151
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Bay SN, Long AB, Caspary T. Disruption of the ciliary GTPase Arl13b suppresses Sonic hedgehog overactivation and inhibits medulloblastoma formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1570-1575. [PMID: 29378965 PMCID: PMC5816136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706977115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, and overactivation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, which requires the primary cilium, causes 30% of MBs. Current treatments have known negative side effects or resistance mechanisms, so new treatments are necessary. Shh signaling mutations, like those that remove Patched1 (Ptch1) or activate Smoothened (Smo), cause tumors dependent on the presence of cilia. Genetic ablation of cilia prevents these tumors by removing Gli activator, but cilia are a poor therapeutic target since they support many biological processes. A more appropriate strategy would be to identify a protein that functionally disentangles Gli activation and ciliogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of the ciliary GTPase Arl13b predicts that it could be such a target. Arl13b mutants retain short cilia, and loss of Arl13b results in ligand-independent, constitutive, low-level pathway activation but prevents maximal signaling without disrupting Gli repressor. Here, we show that deletion of Arl13b reduced Shh signaling levels in the presence of oncogenic SmoA1, suggesting Arl13b acts downstream of known tumor resistance mechanisms. Knockdown of ARL13B in human MB cell lines and in primary mouse MB cell culture decreased proliferation. Importantly, loss of Arl13b in a Ptch1-deleted mouse model of MB inhibited tumor formation. Postnatal depletion of Arl13b does not lead to any overt phenotypes in the epidermis, liver, or cerebellum. Thus, our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that disruption of Arl13b inhibits cilia-dependent oncogenic Shh overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Bay
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alyssa B Long
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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152
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Eberl M, Mangelberger D, Swanson JB, Verhaegen ME, Harms PW, Frohm ML, Dlugosz AA, Wong SY. Tumor Architecture and Notch Signaling Modulate Drug Response in Basal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:229-243.e4. [PMID: 29395868 PMCID: PMC5811398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors such as vismodegib are highly effective for treating basal cell carcinoma (BCC); however, residual tumor cells frequently persist and regenerate the primary tumor upon drug discontinuation. Here, we show that BCCs are organized into two molecularly and functionally distinct compartments. Whereas interior Hh+/Notch+ suprabasal cells undergo apoptosis in response to vismodegib, peripheral Hh+++/Notch- basal cells survive throughout treatment. Inhibiting Notch specifically promotes tumor persistence without causing drug resistance, while activating Notch is sufficient to regress already established lesions. Altogether, these findings suggest that the three-dimensional architecture of BCCs establishes a natural hierarchy of drug response in the tumor and that this hierarchy can be overcome, for better or worse, by modulating Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eberl
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Doris Mangelberger
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jacob B Swanson
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Monique E Verhaegen
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcus L Frohm
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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153
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Temnogorod J, Shinder R. The best of the best: a review of select oculoplastic case series published in 2015. Digit J Ophthalmol 2018; 23:1-3. [PMID: 29403332 DOI: 10.5693/djo.01.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes three case series published in the field of oculoplastic surgery in the year 2015. The first article describes the use of hedgehog pathway inhibitors for medical therapy of advanced periocular basal cell carcinoma and basal cell nevus syndrome. The second describes the use of c-reactive protein as a marker for starting treatment with steroids in children with orbital cellulitis. The third article presents an endoscopic medial orbital fat decompression technique for treatment of proptosis in thyroid eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Temnogorod
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Roman Shinder
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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154
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Palacios-Álvarez I, González-Sarmiento R, Fernández-López E. Gorlin Syndrome. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:207-217. [PMID: 29373110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Of particular importance is the PTCH1 gene. The disease is characterized by the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas at young ages. These tumors may present with other skin manifestations such as palmoplantar pits and with extracutaneous manifestations such as odontogenic keratocysts and medulloblastoma. Although the dermatologist may be key for recognizing clinical suspicion of the syndrome, a multidisciplinary team is usually necessary for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Skin treatment may be complicated due to the large number of basal cell carcinomas and the extent of involvement. In recent years, new drugs that inhibit targets in the sonic hedgehog pathway have been developed. Although these agents appear promising options for patients with Gorlin syndrome, their efficacy is limited by adverse effects and the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Palacios-Álvarez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España.
| | - R González-Sarmiento
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | - E Fernández-López
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Salamanca, España
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155
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Lu WJ, Mann RK, Nguyen A, Bi T, Silverstein M, Tang JY, Chen X, Beachy PA. Neuronal delivery of Hedgehog directs spatial patterning of taste organ regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E200-E209. [PMID: 29279401 PMCID: PMC5777079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How organs maintain and restore functional integrity during ordinary tissue turnover or following injury represents a central biological problem. The maintenance of taste sensory organs in the tongue was shown 140 years ago to depend on innervation from distant ganglion neurons, but the underlying mechanism has remained unknown. Here, we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which encodes a secreted protein signal, is expressed in these sensory neurons, and that experimental ablation of neuronal Shh expression causes loss of taste receptor cells (TRCs). TRCs are also lost upon pharmacologic blockade of Hedgehog pathway response, accounting for the loss of taste sensation experienced by cancer patients undergoing Hedgehog inhibitor treatment. We find that TRC regeneration following such pharmacologic ablation requires neuronal expression of Shh and can be substantially enhanced by pharmacologic activation of Hedgehog response. Such pharmacologic enhancement of Hedgehog response, however, results in additional TRC formation at many ectopic sites, unlike the site-restricted regeneration specified by the projection pattern of Shh-expressing neurons. Stable regeneration of TRCs thus requires neuronal Shh, illustrating the principle that neuronal delivery of cues such as the Shh signal can pattern distant cellular responses to assure functional integrity during tissue maintenance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jin Lu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Randall K Mann
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Allison Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tingting Bi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Max Silverstein
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xiaoke Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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156
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Tong W, Qiu L, Qi M, Liu J, Hu K, Lin W, Huang Y, Fu J. GANT-61 and GDC-0449 induce apoptosis of prostate cancer stem cells through a GLI-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3641-3652. [PMID: 29231999 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant reactivation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway promotes prostate cancer (PC) growth and progression by regulating cancer-related genes through its downstream effectors GLI1 and GLI2. Therefore, targeting the SHH-GLI pathway provides an alternative approach to avoid cancer progression. The aim of this study was to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which GDC-0449 (a SMO receptor inhibitor) and GANT-61 (a GLI transcription factor inhibitor) regulate cellular proliferation and self-renewal in human PC stem cells (ProCSCs). Inhibition of the SHH signaling pathway by GANT-61 induced apoptosis with more efficacy than by GDC-0449 in ProCSCs and PC cell lines. GLI1 and GLI2 expression, promoter-binding activity and GLI-responsive luciferase reporter activity were all decreased with either GDC-0449 or GANT-61 treatment. Expression of Fas, DR4, DR5, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP were increased, whereas levels of PDGFR-α and Bcl-2 were reduced. Double knockout of GLI1 and GLI2 using shRNA abolished the effects observed with either GDC-0449 or GANT-61 treatment. Collectively, our results showed that GANT-61 and GDC-0449 induced ProCSC apoptosis by directly or indirectly inhibiting the activities of the GLI family transcription factors, may enhance the efficacy of PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxia Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Kaihui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Institute of Modern Seed Industrial Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Institute of Modern Seed Industrial Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
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157
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Abstract
Meningiomas currently are among the most frequent intracranial tumours. Although the majority of meningiomas can be cured by surgical resection, ∼20% of patients have an aggressive clinical course with tumour recurrence or progressive disease, resulting in substantial morbidity and increased mortality of affected patients. During the past 3 years, exciting new data have been published that provide insights into the molecular background of meningiomas and link sites of tumour development with characteristic histopathological and molecular features, opening a new road to novel and promising treatment options for aggressive meningiomas. A growing number of the newly discovered recurrent mutations have been linked to a particular clinicopathological phenotype. Moreover, the updated WHO classification of brain tumours published in 2016 has incorporated some of these molecular findings, setting the stage for the improvement of future therapeutic efforts through the integration of essential molecular findings. Finally, an additional potential classification of meningiomas based on methylation profiling has been launched, which provides clues in the assessment of individual risk of meningioma recurrence. All of these developments are creating new prospects for effective molecularly driven diagnosis and therapy of meningiomas.
