immunohistochemistry indicated that this foal likely had lesions associated with EHV-2 and not EHV-1, −4, or −5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modest Vengust
- Departments of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D. Baird
- Departments of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony van Dreumel
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cameron Ackerley
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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157
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Altomonte J, Wu L, Meseck M, Chen L, Ebert O, Garcia-Sastre A, Fallon J, Mandeli J, Woo SLC. Enhanced oncolytic potency of vesicular stomatitis virus through vector-mediated inhibition of NK and NKT cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:266-78. [PMID: 18846115 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant oncolytic viruses represent a promising alternative option for the treatment of malignant cancers. We have reported earlier the safety and efficacy of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the full potential of VSV therapy is limited by a sudden decline in intratumoral virus replication observed early after viral administration, a phenomenon that coincides with an accumulation of inflammatory cells within infected lesions. To overcome the antiviral function of these cells, we present a recombinant virus, rVSV-UL141, which expresses a protein from human cytomegalovirus known to downregulate the natural killer (NK) cell-activating ligand CD155. The modified vector resulted in an inhibition of NK cell recruitment in vitro, as well as decreased intratumoral accumulations of NK and NKT cells in vivo. Administration of rVSV-UL141 through hepatic artery infusion in immune-competent Buffalo rats harboring orthotopic, multi-focal HCC lesions resulted in a one-log elevation of intratumoral virus replication over a control rVSV vector, which translated to enhance tumor necrosis and substantial prolongation of survival. Moreover, these results were achieved in the absence of apparent toxicities. The present study suggests the applicability of this strategy for the development of effective and safe oncolytic agents to treat multi-focal HCC, and potentially a multitude of other cancers, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Altomonte
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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158
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Green DS, Lum T, Mullins BT, Green JA. Antibody-mediated enhancement of the rate, magnitude, and responsiveness of vesicular stomatitis virus induced alpha interferon production. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1675-83. [PMID: 18649334 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A majority of adults without evidence of exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have serum IgG antibodies that interact with pro-inflammatory TLR7 in the presence of VSV, and enhance several aspects of VSV-induced IFN-alpha production. Enhancing IgG antibody enables human PBMC to make IFN-alpha more rapidly and in higher titers in response to a broad range of VSV-concentrations that include those too low to independently stimulate IFN-alpha production. These antibody-mediated functions compensate for the inherent delay in virus-induced IFN-alpha production in vitro, and have the potential to improve the in vivo IFN-alpha response and effectively terminate infection before the occurrence of clinically apparent disease. The frequent presence of enhancing antibody in persons without predictable VSV exposure has implications for naturally occurring infections with this and other viruses, and for the use of viruses as vaccine vectors and oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Green
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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159
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Zhong Q, Wen YJ, Yang HS, Luo H, Fu AF, Yang F, Chen LJ, Chen X, Qi XR, Lin HG, Wan Y, Chen XC, Wei YQ, Zhao X. Efficient inhibition of cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer growth and prolonged survival by gene transferred vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein in nude mice. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1584-91. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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160
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Romanutti C, Bruttomesso AC, Castilla V, Bisceglia JA, Galagovsky LR, Wachsman MB. In vitro antiviral activity of dehydroepiandrosterone and its synthetic derivatives against vesicular stomatitis virus. Vet J 2008; 182:327-35. [PMID: 18682333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work the antiviral activity of 20 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analogs with different substituents at positions C-3, C-15, C-16 and C-17 were evaluated against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in Vero cell cultures. The selectivity indexes (SI) obtained with DHEA and epiandrosterone (EA) were 50 and 72.6, respectively. The work showed that the compounds 21-norpregna-5,17(20)-dien-3beta,16alpha-diyl-diacetate, 17,17-ethylendioxyandrostan-5,15-dien-3beta-ol and 3beta-hydroxypregn-17(20)-en-16-one had higher SI values than ribavirin, which was used as a reference drug. The antiviral mode of action of DHEA was also investigated against VSV replication in Vero cells, and time of addition experiments showed that DHEA mainly affected a late event in the virus growth cycle. Analysis of RNA and protein synthesis indicated that DHEA adversely affected positive strand RNA synthesis and viral mature particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Romanutti
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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161
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Presloid JB, Ebendick-Corpus BE, Zárate S, Novella IS. Antagonistic pleiotropy involving promoter sequences in a virus. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:342-52. [PMID: 18644381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selection of specialist genotypes, that is, populations with limited niche width, promotes the maintenance of diversity. Specialization to a particular environment may have a cost in other environments, including fitness tradeoffs. When the tradeoffs are the result of mutations that have a beneficial effect in the selective environment but a deleterious effect in other environments, we have antagonistic pleiotropy. Alternatively, tradeoffs can result from the fixation of mutations that are neutral in the selective environment but have a negative effect in other environments, and thus the tradeoff is due to mutation accumulation. We tested the mechanisms underlying the fitness tradeoffs observed during adaptation to persistent infection of vesicular stomatitis virus in insect cells by sequencing the full-length genomes of 12 strains with a history of replication in a single niche (acute mammalian infection or persistent insect infection) or in temporally heterogeneous niches and correlated genetic and fitness changes. Ecological theory predicts a correlation between the selective environment and the niche width of the evolved populations, such that adaptation to single niches should lead to the selection of specialists and niche cycling should result in the selection of generalists. Contrary to this expectation, adaptation to one of the single niches resulted in a generalist and adaptation to a heterogeneous environment led to the selection of a specialist. Only one-third of the mutations that accumulated during persistent infection had a fitness cost that could be explained in all cases by antagonistic pleiotropy. Mutations involved in fitness tradeoffs included changes in regulatory sequences, particularly at the 3' termini of the genomes, which contain the single promoter that controls viral transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Presloid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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162
