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Adenovirus vector system: construction, history and therapeutic applications. Biotechniques 2022; 73:297-305. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the isolation of adenovirus (AdV) in 1953, AdVs have been used as vectors for various therapeutic purposes, such as gene therapy in cancers and other malignancies, vaccine development and delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 machinery. Over the years, several AdV vector modifications have been introduced, including fiber switching, incorporation of ligands in the viral capsid and hexon modification of the fiber, to improve the efficiency of AdV as a vector. CRISPR-Cas9 has recently been used for these modifications and is also used in other adeno-associated viruses. These modifications further allow the production of AdV libraries that display random peptides for the production of cancer-targeting AdV vectors. This review focuses on the common methods of AdV construction, changes in AdV tropism for the improvement of therapeutic efficiency and the role of AdV vectors in gene therapy, vaccine development and CRISPR-Cas9 delivery.
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152
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Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, Lelievre JD, Askie LM, Kredo T, Ferrand G, Davidson M, Riveros C, Tovey D, Meerpohl JJ, Grasselli G, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P, Chaimani A, Boutron I. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 12:CD015477. [PMID: 36473651 PMCID: PMC9726273 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent COVID-19 disease. Several are in widespread use globally. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines (as a full primary vaccination series or a booster dose) against SARS-CoV-2. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the COVID-19 L·OVE platform (last search date 5 November 2021). We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, regulatory agency websites, and Retraction Watch. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing COVID-19 vaccines to placebo, no vaccine, other active vaccines, or other vaccine schedules. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for all except immunogenicity outcomes. We synthesized data for each vaccine separately and presented summary effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS: We included and analyzed 41 RCTs assessing 12 different vaccines, including homologous and heterologous vaccine schedules and the effect of booster doses. Thirty-two RCTs were multicentre and five were multinational. The sample sizes of RCTs were 60 to 44,325 participants. Participants were aged: 18 years or older in 36 RCTs; 12 years or older in one RCT; 12 to 17 years in two RCTs; and three to 17 years in two RCTs. Twenty-nine RCTs provided results for individuals aged over 60 years, and three RCTs included immunocompromized patients. No trials included pregnant women. Sixteen RCTs had two-month follow-up or less, 20 RCTs had two to six months, and five RCTs had greater than six to 12 months or less. Eighteen reports were based on preplanned interim analyses. Overall risk of bias was low for all outcomes in eight RCTs, while 33 had concerns for at least one outcome. We identified 343 registered RCTs with results not yet available. This abstract reports results for the critical outcomes of confirmed symptomatic COVID-19, severe and critical COVID-19, and serious adverse events only for the 10 WHO-approved vaccines. For remaining outcomes and vaccines, see main text. The evidence for mortality was generally sparse and of low or very low certainty for all WHO-approved vaccines, except AD26.COV2.S (Janssen), which probably reduces the risk of all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.25, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.67; 1 RCT, 43,783 participants; high-certainty evidence). Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 High-certainty evidence found that BNT162b2 (BioNtech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (ModernaTx), ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), Ad26.COV2.S, BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm-Beijing), and BBV152 (Bharat Biotect) reduce the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to placebo (vaccine efficacy (VE): BNT162b2: 97.84%, 95% CI 44.25% to 99.92%; 2 RCTs, 44,077 participants; mRNA-1273: 93.20%, 95% CI 91.06% to 94.83%; 2 RCTs, 31,632 participants; ChAdOx1: 70.23%, 95% CI 62.10% to 76.62%; 2 RCTs, 43,390 participants; Ad26.COV2.S: 66.90%, 95% CI 59.10% to 73.40%; 1 RCT, 39,058 participants; BBIBP-CorV: 78.10%, 95% CI 64.80% to 86.30%; 1 RCT, 25,463 participants; BBV152: 77.80%, 95% CI 65.20% to 86.40%; 1 RCT, 16,973 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence found that NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax) probably reduces the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to placebo (VE 82.91%, 95% CI 50.49% to 94.10%; 3 RCTs, 42,175 participants). There is low-certainty evidence for CoronaVac (Sinovac) for this outcome (VE 69.81%, 95% CI 12.27% to 89.61%; 2 RCTs, 19,852 participants). Severe or critical COVID-19 High-certainty evidence found that BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S, and BBV152 result in a large reduction in incidence of severe or critical disease due to COVID-19 compared to placebo (VE: BNT162b2: 95.70%, 95% CI 73.90% to 99.90%; 1 RCT, 46,077 participants; mRNA-1273: 98.20%, 95% CI 92.80% to 99.60%; 1 RCT, 28,451 participants; AD26.COV2.S: 76.30%, 95% CI 57.90% to 87.50%; 1 RCT, 39,058 participants; BBV152: 93.40%, 95% CI 57.10% to 99.80%; 1 RCT, 16,976 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence found that NVX-CoV2373 probably reduces the incidence of severe or critical COVID-19 (VE 100.00%, 95% CI 86.99% to 100.00%; 1 RCT, 25,452 participants). Two trials reported high efficacy of CoronaVac for severe or critical disease with wide CIs, but these results could not be pooled. Serious adverse events (SAEs) mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca)/SII-ChAdOx1 (Serum Institute of India), Ad26.COV2.S, and BBV152 probably result in little or no difference in SAEs compared to placebo (RR: mRNA-1273: 0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.08; 2 RCTs, 34,072 participants; ChAdOx1/SII-ChAdOx1: 0.88, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.07; 7 RCTs, 58,182 participants; Ad26.COV2.S: 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22; 1 RCT, 43,783 participants); BBV152: 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97; 1 RCT, 25,928 participants). In each of these, the likely absolute difference in effects was fewer than 5/1000 participants. Evidence for SAEs is uncertain for BNT162b2, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, and NVX-CoV2373 compared to placebo (RR: BNT162b2: 1.30, 95% CI 0.55 to 3.07; 2 RCTs, 46,107 participants; CoronaVac: 0.97, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.51; 4 RCTs, 23,139 participants; BBIBP-CorV: 0.76, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.06; 1 RCT, 26,924 participants; NVX-CoV2373: 0.92, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.14; 4 RCTs, 38,802 participants). For the evaluation of heterologous schedules, booster doses, and efficacy against variants of concern, see main text of review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Compared to placebo, most vaccines reduce, or likely reduce, the proportion of participants with confirmed symptomatic COVID-19, and for some, there is high-certainty evidence that they reduce severe or critical disease. There is probably little or no difference between most vaccines and placebo for serious adverse events. Over 300 registered RCTs are evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, and this review is updated regularly on the COVID-NMA platform (covid-nma.com). Implications for practice Due to the trial exclusions, these results cannot be generalized to pregnant women, individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or immunocompromized people. Most trials had a short follow-up and were conducted before the emergence of variants of concern. Implications for research Future research should evaluate the long-term effect of vaccines, compare different vaccines and vaccine schedules, assess vaccine efficacy and safety in specific populations, and include outcomes such as preventing long COVID-19. Ongoing evaluation of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against emerging variants of concern is also vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Graña
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lina Ghosn
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Theodoros Evrenoglou
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Jarde
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hillary Bonnet
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rouba Assi
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Melanie Marti
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Declan Devane
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland, Cochrane Ireland and HRB-Trials Methodology Research Network, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrick Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research and UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelievre
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Henri Mondor Hospital, Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Lisa M Askie
- Quality Assurance Norms and Standards Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kredo
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Mauricia Davidson
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Carolina Riveros
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel Rada
- Epistemonikos Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- UC Evidence Center, Cochrane Chile Associated Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asbjørn Hróbjartsson
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO) and Cochrane Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Ravaud
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chaimani
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boutron
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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153
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Abufares HI, Oyoun Alsoud L, Alqudah MAY, Shara M, Soares NC, Alzoubi KH, El-Huneidi W, Bustanji Y, Soliman SSM, Semreen MH. COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15415. [PMID: 36499742 PMCID: PMC9737588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe's attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines. The new vaccines provide an effective immune response that safeguards the community from the virus' severity. WHO has approved nine vaccines for emergency use based on safety and efficacy data collected from various conducted clinical trials. Herein, we review the safety and effectiveness of the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines and associated immune responses, and their impact on improving the public's health. Several immunological studies have demonstrated that vaccination dramatically enhances the immune response and reduces the likelihood of future infections in previously infected individuals. However, the type of vaccination and individual health status can significantly affect immune responses. Exposure of healthy individuals to adenovirus vectors or mRNA vaccines causes the early production of antibodies from B and T cells. On the other hand, unhealthy individuals were more likely to experience harmful events due to relapses in their existing conditions. Taken together, aligning with the proper vaccination to a patient's case can result in better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Imad Abufares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leen Oyoun Alsoud
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Y. Alqudah
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Shara
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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154
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Hartman WR. An Executed Plan to Combat COVID-19 in the United States. Adv Anesth 2022; 40:45-62. [PMID: 36333051 PMCID: PMC9276922 DOI: 10.1016/j.aan.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019. To date, this coronavirus is responsible for greater than 90 million cases in the United States and more than 1 million confirmed deaths. When this virus came to the United States, testing was unorganized, no effective treatments were known, and no vaccines had been discovered. A plan to correct these deficiencies through cooperative science and efficient clinical trials was implemented to combat this novel virus. This plan developed efficient and inexpensive tests, highly effective medicines to treat and prevent disease progression, and vaccines to immunize the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Hartman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Office of Clinical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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155