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158
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Hedgehog inhibitors selectively target cell migration and adhesion of mantle cell lymphoma in bone marrow microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14350-65. [PMID: 26885608 PMCID: PMC4924720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of a Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, LDE225 (NPV-LDE-225, Erismodegib), have been unclear in hematological cancers. Here, we report that LDE225 selectively inhibited migration and adhesion of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) to bone marrows via very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) mediated inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. LDE225 treatment not only affected MCL cells, but also modulated stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment by decreasing their production of SDF-1, IL-6 and VCAM-1, the ligand for VLA-4. Surprisingly, LDE225 treatment alone did not suppress cell proliferation due to increased CXCR4 expression mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased ROS/CXCR4 further stimulated autophagy formation. The combination of LDE225 with the autophagy inhibitors further enhanced MCL cell death. Our data, for the first time, revealed LDE225 selectively targets MCL cells migration and adhesion to bone marrows. The ineffectiveness of LDE225 in MCL is due to autophagy formation, which in turn increases cell viability. Inhibiting autophagy will be an effective adjuvant therapy for LDE225 in MCL, especially for advanced MCL patients with bone marrow involvement.
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159
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Abstract
Vismodegib (GDC-0449, Erivedge®) is a small molecule antagonist of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway that binds to smoothened (SMO) and leads to inhibition of an aberrant activation of the Hh pathway. Dysregulated Hh signaling results in uncontrolled proliferation in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and has also been found present in medulloblastoma, and many other cancers such as those of gastrointestinal tract, brain, lung, breast, and prostate. In January 2012, vismodegib became the first agent to target the Hh pathway to receive approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in July 2013 approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) followed for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic metastatic BCC, or locally advanced BCC inappropriate for surgery or radiotherapy. The role of vismodegib in other malignancies than BCC has still to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Meiss
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hana Andrlová
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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160
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Miedema J, Meyers MO, Zedek D, Roughton MC, Jolly PS. Granulation tissue masquerading as basal cell carcinoma after treatment with vismodegib. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 4:24-26. [PMID: 29296645 PMCID: PMC5739148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jayson Miedema
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael O Meyers
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Zedek
- Coastal Carolina Pathology, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Michelle C Roughton
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Puneet S Jolly
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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161
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Bao C, Kramata P, Lee HJ, Suh N. Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer by Natural and Dietary Compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29164817 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induced by mutations or overexpression of the signaling mediators has been implicated in cancer, associated with processes including inflammation, tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cancer stemness. Small molecules targeting the regulatory components of the Hh signaling pathway, especially Smoothened (Smo), have been developed for the treatment of cancer. However, acquired resistance to a Smo inhibitor vismodegib observed in clinical trials suggests that other Hh signaling components need to be explored as potential anticancer targets. Natural and dietary compounds provide a resource for the development of potent agents affecting intracellular signaling cascades, and numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in targeting the Hh signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the role of Hh signaling in tumorigenesis, discuss results from recent studies investigating the effect of natural products and dietary components on Hh signaling in cancer, and provide insight on novel small molecules as potential Hh signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Pavel Kramata
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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162
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Yoon J, Apicelli AJ, Pavlopoulos TV. Intracranial regression of an advanced basal cell carcinoma using sonidegib and itraconazole after failure with vismodegib. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 4:10-12. [PMID: 29387745 PMCID: PMC5771754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Yoon
- Forefront Dermatology, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence to: Jaeyoung Yoon, MD, PhD, Forefront Dermatology, 12855 North Forty Drive, Suite 180, St. Louis, MO 62141.Forefront Dermatology12855 North Forty Drive, Suite 180St. LouisMO62141
| | - Anthony J. Apicelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
- Saint Louis Health Care System of Veteran's Affairs, St. Louis, Missouri
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163
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, arising from non-keratinizing cells within the basal layer of the epidermis. The incidence of BCC continues to rise annually, increasing the burden of management of these carcinomas and the morbidity associated with their treatment. While surgical interventions such as Mohs micrographic surgery and surgical excision are the standard of care and yield the highest cure rates, the number of non-surgical interventions approved for the treatment of BCC continues to expand. We review various surgical and non-surgical approaches to the treatment of BCC, focusing on targeted molecular therapies that are approved for locally advanced or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Totonchy
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208059, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Leffell
- Department of Dermatology, Section of Cutaneous Oncology and Dermatologic Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine, 40 Temple Street 5A, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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164
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Nemati H, Ghahramani MH, Faridi-Majidi R, Izadi B, Bahrami G, Madani SH, Tavoosidana G. Using siRNA-based spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates for gene regulation in psoriasis. J Control Release 2017; 268:259-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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165
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Abstract
The treatment options for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have recently been augmented with the introduction of novel chemotherapeutic drugs. New S2 guidelines on the disease have also been published. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive state of the art description of the features of ocular BCC and an overview of the various therapeutic options. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical signs, the diagnostic tools to identify periocular BCC and interpretation of the different histopathological subtypes. Tumor staging, TNM classification, interdisciplinary tumor conference reviews as well as psycho-oncological services play an important role in patients with pronounced periocular BCC. Surgical removal with a histological R0 resection is an important component of therapy options in this disease and includes the microsurgical excision into healthy tissue and the subsequent covering of the defect. A special focus of this article is the treatment of locally extensive and metastasized BCC.
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166
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Diepenhorst N, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Langmead CJ. G protein-coupled receptors as anabolic drug targets in osteoporosis. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 184:1-12. [PMID: 29080701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disorder characterised by imbalance between bone building (anabolism) and resorption (catabolism). Most therapeutics target inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, but more recent attention in early drug discovery has focussed on anabolic targets in osteoblasts or their precursors. Two marketed agents that display anabolic properties, strontium ranelate and teriparatide, mediate their actions via the G protein-coupled calcium-sensing and parathyroid hormone-1 receptors, respectively. This review explores their activity, the potential for improved therapeutics targeting these receptors and other putative anabolic GPCR targets, including Smoothened, Wnt/Frizzled, relaxin family peptide, adenosine, cannabinoid, prostaglandin and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Diepenhorst
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Massimo Sabatini
- Therapeutic Innovation Pole of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia.
