151
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You FM, Jia G, Xiao J, Duguid SD, Rashid KY, Booker HM, Cloutier S. Genetic Variability of 27 Traits in a Core Collection of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1636. [PMID: 28993783 PMCID: PMC5622609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genetic variability of plant core germplasm is needed for efficient germplasm utilization in breeding improvement. A total of 391 accessions of a flax core collection, which preserves the variation present in the world collection of 3,378 accessions maintained by Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC) and represents a broad range of geographical origins, different improvement statuses and two morphotypes, was evaluated in field trials in up to 8 year-location environments for 10 agronomic, eight seed quality, six fiber and three disease resistance traits. The large phenotypic variation in this subset was explained by morphotypes (22%), geographical origins (11%), and other variance components (67%). Both divergence and similarity between two basic morphotypes, namely oil or linseed and fiber types, were observed, whereby linseed accessions had greater thousand seed weight, seeds m-2, oil content, branching capability and resistance to powdery mildew while fiber accessions had greater straw weight, plant height, protein content and resistance to pasmo and fusarium wilt diseases, but they had similar performance in many traits and some of them shared common characteristics of fiber and linseed types. Weak geographical patterns within either fiber or linseed accessions were confirmed, but specific trait performance was identified in East Asia for fiber type, and South Asia and North America for linseed type. Relatively high broad-sense heritability was obtained for seed quality traits, followed by agronomic traits and resistance to powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. Diverse phenotypic and genetic variability in the flax core collection constitutes a useful resource for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M. You
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Frank M. You
| | - Gaofeng Jia
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jin Xiao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
- Department of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Scott D. Duguid
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
| | - Khalid Y. Rashid
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaMorden, MB, Canada
| | - Helen M. Booker
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
- Sylvie Cloutier
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152
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Fractionation and structural characterization of six purified rhamnogalacturonans type I from flaxseed mucilage. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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153
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Shim YY, Olivia CM, Liu J, Boonen R, Shen J, Reaney MJT. Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Cyanogenic Glycosides in Gluten-free Bread Fortified with Flaxseed Meal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9551-9558. [PMID: 27998066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) meal contains cyanogenic glycosides (CGs) and the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1). Gluten-free (GF) doughs and baked goods were produced with added flaxseed meal (20%, w/w) then 1, and CGs were determined in fortified flour, dough, and bread with storage (0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks) at different temperatures (-18, 4, and 22-23 °C). 1 was present in flour, dough, and GF bread after baking. 1 was stable with extensive storage (up to 4 weeks) and was not affected by storage temperature. CGs in flaxseed meal and fortified GF samples were analyzed by 1H NMR of the cyanohydrins. Linamarin and/or linustatin were the primary CGs in both flaxseed meal and fortified flour. CGs decreased with storage in dough fortified with flaxseed meal or GF bread after baking. GF bakery food products fortified with flaxseed meal had reduced CGs but remained a good source of dietary 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Young Shim
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Clara M Olivia
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rineke Boonen
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Food Technology Agrobiotechnology Nutrition and Health Science, Wageningen University , Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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154
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Chen YF, Wu F, Li PL, Lyu ZQ, Liu L, Lyu MB, Wang FL, Lai CH. Energy content and amino acid digestibility of flaxseed expellers fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5295-5307. [PMID: 28046153 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the DE and ME as well as the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in flaxseed expellers fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, the DE and ME were determined using 66 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 54.2 ± 2.3 kg BW) fed 1 of 11 diets in a completely randomized design. The diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 10 experimental diets containing 29.16% flaxseed expellers supplemented at the expense of corn and soybean meal. In Exp. 2, 11 growing pigs (35.5 ± 3.4 kg), fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum, were assigned to 6 × 11 Youden square design with 6 periods and 11 diets. The diets included a N-free diet based on cornstarch and sucrose and 10 test diets containing 40% flaxseed expellers as the sole source of AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestible marker. There was considerable variation in the chemical composition among the 10 flaxseed expellers. The CV were greater than 10% for ether extract (EE), NDF, ADF, crude fiber, and Ca and ranged from 7 to 12% for the AA. On a DM basis, the DE and ME ranged from 2,786 to 3,730 and from 2,588 to 3,530 kcal/kg, respectively. The apparent total