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Zhang GF, Meng W, Chen L, Ding L, Feng J, Perez J, Ali A, Sun S, Liu Z, Huang Y, Guo H, Gao S. Neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including Delta and Omicron in subjects receiving mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5678-5690. [PMID: 35902378 PMCID: PMC9353285 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have contributed to the control of COVID-19 in some parts of the world. However, the constant emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) challenges the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines over time. In particular, Omicron contains a high number of mutations in the spike (S) protein gene, on which most vaccines were developed. In this study, we quantitated neutralizing antibodies in vaccine recipients at various times postvaccination using S protein-based pseudoviruses derived from wild type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and five VOCs including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). We found that two-dose mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against WT, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, but wanned after 6 months with a faster decline observed for BNT162b2. Both mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 elicited weak neutralizing antibodies against Omicron. One dose of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine induced weaker neutralizing antibodies against WT and most VOCs than mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 did but moderate neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron, which lasted for 6 months. These results support current recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for a booster 5 months after full immunization with an mRNA-based vaccine and the use of an mRNA-based vaccine 2 months after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fei Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Wen Meng
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Luping Chen
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ling Ding
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jian Feng
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Joseph Perez
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Abid Ali
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shenyu Sun
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zhentao Liu
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSwanson School and EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSwanson School and EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shou‐Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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156
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An Y, Li S, Jin X, Han JB, Xu K, Xu S, Han Y, Liu C, Zheng T, Liu M, Yang M, Song TZ, Huang B, Zhao L, Wang W, A R, Cheng Y, Wu C, Huang E, Yang S, Wong G, Bi Y, Ke C, Tan W, Yan J, Zheng YT, Dai L, Gao GF. A tandem-repeat dimeric RBD protein-based covid-19 vaccine zf2001 protects mice and nonhuman primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1058-1071. [PMID: 35311493 PMCID: PMC9009945 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2056524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Safe, efficacious, and deployable vaccines are urgently needed to control COVID-19 in the large-scale vaccination campaigns. We report here the preclinical studies of an approved protein subunit vaccine against COVID-19, ZF2001, which contains tandem-repeat dimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein with alum-based adjuvant. We assessed vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). ZF2001 induced high levels of RBD-binding and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in both mice and non-human primates, and elicited balanced TH1/TH2 cellular responses in NHPs. Two doses of ZF2001 protected Ad-hACE2-transduced mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as detected by reduced viral RNA and relieved lung injuries. In NHPs, vaccination of either 25 μg or 50 μg ZF2001 prevented infection with SARS-CoV-2 in lung, trachea, and bronchi, with milder lung lesions. No evidence of disease enhancement was observed in both animal models. ZF2001 has been approved for emergency use in China, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, and Columbia. The high safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy in both mice and NHPs found in this preclinical study was consistent with the results in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyue Jin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 571199, People's Republic of China.,Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Cheng
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Yang
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Anhui, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City G1, Canada
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - George F Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Sarangi MK, Padhi S, Rath G, Nanda SS, Yi DK. Success of nano-vaccines against COVID-19: a transformation in nanomedicine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1739-1761. [PMID: 36384360 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2148659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vaccines being used against COVID-19 are composed of either non-viral or viral nanoparticles (NPs). Nanotechnology-based vaccine technology was studied for its potentially transformative advancement of medicine. AREAS COVERED NPs protect the encapsulated mRNA in vaccines, thereby enhancing the stability of the ribonucleic acids and facilitating their intact delivery to their specific targets. Compared to liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are unique and, through their rigid morphology and better cellular penetrability, render enhanced cargo stability. To explore nanotechnology-mediated vaccine delivery and its potential in future pandemics, we assessed articles from various databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, including editorial/research notes, expert opinions, and collections of data from several clinical research trials. In the current review, we focus on the nanoparticulate approach of the different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and explore their success against the pandemic. EXPERT OPINION The mRNA-based vaccines, with their tremendous efficacy of ~95% (under phase III-IV clinical trials) and distinct nanocarriers (LNPs), represent a new medical front alongside DNA and siRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sasmita Padhi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gautam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Dong Kee Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
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158
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Luo WR, Wu XM. Novel coronavirus mutations: Vaccine development and challenges. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105828. [PMID: 36243381 PMCID: PMC9561474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has a significant impact on global health and economy system. In this context, there have been some landmark advances in vaccine development. Over 100 new coronavirus vaccine candidates have been approved for clinical trials, with ten WHO-approved vaccines including four inactivated virus vaccines, two mRNA vaccines, three recombinant viral vectored vaccines and one protein subunit vaccine on the "Emergency Use Listing". Although the SARS-CoV-2 has an internal proofreading mechanism, there have been a number of mutations emerged in the pandemic affecting its transmissibility, pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Of these, mutations in the spike (S) protein and the resultant mutant variants have posed new challenges for vaccine development and application. In this review article, we present an overview of vaccine development, the prevalence of new coronavirus variants and their impact on protective efficacy of existing vaccines and possible immunization strategies coping with the viral mutation and diversity.
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159
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Nerenz RD, Hubbard JA, Cervinski MA. Review of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen and Antibody Testing in Diagnosis and Community Surveillance. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:687-704. [PMID: 36368790 PMCID: PMC9651919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hardt K, Vandebosch A, Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Truyers C, Lowson D, Van Dromme I, Vingerhoets J, Kamphuis T, Scheper G, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Faust SN, Spinner CD, Schuitemaker H, Van Hoof J, Douoguih M, Struyf F, Albertson TE, Sandrock C, Lee JS, Looney MR, Tapson VF, Wiysonge CS, Velarde LHA, Backenroth D, Bhushanan J, Brandenburg B, Cárdenas V, Chen B, Chen F, Chetty P, Chu PL, Cooper K, Custers J, Delanghe H, Duca A, Henrick T, Juraszek J, Nalpas C, Peeters M, Pinheiro J, Roels S, Ryser MF, Salas J, Santoro Matias S, Scheys I, Shetty P, Shukarev G, Stoddard J, Talloen W, Tran N, Vaissiere N, van Son-Palmen E, Xu J, Goecker EA, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Roychoudhury P, Takuva SG, Accini Mendoza JL, Achtyes E, Ahsan H, Alhatemi A, Allen N, Arribas JR, Bahrami G, Bailon L, Bajwa A, Baker J, Baron M, Benet S, Berdaï D, Berger P, Bertoch T, Bethune C, Bevilacqua S, Biagioni Santos MS, Binnian I, Bisnauthsing K, Boivin JM, Bollen H, Bonnet S, Borobia AM, Botelho-Nevers E, Bright P, Britten V, Brown C, Buadi A, Buntinx E, Burgess L, Bush L, Capeding MR, Carr QO, Carrasco Mas A, Catala H, Cathie K, Caudill TS, Cereto Castro F, Chau K, Chavoustie S, Chowdhury M, Chronos N, Cicconi P, Cifuentes L, Cobo SM, Collins H, Colton H, Cuaño CRG, D'Onofrio V, Dargan P, Darton T, Deane P, Del Pozo JL, Derdelinckx I, Desai A, Dever M, Díaz-Pollán B, DiBuono M, Doust M, Duncan C, Echave-Sustaeta JM, Eder F, Ellis K, Elzi S, Emmett S, Engelbrecht J, Evans M, Farah T, Felton T, Ferreira JP, Floutier C, Flume P, Ford S, Fragoso V, Freedman A, Frentiu E, Galloway C, Galtier F, Garcia Diaz J, García García I, Garcia A, Gardener Z, Gauteul P, Geller S, Gibson A, Gillet C, Girerd N, Girodet PO, Gler MT, Glover R, Go HDD, Gokani K, Gonthier D, Green C, Greenberg R, Griffin C, Grobbelaar C, Guancia A, Hakkarainen G, Harris J, Hassman M, Heimer D, Hellstrom-Louw E, Herades Y, Holroyd C, Hussen N, Isidro MGD, Jackson Y, Jain M, João Filho EC, Johnson D, Jones B, Joseph N, Jumeras A, Junquera P, Kellett-Wright J, Kennedy P, Kilgore PE, Kim K, Kimmel M, Konis G, Kutner M, Lacombe K, Launay O, Lazarus R, Lederman S, Lefebvre G, Lennon Collins K, Leroux-Roels I, Lim KWO, Lins M, Liu E, Llewelyn M, Mahomed A, Maia BP, Marín-Candon A, Martínez-Gómez X, Martinot JB, Mazzella A, McCaughan F, McCormack L, McGettigan J, Mehra P, Mejeur R, Miller V, Mills A, Molto Marhuenda J, Moodley P, Mora-Rillo M, Mothe B, Mullan D, Munro A, Myers P, Nell J, Newman Lobato Souza T, O'Halloran JA, Ochoa Mazarro MD, Oliver A, Onate Gutierrez JM, Ortega J, Oshita M, Otero Romero S, Overcash JS, Owens D, Packham A, Paiva de Sousa L, Palfreeman A, Pallares CJ, Patel R, Patel S, Pelkey L, Peluso D, Penciu F, Pinto SJ, Pounds K, Pouzar J, Pragalos A, Presti R, Price D, Qureshi E, Ramalho Madruga JV, Ramesh M, Rankin B, Razat B, Riegel Santos B, Riesenberg R, Riffer E, Roche S, Rose K, Rosellini P, Rossignol P, Safirstein B, Salazar H, Sanchez Vallejo G, Santhosh S, Seco-Meseguer E, Seep M, Sherry E, Short P, Soentjens P, Solis J, Soriano Viladomiu A, Sorli C, Spangenthal S, Spence N, Stephenson E, Strout C, Surowitz R, Taladua KM, Tellalian D, Thalamas C, Thiriphoo N, Thomas J, Thomas N, Trout G, Urroz M, Veekmans B, Veekmans L, Villalobos REM, Webster B, White A, Williams G, Williams H, Wilson B, Winston A, Wiselka M, Zervos M. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 (ENSEMBLE2): results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1703-1715. [PMID: 36113538 PMCID: PMC9639796 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of effective vaccines against COVID-19, booster vaccinations are needed to maintain vaccine-induced protection against variant strains and breakthrough infections. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen) as primary vaccination plus a booster dose. METHODS ENSEMBLE2 is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial including crossover vaccination after emergency authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines. Adults aged at least 18 years without previous COVID-19 vaccination at public and private medical practices and hospitals in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, the UK, and the USA were randomly assigned 1:1 via a computer algorithm to receive intramuscularly administered Ad26.COV2.S as a primary dose plus a booster dose at 2 months or two placebo injections 2 months apart. The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against the first occurrence of molecularly confirmed moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after booster vaccination, which was assessed in participants who received two doses of vaccine or placebo, were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at baseline and on serology at baseline and day 71, had no major protocol deviations, and were at risk of COVID-19 (ie, had no PCR-positive result or discontinued the study before day 71). Safety was assessed in all participants; reactogenicity, in terms of solicited local and systemic adverse events, was assessed as a secondary endpoint in a safety subset (approximately 6000 randomly selected participants). The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04614948, and is ongoing. FINDINGS Enrolment began on Nov 16, 2020, and the primary analysis data cutoff was June 25, 2021. From 34 571 participants screened, the double-blind phase enrolled 31 300 participants, 14 492 of whom received two doses (7484 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 7008 in the placebo group) and 11 639 of whom were eligible for inclusion in the assessment of the primary endpoint (6024 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 5615 in the placebo group). The median (IQR) follow-up post-booster vaccination was 36·0 (15·0-62·0) days. Vaccine efficacy was 75·2% (adjusted 95% CI 54·6-87·3) against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 (14 cases in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 52 cases in the placebo group). Most cases were due to the variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and mu (B.1.621); endpoints for the primary analysis accrued from Nov 16, 2020, to June 25, 2021, before the global dominance of delta (B.1.617.2) or omicron (B.1.1.529). The booster vaccine exhibited an acceptable safety profile. The overall frequencies of solicited local and systemic adverse events (evaluated in the safety subset, n=6067) were higher among vaccine recipients than placebo recipients after the primary and booster doses. The frequency of solicited adverse events in the Ad26.COV2.S group were similar following the primary and booster vaccinations (local adverse events, 1676 [55·6%] of 3015 vs 896 [57·5%] of 1559, respectively; systemic adverse events, 1764 [58·5%] of 3015 vs 821 [52·7%] of 1559, respectively). Solicited adverse events were transient and mostly grade 1-2 in severity. INTERPRETATION A homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster administered 2 months after primary single-dose vaccination in adults had an acceptable safety profile and was efficacious against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. Studies assessing efficacy against newer variants and with longer follow-up are needed. FUNDING Janssen Research & Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hardt
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - David Lowson
- Janssen Research & Development, High Wycombe, UK
| | | | | | | | - Gert Scheper
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
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Mohseni Afshar Z, Barary M, Hosseinzadeh R, Karim B, Ebrahimpour S, Nazary K, Sio TT, Sullman MJM, Carson-Chahhoud K, Moudi E, Babazadeh A. COVID-19 vaccination challenges: A mini-review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2066425. [PMID: 35512088 PMCID: PMC9302531 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2066425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the infection of many people across the globe, over six million deaths, and has placed an unprecedented burden on public health worldwide. The pandemic has led to the high-speed development and production of vaccines against the COVID-19, as vaccines can end the pandemic. At the beginning of the program, vaccinations were initially targeted only at high-risk groups, such as the elderly, those with comorbidities, or healthcare workers. Although most of the mentioned populations have received the two recommended doses, limited resources have left many authorities with an effective vaccine undersupply. Therefore, policies have been implemented to manage the available doses of the vaccines more efficiently. As there is no universally agreed consensus on this topic, we discuss the different recommendations and guidelines regarding the time interval between the two vaccine doses and explain the different scenarios for applying the two doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohseni Afshar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Hosseinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bardia Karim
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kosar Nazary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Terence T. Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Emaduddin Moudi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Arefeh Babazadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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162
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Nistor GI, Dillman RO, Robles RM, Langford JL, Poole AJ, Sofro MAU, Nency YM, Jonny J, Yana ML, Karyana M, Lestari ES, Triwardhani R, Mujahidah M, Sari RK, Soetojo NA, Wibisono D, Tjen D, Ikrar T, Sarkissian G, Winarta H, Putranto TA, Keirstead HS. A personal COVID-19 dendritic cell vaccine made at point-of-care: Feasibility, safety, and antigen-specific cellular immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2100189. [PMID: 36018753 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a world-wide pandemic. Internationally, because of availability, accessibility, and distribution issues, there is a need for additional vaccines. This study aimed to: establish the feasibility of personal dendritic cell vaccines to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, establish the safety of a single subcutaneous vaccine injection, and determine the antigen-specific immune response following vaccination. In Phase 1, 31 subjects were assigned to one of nine formulations of autologous dendritic cells and lymphocytes (DCL) incubated with 0.10, 0.33, or 1.0 µg of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and admixed with saline or 250 or 500 µg of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prior to injection, then assessed for safety and humoral response. In Phase 2, 145 subjects were randomized to one of three formulations defined by incubation with the same three quantities of spike protein without GM-CSF, then assessed for safety and cellular response. Vaccines were successfully manufactured for every subject at point-of-care. Approximately 46.4% of subjects had a grade 1 adverse event (AE); 6.5% had a grade 2 AE. Among 169 evaluable subjects, there were no acute allergic, grade 3 or 4, or serious AE. In Phase 1, anti-receptor binding domain antibodies were increased in 70% of subjects on day-28. In Phase 2, in the 127 subjects who did not have high levels of gamma interferon-producing cells at baseline, 94.4% had increased by day 14 and 96.8% by day 28. Point-of-care personal vaccine manufacturing was feasible. Further development of such subject-specific vaccines is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yetty M Nency
- Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Jonny
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina L Yana
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Retty K Sari
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Djoko Wibisono
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Daniel Tjen
- Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Taruna Ikrar
- Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Jamshidi E, Asgary A, Shafiekhani P, Khajeamiri Y, Mohamed K, Esmaily H, Jamal Rahi S, Mansouri N. Longevity of immunity following COVID-19 vaccination: a comprehensive review of the currently approved vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2037384. [PMID: 35417285 PMCID: PMC9115789 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2037384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how long the immunity following COVID-19 vaccination lasts. The current systematic review provides a perspective on the persistence of various antibodies for available vaccines.Both the BNT162b2 and the mRNA-1273 induce the production of IgA antibodies, reflecting the possible prevention of the asymptomatic spread. The mRNA-1273 vaccine's antibodies were detectable until 6 months, followed by the AZD1222, 3 months, the Ad26.COV2.S and the BNT162b2 vaccines within 2 months.The BNT162b2 produced anti-spike IgGs 11 days after the first dose and peaked at day 21, whereas the AZD1222 induced a neutralizing effect 22 days after the first dose.These vaccines induce T-cell mediated immune responses too. Each one of the AZD1222, Ad26.COV2.S, mRNA-1273 mediates T-cell response immunity at days 14-22, 15, and 43 after the first dose, respectively. Whereas for the BNT162b1 and BNT162b2 vaccines, T-cell immunity is induced 7 days and 12 weeks after the booster dose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Asgary
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Shafiekhani
- USERN office, Functional Neurosurgery Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Khajeamiri
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hadi Esmaily
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahand Jamal Rahi
- Laboratory of the Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nahal Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research Group on Artificial Intelligence in Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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164
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Anasiewicz N, Seeli C, Brüggen MC, Möhrenschlager M. Localized eczematous rash affecting left and right regions of breast and shoulder after Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 in a 30-year-old woman with comorbidities. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2022; 32:93-94. [PMID: 36466142 PMCID: PMC9703396 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-022-00234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Anasiewicz
- Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Corsin Seeli
- Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Möhrenschlager
- Department of Dermatology, Hochgebirgsklinik, Herman-Burchard-Street 1, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Rhodes S, Smith N, Evans T, White R. Identifying COVID-19 optimal vaccine dose using mathematical immunostimulation/immunodynamic modelling. Vaccine 2022; 40:7032-7041. [PMID: 36272876 PMCID: PMC9574467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying optimal COVID-19 vaccine dose is essential for maximizing their impact. However, COVID-19 vaccine dose-finding has been an empirical process, limited by short development timeframes, and therefore potentially not thoroughly investigated. Mathematical IS/ID modelling is a novel method for predicting optimal vaccine dose which could inform future COVID-19 vaccine dose decision making. METHODS Published clinical data on COVID-19 vaccine dose-response was identified and extracted. Mathematical models were calibrated to the dose-response data stratified by subpopulation, where possible to predict optimal dose. Predicted optimal doses were summarised across vaccine type and compared to chosen dose for the primary series of COVID-19 vaccines to identify vaccine doses that may benefit from re-evaluation. RESULTS 30 clinical dose-response datasets in adults and elderly population were extracted for four vaccine types and optimal doses predicted using the models. Results suggest that, if re-assessed for dose, COVID-19 vaccines Ad26.cov, ChadOx1 n-Cov19, BNT162b2, Coronavac, and NVX-CoV2373 could benefit from increased dose in adults and mRNA-1273 and Coronavac, could benefit from increased and decreased dose for the elderly population, respectively. DISCUSSION Future iterations of COVID-19 vaccines could benefit from re-evaluating dose to ensure most effective use of the vaccine and mathematical modelling can support this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rhodes
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Neal Smith
- Defence and Science Technology Laboratory, UK
| | | | - Richard White
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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167