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Pauszek SJ, Allende R, Rodriguez LL. Characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of vesicular stomatitis Cocal and Alagoas viruses. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1353-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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163
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Martín-Acebes MA, González-Magaldi M, Rosas MF, Borrego B, Brocchi E, Armas-Portela R, Sobrino F. Subcellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus proteins and alterations induced in infected cells: a comparative study with foot-and-mouth disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 2008; 374:432-43. [PMID: 18279902 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular distribution of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) proteins and the induced reorganization of endomembranes in IBRS-2 cells were analyzed. Fluorescence to new SVDV capsids appeared first upon infection, concentrated in perinuclear circular structures and colocalized to dsRNA. As in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells, a vesicular pattern was predominantly found in later stages of SVDV capsid morphogenesis that colocalized with those of non-structural proteins 2C, 2BC and 3A. These results suggest that assembly of capsid proteins is associated to the replication complex. Confocal microscopy showed a decreased fluorescence to ER markers (calreticulin and protein disulfide isomerase), and disorganization of cis-Golgi gp74 and trans-Golgi caveolin-1 markers in SVDV- and FMDV-, but not in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected cells. Electron microscopy of SVDV-infected cells at an early stage of infection revealed fragmented ER cisternae with expanded lumen and accumulation of large Golgi vesicles, suggesting alterations of vesicle traffic through Golgi compartments. At this early stage, FMDV induced different patterns of ER fragmentation and Golgi alterations. At later stages of SVDV cytopathology, cells showed a completely vacuolated cytoplasm containing vesicles of different sizes. Cell treatment with brefeldin A, which disrupts the Golgi complex, reduced SVDV (approximately 5 log) and VSV (approximately 4 log) titers, but did not affect FMDV growth. Thus, three viruses, which share target tissues and clinical signs in natural hosts, induce different intracellular effects in cultured cells.
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164
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Exponential enhancement of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus potency by vector-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses in vivo. Mol Ther 2007; 16:146-53. [PMID: 18071337 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising strategy for treatment of malignancy, although its effectiveness is hampered by host antiviral inflammatory responses. The efficacy of treatment of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in rats bearing multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be substantially elevated by antibody-mediated depletion of natural killer (NK) cells. In order to test the hypothesis that the oncotyic potency of VSV can be exponentially elevated by evasion of inflammatory responses in vivo, we constructed a recombinant VSV vector expressing equine herpes virus-1 glycoprotein G, which is a broad-spectrum viral chemokine binding protein (rVSV-gG). Infusion of rVSV-gG via the hepatic artery into immune-competent rats bearing syngeneic and multifocal HCC in their livers, resulted in a reduction of NK and NKT cells in the tumors and a 1-log enhancement in intratumoral virus titer in comparison with a reference rVSV vector. The treatment led to increased tumor necrosis and substantially prolonged animal survival without toxicities. These results indicate that rVSV-gG has the potential to be developed as an effective and safe oncolytic agent to treat patients with advanced HCC. Furthermore, the novel concept that oncolytic potency can be substantially enhanced by vector-mediated suppression of host antiviral inflammatory responses could have general applicability in the field of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer.
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165
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Novella IS, Ebendick-Corpus BE, Zárate S, Miller EL. Emergence of mammalian cell-adapted vesicular stomatitis virus from persistent infections of insect vector cells. J Virol 2007; 81:6664-8. [PMID: 17428845 PMCID: PMC1900099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02365-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) represent quintessential generalists, with the ability to infect and perform well in multiple hosts. However, antagonistic pleiotropy imposed a cost during the adaptation to persistent replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in sand fly cells and resulted in strains that initially replicated poorly in hamster cells, even when the virus was allowed to replicate periodically in the latter. Once a debilitated strain started replicating continuously in mammalian cells, fitness increased significantly. Fitness recovery did not entail back mutations or compensatory mutations, but instead, we observed the replacement of persistence-adapted genomes by mammalian cell-adapted strains with a full set of new, unrelated sequence changes. These mammalian cell-adapted genomes were present at low frequencies in the populations with a history of persistence for up to a year and quickly became dominant during mammalian infection, but coexistence was not stable in the long term. Periodic acute replication in mammalian cells likely contributed to extending the survival of minority genomes, but these genomes were also found in strictly persistent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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166
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Goel A, Carlson SK, Classic KL, Greiner S, Naik S, Power AT, Bell JC, Russell SJ. Radioiodide imaging and radiovirotherapy of multiple myeloma using VSV(Delta51)-NIS, an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the sodium iodide symporter gene. Blood 2007; 110:2342-50. [PMID: 17515401 PMCID: PMC1988925 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a radiosensitive malignancy that is currently incurable. Here, we generated a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV(Delta51)-NIS] that has a deletion of methionine 51 in the matrix protein and expresses the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene. VSV(Delta51)-NIS showed specific oncolytic activity against myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells and was able to replicate to high titers in myeloma cells in vitro. Iodide uptake assays showed accumulation of radioactive iodide in VSV(Delta51)-NIS-infected myeloma cells that was specific to the function of the NIS transgene. In bg/nd/xid mice with established subcutaneous myeloma tumors, administration of VSV(Delta51)-NIS resulted in high intratumoral virus replication and tumor regression. VSV-associated neurotoxicity was not observed. Intratumoral spread of the infection was monitored noninvasively by serial gamma camera imaging of (123)I-iodide biodistribution. Dosimetry calculations based on these images pointed to the feasibility of combination radiovirotherapy with VSV(Delta51)-NIS plus (131)I. Immunocompetent mice with syngeneic 5TGM1 myeloma tumors (either subcutaneous or orthotopic) showed significant enhancements of tumor regression and survival when VSV(Delta51)-NIS was combined with (131)I. These results show that VSV(Delta51)-NIS is a safe oncolytic agent with significant therapeutic potential in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollina Goel