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167
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Gruber W, Peer E, Elmer DP, Sternberg C, Tesanovic S, Del Burgo P, Coni S, Canettieri G, Neureiter D, Bartz R, Kohlhof H, Vitt D, Aberger F. Targeting class I histone deacetylases by the novel small molecule inhibitor 4SC-202 blocks oncogenic hedgehog-GLI signaling and overcomes smoothened inhibitor resistance. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:968-975. [PMID: 29055107 PMCID: PMC5813224 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (HH)/GLI signaling is causally involved in numerous human malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma. HH pathway antagonists targeting smoothened (SMO), an essential effector of canonical HH/GLI signaling, show significant clinical success in BCC patients and have recently been approved for the treatment of advanced and metastatic BCC. However, rapid and frequent development of drug resistance to SMO inhibitors (SMOi) together with severe side effects caused by prolonged SMOi treatment call for alternative treatment strategies targeting HH/GLI signaling downstream of SMO. In this study, we report that 4SC-202, a novel clinically validated inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), efficiently blocks HH/GLI signaling. Notably, 4SC-202 treatment abrogates GLI activation and HH target gene expression in both SMOi-sensitive and -resistant cells. Mechanistically, we propose that the inhibition of HDACs 1/2/3 is crucial for targeting oncogenic HH/GLI signaling, and that class I HDAC inhibitors either in combination with SMOi or as second-line therapy may improve the treatment options for HH-associated malignancies with SMOi resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gruber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Peer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Dominik P Elmer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Christina Sternberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Suzana Tesanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Pedro Del Burgo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Sonia Coni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - René Bartz
- 4SC AG, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Hella Kohlhof
- 4SC AG, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Immunic AG, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Daniel Vitt
- 4SC AG, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Immunic AG, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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168
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Tsao AS, Wistuba I, Xia D, Byers L, Diao L, Wang J, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Tang X, Lu W, Kadara H, Grigoryev DN, Selvan ME, Gümüş ZH, Tan Z, Zhang S, Nilsson M, Heymach JV. Germline and Somatic Smoothened Mutations in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Are Potentially Responsive to Hedgehog Inhibitor Vismodegib. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-10. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Tsao
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dianren Xia
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lauren Byers
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lixia Diao
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jing Wang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ximing Tang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wei Lu
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Humam Kadara
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dimitry N. Grigoryev
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Myvizhi Esai Selvan
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zeynep H. Gümüş
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Zhi Tan
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Monique Nilsson
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John V. Heymach
- Anne S. Tsao, Ignacio Wistuba, Dianren Xia, Lauren Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Vassiliki Papadimitrakopoulou, Ximing Tang, Wei Lu, Zhi Tan, Shuxing Zhang, Monique Nilsson, and John V. Heymach, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Humam Kara, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Dimitry N. Grigoryev, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, and Zeynep H. Gümüş, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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169
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Ramos EK, Hoffmann AD, Gerson SL, Liu H. New Opportunities and Challenges to Defeat Cancer Stem Cells. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:780-796. [PMID: 29120754 PMCID: PMC5958547 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that are capable of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, plastic adaptation, and immune regulation, thereby mediating tumorigenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. CSCs are associated with cancer progression and clinical outcome in cancer patients. Successful targeting of CSCs will therefore be necessary to eradicate and cure cancer. Functional regulators of stem cell (stemness) signaling pathways in human cancers have brought new opportunities to target CSCs and reframe cancer-targeting strategies in clinical settings. However, challenges remain due to a lack of complete understanding of CSC plasticity/heterogeneity and the limited efficacy of individual stemness inhibitors in cancer treatment. In this article we review CSC signaling pathways and the current state of CSC-targeting therapeutics in combinatory treatments in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Ramos
- Driskill Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; These authors equally contributed to the manuscript preparation
| | - Andrew D Hoffmann
- Department Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; These authors equally contributed to the manuscript preparation
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; The National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; The National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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170
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Ma Y, Yu W, Shrivastava A, Alemi F, Lankachandra K, Srivastava RK, Shankar S. Sanguinarine inhibits pancreatic cancer stem cell characteristics by inducing oxidative stress and suppressing sonic hedgehog-Gli-Nanog pathway. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1047-1056. [PMID: 28968696 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog pathway is highly activated in pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSC) which play crucial roles in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which sanguinarine regulates pancreatic CSC characteristics is not well understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which sanguinarine regulates pancreatic CSC characteristics. Sanguinarine inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis through oxidative damage. Sanguinarine inhibited self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs isolated from human and KrasG12D mice. Furthermore, sanguinarine suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by up-regulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin. Significant decrease in expression level of Snail, Slug and Zeb1 corroborated the suppression of EMT in sanguinarine treated pancreatic CSCS. The ability of sanguinarine to inhibit pluripotency maintaining factors and CSC markers suggest that sanguinarine can be an effective agent for inhibiting pancreatic cancer growth and development by targeting CSCs. Furthermore, sanguinarine inhibited Shh-Gli pathway leading to modulation of Gli target genes in pancreatic CSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that Nanog directly binds to promoters of Cdk2, Cdk6, FGF4, c-Myc and Oct4, and sanguinarine inhibits the binding of Nanog with these genes, suggesting the direct involvement of Nanog in cell cycle, pluripotency and self-renewal. To further investigate the role of Shh-Gli-Nanog pathway, we regulated Shh signaling either by Shh protein or Nanog overexpression. Enforced activation of Shh or overexpression of Nanog counteracted the inhibitory effects of sanguinarine on pancreatic CSC proliferation, suggesting the actions of sanguinarine are mediated, at least in part, through Shh-Gli-Nanog pathway. Our studies suggest that sanguinarine can be used for the treatment and/or prevention of pancreatic cancer by targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- Department of Oncology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Farzad Alemi
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kamani Lankachandra
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 66128, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.,Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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171
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Khan M, Siddiqi R, Gangat N. Therapeutic options for leukemic transformation in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Res 2017; 63:78-84. [PMID: 29121538 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 5-10% of patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) comprising of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and primary myelofibrosis) experience transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML, ≥20% blasts). Treatment options for post-MPN AML patients are limited, as conventional approaches like standard chemotherapy, fail to offer long-term benefit. Median survival for secondary AML is ∼2.4 months. Post-MPN AML therefore represents an area of urgent clinical need. At present, allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) following induction therapy is the best therapeutic option. Patients ineligible for ASCT are treated with hypomethylating agents. New agents under investigation include histone deacetylase inhibitors, JAKinhibitors and agents targeting the BRD4 protein. Combined treatment strategies involving these novel agents are being tested. In this review we present the current evidence regarding treatment options for post-MPN AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Khan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rabbia Siddiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naseema Gangat
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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172