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Liu Q, Miao H, Li S, Zhang P, Gerber GF, Follmann D, Ji H, Zeger SL, Chertow DS, Quinn TC, Robinson ML, Kickler TS, Rothman RE, Fenstermacher KZJ, Braunstein EM, Cox AL, Farci P, Fauci AS, Lusso P. Anti-PF4 antibodies associated with disease severity in COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2213361119. [PMID: 36322776 PMCID: PMC9704720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213361119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a prothrombotic state associated with thrombocytopenia, with microvascular thrombosis being almost invariably present in the lung and other organs at postmortem examination. We evaluated the presence of antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4)-polyanion complexes using a clinically validated immunoassay in 100 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with moderate or severe disease (World Health Organization score, 4 to 10), 25 patients with acute COVID-19 visiting the emergency department, and 65 convalescent individuals. Anti-PF4 antibodies were detected in 95 of 100 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (95.0%) irrespective of prior heparin treatment, with a mean optical density value of 0.871 ± 0.405 SD (range, 0.177 to 2.706). In contrast, patients hospitalized for severe acute respiratory disease unrelated to COVID-19 had markedly lower levels of the antibodies. In a high proportion of patients with COVID-19, levels of all three immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes tested (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were simultaneously elevated. Antibody levels were higher in male than in female patients and higher in African Americans and Hispanics than in White patients. Anti-PF4 antibody levels were correlated with the maximum disease severity score and with significant reductions in circulating platelet counts during hospitalization. In individuals convalescent from COVID-19, the antibody levels returned to near-normal values. Sera from patients with COVID-19 induced higher levels of platelet activation than did sera from healthy blood donors, but the results were not correlated with the levels of anti-PF4 antibodies. These results demonstrate that the vast majority of patients with severe COVID-19 develop anti-PF4 antibodies, which may play a role in the clinical complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gloria F. Gerber
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Scott L. Zeger
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Matthew L. Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Thomas S. Kickler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Richard E. Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | | | - Evan M. Braunstein
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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168
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Jiang Q, Cao Y, Ruan JW, Hu P. A comparative immune response to COVID-19 vaccination between children and adults. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13070. [PMID: 36394189 PMCID: PMC9835434 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Jin Wei Ruan
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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Gallen C, Dukes CW, Aldrich A, Macaisa L, Mo Q, Cubitt CL, Pilon-Thomas S, Giuliano AR, Czerniecki BJ, Costa RLB. Long-Term CD4 + T-Cell and Immunoglobulin G Immune Responses in Oncology Workers following COVID-19 Vaccination: An Interim Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1931. [PMID: 36423026 PMCID: PMC9696551 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective study to evaluate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in oncology workers in which we collected blood and clinical data every 6 months. Spike-specific CD4+ T-cells and immunoglobulin G responses were measured using interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Sixty (81%) vaccinated and 14 (19%) unvaccinated individuals were enrolled. CD4+ T-cell responses of those individuals currently naturally infected were comparable to those who were 6 months from receiving their last dose of the vaccine; both responses were significantly higher than among those who were unvaccinated. Unvaccinated participants who became vaccinated while in the study showed a significant increase in both types of spike-specific immune responses. Previously vaccinated individuals who received a third dose (booster) showed a similar response to the spike protein. However, this response decreases as soon as 3 months but does not dip below the established response following two doses. Response to variants of concern B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) also increased, with the Omicron variant having a significantly lower response when compared to Delta and the wild type. We conclude that antibody and T-cell responses increase in oncology workers after serial vaccination but can wane over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Gallen
- Department of Clinical Science, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Amy Aldrich
- Department of Clinical Science, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lauren Macaisa
- Department of Clinical Science, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brian J. Czerniecki
- Department of Clinical Science, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Breast Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Khan S, Salisch NC, Gil AI, Boedhoe S, Boer KFD, Serroyen J, Schuitemaker H, Zahn RC. Sequential use of Ad26-based vaccine regimens in NHP to induce immunity against different disease targets. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:146. [PMID: 36379957 PMCID: PMC9664441 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus (Ad)26 serotype–based vector vaccine Ad26.COV2.S has been used in millions of subjects for the prevention of COVID-19, but potentially elicits persistent anti-vector immunity. We investigated if vaccine-elicited immunity to Ad26 vector–based vaccines significantly influences antigen-specific immune responses induced by a subsequent vaccination with Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens against different disease targets in non-human primates. A homologous Ad26 vector–based vaccination regimen or heterologous regimens (Ad26/Ad35 or Ad26/Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA]) induced target pathogen–specific immunity in animals, but also persistent neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against the vectors. However, subsequent vaccination (interval, 26–57 weeks) with homologous and heterologous Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens encoding different target pathogen immunogens did not reveal consistent differences in humoral or cellular immune responses against the target pathogen, as compared to responses in naïve animals. These results support the sequential use of Ad26 vector–based vaccine regimens targeting different diseases.
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171
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Gao X, Fang D, Liang Y, Deng X, Chen N, Zeng M, Luo M. Circular RNAs as emerging regulators in COVID-19 pathogenesis and progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980231. [PMID: 36439162 PMCID: PMC9681929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious acute respiratory disease caused by a newly emerging RNA virus, is a still-growing pandemic that has caused more than 6 million deaths globally and has seriously threatened the lives and health of people across the world. Currently, several drugs have been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19, such as small molecules, neutralizing antibodies, and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, several vaccines have been used to prevent the spread of the pandemic, such as adenovirus vector vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. However, the efficacy of vaccines and the onset of adverse reactions vary among individuals. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are crucial regulators of viral infections and antiviral immune responses and are heavily involved in COVID-19 pathologies. During novel coronavirus infection, circRNAs not only directly affect the transcription process and interfere with viral replication but also indirectly regulate biological processes, including virus-host receptor binding and the immune response. Consequently, understanding the expression and function of circRNAs during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will provide novel insights into the development of circRNA-based methods. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the roles and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs that regulate the inflammatory response, viral replication, immune evasion, and cytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and thus highlighting the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the treatment of COVID-19 and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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172
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Al-qaim ZH, Owadh HKH, Ali SA, Hussein AS, Ameen TR, Kolemen A, Washi GA, Jalil AT. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer: Opportunities and challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029325. [PMID: 36425557 PMCID: PMC9679654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, the increase in the number of patients with severe COVID-19, and the high mortality rate created the basis for the production of safe and effective vaccines. Studies have confirmed the increased risk of severe Covid-19 disease and mortality in cancer patients. It is logical that cancer patients should be the first to receive the primary vaccination and the booster vaccine for Covid-19. Since studies related to cancer patients and the effectiveness of existing Covid-19 vaccines have not been widely conducted, there are significant uncertainties about the effectiveness of the vaccine and the level of humoral and cellular immune responses in these patients. As a result, the possible risks and side effects of existing vaccines are not clear for patients with different cancers who are undergoing special treatments. In this study, we will discuss the effectiveness and safety of existing vaccines on cancer patients. In addition, we highlight factors that could affect the effectiveness of vaccines in these patients and finally discuss opportunities and challenges related to vaccination in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Haleem Al-qaim
- Anesthesia Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | | | - Sarah A. Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Alaa S. Hussein
- Radiological Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | | | - Ayshan Kolemen
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Ghassan A. Washi
- Department of Nursing, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
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Shah PP, Glidai Y, Braunstein R, Gorski M, Lee J, Anwar F, Schrier A, Winokur J, Steiner AS. Reports of New and Recurrent Keratitis following mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022:1-6. [PMID: 36345233 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2133730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As ophthalmic side effects of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccination are not well understood, it is crucial to document and report such instances should they occur. METHODS In this observational case series, we report nine patients (55.6% male, mean age 58.9) who received either the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccinations from January to June of 2021, and presented with symptoms of keratitis within 14 days. All patients underwent slit-lamp examination and histories were taken. RESULTS Most subjects (66.7%) had a history of corneal inflammatory diseases and resolved under antiviral and/or steroidal treatment. Patients who reported symptoms after their second vaccine dose presented earlier than those who reported symptoms after the first dose (mean 4.4 days vs 10.5 days, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The immunological reaction following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger new-onset or reactivation of keratitis, though causality cannot be proven. Despite its rarity, clinicians should be aware of this possible complication and be prepared to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras P. Shah
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Yoav Glidai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Richard Braunstein
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Gorski
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Jung Lee
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Farihah Anwar
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Amelia Schrier
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Jules Winokur
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Anne S. Steiner
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
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Analysis of the Prevalence of Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies against 39 Human Adenovirus Types in Student Cohorts Reveals Low-Prevalence Types and a Decline in Binding Antibody Levels during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Virol 2022; 96:e0113322. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01133-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are important for the development of novel immunizations, oncolytic therapies, and gene therapies. The use of HAdV-based vaccines against Ebola virus, the rapid adaptation of the vector technology for vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their very good efficacy have shown the great potential of HAdV-based vaccines.