tract digestibility of GE ranged from 59.91 to 75.83% (mean = 70.92%). Ether extract, GE, and NDF were the best predictors to determine DE and ME. The best prediction equations were DE = -3,231 + (1.58 × GE) - (25.79 × % NDF) ( = 0.90) or DE = 4,189 + (56.78 × % EE) - (30.59 × % NDF) ( = 0.85) and ME = -2,968 + (1.47 × GE) - (24.82 × % NDF) ( = 0.85) or ME = 3,931 + (53.77 × % EE) - (29.31 × % NDF) ( = 0.82), respectively. In Exp. 2, there were significant differences in the AID and SID of CP and all AA with the exception of Phe ( < 0.05). The AID and SID of CP averaged 70.16 and 78.04%, respectively. For the indispensable AA, the AID and SID of Thr were the least, with average values of 70.70 and 76.68%, respectively. The digestibility of Arg and Met were the greatest, averaging over 88 and 91% for AID and SID, respectively. The AID and SID of Lys ranged from 66.10 to 81.82% (mean = 74.14%) and from 70.90 to 85.41% (mean = 78.13%), respectively. These results indicate that there is significant variability in chemical composition, energy content, and the SID and AID of CP and AA among the selected flaxseed expellers. The DE and ME of flaxseed expellers are primarily related to their EE and NDF concentrations.
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155
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Cytotoxic and antioxidative potentials of ethanolic extract of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) leaves on human blood cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:614-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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156
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Davis JE, Cain J, Small C, Hales DB. Therapeutic effect of flax-based diets on fatty liver in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2624-2632. [PMID: 27143762 PMCID: PMC5049100 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the ability of flax-based ingredients to attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD: ) in aged laying hens-a novel and more physiologically relevant model of human disease. Our results showed only hens supplemented with whole flaxseed ( WFX: ) reduced steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning. Serum AST was also reduced in hens provided WFX and defatted flaxseed meal ( DFM: ). Hepatic ω-3 PUFA enrichment was improved with supplementation of WFX, DFM, and flaxseed oil ( FXO: ). However, this effect was more evident in the WFX group. In contrast, transcript abundance of genes linked to NAFLD were predominantly modified with FXO supplementation. Taken together, our data indicate a potential synergistic relationship between the fatty acid and lignan content in flaxseed which attenuated the progression of NAFLD in aged laying hens. Although more research is necessary, these findings demonstrate the potential use of whole flaxseed for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - J Cain
- Department of Biology, Aurora University, Aurora, IL 60506
| | - C Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - D B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901
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157
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Perreault V, Hénaux L, Bazinet L, Doyen A. Pretreatment of flaxseed protein isolate by high hydrostatic pressure: Impacts on protein structure, enzymatic hydrolysis and final hydrolysate antioxidant capacities. Food Chem 2016; 221:1805-1812. [PMID: 27979166 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on flaxseed protein structure and peptide profiles, obtained after protein hydrolysis, was investigated. Isolated flaxseed protein (1%, m/v) was subjected to HHP (600MPa, 5min or 20min at 20°C) prior to hydrolysis with trypsin only and trypsin-pronase. The results demonstrated that HHP treatment induced dissociation of flaxseed proteins and generated higher molecular weight aggregates as a function of processing duration. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that HHP treatment, as well as processing duration, had an impact on flaxseed protein structure since exposition of hydrophobic amino acid tyrosine was modified. Except for some specific peptides, the concentrations of which were modified, similar peptide profiles were obtained after hydrolysis of pressure-treated proteins using trypsin. Finally, hydrolysates obtained using trypsin-pronase had a greater antioxidant capacity (ORAC) than control samples; these results confirmed that HHP enhanced the generation of antioxidant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perreault
- Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Loïc Hénaux
- Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada. http://www.laurentbazinet.fsaa.ulaval.ca
| | - Alain Doyen
- Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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158
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Liu J, Shim YY, Shen J, Wang Y, Ghosh S, Reaney MJT. Variation of composition and functional properties of gum from six Canadian flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum
L.) cultivars. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Haidian District Beijing 100083 China
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc.; 102 Melville Street Saskatoon SK S7J 0R1 Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory; Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; 601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Martin J. T. Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc.; 102 Melville Street Saskatoon SK S7J 0R1 Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory; Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; 601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
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159
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Pouzo L, Zaritzky N, Pavan E, Rossetti L, Descalzo A. Utilization of fluorescence spectroscopy as a novel approach to evaluate the oxidative stability in beef retail displayed. Meat Sci 2016; 119:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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160