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Lee BNR, Son YS, Lee D, Choi YJ, Kwon SM, Chang HK, Kim PH, Cho JY. Hedgehog-Interacting Protein (HIP) Regulates Apoptosis Evasion and Angiogenic Function of Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12449. [PMID: 28963460 PMCID: PMC5622095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Late endothelial progenitor cells (LEPCs) are derived from mononuclear cells (MNCs) and are thought to directly incorporate into blood vessels and differentiate into mature endothelial cells (ECs). Using transcriptome and proteome analysis, we identified distinctive LEPC profiles and found that Hedgehog-interacting protein (HIP) is strongly expressed in LEPCs. Inhibition of HIP by lentiviral knockdown activated canonical hedgehog signaling in LEPCs, while it activated non-canonical hedgehog signaling in ECs. In LEPCs, HIP knockdown induced much enhanced tube formation and resistance to apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions via canonical hedgehog signaling. Although HIP is strongly expressed in proliferating LEPCs, HIP expression is down-regulated during angiogenesis and under oxidative stress condition. Moreover, when LEPCs are treated with angiogenic triggers such as VEGF and FGF2, HIP expression is reduced. Our findings suggest that HIP blocks LEPC angiogenesis and regulate survival when there is no angiogenic stimulation. HIP inhibition in LEPCs enhanced tube formation and reduced apoptosis, resulting in improved angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bom Nae Rin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine & Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626-870, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Pyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35-365, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
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173
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Jimeno A, Gordon M, Chugh R, Messersmith W, Mendelson D, Dupont J, Stagg R, Kapoun AM, Xu L, Uttamsingh S, Brachmann RK, Smith DC. A First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Ipafricept (OMP-54F28), a Decoy Receptor for Wnt Ligands, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7490-7497. [PMID: 28954784 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Wnt signaling is implicated in tumor cell dedifferentiation and cancer stem cell function. Ipafricept (OMP-54F28) is a first-in-class recombinant fusion protein with the extracellular part of human frizzled 8 receptor fused to a human IgG1 Fc fragment that binds Wnt ligands. This trial evaluated ipafricept in patients with solid tumors.Experimental design: A 3+3 design was used; ipafricept was given intravenously every 3 weeks. The objectives were determination of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary efficacy.Results: 26 patients were treated in seven dose-escalation cohorts (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg). No further dose escalation was pursued as PK modeling indicated that the target efficacious dose was reached at 10 mg/kg, and fragility fractures occurred at 20 mg/kg. Most common related grade 1 and 2 adverse events (AEs; ≥20% of patients) were dysgeusia, decreased appetite, fatigue, and muscle spasms. Ipafricept-related grade 3 TEAEs included hypophosphatemia and weight decrease (1 subject each, 3.8%). Ipafricept half-life was ∼4 days and had low incidence of antidrug antibody formation (7.69%) with no impact on drug exposure. Six patients had β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) doubling from baseline, which was reversible. PD modulation of Wnt pathway genes in hair follicles occurred ≥2.5 mg/kg. Two desmoid tumor and a germ cell cancer patient experienced stable disease for >6 months.Conclusions: Ipafricept was well tolerated, with RP2D of 15 mg/kg Q3W. Prolonged SD was noted in desmoid tumor and germ cell cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7490-7. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jimeno
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jakob Dupont
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, California
| | - Robert Stagg
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, California
| | - Ann M Kapoun
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, California
| | - Lu Xu
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, California
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174
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Ding M, Wang X. Antagonism between Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways regulates tumorigenicity. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6327-6333. [PMID: 29391876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk of multiple cellular signaling pathways is crucial in animal development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation may result in tumor formation and metastasis. The Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signaling pathways are both considered to be essential regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and oncogenesis. Recent studies have indicated that the Hh and Wnt signaling pathways are closely associated and involved in regulating embryogenesis and cellular differentiation. Hh signaling acts upstream of the Wnt signaling pathway, and negative regulates Wnt activity via secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway downregulates Hh activity through glioma-associated oncogene homolog 3 transcriptional regulation. This evidence suggests that the imbalance of Hh and Wnt regulation serves a crucial role in cancer-associated processes. The activation of SFRP1, which inhibits Wnt, has been demonstrated to be an important cross-point between the two signaling pathways. The present study reviews the complex interaction between the Hh and Wnt signaling pathways in embryogenesis and tumorigenicity, and the role of SFRP1 as an important mediator associated with the dysregulation of the Hh and Wnt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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175
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Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase in Cutaneous Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090123. [PMID: 28895885 PMCID: PMC5615338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neoplasms. As suggested by its name, ALK was first described as part of a translocation product in cases of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, with other genetic and cytogenetic ALK mutations subsequently coming to attention in the development of many other hematologic and solid organ malignancies. ALK has now been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of several cutaneous malignancies, including secondary cutaneous systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) and primary cutaneous ALCL, melanoma, spitzoid tumors, epithelioid fibrous histiocytoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. The characterization of ALK-positivity in these cutaneous malignancies presents exciting opportunities for utilizing ALK-targeted inhibitors in the treatment of these diseases.
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176
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Ligand-dependent Hedgehog pathway activation in Rhabdomyosarcoma: the oncogenic role of the ligands. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1314-1325. [PMID: 28881358 PMCID: PMC5672936 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in children. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway is known to develop an oncogenic role in RMS. However, the molecular mechanism that drives activation of the pathway in RMS is not well understood. METHODS The expression of HH ligands was studied by qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Functional and animal model studies were carried out with cells transduced with shRNAs against HH ligands or treated with HH-specific inhibitors (Vismodegib and MEDI-5304). Finally, the molecular characterisation of an off-target effect of Vismodegib was also made. RESULTS The results showed a prominent expression of HH ligands supporting an autocrine ligand-dependent activation of the pathway. A comparison of pharmacologic Smoothened inhibition (Vismodegib) and HH ligand blocking (MEDI-5304) is also provided. Interestingly, a first description of pernicious off-target effect of Vismodegib is also reported. CONCLUSIONS The clarification of the HH pathway activation mechanism in RMS opens a door for targeted therapies against HH ligands as a possible alternative in the future development of better treatment protocols. Moreover, the description of a pernicious off-target effect of Vismodegib, via unfolded protein response activation, may mechanistically explain its previously reported inefficiency in several ligand-dependent cancers.
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177
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Outcome following radiotherapy for head and neck basal cell carcinoma with ‘aggressive’ features. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:157-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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178
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant advances have been made in oncology and rheumatology with the introduction of molecularly targeted agents (MTAs). MTAs consist of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the recent applications of MTAs to orbital, lacrimal, and eyelid disease. RECENT FINDINGS The use of monoclonal antibodies has been described in the treatment of orbital vascular lesions, lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Inflammatory conditions treated with monoclonal antibodies include thyroid eye disease, IgG4 disease, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has also found applications to orbital disease. Use of small molecule inhibitors has been described in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Erdheim-Chester disease. There are many orbital, lacrimal, and eyelid side effects of MTAs with which the oculoplastic surgeon should be familiar, including hypertrichosis, edema, and orbital and eyelid inflammation. SUMMARY MTAs represent the future of treatment of oncologic and inflammatory conditions. Application of these agents to orbital, lacrimal, and eyelid disease will continue to expand. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of oculoplastic disorders will facilitate additional potential pathways that could be targeted for therapy.