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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167
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Lin X, Chen X, Wei Y, Zhao J, Fan L, Wen Y, Wu H, Zhao X. Efficient inhibition of intraperitoneal human ovarian cancer growth and prolonged survival by gene transfer of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein in nude mice. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104:540-6. [PMID: 17112567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein (MP) has been reported to be capable of inducing apoptosis in vitro in the absence of other viral components. In the present study, the antitumor effect of a recombinant plasmid encoding VSVMP on human ovarian cancer and its apoptosis-inducing efficacy in vivo were further investigated. METHODS The recombinant plasmid DNA carrying VSVMP-cDNA (VSVMP-p) was constructed. SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells were transfected with VSVMP-p and examined for apoptosis by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometric analysis. For in vivo study, intraperitoneal ovarian carcinomatosis models in nude mice were established and randomly assigned into four groups to receive six twice-weekly i.p. administrations of VSVMP-p/liposome complexes, empty plasmid/liposome complexes, liposome alone or 0.9% NaCl solution, respectively. The weight of intraperitoneal carcinomatosis and the survival were monitored. Tumor tissues were inspected for apoptosis by TUNEL and Hoechst-33258 assay. RESULTS Plentiful apoptosis were observed in SKOV3 cells transfected with VSVMP-p. VSVMP-p reduced intraperitoneal tumor weight by about approximately 90% compared with control agents (p<0.01) and significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice (p<0.05), with in vivo apoptosis index of 12.6+/-2.7% which was much higher than that of control groups (<4%) (p<0.05). Interestingly, this antitumor effect was accompanied by a noticeable NK cell accumulation. The treatment with VSVMP-p was devoid of any conspicuous toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that VSVMP-p have strong antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis and possibly NK cell-mediated tumor resistance mechanisms, and it may be a potentially effective novel therapy against human ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/immunology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/therapy
- DNA, Complementary/administration & dosage
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Random Allocation
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, The People's Republic of China
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168
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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169
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Bukreyev A, Skiadopoulos MH, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Nonsegmented negative-strand viruses as vaccine vectors. J Virol 2006; 80:10293-306. [PMID: 17041210 PMCID: PMC1641758 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00919-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Building 50, Room 6505, NIAID, NIH, 50 South Dr., MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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170
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Johnson JE, Nasar F, Coleman JW, Price RE, Javadian A, Draper K, Lee M, Reilly PA, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Udem SA. Neurovirulence properties of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates. Virology 2006; 360:36-49. [PMID: 17098273 PMCID: PMC1865117 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) neurovirulence and pathogenicity in rodents have been well studied, little is known about VSV pathogenicity in non-human primates. To address this question, we measured VSV viremia, shedding, and neurovirulence in macaques. Following intranasal inoculation, macaques shed minimal recombinant VSV (rVSV) in nasal washes for 1 day post-inoculation; viremia was not detected. Following intranasal inoculation of macaques, wild type (wt) VSV, rVSV, and two rVSV-HIV vectors showed no evidence of spread to CNS tissues. However, macaques inoculated intrathalamically with wt VSV developed severe neurological disease. One of four macaques receiving rVSV developed clinical and histological signs similar to the wt group, while the remaining three macaques in this group and all of the macaques in the rVSV-HIV vector groups showed no clinical signs of disease and reduced severity of histopathology compared to the wt group. The implications of these findings for rVSV vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Erik Johnson
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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171
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Stauffer F, De Miranda J, Schechter MC, Carneiro FA, Salgado LT, Machado GF, Da Poian AT. Inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus through inhibition of membrane fusion by chemical modification of the viral glycoprotein. Antiviral Res 2006; 73:31-9. [PMID: 16934341 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an essential step in the entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells triggered by conformational changes in viral glycoproteins. We have demonstrated previously that modification of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) abolished conformational changes on VSV glycoprotein and the fusion reaction catalyzed by the virus. In the present study, we evaluated whether treatment with DEPC was able to inactivate the virus. Infectivity and viral replication were abolished by viral treatment with 0.5mM DEPC. Mortality profile and inflammatory response in the central nervous system indicated that G protein modification with DEPC eliminates the ability of the virus to cause disease. In addition, DEPC treatment did not alter the conformational integrity of surface proteins of inactivated VSV as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and competitive ELISA. Taken together, our results suggest a potential use of histidine (His) modification to the development of a new process of viral inactivation based on fusion inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Stauffer
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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172
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Animal health risks of feeding animals with ready to use dairy products without further treatment. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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173
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Abstract