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Effect of germination on lignan biosynthesis, and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food Chem 2016; 205:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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161
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Wang H, Wang J, Qiu C, Ye Y, Guo X, Chen G, Li T, Wang Y, Fu X, Liu RH. Comparison of phytochemical profiles and health benefits in fiber and oil flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food Chem 2016; 214:227-233. [PMID: 27507470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. The research evaluated the disparity in phytochemical profiles along with total and cellular antioxidant activities between oil and fiber flaxseeds. There were significant differences in total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities among the six cultivars of fiber and oil flaxseed, respectively. Four phytochemical compounds including caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) were identified and quantified in the cultivars of oil and fiber flaxseed by HPLC analysis. Notably, the average of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with total antioxidant activities between fiber and oil flaxseeds were not different significantly; even the cellular antioxidant activity of fiber flaxseed was superior to oil flaxseed. These results suggest that fiber flaxseeds would be valuable candidates as functional products and dietary supplements production owing to the higher bioactive values as well as oil flaxseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yutong Ye
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gu Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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162
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Kaira GS, Panwar D, Kapoor M. Recombinant endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) production using agro-industrial residues: Development of economical medium and application in oil extraction from copra. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 209:220-227. [PMID: 26970925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of pRSETA manb-1601 construct in Hi-Control Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells improved recombinant endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) production by 2.73-fold (1821±100U/ml). A low-cost, agro-industrial residue supplemented industrial medium for enhanced and economical production of ManB-1601 was developed in two mutual phases. Phase-I revealed the potential of various pre- (induction time: 5h, induction mode: lactose 0.5mM) and post-induction [peptone supplementation: 0.94%(w/v), glycerol 0.123%(v/v)] parameters for enhanced production of ManB-1601 and resulted in 4.61-fold (8406±400U/ml) and 2.53-fold (3.30g/l) higher ManB-1601 and biomass production, respectively. Under phase-II, economization of phase-I medium was carried out by reducing/replacing costly ingredients with solubilized-defatted flax seed meal (S-DFSM), which resulted in 3.25-fold (5926U/ml) higher ManB-1601 production. Industrial potential of ManB-1601 was shown in oil extraction from copra as enzyme treatment led to cracks, peeling, fracturing and smoothening of copra, which facilitated higher (18.75%) oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh Kaira
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, India
| | - Deepesh Panwar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, India
| | - Mukesh Kapoor
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, India.
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163
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de Amorim Ribeiro IC, da Costa CAS, da Silva VAP, Côrrea LBNS, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Flaxseed reduces epithelial proliferation but does not affect basal cells in induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1201-1210. [PMID: 26857761 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of a flaxseed-based diet on the histoarchitecture of the prostate of normal Wistar rats and of rats with induced BPH. METHODS The study included four experimental groups of ten animals each: casein control group (CCG), who were fed a casein-based diet; flaxseed control group (FCG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet; hyperplasia-induced casein group (HICG), who were fed a casein-based diet; and hyperplasia-induced flaxseed group (HIFG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet. Hyperplasia was induced by the subcutaneous implantation of silicone pellets containing testosterone propionate. After 20 weeks, the rats were euthanized and their prostate fixed in buffered formalin. Tissue sections were stained with HE, picrosirius red and immunostained for nuclear antigen p63. Histomorphometric analysis evaluated the epithelial thickness, epithelial area, individual luminal area, and total area of prostatic alveoli. RESULTS The mean epithelial thickness obtained for HIFG and HICG was 16.52 ± 1.65 and 20.58 ± 2.86 µm, respectively. The mean epithelial thickness in HICG was greater than that in the other groups tested. HIFG had a smaller epithelial thickness and lower percentage of papillary projections in the prostatic alveoli. No significant difference was observed between CCG and FCG. The total area and mean alveolar area showed no significant differences between the groups. The number of cells immunostained for p63 was not significantly different between the groups evaluated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that flaxseed has a protective effect on the prostate epithelium in BPH-induced animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Cely de Amorim Ribeiro
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alves Pereira da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Lanna Beatriz Neves Silva Côrrea
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alves Chagas
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
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164