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179
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Armas-López L, Zúñiga J, Arrieta O, Ávila-Moreno F. The Hedgehog-GLI pathway in embryonic development and cancer: implications for pulmonary oncology therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60684-60703. [PMID: 28948003 PMCID: PMC5601171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms closely control gene expression through diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. These include the development of germ layers and post-natal epithelial cell-tissue differentiation, as well as, involved with the induction, promotion and/or progression of human malignancies. Diverse studies have shed light on the molecular similarities and differences involved in the stages of embryological epithelial development and dedifferentiation processes in malignant tumors of epithelial origin, of which many focus on lung carcinomas. In lung cancer, several transcriptional, epigenetic and genetic aberrations have been described to partly arise from environmental risk factors, but ethnic genetic predisposition factors may also play a role. The classification of the molecular hallmarks of cancer has been essential to study and achieve a comprehensive view of the interaction networks between cell signaling pathways and functional roles of the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. This has in turn increased understanding on how these molecular networks are involved in embryo-layers and malignant diseases development. Ultimately, a major biomedicine goal is to achieve a thorough understanding of their roles as diagnostic, prognostic and treatment response indicators in lung oncological patients. Recently, several notable cell-signaling pathways have been studied based on their contribution to promoting and/or regulating the engagement of different cancer hallmarks, among them genome instability, exacerbated proliferative signaling, replicative immortality, tumor invasion-metastasis, inflammation, and immune-surveillance evasion mechanisms. Of these, the Hedgehog-GLI (Hh) cell-signaling pathway has been identified as a main molecular contribution into several of the abovementioned functional embryo-malignancy processes. Nonetheless, the systematic study of the regulatory epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms has remained mostly unexplored, which could identify the interaction networks between specific biomarkers and/or new therapeutic targets in malignant tumor progression and resistance to lung oncologic therapy. In the present work, we aimed to revise the most important up-to-date experimental and clinical findings in biology, embryology and cancer research regarding the Hh pathway. We explore the potential control of the transcriptional-epigenetic programming versus reprogramming mechanisms associated with its Hh-GLI cell signaling pathway members. Last, we present a summary of this information to systematically integrate the Hh signaling pathway to identify and propose novel compound strategies or better oncological therapeutic schemes for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Armas-López
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Cancer Epigenomics And Lung Diseases Laboratory (UNAM-INER), Mexico City, México
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Research Unit, Mexico City, México
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCAN), Thoracic Oncology Clinic, Mexico City, México
| | - Federico Ávila-Moreno
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Cancer Epigenomics And Lung Diseases Laboratory (UNAM-INER), Mexico City, México
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Research Unit, Mexico City, México
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180
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Prognostic Value of the Staging System for Eyelid Tumors in the 7th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 33:317-324. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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181
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Smelkinson MG, Guichard A, Teijaro JR, Malur M, Loureiro ME, Jain P, Ganesan S, Zúñiga EI, Krug RM, Oldstone MB, Bier E. Influenza NS1 directly modulates Hedgehog signaling during infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006588. [PMID: 28837667 PMCID: PMC5587344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses suppresses host cellular defense mechanisms and subverts other cellular functions. We report here on a new role for NS1 in modifying cell-cell signaling via the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Genetic epistasis experiments and FRET-FLIM assays in Drosophila suggest that NS1 interacts directly with the transcriptional mediator, Ci/Gli1. We further confirmed that Hh target genes are activated cell-autonomously in transfected human lung epithelial cells expressing NS1, and in infected mouse lungs. We identified a point mutation in NS1, A122V, that modulates this activity in a context-dependent fashion. When the A122V mutation was incorporated into a mouse-adapted influenza A virus, it cell-autonomously enhanced expression of some Hh targets in the mouse lung, including IL6, and hastened lethality. These results indicate that, in addition to its multiple intracellular functions, NS1 also modifies a highly conserved signaling pathway, at least in part via cell autonomous activities. We discuss how this new Hh modulating function of NS1 may influence host lethality, possibly through controlling cytokine production, and how these new insights provide potential strategies for combating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery G. Smelkinson
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Meghana Malur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Eugenia Loureiro
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein - CONICET, Saladillo, Argentina
| | - Prashant Jain
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elina I. Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Krug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Oldstone
- Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Skin tumors are a clinically heterogeneous group of dermatologic conditions that affect both children and adults. Although similar types of skin tumors can affect both children and adults, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these skin neoplasms can vary drastically in children compared with adults. Despite the clear need for literature elucidating the differences of skin tumors in children compared with adults, there is a serious dearth of scientific contributions addressing this area. This contribution highlights the types of differences that can occur between adults and children with skin neoplasms, as well as the special considerations that need to be recognized when managing skin tumors in children by providing a comparative analysis of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma occurring in adults with these same tumors occurring in children. Specifically, we examine the aforementioned tumors with a focus on (1) epidemiology, (2) etiology, (3) clinical presentation, (4) workup, and (5) treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A Waldman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT.
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183
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Han Y, Xiong Y, Shi X, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Gli ciliary localization and Hedgehog signaling by the PY-NLS/karyopherin-β2 nuclear import system. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002063. [PMID: 28777795 PMCID: PMC5544186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates depends on primary cilia. Upon stimulation, Hh pathway components, including Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS)/karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) nuclear import system regulates Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activation. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization. Kapβ2 is required for the formation of Gli activator (GliA) in wild-type but not in Sufu mutant cells. Knockdown of Kapβ2 affected Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos, as well as in vitro cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) and SmoM2-driven medulloblastoma cells. Furthermore, Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of cultured medulloblastoma cells, which was rescued by Gli overexpression. Interestingly, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, thus forming a positive feedback loop for Gli activation. Our study unravels the molecular mechanism and cellular machinery regulating Gli ciliary localization and identifies Kapβ2 as a critical regulator of the Hh pathway and a potential drug target for Hh-driven cancers. The secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling activity contributes to a wide range of human diseases, including birth defects and cancer. Hh signaling in vertebrates critically depends on the primary cilium, a microtubule-based plasma membrane protrusion present on the surface of most mammalian cells. Upon ligand stimulation, Hh pathway components, including the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and Gli transcription factors, accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal, but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting are still poorly understood. Here, we discover that the PY-type nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) and the nuclear import factor karyopherinβ2 (Kapβ2) regulate Gli ciliary localization and Hh pathway activity. Mutating the PY-NLS in Gli or knockdown of Kapβ2 diminished Gli ciliary localization without affecting Smo ciliary accumulation in response to Hh. Kapβ2 regulates the formation of the active form of Gli, which is required for proper Hh signaling in zebrafish embryos and cultured cerebellum granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Kapβ2 depletion impaired the growth of medulloblastoma cells driven by an oncogenic form of Smo. Finally, Kapβ2 is a transcriptional target of the Hh pathway, forming a positive feedback loop to promote Gli activation. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of Gli ciliary targeting and identifies Kapβ2 as a potential cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, CAS, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJ); (YZ)
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184
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Bhutani T, Abrouk M, Sima CS, Sadetsky N, Hou J, Caro I, Chren MM, Arron ST. Risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after treatment of basal cell carcinoma with vismodegib. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:713-718. [PMID: 28780365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vismodegib is a first-in-class agent targeting the hedgehog signaling pathway for treatment of patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and metastatic BCC. There have been concerns about the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in patients treated with this drug. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether treatment with vismodegib is associated with an increase in the risk of cutaneous SCC. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, patients treated with vismodegib as part of phase I and II clinical studies were compared with participants from the University of California, San Francisco, Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Cohort who received standard therapy for primary BCC. In total, 1675 patients were included in the analysis, and the development of SCC after vismodegib exposure was assessed. RESULTS The use of vismodegib was not associated with an increased risk of subsequent development of SCC (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-1.16). Covariates including age, sex, history of previous nonmelanoma skin cancer, and number of visits per year were significantly associated with the development of SCC. LIMITATIONS A limitation of the study was that a historic control cohort was used as a comparator. CONCLUSIONS Vismodegib was not associated with an increased risk of subsequent SCC when compared with standard surgical treatment of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Abrouk
