151
|
Ufer C, Wang CC, Borchert A, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Redox control in mammalian embryo development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:833-75. [PMID: 20367257 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of an embryo constitutes a complex choreography of regulatory events that underlies precise temporal and spatial control. Throughout this process the embryo encounters ever changing environments, which challenge its metabolism. Oxygen is required for embryogenesis but it also poses a potential hazard via formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). These metabolites are capable of modifying macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) and altering their biological functions. On one hand, such modifications may have deleterious consequences and must be counteracted by antioxidant defense systems. On the other hand, ROS/RNS function as essential signal transducers regulating the cellular phenotype. In this context the combined maternal/embryonic redox homeostasis is of major importance and dysregulations in the equilibrium of pro- and antioxidative processes retard embryo development, leading to organ malformation and embryo lethality. Silencing the in vivo expression of pro- and antioxidative enzymes provided deeper insights into the role of the embryonic redox equilibrium. Moreover, novel mechanisms linking the cellular redox homeostasis to gene expression regulation have recently been discovered (oxygen sensing DNA demethylases and protein phosphatases, redox-sensitive microRNAs and transcription factors, moonlighting enzymes of the cellular redox homeostasis) and their contribution to embryo development is critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ufer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Berlin, FR Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Liu G, Ding M, Chen J, Huang J, Wang H, Jing Q, Shen B. Computational analysis of microRNA function in heart development. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:662-70. [PMID: 20716610 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that specific spatio-temporal microRNA (miRNA) expression is required for heart development. In recent years, hundreds of miRNAs have been discovered. In contrast, functional annotations are available only for a very small fraction of these regulatory molecules. In order to provide a global perspective for the biologists who study the relationship between differentially expressed miRNAs and heart development, we employed computational analysis to uncover the specific cellular processes and biological pathways targeted by miRNAs in mouse heart development. Here, we utilized Gene Ontology (GO) categories, KEGG Pathway, and GeneGo Pathway Maps as a gene functional annotation system for miRNA target enrichment analysis. The target genes of miRNAs were found to be enriched in functional categories and pathway maps in which miRNAs could play important roles during heart development. Meanwhile, we developed miRHrt (http://sysbio.suda.edu.cn/mirhrt/), a database aiming to provide a comprehensive resource of miRNA function in regulating heart development. These computational analysis results effectively illustrated the correlation of differentially expressed miRNAs with cellular functions and heart development. We hope that the identified novel heart development-associated pathways and the database presented here would facilitate further understanding of the roles and mechanisms of miRNAs in heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganqiang Liu
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Jiang L, Liu X, Kolokythas A, Yu J, Wang A, Heidbreder CE, Shi F, Zhou X. Downregulation of the Rho GTPase signaling pathway is involved in the microRNA-138-mediated inhibition of cell migration and invasion in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:505-12. [PMID: 20232393 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the dominant cause of death in cancer patients, including patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Previously, we reported that reduced miR-138 level is correlated with enhanced metastatic potential in TSCC cells. Here, we demonstrate that miR-138 suppresses TSCC cell migration and invasion by regulating 2 key genes in the Rho GTPase signaling pathway: RhoC and ROCK2. Direct targeting of miR-138 to specific sequences located in the 3'-untranslated regions of both RhoC and ROCK2 mRNAs was confirmed using luciferase reporter gene assays. Ectopic transfection of miR-138 reduced the expression of both RhoC and ROCK2 in TSCC cells. These reduced expressions, in consequence, led to the reorganization of the stress fibers and the subsequent cell morphology change to a round bleb-like shape as well as the suppression of cell migration and invasion. In contrast, knockdown of miR-138 in TSCC cells enhanced the expression of RhoC and ROCK2, which resulted in an altered, elongated cell morphology, enhanced cell stress fiber formation and accelerated cell migration and invasion. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-138 plays an important role in TSCC cell migration and invasion by concurrently targeting RhoC and ROCK2, and miR-138 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for TSCC patients at risk of metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
|
155
|
Abstract
The microRNA (miRNA) pathway and the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), which have both been shown to involve targeting of mRNAs by small RNA molecules, are interconnected and depend partly on the same cellular machinery. RNAi in vertebrates was first reported in zebrafish (Danio rerio) 10 years ago. However, reliable RNAi-based gene silencing techniques, based on injection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into zygotes, have not been established for this important vertebrate model because of unspecific developmental defects. We have recently shown that these side effects can be attributed to inhibition of the miRNA pathway by siRNAs at early embryonic stages. This review highlights these findings and the function of microRNAs in zebrafish development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Fjose