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Pouzo L, Descalzo A, Zaritzky N, Rossetti L, Pavan E. Antioxidant status, lipid and color stability of aged beef from grazing steers supplemented with corn grain and increasing levels of flaxseed. Meat Sci 2016; 111:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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165
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Fang J, Ramsay A, Renouard S, Hano C, Lamblin F, Chabbert B, Mesnard F, Schneider B. Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol-Lariciresinol Reductase Gene Expression Assign the Cell Layer-Specific Accumulation of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside in Flaxseed Coats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1743. [PMID: 27917190 PMCID: PMC5116464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) found in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is higher than that found in any other plant. It exists in flaxseed coats as an SDG-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid oligomer complex. A laser microdissection method was applied to harvest material from different cell layers of seed coats of mature and developing flaxseed to detect the cell-layer specific localization of SDG in flaxseed; NMR and HPLC were used to identify and quantify SDG in dissected cell layers after alkaline hydrolysis. The obtained results were further confirmed by a standard molecular method. The promoter of one pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase gene of L. usitatissimum (LuPLR1), which is a key gene involved in SDG biosynthesis, was fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the spatio-temporal regulation of LuPLR1 gene expression in flaxseed was determined by histochemical and activity assays of GUS. The result showed that SDG was synthesized and accumulated in the parenchymatous cell layer of the outer integument of flaxseed coats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Aïna Ramsay
- EA3900 – BioPI Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et EnvironnementReims, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - François Mesnard
- EA3900 – BioPI Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
- *Correspondence: François Mesnard,
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166
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Conlinin in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) gum and its contribution to emulsification properties. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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167
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Liu J, Shen J, Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Carboxymethyl derivatives of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) gum: characterisation and solution rheology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Martin J. T. Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory; Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; 601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
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168
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Goyal A, Sharma V, Sihag MK, Tomar S, Arora S, Sabikhi L, Singh A. Development and physico-chemical characterization of microencapsulated flaxseed oil powder: A functional ingredient for omega-3 fortification. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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169
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Roozegar MH, Shahedi M, Keramet J, Hamdami N, Roshanak S. Effect of coated and uncoated ground flaxseed addition on rheological, physical and sensory properties of Taftoon bread. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:5102-10. [PMID: 26243931 PMCID: PMC4519510 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed is used to fortify bread. In order to reduce cyanogenic glycosides compounds of flaxseed, ground flaxseed was incubated at 30 °C and heated in a kitchen microwave oven. The cyanogenic compounds of flaxseed were reduced to 13.4 %. Treated ground flaxseed was coated with Arabic gum solution containing ascorbic acid and hydrogenated fat and was stored at 25 °C for 80 days in order to prevent oxidation of flaxseed oil. Results showed that oxidation in coated samples was lower than that in control samples and that there was a significant difference between them (p < 0.01). Coated and uncoated ground flaxseed was added to wheat flour in 5, 15 and 25 % levels in order to produce fortified Taftoon bread. Rheological, physical and organoleptic tests were carried out in order to evaluate dough and bread properties. Results showed that with increasing coated and uncoated ground flaxseed percentages, a decrease in water absorption and an increase in stability, dough development and relaxation time of dough occurred. The lowest water absorption was observed by adding 25 % coated ground flaxseed with hydrogenated fat. The highest dough development and dough stability time were observed by adding 25 % coated ground flaxseed with Arabic gum. Results indicated that coated and uncoated ground flaxseed has a good effect on decreasing the staling rate compared to the control bread. Results of organoleptic test showed that bread with 5 and 15 % coated and uncoated ground flaxseed had better acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Roozegar
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
| | - M. Shahedi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
| | - J. Keramet
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
| | - N. Hamdami
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
| | - S. Roshanak
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
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170
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Liu J, Shim YY, Wang Y, Reaney MJ. Intermolecular interaction and complex coacervation between bovine serum albumin and gum from whole flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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171