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | | | | | - Jeannie Hou
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ivor Caro
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mary-Margaret Chren
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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185
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Voicu C, Mihai M, Lupu M, Patterson JW, Koleva N, Wollina U, Lotti T, Lotti J, França K, Batashki A, Gianfaldoni S, Bakardzhiev I, Mangarov H, Tchernev G. Pigmented Paraaxillary Located "Complex" Basal Cell Carcinoma Imitating clinically irritated Melanocytic Lesion - Succesfull Surgical Approach in Bulgarian Patient. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:497-500. [PMID: 28785343 PMCID: PMC5535668 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequently encountered neoplasm worldwide. While nodular BCC is the most frequent clinical subtype, other forms of BCC, such as superficial, cystic, morpheiform, infiltrative, and pigmented may also be encountered. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 67-year-old male with a relatively well-defined infiltrative, pigmented plaque with multiple colours and peripheral growth situated in the right axillary region. The histopathologic examination performed after complete surgical excision of the tumour revealed a complex pigmented BCC with macronodular, fibroepithelioma-like, cystic, focally infiltrative and basosquamous features. CONCLUSION Uncommon locations of BCCs in sun-protected areas such as the axillary region require a higher degree of suspicion for diagnosis. The complex histology of the presented case, including subtypes with differing biologic attributes, emphasises the importance of histopathological examination in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Voicu
- Dermatology Department, Polisano Clinic, 26Z Timisoara Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Mihai
- Oncologic Dermatology and Allergology Department, "Carol Davila", University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17 Marasti Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Dermatology Department, Medas Medical Centre, 41 Nicolae Grigorescu Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - James W Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nely Koleva
- Department of Pathology, Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Lotti
- Department of Nuclear, Subnuclear and Radiation Physics, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Katlein França
- Institute for Bioethics & Health Policy; Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine - Miami, FL, USA
| | - Atanas Batashki
- Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Special Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, bul. "Peshtersko shose" Nr 66, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Hristo Mangarov
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Tchernev
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria; Onkoderma" - Policlinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, 26 General Skobelev blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria
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186
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Tchernev G, Voicu C, Mihai M, Lupu M, Tebeica T, Koleva N, Wollina U, Lotti T, Mangarov H, Bakardzhiev I, Lotti J, França K, Batashki A, Patterson JW. Basal Cell Carcinoma Surgery: Simple Undermining Approach in Two Patients with Different Tumour Locations. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:506-510. [PMID: 28785345 PMCID: PMC5535670 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignancy, accounting for the majority of all non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). In the past several decades the worldwide incidence of BCC has constantly been increasing. Even though it is a slow growing tumour that, left untreated, rarely metastasizes, it has a distinctive invasive growth pattern, posing a considerable risk for local invasion and destruction of underlying tissues, such as muscle, cartilage, bone or vital structures. Advanced BCCs include such locally invasive or metastatic tumours. Complete surgical excision is the standard therapy for most uncomplicated BCC cases with good prognosis and cure rates. Treatment of advanced forms of BCCs poses significant therapeutic challenges, most often requiring complicated surgery, radiotherapy, and/or targeted therapies directed towards the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway (SHH). We present two cases of large BCCs located on the scalp and posterior thorax, which underwent surgical excision with clear margins, followed by reconstruction of the defect after extensive undermining of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Tchernev
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria; Onkoderma - Policlinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, 26 General Skobelev blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Cristiana Voicu
- Dermatology Department, Polisano Clinic, 26Z Timisoara Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Mihai
- Oncologic Dermatology and Allergology Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17 Marasti Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Dermatology Department, Medas Medical Centre, 41 Nicolae Grigorescu Blvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Tebeica
- Dr Leventer Centre, 13-17 Sevastopol Street, Ste. 204, Bucharest 010991, Romania
| | - Nely Koleva
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torello Lotti
- Chair of Dermatology, University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Hristo Mangarov
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 79, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Jacopo Lotti
- Department of Nuclear, Subnuclear and Radiation Physics, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Katlein França
- Institute for Bioethics & Health Policy; Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine - Miami, FL, USA
| | - Atanas Batashki
- Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Special Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, bul. "Peshtersko shose" Nr 66, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - James W Patterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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187
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Wadhwa R, Wang X, Baladandayuthapani V, Liu B, Shiozaki H, Shimodaira Y, Lin Q, Elimova E, Hofstetter WL, Swisher SG, Rice DC, Maru DM, Kalhor N, Bhutani MS, Weston B, Lee JH, Skinner HD, Scott AW, Kaya DM, Harada K, Berry D, Song S, Ajani JA. Nuclear expression of Gli-1 is predictive of pathologic complete response to chemoradiation in trimodality treated oesophageal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:648-655. [PMID: 28728163 PMCID: PMC5572179 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Predictive biomarkers or signature(s) for oesophageal cancer (OC) patients undergoing preoperative therapy could help administration of effective therapy, avoidance of ineffective ones, and establishment new strategies. Since the hedgehog pathway is often upregulated in OC, we examined its transcriptional factor, Gli-1, which confers therapy resistance, we wanted to assess Gli-1 as a predictive biomarker for chemoradiation response and validate it. Methods: Untreated OC tissues from patients who underwent chemoradiation and surgery were assessed for nuclear Gli-1 by immunohistochemistry and labelling indices (LIs) were correlated with pathologic complete response (pathCR) or <pathCR (resistance) and validated in a unique cohort. Results: Initial 60 patients formed the discovery set (TDS) and then unique 167 patients formed the validation set (TVS). 16 (27%) patients in TDS and 40 (24%) patients in TVS achieved a pathCR. Nuclear Gli-1 LIs were highly associated with pathCR based on the fitted logistic regression models (P<0.0001) in TDS and TVS. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for receiver-operating characteristics (ROCs) based on a fitted model were 0.813 (fivefold cross validation (0.813) and bootstrap resampling (0.816) for TDS and 0.902 (fivefold cross validation (0.901) and bootstrap resampling (0.902)) for TVS. Our preclinical (including genetic knockdown) studies with FU or radiation resistant cell lines demonstrated that Gli-1 indeed mediates therapy resistance in OC. Conclusions: Our validated data in OC show that nuclear Gli-1 LIs are predictive of pathCR after chemoradiation with desirable sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopma Wadhwa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hironori Shiozaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yusuke Shimodaira
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Quan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elena Elimova
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wayne L Hofstetter
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David C Rice
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dipen M Maru
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neda Kalhor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manoop S Bhutani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Weston
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heath D Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ailing W Scott
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dilsa Mizrak Kaya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donald Berry
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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188
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TRAIL, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, TGFβ, and miRNA Signalings Are Potential Targets for Oral Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071523. [PMID: 28708091 PMCID: PMC5536013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies and cancer cell models emphasize the importance of targeting therapies for oral cancer. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is highly expressed in cancer, and is a selective killing ligand for oral cancer. Signaling proteins in the wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site family (Wnt), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways may regulate cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Accordingly, the genes encoding these signaling proteins are potential targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in targeting therapies for oral cancer and discuss the gene targets within TRAIL, Wnt, SHH, and TGFβ signaling for oral cancer therapies. Oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) and tumor suppressor miRNAs targeting the genes encoding these signaling proteins are summarized, and the interactions between Wnt, SHH, TGFβ, and miRNAs are interpreted. With suitable combination treatments, synergistic effects are expected to improve targeting therapies for oral cancer.