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) retain remarkable plasticity to undergo phenotypic modulation in which the expression of smooth muscle markers is markedly attenuated while conversely expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) is dramatically up-regulated. Myocardin is perhaps the most potent transcription factor for stimulating expression of smooth muscle-specific genes; little is known, however, about whether myocardin can orchestrate ECM expression to act in concert with smooth muscle differentiation program. In this study, we demonstrated myocardin coordinate smooth muscle differentiation by inducing transcription of microRNA-143 (miR-143), which attenuates ECM versican protein expression. Previous studies have shown that versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of the ECM that is produced by synthetic SMCs and promotes SMC migration and proliferation. Our data demonstrated that myocardin significantly represses versican expression in multiple cell lines, and this occurs through the induction of miR-143 by myocardin. By a modified reverse transcribed PCR, we found that miR-143 specifically binds to the 3'-untranslated region of versican mRNA. Reporter assays validated that miR-143 targets versican 3'-untranslated region through an evolutionarily conserved miR-143 binding site. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-143 significantly represses versican expression, whereas conversely, depletion of endogenous miR-143 results in up-regulation of versican expression. In addition, we demonstrated that myocardin represses versican through induction of miR-143. Finally, we found that the regulation of versican by miR-143 is involved in platelet-derived growth factor BB-induced SMC migration. This study provides the first evidence that myocardin, in addition to activating smooth muscle-specific genes, regulates ECM expression through induction of microRNAs during smooth muscle differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Abstract
The heart, more than any other organ, requires precise functionality on a second-to-second basis throughout the lifespan of the organism. Even subtle perturbations in cardiac structure or function have catastrophic consequences, resulting in lethal forms of congenital and adult heart disease. Such intolerance of the heart to variability necessitates especially robust regulatory mechanisms to govern cardiac gene expression. Recent studies have revealed central roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) as governors of gene expression during cardiovascular development and disease. The integration of miRNAs into the genetic circuitry of the heart provides a rich and robust array of regulatory interactions to control cardiac gene expression. miRNA regulatory networks also offer opportunities for therapeutically modulating cardiac function through the manipulation of pathogenic and protective miRNAs. We discuss the roles of miRNAs as regulators of cardiac form and function, unresolved questions in the field, and issues for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
|
159
|
Takacs CM, Giraldez AJ. MicroRNAs as genetic sculptors: fishing for clues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:760-7. [PMID: 20152922 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) encode small RNA molecules of approximately 22nts in length that regulate the deadenylation, translation, and decay of their target mRNAs. The identification of miRNAs in plants and animals has uncovered a new layer of gene regulation with important implications for development, cellular homeostasis and disease. Because each miRNA is predicted to regulate several hundred genes, a major challenge in the field remains to elucidate the precise roles for each miRNA and to understand the physiological relevance of individual miRNA-target interactions in vivo. Despite the wide variety of biological contexts where miRNAs function, a common theme emerges, whereby miRNAs shape gene expression within both spatial and temporal dimensions by removing messages from previous cellular states as well as modulating the levels of actively transcribed genes. This review will focus on the role that the teleost Danio rerio (zebrafish) has played in shaping our understanding of miRNA function in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carter M Takacs
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development requires precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression, and heterozygous mutations of transcription factors have frequently been implicated in human cardiovascular malformations. A novel mechanism involving post-transcriptional regulation by small, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) has emerged as a central regulator of many cardiogenic processes. We are beginning to understand the functions that miRNAs play during essential biologic processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, stress response, and tumorigenesis. The identification of miRNAs expressed in specific cardiac and vascular cell types has led to the discovery of important regulatory roles for these small RNAs during cardiomyocyte differentiation, cell cycle, conduction, and vessel formation. Here, we overview the recent findings on miRNA regulation in cardiovascular development. Further analysis of miRNA function during cardiovascular development will allow us to determine the potential for novel miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R. Cordes
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Kathryn N. Ivey
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Stegeman JJ, Goldstone JV, Hahn ME. Perspectives on zebrafish as a model in environmental toxicology. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(10)02910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
162
|
MicroRNAs: potential regulators involved in human anencephaly. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:367-74. [PMID: 19962448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators of messenger RNA activity. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital anomalies that substantially impact an infant's morbidity and mortality. The miRNAs are known to be dynamically regulated during neurodevelopment; their role in human NTDs, however, is still unknown. In this study, we show the presence of a specific miRNA expression profile from tissues of fetuses with anencephaly, one of the most severe forms of NTDs. Furthermore, we map the target genes of these miRNAs in the human genome. In comparison to healthy human fetal brain tissues, tissues from fetuses with anencephaly exhibited 97 down-regulated and 116 up-regulated miRNAs. The microarray findings were extended using real-time qRT-PCR for nine miRNAs. Specifically, of these validated miRNAs, miR-126, miR-198, and miR-451 were up-regulated, while miR-9, miR-212, miR-124, miR-138, and miR-103/107 were down-regulated in the tissues of fetuses with anencephaly. A bioinformatic analysis showed 881 potential target genes that are regulated by the validated miRNAs. Seventy-nine of these potential genes are involved in a protein interaction network. There were 6 co-occurrence annotations within the GOSlim process and 7 co-occurrence annotations within the GOSlim function found by GeneCodis 2.0. Our results suggest that miRNA dysregulation is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of anencephaly.