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Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Singh AK, Arora S, Lal D, Sabikhi L. Development of stable flaxseed oil emulsions as a potential delivery system of ω-3 fatty acids. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:4256-65. [PMID: 26139890 PMCID: PMC4486556 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a stable flaxseed oil emulsion for the delivery of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids through food fortification. Oil-in-water emulsions containing 12.5 % flaxseed oil, 10 % lactose and whey protein concentrate (WPC)-80 ranging from 5 to 12.5 % were prepared at 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 psi homogenization pressure. Flaxseed oil emulsions were studied for its physical stability, oxidative stability (peroxide value), particle size distribution, zeta (ζ)-potential and rheological properties. Emulsions homogenized at 1,500 and 4,500 psi pressure showed oil separation and curdling of WPC, respectively, during preparation or storage. All the combinations of emulsions (homogenized at 3,000 psi) were physically stable for 28 days at 4-7 ºC temperature and did not show separation of phases. Emulsion with 7.5 % WPC showed the narrowest particle size distribution (190 to 615 nm) and maximum zeta (ζ)-potential (-33.5 mV). There was a slight increase in peroxide value (~20.98 %) of all the emulsions (except 5 % WPC emulsion), as compared to that of free flaxseed oil (~44.26 %) after 4 weeks of storage. Emulsions showed flow behavior index (n) in the range of 0.206 to 0.591, indicating higher shear thinning behavior, which is a characteristic of food emulsions. Results indicated that the most stable emulsion of flaxseed oil (12.5 %) can be formulated with 7.5 % WPC-80 and 10 % lactose (filler), homogenized at 3,000 psi pressure. The formulated emulsion can be used as potential omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids delivery system in developing functional foods such as pastry, ice-creams, curd, milk, yogurt, cakes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Goyal
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Neelam Upadhyay
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - A. K. Singh
- />Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Sumit Arora
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Darshan Lal
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Latha Sabikhi
- />Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
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172
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Wickramarathna AD, Siloto RMP, Mietkiewska E, Singer SD, Pan X, Weselake RJ. Heterologous expression of flax PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE (PDCT) increases polyunsaturated fatty acid content in yeast and Arabidopsis seeds. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:63. [PMID: 26123542 PMCID: PMC4486708 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an agriculturally important crop with seed oil enriched in α-linolenic acid (18:3 cisΔ9, 12, 15; ALA). This polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is the major determinant for the quality of flax seed oil in food, nutraceuticals and industrial applications. The recently identified enzyme: phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PDCT), catalyzes the interconversion between phosphatidylcholine (PC) and diacylglycerol (DAG), and has been shown to play an important role in PUFA accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Methods Two flax PDCT genes were identified using homology-based approach. Results In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of two PDCT genes from flax (LuPDCT1 and LuPDCT2) with very high nucleotide sequence identity (97%) whose deduced amino acid sequences exhibited approximately 55% identity with that of A. thaliana PDCT (AtROD1). The genes encoded functionally active enzymes that were strongly expressed in developing embryos. Complementation studies with the A. thaliana rod1 mutant demonstrated that the flax PDCTs were capable of restoring PUFA levels in planta. Furthermore, PUFA levels increased in Saccharomyces cerevisiae when the flax PDCTs were co-expressed with FATTY ACID DESATURASES (FADs), FAD2 and FAD3, while seed-specific expression of LuPDCT1 and LuPDCT2 in A. thaliana resulted in 16.4% and 19.7% increases in C18-PUFAs, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of oleic acid (18:1cisΔ9; OA). Conclusions The two novel PDCT homologs from flax are capable of increasing C18-PUFA levels substantially in metabolically engineered yeast and transgenic A. thaliana seeds. These flax PDCT proteins appear to play an important dual role in the determination of PUFA content by efficiently channelling monounsaturated FAs into PC for desaturation and moving the resulting PUFAs out of PC for subsequent use in TAG synthesis. These results indicate that flax PDCTs would be useful for bioengineering of oil crops to increase PUFA levels for applications in human food and nutritional supplements, animal feed and industrial bioproducts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0156-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna D Wickramarathna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Rodrigo M P Siloto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Elzbieta Mietkiewska
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Abstract
The liver is a very important organ with a lot of functions for the host to survive. Dietary components are essential for and can be beneficial or detrimental to the healthy or diseased liver. Plants food is an essential part of the human diet and comprises various compounds which are closely related to liver health. Selected food plants can provide nutritional and medicinal support for liver disease. At the present, the knowledge of the effects of plants on the liver is still incomplete. The most urgent task at the present time is to find the best dietary and medicinal plants for liver health in an endless list of candidates. This review article updates the knowledge about the effects of plants consumption on the health of the liver, putting particular emphasis on the potential beneficial and harmful impact of dietary and medicinal plants on liver function.