HIV poses a serious health threat in the world. Mucosal transmission of HIV through the genitourinary tract may be the most important route of transmission. Intranasal immunisations induce vaginal and systemic immune responses. Various protein-, DNA- and RNA-based immunopotentiating adjuvants/delivery systems and live bacterial and viral vectors are available for intranasal immunisations, and these systems may differ in their ability to induce a specific type of immune response (e.g., a cytotoxic T cell versus an antibody response). As the protection against HIV may require both cytotoxic T cell and antibodies, a combination of adjuvants/delivery systems for combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations may be required in order to develop a protective anti-HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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174
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Gallyas E, Seprényi G, Sonkoly E, Mándi Y, Kemény L, Megyeri K. Vesicular stomatitis virus induces apoptosis in the Wong–Kilbourne derivative of the Chang conjunctival cell line. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 244:717-24. [PMID: 16328428 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virotherapy represents a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of malignant diseases. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been shown to exert antitumor effect in several tumor types. Since the potential oncolytic activity of VSV has not yet been evaluated in epithelial tumors of the conjunctiva, we set out to investigate the susceptibility of the immortalized Wong-Kilbourne derivative of the Chang conjunctival cell line (WK) to VSV and analyze the role of apoptosis in VSV-mediated induction of cell death. METHODS WK cells were infected with VSV at various multiplicities and maintained for different periods of time. VSV-infected cells were analyzed by inverted microscopy for the development of cytopathic effects (CPE). Virus replication was measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay, Western blot analysis and plaque titration. The apoptotic response of the infected cells was quantitated by ELISA detecting the enrichment of nucleosomes in the cytoplasm. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. RESULTS The WK cell line was highly permissive to VSV replication and was highly susceptible for the CPE of this virus. VSV infection elicited the apoptotic death of WK cells. Mock-infected cells exhibited endogenous expression of Bcl-2 and p21 Bax proteins. VSV infection caused a significant decrease in the expression level of Bcl-2. Moreover, in parallel with a slight decrease in the level of p21 Bax, p18 Bax protein accumulated in VSV-infected WK cells. CONCLUSIONS VSV is a powerful inducer of apoptosis in immortalized WK cells. The VSV-mediated alterations in the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins may play important roles in the apoptotic responses of infected cells and may also sensitize to other apoptotic stimuli. This virus may possess oncolytic activity in epithelial tumors of the conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallyas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 10-11, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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175
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Lam V, Duca KA, Yin J. Arrested spread of vesicular stomatitis virus infections in vitro depends on interferon-mediated antiviral activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:793-804. [PMID: 15834946 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative understanding of the innate immune response will enable its recruitment against emerging, poorly characterized, or weaponized viral pathogens. To gain insights into how the innate responses can limit viral spread, we used quantitative focal infections to study how the spread of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) on baby hamster kidney (BHK) and delayed brain tumor (DBT) cell monolayers is affected by innate cellular antiviral responses. We observed that rates of infection spread correlated with one-step growth rankings for four ectopic VSV strains: N1, N2, N3, and N4. However, this correlation was lost for M51R, a recombinant VSV mutant that lacks the ability to shut-off host gene expression. In BHK cells, M51R spread at two-thirds the rate of the recombinant control virus, XK3.1, even though their one-step growth was comparable. In DBT cells, M51R infections failed to spread beyond the site of inoculation. Addition of anti-interferon antibody restored M51R spread and one-step growth to wild-type levels. Interestingly, the antibody enhanced the spread of wild-type virus but not its growth. These results suggest that while the rate of viral spread generally correlates with the rate of viral growth, the induction of cellular antiviral activities can be in some cases, the overriding factor in both spread and growth. In summary, focal infections enabled us to visualize and quantify how viral spread was inhibited by cellular antiviral activities. This study demonstrates a mechanism for quantifying how innate cellular responses can mitigate infection spread in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1607, USA
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176
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Wilkins C, Dishongh R, Moore SC, Whitt MA, Chow M, Machaca K. RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2005; 436:1044-7. [PMID: 16107852 DOI: 10.1038/nature03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism that is well defined genetically in Caenorhabditis elegans. RNAi has been postulated to function as an adaptive antiviral immune mechanism in the worm, but there is no experimental evidence for this. Part of the limitation is that there are no known natural viral pathogens of C. elegans. Here we describe an infection model in C. elegans using the mammalian pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to study the role of RNAi in antiviral immunity. VSV infection is potentiated in cells derived from RNAi-defective worm mutants (rde-1; rde-4), leading to the production of infectious progeny virus, and is inhibited in mutants with an enhanced RNAi response (rrf-3; eri-1). Because the RNAi response occurs in the absence of exogenously added VSV small interfering RNAs, these results show that RNAi is activated during VSV infection and that RNAi is a genuine antiviral immune defence mechanism in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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177
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Perry AK, Chen G, Zheng D, Tang H, Cheng G. The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections. Cell Res 2005; 15:407-22. [PMID: 15987599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are well studied cytokines with anti-viral and immune-modulating functions. Type I IFNs are produced following viral infections, but until recently, the mechanisms of viral recognition leading to IFN production were largely unknown. Toll like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as key transducers of type I IFN during viral infections by recognizing various viral components. Furthermore, much progress has been made in defining the signaling pathways downstream of TLRs for type I IFN production. TLR7 and TLR9 have become apparent as universally important in inducing type I IFN during infection with most viruses, particularly by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. New intracellular viral pattern recognition receptors leading to type I IFN production have been identified. Many bacteria can also induce the up-regulation of these cytokines. Interestingly, recent studies have found a detrimental effect on host cells if type I IFN is produced during infection with the intracellular gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. This review will discuss the recent advances made in defining the signaling pathways leading to type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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178