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189
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Gao S, Li S, Duan X, Gu Z, Ma Z, Yuan X, Feng X, Wang H. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) suppresses the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by modifying STAT3 activity. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2301-2316. [PMID: 28574599 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although GSK3β has been reported to have contrasting effects on the progression of different tumors, it's possible functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the related molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigated the expression, function, and molecular mechanism of GSK3β in the development of ESCC in vitro and in vivo. Though the expression of total GSK3β was significantly increased, the phosphorylated (inactivated) form of GSK3β (Ser9) was concurrently decreased in the cancerous tissues of patients with ESCC compared with controls, suggesting that GSK3β activity was enhanced in cancerous tissues. Further pathological data analysis revealed that higher GSK3β expression was associated with poorer differentiation, higher metastasis rates, and worse prognosis of ESCC. These results were confirmed in different ESCC cell lines using a pharmacological inhibitor and specific siRNA to block GSK3β. Using a cancer phospho-antibody array, we found that STAT3 is a target of GSK3β. GSK3 inhibition reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, and overexpression of constitutively active GSK3β had the opposite effect. Moreover, STAT3 inhibition mimicked the effects of GSK3β inhibition on ESCC cell migration and viability, while overexpression of a plasmid encoding mutant STAT3 (Y705F) abrogated these effects, and these results were further substantiated by clinicopathological data. In addition, a GSK3 inhibitor (LiCl) and/or STAT3 inhibitor (WP-1066) efficiently suppressed the growth of ESCC cells in a xenograft tumor model. Altogether, these results reveal that higher GSK3β expression promotes ESCC progression through STAT3 in vitro and in vivo, and GSK3β-STAT3 signaling could be a potential therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuoguo Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoxian Duan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zhikun Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoshan Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
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190
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Chen JK. I only have eye for ewe: the discovery of cyclopamine and development of Hedgehog pathway-targeting drugs. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:595-601. [PMID: 26787175 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00153f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1950s to 2015During the 1950s, sheep ranchers in the western United States experienced episodic outbreaks of cyclopic lambs. In this highlight I describe how these mysterious incidents were traced to the grazing of Veratrum californicum wildflowers by pregnant ewes, leading to the discovery of cyclopamine () as a plant-derived teratogen. The precise mechanism of cyclopamine action remained enigmatic for 30 years, until this steroid alkaloid was found to be the first specific inhibitor of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling and a direct antagonist of the transmembrane receptor Smoothened (SMO). In addition to being a valuable probe of Hh pathway function, cyclopamine has been used to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Hh pathway inhibitors. I discuss the development of SMO antagonists as anticancer therapies and emerging challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University of School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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191
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Zargari O, Azimi SZ, Geranmayeh S. Inoperable infiltrative basal cell carcinoma successfully treated with vismodegib. Dermatol Ther 2017. [PMID: 28631369 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer but usually has a good prognosis. However, there is a subset of BCC cases with a less favorable prognosis. For patients with locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic BCCs who are not suitable for surgery or radiotherapy, small-molecule drug inhibitors of hedgehog pathway are a new therapeutic opportunity. Here, we present a case of infiltrative BCC with multiple recurrences. Wide excision with reconstructive plastic surgery was performed initially with adjuvant radiotherapy. Due to multiple recurrences afterward, radiotherapy, topical imiquimod and oral itraconazole were used but were not effective. Finally, the patient was treated with vismodegib which led to a complete response. Moreover, the patient's symptoms due to the locally diffused cancer resolved.
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192
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Lappano R, Maggiolini M. Pharmacotherapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Oncology: Examples of Approved Therapies and Emerging Concepts. Drugs 2017; 77:951-965. [PMID: 28401445 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in numerous physio-pathological processes, including the stimulation of cancer progression. In this regard, it should be mentioned that although GPCRs may represent major pharmaceutical targets, only a few drugs acting as GPCR inhibitors are currently used in anti-tumor therapies. For instance, certain pro-malignancy effects mediated by GPCRs are actually counteracted by the use of small molecules and peptides that function as receptor antagonists or inverse agonists. Recently, humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting GPCRs have also been developed. Here, we review the current GPCR-targeted therapies for cancer treatment, summarizing the clinical studies that led to their official approval. We provide a broad overview of the mechanisms of action of the available anti-cancer drugs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, chemokine, and Smoothened receptors. In addition, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of novel non-approved molecules and antibodies able to target some of the aforementioned GPCRs in different experimental models and clinical trials. Likewise, we focus on the repurposing in cancer patients of non-oncological GPCR-based drugs, elucidating the rationale behind this approach and providing clinical evidence on their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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193
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Apalla Z, Papageorgiou C, Lallas A, Sotiriou E, Lazaridou E, Vakirlis E, Kyrgidis A, Ioannides D. Spotlight on vismodegib in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10:171-177. [PMID: 28546761 PMCID: PMC5436682 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Vismodegib is approved for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic (mBCC) or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) that have recurred following surgery or for those who are not good candidates for surgery (risk/benefit ratio is against patient's benefit, either because of the general condition or because of the expected morbidity from the surgery) or radiation therapy. This article provides an evidence-based review of its current place in therapy. Analytically, the clinical implications in the management of laBCCs and mBCCs and possible new indications, including the neoadjuvant use before surgical excision, are discussed, while in the end, the challenges regarding class-related adverse events and their optimal management are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Apalla
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Athanassios Kyrgidis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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194
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GLI3 repressor determines Hedgehog pathway activation and is required for response to SMO antagonist glasdegib in AML. Blood 2017; 129:3465-3475. [PMID: 28487292 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-718585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is activated in many cancers and is a promising target for therapeutic development. Deletions in the receptor Patched (PTCH) or activating mutations in Smoothened (SMO) have been reported in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, but are largely absent in most tumor types. Therefore, the mechanism of pathway activation in most cancers, including hematological malignancies, remains unknown. In normal tissues, Hh pathway activation via PTCH/SMO causes an increase in the downstream transcriptional activator GLI1 and a decrease in the GLI3 transcriptional repressor (GLI3R). In this article, we confirm that the Hh pathway is active in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), however, this activity is largely independent of SMO. Epigenetic and gene expression analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas AML data set reveals that GLI3 expression is silenced in most AML patient samples, and the GLI3 locus is abnormally methylated. We show that GLI3R is required for the therapeutic effect of SMO antagonists in AML samples and restoration of GLI3R suppresses the growth of AML. We additionally demonstrate that GLI3R represses AML growth by downregulating AKT expression. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that GLI3R plays an essential role in SMO-independent Hh signaling in AML, and suggests that GLI3R could serve as a potential biomarker for patient selection in SMO antagonist clinical trials. Furthermore, these data support rational combinations of hypomethylating agents with SMO antagonists in clinical trials.