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SPIRITO F, MAZZOCCOLI G, DI COSOLA M, LO MUZIO L. Solid organ transplantation and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: is there a possible alternative? GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.22.04907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Rueda-Fernández M, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, González-Acedo A, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Illescas-Montes R. The current status of COVID-19 vaccines. A scoping review. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103336. [PMID: 35995361 PMCID: PMC9389839 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new disease that has led to a worldwide pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and a high economic burden. Here, we analyze the current status of preventive vaccines authorized by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Published clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of mRNA (BNT162b2 and Spikevax), adenovirus vector-based (Ad26.COV2.S and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), and recombinant protein S (NVX-CoV2373) vaccines to be between 52.9% and 100%. The most-frequent adverse effects include local pain, fatigue, headache, or chills. Serious events are associated with Ad26.COV2.S and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rueda-Fernández
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor J Costela-Ruiz
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, C/ Cortadura del Valle, Sn, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Melilla, University of Granada, C/ Santander, 1, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | - Javier Ramos-Torrecillas
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/ Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
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ÜRÜN M, BEYPINAR İ, DAVARCI SE, DEMİR H, BAYKARA M. The evaluation of vaccination status and the factors affecting vaccination in cancer patients. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2022. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.1094182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased the mortality of cancer patients by causing direct infection or collateral damage to the healthcare system. After the development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 infection, mortality rates declined. In this study, we try to investigate the vaccination among cancer patients.
Material and Methods:
A survey was applied to patients with cancer in order to investigate the attitudes towards vaccination and the factors effecting vaccination in two medical oncology centers in Turkey.
Results:
271 patients were included in the study. No difference was observed in the attitudes of patients towards vaccination according to cancer type. 83% of the patients were vaccinated against COVID-19. In 75% of the study population, vaccine was administered in the earliest available time. Receiving chemotherapy was the most significant reason to avoid vaccination among the study group (p=0,002). There was no significant difference in terms of treatment type for COVID-19 between patients with or without adequate vaccination. The most negative factor affecting vaccination was active chemotherapy treatment. Social relations and traditional media were the most positive factors for vaccination.
Discussion:
Vaccination is of vital importance for patients who are treated or on remission. Even if patients are to receive chemotherapy, they should be informed about vaccination and should be encouraged for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hacer DEMİR
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi
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178
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Garcia G, Chakravarty N, Abu AE, Jeyachandran AV, Takano KA, Brown R, Morizono K, Arumugaswami V. Replication-Deficient Zika Vector-Based Vaccine Provides Maternal and Fetal Protection in Mouse Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0113722. [PMID: 36169338 PMCID: PMC9602260 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01137-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne human pathogen, causes dire congenital brain developmental abnormalities in children of infected mothers. The global health crisis precipitated by this virus has led to a concerted effort to develop effective therapies and prophylactic measures although, unfortunately, not very successfully. The error-prone nature of RNA viral genome replication tends to promote evolution of novel viral strains, which could cause epidemics and pandemics. As such, our objective was to develop a safe and effective replication-deficient ZIKV vector-based vaccine candidate. We approached this by generating a ZIKV vector containing only the nonstructural (NS) 5'-untranslated (UTR)-NS-3' UTR sequences, with the structural proteins capsid (C), precursor membrane (prM), and envelope (E) (CprME) used as a packaging system. We efficiently packaged replication-deficient Zika vaccine particles in human producer cells and verified antigen expression in vitro. In vivo studies showed that, after inoculation in neonatal mice, the Zika vaccine candidate (ZVAX) was safe and did not produce any replication-competent revertant viruses. Immunization of adult, nonpregnant mice showed that ZVAX protected mice from lethal challenge by limiting viral replication. We then evaluated the safety and efficacy of ZVAX in pregnant mice, where it was shown to provide efficient maternal and fetal protection against Zika disease. Mass cytometry analysis showed that vaccinated pregnant animals had high levels of splenic CD8+ T cells and effector memory T cell responses with reduced proinflammatory cell responses, suggesting that endogenous expression of NS proteins by ZVAX induced cellular immunity against ZIKV NS proteins. We also investigated humoral immunity against ZIKV, which is potentially induced by viral proteins present in ZVAX virions. We found no significant difference in neutralizing antibody titer in vaccinated or unvaccinated challenged animals; therefore, it is likely that cellular immunity plays a major role in ZVAX-mediated protection against ZIKV infection. In conclusion, we demonstrated ZVAX as an effective inducer of protective immunity against ZIKV, which can be further evaluated for potential prophylactic application in humans. IMPORTANCE This research is important as it strives to address the critical need for effective prophylactic measures against the outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) and outlines an important vaccine technology that could potentially be used to induce immune responses against other pandemic-potential viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angel Elma Abu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arjit Vijey Jeyachandran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kari-Ann Takano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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179
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Yang B, Huang X, Gao H, Leung NH, Tsang TK, Cowling BJ. Immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose fractionation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:409. [PMID: 36284331 PMCID: PMC9595080 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dose fractionation of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine could effectively accelerate global vaccine coverage, while supporting evidence of efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety are unavailable, especially with emerging variants. METHODS We systematically reviewed clinical trials that reported dose-finding results and estimated the dose-response relationship of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) of COVID-19 vaccines using a generalized additive model. We predicted the vaccine efficacy against both ancestral and variants, using previously reported correlates of protection and cross-reactivity. We also reviewed and compared seroconversion to nAbs, T cell responses, and safety profiles between fractional and standard dose groups. RESULTS We found that dose fractionation of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines could induce SARS-CoV-2-specific nAbs and T cells that confer a reasonable level of protection (i.e., vaccine efficacy > 50%) against ancestral strains and variants up to Omicron. Safety profiles of fractional doses were non-inferior to the standard dose. CONCLUSIONS Dose fractionation of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines may be safe and effective, which would also vary depending on the characteristics of emerging variants and updated vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Yang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaotong Huang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huizhi Gao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy H Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tim K Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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180
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O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Clancy CS, Marzi A. Protection from COVID-19 with a VSV-based vaccine expressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025500. [PMID: 36353642 PMCID: PMC9638159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine efforts countering the COVID-19 pandemic are centralized around the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein as viral antigen and have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Since the start of this pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved resulting in new variants of concern (VOC) challenging the vaccine-established immunologic memory. We show that vaccination with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S plus the conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein was protective in a hamster challenge model when a single dose was administered 28 or 10 days prior to challenge, respectively. In this study, only intranasal vaccination resulted in protection against challenge with multiple VOC highlighting that the addition of the N protein indeed improved protective efficacy. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based dual-antigen vaccine to reduce viral shedding and protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Marzi,
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181
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Alonso Castillo R, Martínez Castrillo JC. Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 vaccine. Neurologia 2022:S2173-5808(22)00141-9. [PMID: 36288776 PMCID: PMC9595420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly, giving rise to a pandemic, causing significant morbidity and mortality. In this context, many vaccines have emerged to try to deal with this disease. OBJECTIVE To review the reported cases of neurological manifestations after the application of COVID-19 vaccines, describing clinical, analytical and neuroimaging findings and health outcomes. METHODS We carried out a review through bibliographic searches in PubMed. RESULTS We found 86 articles, including 13 809 patients with a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Most occurred in women (63.89%), with a median age of 50 years. The most frequently reported adverse events were Bell's palsy 4936/13 809 (35.7%), headache (4067/13 809), cerebrovascular events 2412/13 809 (17.47%), Guillain-Barré syndrome 868/13 809 (6.28%), central nervous system demyelination 258/13 809 (1.86%) and functional neurological disorder 398/13 809 (2.88%). Most of the published cases occurred in temporal association with the Pfizer vaccine (BNT162b2), followed by the AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOX1-S). CONCLUSIONS It is not possible to establish a causal relationship between these adverse events and COVID-19 vaccines with the currently existing data, nor to calculate the frequency of appearance of these disorders. However, it is necessary for health professionals to be familiar with these events, facilitating their early diagnosis and treatment. Large controlled epidemiological studies are necessary to establish a possible causal relationship between vaccination against COVID-19 and neurological adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alonso Castillo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Martínez Castrillo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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182
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Stuart ASV, Virta M, Williams K, Seppa I, Hartvickson R, Greenland M, Omoruyi E, Bastian AR, Haazen W, Salisch N, Gymnopoulou E, Callendret B, Faust SN, Snape MD, Heijnen E. Phase 1/2a Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adenovirus 26 Vector Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine Encoding Prefusion F in Adults 18-50 Years and RSV-Seropositive Children 12-24 Months. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:71-82. [PMID: 36259542 PMCID: PMC9796164 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of pediatric morbidity, with no approved vaccine. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.RSV.preF vaccine candidate in adults and children. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, phase 1/2a, placebo-controlled study, 12 adults (18-50 years) and 36 RSV-seropositive children (12-24 months) were randomized 2:1 to Ad26.RSV.preF (1 × 1011 viral particles [vp] for adults, 5 × 1010 vp for children) or placebo, at day 1 and 29, with 6-month immunogenicity and 1-year safety follow-up. Respiratory syncytial virus infection was an exploratory outcome in children. RESULTS In adults, solicited adverse events (AEs) were generally mild to moderate, with no serious AEs. In children, no vaccination-related serious AEs were reported; fever was reported in 14 (58.3%) Ad26.RSV.preF recipients. Baseline pediatric geometric mean titers for RSV A2 neutralization increased from 121 (95% confidence interval [CI], 76-191) to 1608 (95% CI, 730-3544) at day 29, and 2235 (95% CI, 1586-3150) at day 57, remaining elevated over 7 months. Respiratory syncytial virus infection was confirmed in fewer children receiving Ad26.RSV.preF (1, 4.2%) than placebo (5, 41.7%). CONCLUSIONS Ad26.RSV.preF demonstrated immunogenicity in healthy adults and toddlers, with no safety concerns raised. Evaluations in RSV-seronegative children are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabella S V Stuart
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Melanie Greenland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wouter Haazen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Salisch
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Oxford NIHR – Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Heijnen
- Correspondence: Esther Heijnen, MD, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, 2333 CN, The Netherlands ()
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183