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Shinozaki K, Ebert O, Woo SLC. Treatment of multi-focal colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver of immune-competent and syngeneic rats by hepatic artery infusion of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:659-64. [PMID: 15609320 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that replicate selectively in cancer cells hold considerable promise as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy. We report an orthotopic model of multi-focal colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases in the livers of syngeneic and immune-competent rats, which permitted rigorous testing of oncolytic virus vectors as novel therapeutic agents through hepatic arterial infusion for efficacy and safety. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with intrinsic oncolytic specificity due to attenuated anti-viral responses in many tumors. After administration at the maximum tolerated dose, the recombinant VSV vector gained access to multi-focal hepatic CRC lesions that led to tumor-selective viral replication and oncolysis. No relevant vector-associated toxicities were noted and in particular, no damage to the hepatic parenchyma was seen. Moreover, the survival rate of vector-treated rats was significantly improved over that of animals in the control treatment group (p = 0.015). Our results demonstrate that hepatic arterial administration of oncolytic VSV is both effective and safe in an immune-competent and syngeneic rat model of multi-focal CRC liver metastasis, suggesting that it can be developed into an effective therapeutic modality in patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Shinozaki
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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179
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Rasmussen TB, Uttenthal A, Fernández J, Storgaard T. Quantitative multiplex assay for simultaneous detection and identification of Indiana and New Jersey serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:356-62. [PMID: 15634994 PMCID: PMC540114 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.356-362.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish a rapid and reliable system for the detection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), we developed a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection, quantification, and differentiation of the major serotypes, VSV Indiana and VSV New Jersey, using a closed-tube multiplex format. The detection system is based on the recently invented primer-probe energy transfer (PriProET) system. A region of the gene encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was amplified by using VSV-specific primers in the presence of two serotype-specific fluorescent probes. By incorporating nucleotide analogues in the primers, both serotypes were amplified with similar efficiencies. The generation of specific amplicons resulted in fluorescent signals for either of the two serotypes, and the specificities of the reactions were confirmed from the melting temperature profiles of the fluorescent probes. The limits of detection were found to be less than 10 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml for both serotypes. The diagnostic value of the new method was tested with clinical materials from experimentally infected pigs, and it is concluded that the method is a powerful tool for the rapid identification of VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Rasmussen
- Department of Virology, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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180
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Martinez I, Wertz GW. Biological differences between vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana and New Jersey serotype glycoproteins: identification of amino acid residues modulating pH-dependent infectivity. J Virol 2005; 79:3578-85. [PMID: 15731252 PMCID: PMC1075735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3578-3585.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) based on the Indiana serotype genome which contained either the homologous glycoprotein gene from the Indiana serotype (VSIV-GI) or the heterologous glycoprotein gene from the New Jersey serotype (VSIV-GNJ). The virus expressing the GNJ gene was more pathogenic than the parental VSIV-GI virus in swine, a natural host (26). For the present study, we investigated the biological differences between the GI and GNJ proteins that may be related to the differences in pathogenesis between VSIV-GI and VSIV-GNJ. We show that the capacities of viruses with either the GNJ or GI glycoprotein to infect cultured cells differ depending on the pH. VSIV-GNJ could infect cells at acidic pHs, while the infectivity of VSIV-GI was severely reduced. VSIV-GNJ infection was also more sensitive to inhibition by ammonium chloride, indicating that the GNJ protein had a lower pH threshold for membrane fusion. We applied selective pressure to VSIV-GI by growing it at successively lower pH values and isolated variant viruses in which we identified amino acid changes that conferred low-pH-resistant infectivity. Repeated passage in cell culture at pH 6.8 resulted in the selection of a VSIV-GI variant (VSIV-6.8) that was similar to VSIV-GNJ regarding its pH- and ammonium chloride-dependent infectivity. Sequence analysis of VSIV-6.8 revealed that it had a single amino acid substitution in the amino-terminal region of the glycoprotein (F18L). This alteration was shown to be responsible for the observed phenotype by site-directed mutagenesis of a VSIV-GI full-length cDNA and analysis of the recovered engineered virus. A further adaptation of VSIV-6.8 to pHs 6.6 and 6.4 resulted in additional amino acid substitutions in areas of the glycoprotein that were not previously implicated in attachment or fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, BBRB Box 17, Room 366, 845 19th St. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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181
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Zárate S, Novella IS. Vesicular stomatitis virus evolution during alternation between persistent infection in insect cells and acute infection in mammalian cells is dominated by the persistence phase. J Virol 2004; 78:12236-42. [PMID: 15507610 PMCID: PMC525086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12236-12242.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus has the potential for very rapid evolution in the laboratory, but like many other arboviruses, it evolves at a relatively slow rate in the natural environment. Previous work showed that alternating replication in different cell types does not promote stasis. In order to determine whether other factors promote stasis, we compared the fitness trajectories of populations evolving during acute infections in mammalian cells, populations evolving during persistent infections in insect cells, and populations evolving during alternating acute and persistent infection cycles. Populations evolving under constant conditions increased in fitness in the environment in which they replicated. An asymmetric trade-off was observed such that acute infection had no cost for persistence but persistent replication had a dramatic cost for acute infection in mammalian cells. After an initial period of increase, fitness remained approximately constant in all the populations that included persistent replication, but fitness continuously increased in populations evolving during acute infections. Determination of the consensus sequence of the genes encoding the N, P, M, and G proteins showed that the pattern of mutation accumulation was coherent with fitness changes during persistence so that once fitness reached a maximum, the rate of mutation accumulation dropped. Persistent replication dominated both the genetic and the phenotypic evolution of the populations that alternated between acute infection of mammalian cells and persistence in insect cells, and fitness loss was observed in the mammalian environment despite periodic replication in mammalian cells. These results show that stasis can be achieved without good levels of adaptation to both the mammalian and the insect environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Zárate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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182