Collapse
|
163
|
Foley A. Cardiac lineage selection: integrating biological complexity into computational models. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 1:334-347. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Foley
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Zhao X, Yang L, Hu J, Ruan J. miR-138 might reverse multidrug resistance of leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2009; 34:1078-82. [PMID: 19896708 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we firstly investigated the role of miR-138 in multidrug resistance of leukemia cells. miR-138 was found up-regulated in the vincristine-induced multidrug resistance (MDR) leukemia cell line HL-60/VCR as compared with HL-60 cells. Up-regulation of miR-138 could reverse resistance of both P-glycoprotein-related and P-glycoprotein-non-related drugs on HL-60/VCR cells, and promote adriamycin-induced apoptosis, accompanied by increased accumulation and decreased releasing amount of adriamycin. miR-138 could significantly down-regulate the expression of P-glycoprotein, Bcl-2, and the transcription of the multidrug resistance gene 1. Further study of the biological functions of miR-138 might be helpful for developing possible strategies to treat leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhao
- Subsidary Hospital, The Medical University of Ningxia Province, Changle St 17, Yin'chuan 750001, Ningxia Province, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Meola N, Gennarino VA, Banfi S. microRNAs and genetic diseases. PATHOGENETICS 2009; 2:7. [PMID: 19889204 PMCID: PMC2778645 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8417-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs (19-25 nucleotides in length) processed from double-stranded hairpin precursors. They negatively regulate gene expression in animals, by binding, with imperfect base pairing, to target sites in messenger RNAs (usually in 3' untranslated regions) thereby either reducing translational efficiency or determining transcript degradation. Considering that each miRNA can regulate, on average, the expression of approximately several hundred target genes, the miRNA apparatus can participate in the control of the gene expression of a large quota of mammalian transcriptomes and proteomes. As a consequence, miRNAs are expected to regulate various developmental and physiological processes, such as the development and function of many tissue and organs. Due to the strong impact of miRNAs on the biological processes, it is expected that mutations affecting miRNA function have a pathogenic role in human genetic diseases, similar to protein-coding genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence available to date which support the pathogenic role of miRNAs in human genetic diseases. We will first describe the main types of mutation mechanisms affecting miRNA function that can result in human genetic disorders, namely: (1) mutations affecting miRNA sequences; (2) mutations in the recognition sites for miRNAs harboured in target mRNAs; and (3) mutations in genes that participate in the general processes of miRNA processing and function. Finally, we will also describe the results of recent studies, mostly based on animal models, indicating the phenotypic consequences of miRNA alterations on the function of several tissues and organs. These studies suggest that the spectrum of genetic diseases possibly caused by mutations in miRNAs is wide and is only starting to be unravelled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Meola
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Kahai S, Lee SC, Lee DY, Yang J, Li M, Wang CH, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Peng C, Yang BB. MicroRNA miR-378 regulates nephronectin expression modulating osteoblast differentiation by targeting GalNT-7. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7535. [PMID: 19844573 PMCID: PMC2760121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small fragments of single-stranded RNA containing 18-24 nucleotides, and are generated from endogenous transcripts. MicroRNAs function in post-transcriptional gene silencing by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs, resulting in translational repression. We have developed a system to study the role of miRNAs in cell differentiation. We have found that one of the miRNAs tested in our system (miR-378, also called miR-378*) plays a role in modulating nephronectin-mediated differentiation in the osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. Nephronectin is an extracellular matrix protein, and we have demonstrated that its over-expression enhanced osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation. Furthermore, we found that the nephronectin 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) contains a binding site for miR-378. Stable transfection of MC3T3-E1 cells with miR-378 inhibited cell differentiation. MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with nephronectin exhibited higher rates of differentiation and nodule formation as compared with cells transfected with nephronectin containing the 3'UTR in the early stages of development, suggesting that endogenous miR-378 is present and active. However, in the later stages of MC3T3-E1 development, the differentiation rates were opposite, with higher rates of differentiation and nodule formation in the cells over-expressing the 3'UTR of nephronectin. This appeared to be the consequence of competition between nephronectin and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 (GalNAc-T7 or GalNT7) for miR-378 binding, resulting in increased GalNT7 activity, which in turn lead to increased nephronectin glycosylation and product secretion, thereby resulting in a higher rate of osteoblast differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Kahai
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shao-Chen Lee
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Y. Lee
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Minhui Li