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Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 versus CoronaVac vaccination. iScience 2022; 25:105379. [PMID: 36277260 PMCID: PMC9575314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns of reduced COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. We investigated the humoral immunity in uninfected and previously infected ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccinees, who have received complete regimes of vaccines by means of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus blocking test. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (p = 0.0013) and BNT162b2 (p = 0.0005) vaccines induced significant higher blocking activity with longer durability against the Spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of wild type SARS-CoV-2 than the CoronaVac vaccine in uninfected vaccinees. Prior infection improved protection in the CoronaVac vaccinees. Subsequent investigation on the breadth of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody blocking responses, revealed that all vaccine platforms cross-protected uninfected vaccinees against all variant of concerns, except Omicron. Prior infection protected the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccinees against Omicron but not CoronaVac vaccinees. Our study suggests that vaccines that induce broader sterilizing immunity are essential to fight against fast-emerging variants. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and CoronaVac did not protect against Omicron variant Combination of prior infection and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 cross-protected against Omicron variant The CoronaVac vaccine had no protective effect against Omicron regardless of infection status Prolonged target antigen exposure and target diversification are key for next SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
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184
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Ajlan AA, Ali T, Aleid H, Almeshari K, DeVol E, Alkaff MA, Fajji L, Alali A, Halabi D, Althuwaidi S, Alghamdi S, Ullah A, Alrajhi A, Bzeizi K, Almaghrabi R, Marquez KAH, Elmikkaoui B, Albogumi E, Aldakhil H, Al-Awwami M, Broering DC. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of the BNT-162b2 vaccine and the ChAdOx1 vaccine for solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:786. [PMID: 36229772 PMCID: PMC9559153 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread to millions of people worldwide. Preliminary data from organ transplant recipients have shown reduced seroconversion rates after the administration of different SARS-CoV-2 vaccination platforms. However, it is unknown whether different vaccination platforms provide different levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2. To answer this question, we prospectively studied 431 kidney and liver transplant recipients (kidney: n = 230; liver: n = 201) who received either the ChAdOx1 vaccine (n = 148) or the BNT-162b2 vaccine (n = 283) and underwent an assessment of immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G spike antibody levels. The primary objective of the study is to directly compare the efficacy of two different vaccine platforms in solid organ transplant recipients by measuring of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the RBD of the spike protein (anti-RBD) two weeks after first and second doses. Our secondary endpoints were solicited specific local or systemic adverse events within 7 days after the receipt of each dose of the vaccine. There was no difference in the primary outcome between the two vaccine platforms in patients who received two vaccine doses. Unresponsiveness was mainly linked to diabetes. The rate of response after the first dose among younger older patients was significantly larger; however, after the second dose this difference did not persist (p = 0.079). Side effects were similar to those that were observed during the pivotal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A Ajlan
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Solid Organ Transplant. Transplant Clinical Pharmacy Section. Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tariq Ali
- Adult Transplant Nephrology, Kidney and Pancreas Health Centre, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Aleid
- Adult Transplant Nephrology, Kidney and Pancreas Health Centre, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Almeshari
- Adult Transplant Nephrology, Kidney and Pancreas Health Centre, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward DeVol
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Morad Ahmed Alkaff
- Immunology and Serology Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Layal Fajji
- Clinical Transplant, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alali
- Transplant Coordination Team Leader, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dani Halabi
- Transplant Clinical Specialist, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Althuwaidi
- Medical Microbiology, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department., King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Adult Transplant Hepatology, Adult Transplant Hepatology, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Asad Ullah
- Adult Transplant Nephrology, Kidney and Pancreas Health Centre, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alrajhi
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department-Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Bzeizi
- Adult Transplant Hepatology, Adult Transplant Hepatology, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Almaghrabi
- Infectious Diseases, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence Department-Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kris Ann Hervera Marquez
- Analytics Data Centre, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence Department-Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Elmikkaoui
- Clinical Analyst, Data Management, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence Department-Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid Albogumi
- Clinical Analyst, Data Management, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence Department-Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa Aldakhil
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moheeb Al-Awwami
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Kidney and Pancreas Health Centre Department, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter C Broering
- Organ Transplant Centre, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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185
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Castillo RA, Castrillo JCM. [NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19 VACCINE]. Neurologia 2022:S0213-4853(22)00187-6. [PMID: 36245941 PMCID: PMC9554338 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly, giving rise to a pandemic, causing significant morbidity and mortality. In this context, many vaccines have emerged to try to deal with this disease. OBJECTIVE To review the reported cases of neurological manifestations after the application of COVID-19 vaccines, describing clinical, analytical and neuroimaging findings and health outcomes. METHODS We carried out a review through bibliographic searches in PubMed. RESULTS We found 86 articles, including 13,809 patients with a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Most occurred in women (63.89%), with a median age of 50 years. The most frequently reported adverse events were Bell's palsy 4936/13809 (35.7%), headache (4067/13809), cerebrovascular events 2412/13809 (17.47%), Guillain-Barré syndrome 868/13809 (6.28%), central nervous system demyelination 258/13809 (1.86%) and functional neurological disorder 398/13809 (2.88%). Most of the published cases occurred in temporal association with the Pfizer vaccine (BNT162b2), followed by the AstraZeneca vaccine (ChAdOX1 nCoV-19). CONCLUSIONS It is not possible to establish a causal relationship between these adverse events and COVID-19 vaccines with the currently existing data, nor to calculate the frequency of appearance of these disorders. However, it is necessary for health professionals to be familiar with these events, facilitating their early diagnosis and treatment. Large controlled epidemiological studies are necessary to establish a possible causal relationship between vaccination against COVID-19 and neurological adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Alonso Castillo
- Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Universidad de Alcalá, Spain
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186
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A deep understanding of the relationship between a scarce drug's dose and clinical response is necessary to appropriately distribute a supply-constrained drug along these lines. SUMMARY OF KEY DATA The vast majority of drug development and repurposing during the COVID-19 pandemic - an event that has made clear the ever-present scarcity in healthcare systems -has been ignorant of scarcity and dose optimisation's ability to help address it. CONCLUSIONS Future pandemic clinical trials systems should obtain dose optimisation data, as these appear necessary to enable appropriate scarce resource allocation according to societal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Strohbehn
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Govind Persad
- Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - William F Parker
- Maclean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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187
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Özbay Kurt FG, Lepper A, Gerhards C, Roemer M, Lasser S, Arkhypov I, Bitsch R, Bugert P, Altevogt P, Gouttefangeas C, Neumaier M, Utikal J, Umansky V. Booster dose of mRNA vaccine augments waning T cell and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012526. [PMID: 36311732 PMCID: PMC9597683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual decay in humoral and cellular immune responses over time upon SAR1S-CoV-2 vaccination may cause a lack of protective immunity. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of antibodies, T cells, and monocytes in 25 participants vaccinated with mRNA or ChAdOx1-S up to 12 weeks after the 3rd (booster) dose with mRNA vaccine. We observed a substantial increase in antibodies and CD8 T cells specific for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Moreover, vaccination induced activated T cells expressing CD69, CD137 and producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Virus-specific CD8 T cells showed predominantly memory phenotype. Although the level of antibodies and frequency of virus-specific T cells reduced 4-6 months after the 2nd dose, they were augmented after the 3rd dose followed by a decrease later. Importantly, T cells generated after the 3rd vaccination were also reactive against Omicron variant, indicated by a similar level of IFN-γ production after stimulation with Omicron peptides. Breakthrough infection in participants vaccinated with two doses induced more SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells than the booster vaccination. We found an upregulation of PD-L1 expression on monocytes but no accumulation of myeloid cells with MDSC-like immunosuppressive phenotype after the vaccination. Our results indicate that the 3rd vaccination fosters antibody and T cell immune response independently from vaccine type used for the first two injections. However, such immune response is attenuated over time, suggesting thereby the need for further vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Gül Özbay Kurt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alisa Lepper
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catharina Gerhards
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathis Roemer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Samantha Lasser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ihor Arkhypov
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bitsch
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Viktor Umansky,
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188
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Kim J, Chang E, Park SY, Lee DW, Kang CK, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Oh MD, Park WB, Lee KH, Im SA. Evaluation of Seropositivity After Standard Doses of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Treatment. Oncologist 2022; 27:e931-e937. [PMID: 36218350 PMCID: PMC9732225 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected millions of individuals, and patients with cancer are known to be more susceptible. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and used for patients with cancer, but scarce data are available on their efficacy in patients under active anti-cancer therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we semi-quantitatively measured the titers of the immunoglobulin G against the anti-spike protein subunit 1 of SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination of patients with early breast cancer undergoing concurrent chemotherapy, endocrinal or targeted non-cytotoxic treatments, and no treatments. RESULTS Standard doses of COVID-19 vaccines provided sufficient immune responses in patients with early breast cancer, regardless of the type of anticancer therapies. However, the post-vaccination serum anti-spike antibody titers were significantly lower in the patients under cytotoxic chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Our study emphasizes the importance of the personalized risk stratification and consideration for booster doses in more vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Song Yi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Wan Beom Park, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82 2 2072 3596; Email
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Corresponding author: Kyung-Hun Lee, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea. Tel: 82 2 2072 7207; Email
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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189
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DeWolf S, Laracy JC, Perales MA, Kamboj M, van den Brink MRM, Vardhana S. SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals. Immunity 2022; 55:1779-1798. [PMID: 36182669 PMCID: PMC9468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals and particularly those with hematologic malignancies are at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2-associated morbidity and mortality due to immunologic deficits that limit prevention, treatment, and clearance of the virus. Understanding the natural history of viral infections in people with impaired immunity due to underlying conditions, immunosuppressive therapy, or a combination thereof has emerged as a critical area of investigation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies focused on these individuals have provided key insights into aspects of innate and adaptive immunity underlying both the antiviral immune response and excess inflammation in the setting of COVID-19. This review presents what is known about distinct states of immunologic vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 and how this information can be harnessed to improve prevention and treatment strategies for immunologically high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan DeWolf
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin C Laracy
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santosha Vardhana
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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190
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Kang B, Chu H, Youn BY, Leem J. Prevention and management of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination using traditional Korean medicine: An online survey of public health doctors. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:10053-10065. [PMID: 36246807 PMCID: PMC9561582 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since February 2021, vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has started in Korea.