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Shinozaki K, Ebert O, Kournioti C, Tai YS, Woo SLC. Oncolysis of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma in the rat liver by hepatic artery infusion of vesicular stomatitis virus. Mol Ther 2004; 9:368-76. [PMID: 15006603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis and few effective treatments, as well as ever-increasing frequencies in the Western world. Viruses that replicate selectively in cancer cells hold considerable promise as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancy. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with intrinsic oncolytic specificity due to significantly attenuated antiviral responses in many tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of VSV, administered via the hepatic artery, as an effective and safe therapeutic agent for treating "multifocal" HCC in the rat liver. Recombinant VSV vector expressing beta-galactosidase (rVSV-beta-gal) was generated by reverse genetics and infused into the hepatic artery of Buffalo rats bearing orthotopically implanted multifocal HCC. Access by the virus to multifocal HCC lesions in the liver, as well as the kinetic profiles of intratumoral viral replication and spread, was established by X-gal staining of liver and tumor sections. Plaque assays were also performed to determine the infectious viral yields in tumor and normal liver tissues. Pharmacotoxicology studies, including serum chemistries and proinflammatory cytokine production, as well as organ histopathology, were performed. Buffer- or vector-treated tumor-bearing rats were followed for survival and the results were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Hepatic arterial infusion of rVSV-beta-gal at the maximum tolerated dose in tumor-bearing rats resulted in efficient viral transduction of multifocal HCC lesions in their livers, tumor-selective viral replication, and extensive oncolysis. Importantly, no significant vector-associated toxicities were noted and, in particular, no damage to the hepatic parenchyma was seen. Finally, survival of vector-treated rats was substantially prolonged over that of animals in the control treatment group (p < 0.028). Thus, hepatic arterial administration of VSV is both effective and safe in an orthotopic animal model of multifocal HCC. The results suggest that oncolytic VSV can be developed into an effective and safe therapeutic modality for patients with multifocal HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Shinozaki
- Carl C. Icahn Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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183
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Garbutt M, Liebscher R, Wahl-Jensen V, Jones S, Möller P, Wagner R, Volchkov V, Klenk HD, Feldmann H, Ströher U. Properties of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing glycoproteins of filoviruses and arenaviruses. J Virol 2004; 78:5458-65. [PMID: 15113924 PMCID: PMC400370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5458-5465.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) expressing the type I transmembrane glycoproteins and selected soluble glycoproteins of several viral hemorrhagic fever agents (Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Lassa virus) were generated and characterized. All recombinant viruses exhibited rhabdovirus morphology and replicated cytolytically in tissue culture. Unlike the rVSVs with an additional transcription unit expressing the soluble glycoproteins, the viruses carrying the foreign transmembrane glycoproteins in replacement of the VSV glycoprotein were slightly attenuated in growth. Biosynthesis and processing of the foreign glycoproteins were authentic, and the cell tropism was defined by the transmembrane glycoprotein. None of the rVSVs displayed pathogenic potential in animals. The rVSV expressing the Zaire Ebola virus transmembrane glycoprotein mediated protection in mice against a lethal Zaire Ebola virus challenge. Our data suggest that the recombinant VSV can be used to study the role of the viral glycoproteins in virus replication, immune response, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garbutt
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
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184
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Ebert O, Shinozaki K, Kournioti C, Park MS, García-Sastre A, Woo SLC. Syncytia Induction Enhances the Oncolytic Potential of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Virotherapy for Cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3265-70. [PMID: 15126368 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) selectively replicates in tumor but not in normal cells and is being developed as an oncolytic agent for cancer therapy. Here we report the construction of a recombinant VSV capable of inducing syncytia formation between tumor cells through membrane fusion at neutral pH, which led to enhanced oncolytic properties against multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the livers of immunocompetent rats. Recombinant VSV vectors were constructed by insertion into their genome a transcription unit expressing a control or fusion protein derived from Newcastle disease virus. In vitro characterization of the recombinant fusogenic VSV vector on human and rat HCC cells showed extensive syncytia formation and significantly enhanced cytotoxic effects. In vivo, administration of fusogenic VSV into the hepatic artery of Buffalo rats bearing syngeneic multifocal HCC lesions in their livers resulted in syncytia formation exclusively within the tumors, and there was no collateral damage to the neighboring hepatic parenchyma. The fusogenic VSV also conferred a significant survival advantage over a nonfusogenic control virus in the treated animals (P = 0.0078, log-rank test). The results suggest that fusogenic VSV can be developed into an effective and safe therapeutic agent for cancer treatment in patients, including those with multifocal HCC in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ebert
- Carl C. Icahn Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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185
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Magnuson RJ, Triantis J, Rodriguez LL, Perkins A, Meredith CO, Beaty B, McCluskey B, Salman M. A single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis Indiana 1 and New Jersey viruses in insects. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004; 15:561-7. [PMID: 14667019 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed for the detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Indiana 1 and New Jersey, from insect samples. Using this assay, detection of either or both viruses in as little as 20 fg of total RNA from tissue culture was achieved, along with detection of vesicular stomatitis (VS) RNA from macerates containing 2 infected mosquitoes in pools of 10-30 noninfected mosquitoes. Vesicular stomatitis virus was detected by RT-PCR in all culture-positive samples, and detection as low as 4 plaque forming units per milliliter was achieved. Comparison between RT-PCR and tissue culture revealed that RT-PCR was able to detect VSV in a volume of insect macerate averaging almost 100 times less than that required for detection by tissue culture. The reported RT-PCR is a potential valuable tool for rapid and sensitive detection and differentiation of VS in insects because intense work associated with viral isolation, the cytotoxicity of insect extracts, and separate virus identification steps can be avoided. Potential application to detection and differentiation of VSV serotypes from vertebrate hosts is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Magnuson