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174
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Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:1857-71. [PMID: 25829567 PMCID: PMC4375225 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive molecules of food. Functional foods are an emerging field in food science due to their increasing popularity among health conscious consumers. Flaxseed is cultivated in many parts of world for fiber, oil as well as for medicinal purposes and also as nutritional product. In this review, nutrients, anti-nutrients, functional properties, processing, metabolism and health benefits of bioactive molecules viz., essential fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber of flaxseed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kajla
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Alka Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Dev Raj Sood
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
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175
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Stratulat I, Britten M, Salmieri S, Fustier P, St-Gelais D, Champagne CP, Lacroix M. Enrichment of cheese with vitamin D3 and vegetable omega-3. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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176
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Shanmugam A, Ashokkumar M. Characterization of Ultrasonically Prepared Flaxseed oil Enriched Beverage/Carrot Juice Emulsions and Process-Induced Changes to the Functional Properties of Carrot Juice. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-015-1492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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177
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Mridula D, Kaur D, Nagra SS, Barnwal P, Gurumayum S, Singh KK. Growth performance and quality characteristics of flaxseed-fed broiler chicks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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178
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Holman DB, Baurhoo B, Chénier MR. Temporal analysis of the effect of extruded flaxseed on the swine gut microbiota. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:649-59. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid, an essential ω-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects in humans. Feeding swine a diet supplemented with flaxseed has been found to enrich pork products with ω-3 fatty acids. However, the effect of flaxseed supplementation on the swine gut microbiota has not been assessed to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate if extruded flaxseed has any impact on the bacterial and archaeal microbiota in the feces of growing–finishing pigs over a 51-day period, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR. Bacterial DGGE profile analysis revealed major temporal shifts in the bacterial microbiota with only minor ones related to diet. The archaeal microbiota was significantly less diverse than that of Bacteria. The majority of bacterial DGGE bands sequenced belonged to the Firmicutes phylum while the archaeal DGGE bands were found to consist of only 2 species, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. The abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly from day 0 to day 21 in all diet groups while the abundance of Firmicutes was relatively stable across all diet cohorts and sampling times. There was also no significant correlation between pig mass and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. While the addition of extruded flaxseed to the feed of growing–finishing pigs was beneficial for improving ω-3 fatty acid content of pork, it had no detectable impact on the fecal bacterial and archaeal microbiota, suggesting that extruded flaxseed may be used to improve meat quality without adverse effect on the swine gut microbiota or animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Holman
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bushansingh Baurhoo
- Bélisle Solution and Nutrition Inc., Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu, QC J3L 6A7, Canada
| | - Martin R. Chénier
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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179
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Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:1633-53. [PMID: 25190822 PMCID: PMC4152533 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is emerging as an important functional food ingredient because of its rich contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, and fiber. Flaxseed oil, fibers and flax lignans have potential health benefits such as in reduction of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, autoimmune and neurological disorders. Flax protein helps in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and in supporting the immune system. As a functional food ingredient, flax or flaxseed oil has been incorporated into baked foods, juices, milk and dairy products, muffins, dry pasta products, macaroni and meat products. The present review focuses on the evidences of the potential health benefits of flaxseed through human and animals' recent studies and commercial use in various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Goyal
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Vivek Sharma
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Neelam Upadhyay
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Sandeep Gill
- />BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Shameerpet Mandal Rangareddy District, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India 500078
| | - Manvesh Sihag
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