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195
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Yang N, Leung ELH, Liu C, Li L, Eguether T, Jun Yao XJ, Jones EC, Norris DA, Liu A, Clark RA, Roop DR, Pazour GJ, Shroyer KR, Chen J. INTU is essential for oncogenic Hh signaling through regulating primary cilia formation in basal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:4997-5005. [PMID: 28459465 PMCID: PMC5578876 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inturned (INTU), a cilia and planar polarity effector (CPLANE), performs prominent ciliogenic functions during morphogenesis, such as in the skin. INTU is expressed in adult tissues but its role in tissue maintenance is unknown. Here, we report that the expression of the INTU gene is aberrantly elevated in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), coinciding with increased primary cilia formation and activated hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Disrupting Intu in an oncogenic mutant Smo (SmoM2)-driven BCC mouse model prevented the formation of BCC through suppressing primary cilia formation and Hh signaling, suggesting that Intu performs a permissive role during BCC formation. INTU is essential for IFT-A complex assembly during ciliogenesis. To further determine whether Intu is directly involved in the activation of Hh signaling downstream of ciliogenesis, we examined the Hh signaling pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which readily respond to Hh pathway activation. Depleting Intu blocked SAG-induced Hh pathway activation, whereas the expression of Gli2ΔN, a constitutively active Gli2, restored Hh pathway activation in Intu-deficient cells, suggesting that INTU functions upstream of Gli2 activation. In contrast, overexpressing Intu did not promote ciliogenesis or Hh signaling. Taken together, data obtained from this study suggest that INTU is indispensable during BCC tumorigenesis and that its aberrant upregulation is likely a prerequisite for primary cilia formation during Hh-dependent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - E L-H Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - T Eguether
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - X-J Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - E C Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D A Norris
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - R A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D R Roop
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - G J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - K R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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196
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Zick A, Peretz T, Lotem M, Hubert A, Katz D, Temper M, Rottenberg Y, Uziely B, Nechushtan H, Meirovitz A, Sonnenblick A, Sapir E, Edelman D, Goldberg Y, Lossos A, Rosenberg S, Fried I, Finklstein R, Pikarsky E, Goldshmidt H. Treatment inferred from mutations identified using massive parallel sequencing leads to clinical benefit in some heavily pretreated cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6931. [PMID: 28514312 PMCID: PMC5440149 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular portraits of numerous tumors have flooded oncologists with vast amounts of data. In parallel, effective inhibitors of central pathways have shown great clinical benefit. Together, this promises potential clinical benefits to otherwise end-stage cancer patients. Here, we report a clinical service offering mutation detection of archived samples using the ion Ampliseq cancer panel coupled with clinical consultation.A multidisciplinary think tank consisting of oncologists, molecular-biologists, genetic counselors, and pathologists discussed 67 heavily pretreated, advanced cancer patient cases, taking into account mutations identified using ion Ampliseq cancer panel, medical history, and relevant literature.The team generated a treatment plan, targeting specific mutations, for 41 out of 64 cases. Three patients died before results were available. For 32 patients, the treating oncologists chose not to include the panel recommendation in the treatment plan for various reasons. Nine patients were treated as recommended by the panel, 5 with clinical benefit, and 4 with disease progression.This study suggests that routine use of massive parallel tumor sequencing is feasible and can judiciously affect treatment decisions when coupled with multidisciplinary team-based decision making. Administration of personalized based therapies at an earlier stage of disease, expansion of genetic alterations examined, and increased availability of targeted therapies may lead to further improvement in the clinical outcome of metastatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Lossos
- Leslie and Michael Gaffin Center for Oncology, Departments of Oncology and Neurology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center
| | - Shai Rosenberg
- Leslie and Michael Gaffin Center for Oncology, Departments of Oncology and Neurology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center
| | - Iris Fried
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
| | - Ruth Finklstein
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
- Department of Pathology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanoch Goldshmidt
- Department of Pathology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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197
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The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Emerging Landscape in Genomic Dermatology: New Mechanistic Ideas, Gene Editing, and Therapeutic Breakthroughs. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e123-e129. [PMID: 28411843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stunning technological advances in genomics have led to spectacular breakthroughs in the understanding of the underlying defects, biological pathways and therapeutic targets of skin diseases leading to new therapeutic interventions. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the identification of disease-causing genes and has a profound impact in deciphering gene and protein signatures in rare and frequent skin diseases. Gene addition strategies have shown efficacy in junctional EB and in recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB). TALENs and Cripsr/Cas9 have emerged as highly efficient new tools to edit genomic sequences to creat new models and to correct or disrupt mutated genes to treat human diseases. Therapeutic approaches have not been limited to DNA modification and strategies at the mRNA, protein and cellular levels have also emerged, some of which have already proven clinical efficacy in RDEB. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of skin disorders has led to the development of specific drugs or repurposing of existing medicines as in basal cell nevus syndrome, alopecia areata, melanoma and EB simplex. These discoveries pave the way for improved targeted personalized medicine for rare and frequent diseases. It is likely that a growing number of orphan skin diseases will benefit from combinatory new therapies in a near future.
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198
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Wessler S, Krisch LM, Elmer DP, Aberger F. From inflammation to gastric cancer - the importance of Hedgehog/GLI signaling in Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:15. [PMID: 28427431 PMCID: PMC5397778 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the development of inflammatory disorders and neoplastic transformation of the gastric epithelium. Drastic changes in the micromilieu involve a complex network of H. pylori-regulated signal transduction pathways leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, gut hormones and a wide range of signaling molecules. Besides controlling embryonic development, the Hedgehog/GLI signaling pathway also plays important roles in epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of the gastric physiology, but also in the induction and progression of inflammation and neoplastic transformation in H. pylori infections. Here, we summarize recent findings of H. pylori-associated Hedgehog/GLI signaling in gastric homeostasis, malignant development and the modulation of the gastric tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Linda M Krisch
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P Elmer
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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199
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Amaral T, Garbe C. Non-melanoma skin cancer: new and future synthetic drug treatments. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:689-699. [PMID: 28414587 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1316372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) mainly comprise two different entities: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); beneath these two entities, Merkel cell carcinoma, adnexal tumors, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, and cutaneous lymphoma belong to NMSC. These rare skin tumors are not the topic of this review. BCC and SCC are the most common cancers diagnosed in humans. The preferred treatment is surgery, which in most cases is curative. Although a high recurrence rate is seen, these cancers rarely metastasize. Therefore, systemic treatments were not a priority for these patients. It is long known that the abnormal activation of Hedgehog and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways were involved in BCC and SCC. In the last decade, metastatic disease became an important area of research, mostly because new therapies that targeted components of these two pathways became available. Areas covered: Here we cover the available therapeutic options for patients diagnosed with BCC and SCC, focus on systemic and targeted therapies. Expert opinion: BCC and SCC are common cancers, with good prognosis. More than the metastatic disease, advanced local disease and recurrent disease pose clinicians a great challenge. Albeit there are promising results with targeted therapies, resistance development has already been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Amaral
- a Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,b Portuguese Air Force Health Direction , Paço do Lumiar , Portugal
| | - Claus Garbe
- a Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
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200
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Possible antifibrotic effect of GDC-0449 (Vismodegib), a hedgehog-pathway inhibitor, in mice model of Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:545-554. [PMID: 28408356 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process complicating schistosomiasis. It is an active process of continuous extracellular matrix accumulation. In Egypt, schistosomiasis re-infection is a continuing problem especially in rural areas. In this study we examined the antifibrotic effect of GDC-0449 (Vismodegib), a hedgehog-pathway inhibitor as a new molecular target for Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis, in addition to exploring its effect as antischistosomal drug. The effect of GDC-0449 alone or combined with Praziquantel was tried experimentally in infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni. Fifty CD-1 Swiss female albino mice were used, forty mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Animals were grouped into five groups; uninfected control, infected untreated, infected treated with Praziquantel (500mg/kg/day) for two days, infected treated with GDC-0449 (40mg/kg/day) for seven days, and infected treated with combined Praziquantel and GDC-0449. Parasitological and chemical parameters, hydroxyproline level and liver granuloma were assessed. Liver fibrosis was reduced significantly evidenced by reduced hydroxyproline levels [P<0.01 for combined (Praziquantel/GDC-0449) treatment groups, P<0.001 for GDC-0449-treated group]. Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues revealed that the mean diameter of granulomas was statistically reduced (P=0.001) with a reduction rate of 24.4% on treatment with GDC-0449. In GDC-0449/Praziquantel combined treatment group, number and mean diameter of the granulomas were reduced significantly P<0.001, and P=0.001 respectively. No antischistosomal effect was recorded for GDC-0449 in this study.
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