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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186
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Huang TG, Ebert O, Shinozaki K, García-Sastre A, Woo SLC. Oncolysis of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer by recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus in immune-competent mice. Mol Ther 2003; 8:434-40. [PMID: 12946316 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With currently available treatments, patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) have a median survival of 14.8 months and a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. In recent years, tumor-targeted replicating viruses have rapidly emerged as potential novel oncolytic agents for cancer treatment. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with inherent selectivity for replication in tumor cells due to their attenuated antiviral response. VSV is particularly appealing as an oncolytic agent for its exceptionally rapid replication cycle in tumor cells, whereby it is capable of manifesting its maximal oncolytic effects before the onset of neutralizing antiviral immune responses in the host. In this study, we used a recombinant VSV vector expressing the green fluorescent protein gene (rVSV-GFP) to monitor VSV replication easily in CRC cells. Using this GFP-expressing virus, we found that rVSV-GFP efficiently replicated and lysed murine and human CRC cell lines in vitro. We also evaluated the potential of rVSV-GFP to treat MCA26 CRC metastases implanted orthotopically into the livers of syngeneic BALB/c mice. We provide conclusive evidence that rVSV-GFP is able to replicate extensively in the tumors, but not in normal liver cells, in tumor-bearing mice. A single intratumoral injection also caused extensive tumor necrosis, which led to a significant prolongation of animal survival. Our results indicate that VSV can be an effective and safe oncolytic agent against hepatic CRC metastasis in immune-competent mice and may be developed for the treatment of cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gui Huang
- Carl C. Icahn Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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187
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Martinez I, Rodriguez LL, Jimenez C, Pauszek SJ, Wertz GW. Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is a determinant of pathogenesis in swine, a natural host. J Virol 2003; 77:8039-47. [PMID: 12829843 PMCID: PMC161932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.8039-8047.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two major serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Indiana (VSIV) and New Jersey (VSNJV). We recovered recombinant VSIVs from engineered cDNAs that contained either (i) one copy of the VSIV G gene (VSIV-G(I)); (ii) two copies of the G gene, one from each serotype (VSIV-G(NJ)G(I)); or (iii) a single copy of the G(NJ) gene instead of the G(I) gene (VSIV-G(NJ)). The recombinant viruses expressed the appropriate glycoproteins, incorporated them into virions, and were neutralized by antibodies specific for VSIV (VSIV-G(I)), VSNJV (VSIV-G(NJ)), or both (VSIV-G(NJ)G(I)), according to the glycoprotein(s) they expressed. All recombinant viruses grew to similar titers in cell culture. In mice, VSIV-G(NJ) and VSIV-G(NJ)G(I) were attenuated. However, in swine, a natural host for VSV, the G(NJ) glycoprotein-containing viruses caused more severe lesions and replicated to higher titers than the parental virus, VSIV-G(I). These observations implicate the glycoprotein as a determinant of VSV virulence in a natural host and emphasize the differences in VSV pathogenesis between mice and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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188
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Limesand KH, Higgs S, Pearson LD, Beaty BJ. Effect of mosquito salivary gland treatment on vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus replication and interferon alpha/beta expression in vitro. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 40:199-205. [PMID: 12693849 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of vesicular stomatitis (VS) viruses to interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral effects has been well documented. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown the ability of mosquito saliva to enhance vesicular stomatitis New Jersey (VSNJ) virus infection in mice. To investigate the effect of mosquito saliva on virus replication and IFN alpha/beta expression, virus titers were analyzed at various time points after infection in cells that were treated with mosquito salivary gland homogenate (SGH). Salivary gland treatment of mouse fibroblast cells (L929) resulted in a significant increase in virus growth kinetics compared with untreated controls. In contrast, Vero cells, which are deficient in the IFN alpha/beta response, did not yield increased viral titers in the time points examined. Treatment of L929 cells with an IFN alpha/beta neutralizing antibody also slightly increased virus yield. Ribonuclease protection assays revealed that induction of IFN alpha2 expression was reduced in L929 cells treated with SGH. Modulation of IFN alpha/beta by mosquito saliva may be a critical determinant of the transmission and pathogenesis of VSNJ virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Limesand
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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189
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McCluskey BJ, Mumford EL, Salman MD, Traub-Dargatz JJ. Use of sentinel herds to study the epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis in the state of colorado. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 969:205-9. [PMID: 12381592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20 sentinel premises in Colorado were visited quarterly during a 3-year prospective study to investigate the persistence of VS viruses in horses. A survey to assess management practices, health events, animal movements and environmental data was completed at each visit. Collection of serum samples and oral swabs along with a clinical examination of sentinel horses were performed at each visit. Serum samples were tested by 2 or more of 4 available serological tests. The data collected for two years (August 1998 to August 2000) are reported here. During this period there was seroconversion in 1 and 8 horses based on capture IgM tests for seroytpes New Jersey and Indiana, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for those premises with horses that seroconverted and the mean survival time was 4.17 quarters (range 1.85-7.0). The occurrence of seroconversions during periods when no clinical disease was observed suggests the persistence of vesicular stomatitis viruses in the environment of the sentinel premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80526, USA.