AIM To perform a questionnaire survey about the prevention and management of adverse events of COVID-19 vaccination among public health doctors of Korean Medicine (PHKMDs).
METHODS An online questionnaire was developed, comprising categories about adverse events of vaccination (AEVs) and perception of using Korean medicine (KM) in managing vaccine adverse events (AEs) among PHKMDs. PHKMDs’ experience of AEVs, usage of Korean medicine for AEVs, and perception and attitude in using KM for AEVs were surveyed. The survey web-link was emailed to the association of PHKMDs. Online links were sent through Survey Monkey to all PHKMDs in Korea.
RESULTS A total of 143 participants were recruited for this study; 65% of participants were vaccinated at the same of the survey (n = 93). Although most participants did not take any medication for prevention of the adverse events, 62% (n = 58) of participants had taken herbal medicine to treat the adverse events (n = 52). Approximately 35% of participants (n = 33) said that they would recommend taking herbal medicine to prevent any AEVs. From various KM interventions, the participants strongly recommended taking an herbal medicine (n = 69, 74.19%) to treat AEs, and the second-highest was acupuncture treatment (n = 19, 20.43%).
CONCLUSION Overall, this research demonstrated a high prevalence of KM usage by the PHKMDs. Hence, this study's results may serve as fundamental evidence for health professionals to consider using KM treatments when treating or preventing AEVs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungsoo Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, South Korea
| | - Hongmin Chu
- Daecheong Public Health Subcenter, Ongjin Public Healthcenter, Incheon 23105, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bo-Young Youn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jungtae Leem
- College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
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191
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Ruiz WG, Clayton DR, Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64584. [PMID: 36282713 PMCID: PMC10108903 DOI: 10.3791/64584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to forming a high-resistance barrier, the urothelium lining the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra is hypothesized to sense and transmit information about its environment to the underlying tissues, promoting voiding function and behavior. Disruption of the urothelial barrier, or its sensory/transducer function, can lead to disease. Studying these complex events is hampered by lack of simple strategies to alter gene and protein expression in the urothelium. Methods are described here that allow investigators to generate large amounts of high-titer adenovirus, which can then be used to transduce rodent urothelium with high efficiency, and in a relatively straightforward manner. Both cDNAs and small interfering RNAs can be expressed using adenoviral transduction, and the impact of transgene expression on urothelial function can be assessed 12 h to several days later. These methods have broad applicability to studies of normal and abnormal urothelial biology using mouse or rat animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine;
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192
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Palatnik-de-Sousa I, Wallace ZS, Cavalcante SC, Ribeiro MPF, Silva JABM, Cavalcante RC, Scheuermann RH, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. A novel vaccine based on SARS-CoV-2 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell conserved epitopes from variants Alpha to Omicron. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16731. [PMID: 36202985 PMCID: PMC9537284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused, as of September, 1rst, 2022, 599,825,400 confirmed cases, including 6,469,458 deaths. Currently used vaccines reduced severity and mortality but not virus transmission or reinfection by different strains. They are based on the Spike protein of the Wuhan reference virus, which although highly antigenic suffered many mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants, escaping vaccine-generated immune responses. Multiepitope vaccines based on 100% conserved epitopes of multiple proteins of all SARS-CoV-2 variants, rather than a single highly mutating antigen, could offer more long-lasting protection. In this study, a multiepitope multivariant vaccine was designed using immunoinformatics and in silico approaches. It is composed of highly promiscuous and strong HLA binding CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes of the S, M, N, E, ORF1ab, ORF 6 and ORF8 proteins. Based on the analysis of one genome per WHO clade, the epitopes were 100% conserved among the Wuhan-Hu1, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron, Mµ, Zeta, Lambda and R1 variants. An extended epitope-conservancy analysis performed using GISAID metadata of 3,630,666 SARS-CoV-2 genomes of these variants and the additional genomes of the Epsilon, Lota, Theta, Eta, Kappa and GH490 R clades, confirmed the high conservancy of the epitopes. All but one of the CD4 peptides showed a level of conservation greater than 97% among all genomes. All but one of the CD8 epitopes showed a level of conservation greater than 96% among all genomes, with the vast majority greater than 99%. A multiepitope and multivariant recombinant vaccine was designed and it was stable, mildly hydrophobic and non-toxic. The vaccine has good molecular docking with TLR4 and promoted, without adjuvant, strong B and Th1 memory immune responses and secretion of high levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, lower levels of IL-12, TGF-β and IL-10, and no IL-6. Experimental in vivo studies should validate the vaccine’s further use as preventive tool with cross-protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iam Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Department of Electrical Engeneering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephany Christiny Cavalcante
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Fonseca Ribeiro
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Barbosa Martins Silva
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ciro Cavalcante
- Department of Pharmacy, Campus Professor Antônio Garcia Filho, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Institute for Immunological Investigation (III), INCT, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
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193
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Kandala B, Plock N, Chawla A, Largajolli A, Robey S, Watson K, Thatavarti R, Dubey SA, Cheung SA, de Greef R, Stone J, Sachs JR. Accelerating model-informed decisions for COVID-19 vaccine candidates using a model-based meta-analysis approach. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104264. [PMID: 36182824 PMCID: PMC9514977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for innovative quantitative decision tools to support rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To meet that need, we developed and applied a model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) approach integrating non-clinical and clinical immunogenicity and protection data. Methods A systematic literature review identified studies of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques (RM) and humans. Summary-level data of 13 RM and 8 clinical trials were used in the analysis. A RM MBMA model was developed to quantify the relationship between serum neutralizing (SN) titres after vaccination and peak viral load (VL) post-challenge in RM. The translation of the RM MBMA model to a clinical protection model was then carried out to predict clinical efficacies based on RM data alone. Subsequently, clinical SN and efficacy data were integrated to develop three predictive models of efficacy – a calibrated RM MBMA, a joint (RM-Clinical) MBMA, and the clinical MBMA model. The three models were leveraged to predict efficacies of vaccine candidates not included in the model and efficacies against newer strains of SARS-CoV-2. Findings Clinical efficacies predicted based on RM data alone were in reasonable agreement with the reported data. The SN titre predicted to provide 50% efficacy was estimated to be about 21% of the mean human convalescent titre level, and that value was consistent across the three models. Clinical efficacies predicted from the MBMA models agreed with reported efficacies for two vaccine candidates (BBV152 and CoronaVac) not included in the modelling and for efficacies against delta variant. Interpretation The three MBMA models are predictive of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and provide a translational framework to enable early Go/No-Go and study design decisions using non-clinical and/or limited clinical immunogenicity data in the development of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Funding This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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194
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The bullwhip effect, T-cell telomeres, and SARS-CoV-2. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e715-e721. [PMID: 36202131 PMCID: PMC9529217 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both myeloid cells, which contribute to innate immunity, and lymphoid cells, which dominate adaptive immunity, partake in defending against SARS-CoV-2. In response to the virus, the otherwise slow haematopoietic production supply chain quickly unleashes its preconfigured myeloid element, which largely resists a bullwhip-like effect. By contrast, the lymphoid element risks a bullwhip-like effect when it produces T cells and B cells that are specifically designed to clear the virus. As T-cell production is telomere-length dependent and telomeres shorten with age, older adults are at higher risk of a T-cell shortfall when contracting SARS-CoV-2 than are younger adults. A poorly calibrated adaptive immune response, stemming from a bullwhip-like effect, compounded by a T-cell deficit, might thus contribute to the propensity of people with inherently short T-cell telomeres to develop severe COVID-19. The immune systems of these individuals might also generate an inadequate T-cell response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
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195
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Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010876. [PMID: 36178969 PMCID: PMC9555632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant of Concern is highly transmissible and contains mutations that confer partial immune escape. The emergence of Delta in North America caused the first surge in COVID-19 cases after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines became widely available. To determine whether individuals infected despite vaccination might be capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2, we compared RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) data from 20,431 test-positive anterior nasal swab specimens from fully vaccinated (n = 9,347) or unvaccinated (n = 11,084) individuals tested at a single commercial laboratory during the interval 28 June– 1 December 2021 when Delta variants were predominant. We observed no significant effect of vaccine status alone on Ct value, nor when controlling for vaccine product or sex. Testing a subset of low-Ct (<25) samples, we detected infectious virus at similar rates, and at similar titers, in specimens from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. These data indicate that vaccinated individuals infected with Delta variants are capable of shedding infectious SARS-CoV-2 and could play a role in spreading COVID-19. A pivotal moment in the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. occurred during the summer of 2021—after the majority of people were vaccinated against the virus that causes COVID. The paradigm at the time was that infection and transmission after vaccination were rare. After contact tracers noticed an increase in infections after vaccination, we rapidly assembled a team of virologists, epidemiologists, and public health officials to investigate. Our study was conducted in Wisconsin at a time when the Delta variant accounted for almost all new infections. While data related to individual outbreaks and large gatherings were emerging, we examined data from community test sites spread over a wide geographic area in Wisconsin. We found that a large proportion of people with infection despite full vaccination had high levels of virus in their bodies, regardless of sex or the type of vaccine they received. Our study was one of the first to demonstrate the possibility that vaccinated people could play a role in spreading COVID, and helped inform public health policies (such as mask mandates) to cope with new surges in COVID-19 cases.