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chia-Hui Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Peng
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Catalucci D, Gallo P, Condorelli G. MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Biology and Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:402-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.857425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play important roles in many cellular and biological functions via the regulation of mRNA target translation. In the cardiovascular field, microRNAs are now acknowledged as fundamental in regulating the expression of genes that governs physiological and pathological myocardial adaptation to stress. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of microRNA functions and their involvement in heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Catalucci
- From the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica (D.C., G.C.), Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Fondazione San Raffaele (P.G.), Campus BioMedico University, Rome, Italy; and Division of Cardiology (G.C.), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Paolo Gallo
- From the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica (D.C., G.C.), Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Fondazione San Raffaele (P.G.), Campus BioMedico University, Rome, Italy; and Division of Cardiology (G.C.), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- From the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica (D.C., G.C.), Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Fondazione San Raffaele (P.G.), Campus BioMedico University, Rome, Italy; and Division of Cardiology (G.C.), Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Cloning and identification of microRNAs in bovine alveolar macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:9-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
169
|
MicroRNA profiling and head and neck cancer. Comp Funct Genomics 2009:837514. [PMID: 19753298 PMCID: PMC2688814 DOI: 10.1155/2009/837514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck/oral cancer (HNOC) is a devastating disease. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, mortality rates have not improved significantly over the past three decades. Improvement in patient survival requires a better understanding of the disease progression so that HNOC can be detected early in the disease process and targeted therapeutic interventions can be deployed. Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs play important roles in many human cancers. They are pivotal regulators of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and morphogenesis. MicroRNA expression patterns may become powerful biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of HNOC. In addition, microRNA therapy could be a novel strategy for HNOC prevention and therapeutics. Recent advances in microRNA expression profiling have led to a better understanding of the cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we will survey recent technological advances in microRNA profiling and their applications in defining microRNA markers/targets for cancer prediction, diagnostics, treatment, and prognostics. MicroRNA alterations that consistently identified in HNOC will be discussed, such as upregulation of miR-21, miR-31, miR-155, and downregulation of miR-26b, miR-107, miR-133b, miR-138, and miR-139.
Collapse
|
170
|
|
171
|
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of cardiovascular development requires precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression, and heterozygous mutations of transcription factors have frequently been implicated in human cardiovascular malformations. A novel mechanism involving posttranscriptional regulation by small, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) has emerged as a central regulator of many cardiogenic processes. We are beginning to understand the functions that miRNAs play during essential biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, stress response, and tumorigenesis. The identification of miRNAs expressed in specific cardiac and vascular cell types has led to the discovery of important regulatory roles for these small RNAs during cardiomyocyte differentiation, cell cycle, conduction, vessel formation, and during stages of cardiac hypertrophy in the adult. Here, we overview the recent findings on miRNA regulation in cardiovascular development and report the latest advances in understanding their function by unveiling their mRNA targets. Further analysis of miRNA function during cardiovascular development will allow us to determine the potential for novel miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Cordes
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Williams AH, Liu N, van Rooij E, Olson EN. MicroRNA control of muscle development and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 21:461-9. [PMID: 19278845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal muscle development are controlled by evolutionarily conserved networks of transcription factors that coordinate the expression of genes involved in muscle growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, and contractility. In addition to regulating the expression of protein-coding genes, recent studies have revealed that myogenic transcription factors control the expression of a collection of microRNAs, which act through multiple mechanisms to modulate muscle development and function. In some cases, microRNAs fine-tune the expression of target mRNAs, whereas in other cases they function as 'on-off' switches. MicroRNA control of gene expression appears to be especially important during cardiovascular and skeletal muscle diseases, in which microRNAs participate in stress-dependent remodeling of striated muscle tissues. We review findings that point to the importance of microRNA-mediated control of gene expression during muscle development and disease, and consider the potential of microRNAs as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|