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190
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Madhavan HN, Goldsmith CS, Rao SK, Fogla R, Malathi J, Priya K. Isolation of a vesicular virus belonging to the family rhabdoviridae from the aqueous humor of a patient with bilateral corneal endotheliitis. Cornea 2002; 21:333-5. [PMID: 11917189 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200204000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report bilateral corneal endotheliitis caused by a vesicular virus (family Rhabdoviridae). METHODS Case report of a 49-year-old man with a complaint of sudden onset of decreased vision in both eyes had diffuse corneal stromal edema with extensive folds in Descemet's membrane and was diagnosed as having bilateral viral endotheliitis. Virologic investigations were performed using aqueous humor from the right eye. RESULTS An ether- and chloroform-sensitive cytopathic agent was isolated in Vero and BHK-21 cell lines from the aqueous humor. It was identified as a vesicular virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae by electron microscopy. Neutralizing antibody was demonstrated at a titer greater than 1 in 4,096 dilutions in the convalescent serum. Neurologic complications included loss of hearing and postinfectious polyradiculopathy affecting both lower limbs. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/120 OD and 20/20 OS. Six months later, he developed glaucoma in the right eye. Trabeculectomy with intraoperative application of 5-fluorouracil was performed. CONCLUSION This is the first report of bilateral endotheliitis caused by a vesicular virus and confirmed by virus isolation from the aqueous humor of the affected eye.
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191
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Dijkstra JM, Fischer U, Sawamoto Y, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Exogenous antigens and the stimulation of MHC class I restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity: possible strategies for fish vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:437-458. [PMID: 11556476 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity assay has recently been established for rainbow trout. MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity probably plays a critical role in immunity to most viral diseases in mammals and may play a similar role in fish. Therefore, it is very important to investigate what types of vaccines can stimulate this immune response. Although logical candidates for vaccine components that can stimulate an MHC class I restricted response are live attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines, these materials are generally not allowed in fish for commercial vaccine use due to potential safety issues. In mammals, however, a number of interesting vaccination strategies based on exogenous antigens that stimulate MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity have been described. Several of these strategies are discussed in this review in the context of fish vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dijkstra
- Immunology Section, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
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192
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Flanagan EB, Zamparo JM, Ball LA, Rodriguez LL, Wertz GW. Rearrangement of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus eliminates clinical disease in the natural host: new strategy for vaccine development. J Virol 2001; 75:6107-14. [PMID: 11390612 PMCID: PMC114326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.13.6107-6114.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression among the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses is controlled by distance from the single transcriptional promoter, so the phenotypes of these viruses can be systematically manipulated by gene rearrangement. We examined the potential of gene rearrangement as a means to develop live attenuated vaccine candidates against Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in domestic swine, a natural host for this virus. The results showed that moving the nucleocapsid protein gene away from the single transcriptional promoter attenuated and ultimately eliminated the potential of the virus to cause disease. Combining this change with relocation of the surface glycoprotein gene yielded a vaccine that protected against challenge with wild-type VSV. By incremental manipulation of viral properties, gene rearrangement provides a new approach to generating live attenuated vaccines against this class of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Flanagan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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193
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McCluskey BJ, Mumford EL. Vesicular stomatitis and other vesicular, erosive, and ulcerative diseases of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2000; 16:457-69, viii-ix. [PMID: 11219343 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical trauma, dietary factors, certain toxins, immune mediated disorders, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection are known causes of stomatitis in horses. There is evidence that some outbreaks of equine stomatitis are caused by as yet unidentified infectious agents. It remains to be determined whether stomatitis is an emerging equine infectious disease, or if the increase in reported cases is simply the result of greater public awareness as a consequence of widespread outbreaks of VSV in the southwestern United States in recent years. Focused laboratory and epidemiological studies are necessary to more adequately define non-VS related infectious and noninfectious causes of equine stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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194
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Llewellyn ZN, Ou X, Chang GJ, Schmitt B, Salman MD, Akkina RK. Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus-New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1358-63. [PMID: 11108179 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States. SAMPLE POPULATION 23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis. PROCEDURE Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Llewellyn
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1676, USA
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195
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Ribeiro JM, Charlab R, Rowton ED, Cupp EW. Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland hyaluronidase activity. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2000; 37:743-747. [PMID: 11004788 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase activity in the salivary gland homogenates of Simulium vittatum (Zetterstedt) is described, and its optimal pH determined. Salivary activity was reduced significantly after a blood meal, indicating that it was secreted after blood feeding. Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) also exhibited salivary hyaluronidase activity. These results indicate that hematophagous pool-feeding insects may secrete this enzyme to help the spread of salivary antihemostatic agents in the vicinity of the feeding lesion, and perhaps to increase the size of the feeding lesion itself. Additionally, this enzyme may affect local host immune reactions and promote arboviral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ribeiro
- Section of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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196
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Stojdl DF, Lichty B, Knowles S, Marius R, Atkins H, Sonenberg N, Bell JC. Exploiting tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolytic virus. Nat Med 2000; 6:821-5. [PMID: 10888934 DOI: 10.1038/77558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are circulating factors that bind to cell surface receptors, activating a signaling cascade, ultimately leading to both an antiviral response and an induction of growth inhibitory and/or apoptotic signals in normal and tumor cells. Attempts to exploit the ability of interferons to limit the growth of tumors in patients has met with limited results because of cancer-specific mutations of gene products in the interferon pathway. Although interferon-non-responsive cancer cells may have acquired a growth/survival advantage over their normal counterparts, they may have simultaneously compromised their antiviral response. To test this, we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus exquisitely sensitive to treatment with interferon. VSV rapidly replicated in and selectively killed a variety of human tumor cell lines even in the presence of doses of interferon that completely protected normal human primary cell cultures. A single intratumoral injection of VSV was effective in reducing the tumor burden of nude mice bearing subcutaneous human melanoma xenografts. Our results support the use of VSV as a replication-competent oncolytic virus and demonstrate a new strategy for the treatment of interferon non-responsive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Stojdl
- Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre Research Laboratories, 501, Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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