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196
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Duhen R, Beymer M, Jensen SM, Abbina S, Abraham S, Jain N, Thomas A, Geall AJ, Hu HM, Fox BA, Weinberg AD. OX40 agonist stimulation increases and sustains humoral and cell-mediated responses to SARS-CoV-2 protein and saRNA vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896310. [PMID: 36238275 PMCID: PMC9551348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and generate long-lasting immunity, vaccines need to generate strong viral-specific B and T cell responses. Previous results from our lab and others have shown that immunizations in the presence of an OX40 agonist antibody lead to higher antibody titers and increased numbers of long-lived antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Using a similar strategy, we explored the effect of OX40 co-stimulation in a prime and boost vaccination scheme using an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine in C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that OX40 engagement during vaccination significantly increases long-lived antibody responses to the spike protein. In addition, after immunization spike protein-specific proliferation was greatly increased for both CD4 and CD8 T cells, with enhanced, spike-specific secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2. Booster (3rd injection) immunizations combined with an OX40 agonist (7 months post-prime) further increased vaccine-specific antibody and T cell responses. Initial experiments assessing a self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccine encoding the spike protein antigen show a robust antigen-specific CD8 T cell response. The saRNA spike-specific CD8 T cells express high levels of GrzmB, IFN-γ and TNF-α which was not observed with protein immunization and this response was further increased by the OX40 agonist. Similar to protein immunizations the OX40 agonist also increased vaccine-specific CD4 T cell responses. In summary, this study compares and contrasts the effects and benefits of both protein and saRNA vaccination and the extent to which an OX40 agonist enhances and sustains the immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Duhen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebekka Duhen,
| | - Michael Beymer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Shawn M. Jensen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Nikita Jain
- Precision NanoSystems Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrew D. Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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Dickey TH, Tang WK, Butler B, Ouahes T, Orr-Gonzalez S, Salinas ND, Lambert LE, Tolia NH. Design of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine antigen improves neutralizing antibody response. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8276. [PMID: 36103542 PMCID: PMC9473567 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and is a component of almost all current vaccines. Here, RBD immunogens were created with stabilizing amino acid changes that improve the neutralizing antibody response, as well as characteristics for production, storage, and distribution. A computational design and in vitro screening platform identified three improved immunogens, each with approximately nine amino acid changes relative to the native RBD sequence, and four key changes conserved between immunogens. The changes are adaptable to all vaccine platforms and compatible with mutations in emerging variants of concern. The immunogens elicit higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than native RBD, focus the immune response to structured neutralizing epitopes, and have increased production yields and thermostability. Incorporating these variant-independent amino acid changes in next-generation COVID vaccines may enhance the neutralizing antibody response and lead to longer duration and broader protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H. Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wai Kwan Tang
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandi Butler
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tarik Ouahes
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nichole D. Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn E. Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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198
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El-Menyar A, Khan NA, Mekkodathil A, Rizoli S, Consunji R, Elmenyar E, Galwankar S, Al-Thani H. A quick scoping review of the first year of vaccination against the COVID-19 pandemic: Do we need more shots or time? Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30609. [PMID: 36123868 PMCID: PMC9477714 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants, along with the waning of vaccine-induced immunity, has increased breakthrough infections and urged booster jabs and debates. In the short term, the administration of booster doses has been reported to be safe and enhance severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific neutralizing antibody levels. However, the effects of these doses on the pandemic trajectory and herd immunity are unclear. There is insufficient evidence that a third booster shot of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine maintains longer immunity and covers new viral variants. The lack of sufficient evidence, combined with the fact that millions of people have not yet received 1 or 2 jabs of the COVID-19 vaccine, has raised concerns regarding the call for booster vaccinations. METHODS We conducted a quick scoping review to explore the literature on the need for a booster COVID-19 vaccination from January 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022. RESULTS Sixty-one relevant publications were identified, of which 17 were related to waning immunity after 2 doses of the vaccine among the general population or healthcare workers, 19 were related to the third or booster dose of vaccination after the second dose among the general population or healthcare workers, and 25 were related to booster dose among immunocompromised patient. CONCLUSIONS Initially, the need for a booster dose was equivocal; however, several studies demonstrated the benefit of the booster dose over time. Adequate scientific information is required regarding the administration of booster doses to the general population as well as the high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery Clinical Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
- Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery Clinical Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Ahammed Mekkodathil
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery Clinical Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | - Rafael Consunji
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
| | | | - Sagar Galwankar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, FL
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
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Caniza MA, Homsi MR, Bate J, Adrizain R, Ahmed T, Alexander S, Bhattacharyya A, Copado‐Gutierrez JL, Gutierrez I, Lim YY, Morrissey L, Naidu G, Paintsil V, Radhakrishnan N, Mukkada S, Phillips R, Alexander KA, Pritchard‐Jones K. Answers to common questions about COVID-19 vaccines in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29985. [PMID: 36114651 PMCID: PMC9538403 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2020 evolved into a global pandemic, and COVID-19 vaccines became rapidly available, including for pediatric patients. However, questions emerged that challenged vaccine acceptance and use. We aimed to answer these questions and give recommendations applicable for use in pediatric patients with cancer by healthcare professionals and the public. METHODS A 12-member global COVID-19 Vaccine in Pediatric Oncology Working Group made up of physicians and nurses from all world regions met weekly from March to July 2021. We used a modified Delphi method to select the top questions. The Working Group, in four-member subgroups, answered assigned questions by providing brief recommendations, followed by a discussion of the rationale for each answer. All Working Group members voted on each recommendation using a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being complete agreement. A "pass" recommendation corresponded to an agreement ≥7.5. RESULTS We selected 15 questions from 173 suggested questions. Based on existing published information, we generated answers for each question as recommendations. The overall average agreement for the 24 recommendations was 9.5 (95% CI 9.4-9.6). CONCLUSION Top COVID-19 vaccine-related questions could be answered using available information. Reports on COVID-19 vaccination and related topics have been published at record speed, aided by available technology and the priority imposed by the pandemic; however, all efforts were made to incorporate emerging information throughout our project. Recommendations will be periodically updated on a dedicated website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguela A. Caniza
- Departments of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA,Departments of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA,Department of or PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Maysam R. Homsi
- Departments of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Jessica Bate
- Department of Paediatric OncologySouthampton Children's HospitalSouthamptonUK
| | - Riyadi Adrizain
- Department of Child HealthFaculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Dr. Hasan Sadikin General HospitalBandungIndonesia
| | - Tarek Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric OncologyChildren's Cancer Hospital EgyptCairoEgypt
| | - Sarah Alexander
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of PediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | | | | | - Ivan Gutierrez
- Department of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesResearch Group Colsubsidio InvestigaClinical Infantil ColsubsidioBogotáColombia,Division of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesClinica Infantil Santa María del LagoBogotáColombia
| | - Yan Yin Lim
- Division of NursingKK Women's and Children's HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa Morrissey
- Department of NursingBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gita Naidu
- Department of Pediatric OncologyChris Hani Baragwanath Academic HospitalUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Vivian Paintsil
- Department of Child HealthSchool of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Nita Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology OncologyPost Graduate Institute of Child HealthNoidaIndia
| | - Sheena Mukkada
- Departments of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA,Departments of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Robert Phillips
- Regional Department of Hematology and OncologyLeeds Children's HospitalLeedsUK,Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Kenneth A. Alexander
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesNemours Children's Hospital‐FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Kathy Pritchard‐Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching DepartmentUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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