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Sveinsson S, McDill J, Wong GKS, Li J, Li X, Deyholos MK, Cronk QCB. Phylogenetic pinpointing of a paleopolyploidy event within the flax genus (Linum) using transcriptomics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:753-61. [PMID: 24380843 PMCID: PMC3962240 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum) is known to have undergone a whole-genome duplication around 5-9 million years ago. The aim of this study was to investigate whether other whole-genome duplication events have occurred in the evolutionary history of cultivated flax. Knowledge of such whole-genome duplications will be important in understanding the biology and genomics of cultivated flax. METHODS Transcriptomes of 11 Linum species were sequenced using the Illumina platform. The short reads were assembled de novo and the DupPipe pipeline was used to look for signatures of polyploidy events from the age distribution of paralogues. In addition, phylogenies of all paralogues were assembled within an estimated age window of interest. These phylogenies were assessed for evidence of a paleopolyploidy event within the genus Linum. KEY RESULTS A previously unknown paleopolyploidy event that occurred 20-40 million years ago was discovered and shown to be specific to a clade within Linum containing cultivated flax (L. usitatissimum) and other mainly blue-flowered species. The finding was supported by two lines of evidence. First, a significant change of slope (peak) was shown in the age distribution of paralogues that was phylogenetically restricted to, and ubiquitous in, this clade. Second, a large number of paralogue phylogenies were retrieved that are consistent with a polyploidy event occurring within that clade. CONCLUSIONS The results show the utility of multi-species transcriptomics for detecting whole-genome duplication events and demonstrate that that multiple rounds of polyploidy have been important in shaping the evolutionary history of flax. Understanding and characterizing these whole-genome duplication events will be important for future Linum research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saemundur Sveinsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joshua McDill
- University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Gane K. S. Wong
- University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Juanjuan Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael K. Deyholos
- University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Quentin C. B. Cronk
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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181
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Ding HH, Cui SW, Goff HD, Wang Q, Chen J, Han NF. Soluble polysaccharides from flaxseed kernel as a new source of dietary fibres: Extraction and physicochemical characterization. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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182
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Bisson JF, Hidalgo S, Simons R, Verbruggen M. Preventive effects of lignan extract from flax hulls on experimentally induced benign prostate hyperplasia. J Med Food 2014; 17:650-6. [PMID: 24460407 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of diet rich in lignans may decrease the risk of some chronic hormonal conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study investigated whether a lignan-rich extract from flaxseed hulls, LinumLife EXTRA (LLE), could prevent BPH using the testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Male Wistar-Unilever rats were randomly divided into four groups of 12 rats each: a negative control group fed with control diet and receiving daily subcutaneous injections of corn oil without TP, and three groups fed with control diet (positive control), diet containing 0.5% LLE (LLE 0.5) or 1.0% LLE (LLE 1.0) and receiving daily subcutaneous injections of TP in corn oil. Treatments with diets started 2 weeks before the induction of BPH and were carried out for 5 consecutive weeks. The influence of TP and LLE on body weight (BW), food and water consumptions, and enterolactone (ENL) levels in serum and urine of rats was examined at the end of the 5-week treatment period. TP significantly diminished the mean body weight gain (MBWG) of positive control rats and their food and water consumptions while LLE reduced significantly this MBWG reduction in a dose-dependent manner. The lignan-rich extract significantly inhibited TP-induced prostate size ratio (prostate weight/rat BW) increase in comparison with positive controls (P<.001). This effect was dose dependent. Higher serum and urine levels of ENL correlated well with the dose of extract provided to rats. It was concluded that the lignan-rich flaxseed hull extract prevented the TP-induced BPH indicating it might be beneficial in the prevention of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bisson
- 1 ETAP-Applied Ethology, Research Centre in Pharmacology , Cancerology & Human Pathologies, Toxicology and Nutrition-Health, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Mayengbam S, Yang H, Barthet V, Aliani M, House JD. Identification, characterization, and quantification of an anti-pyridoxine factor from flaxseed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:419-426. [PMID: 24354394 DOI: 10.1021/jf404786v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-pyridoxine compounds linatine (1-[(n-γ-L-glutamyl)amino]-D-proline) and 1-amino-D-proline (1ADP) were quantified following extraction from defatted flaxseed using aqueous isopropanol as a solvent, with extraction variables including time, temperature, and the solid/solvent ratio. Both linatine and 1ADP were identified, characterized, and quantified via UPLC/ESI-MS using authentic standards. To optimize the extraction conditions for these anti-pyridoxine compounds, a response surface methodology was applied using a second-order polynomial to describe the experimental data. The predicted model for the optimal extraction was significant (P < 0.05) with a R(2) of 0.82. A varietal analysis showed that the amount of anti-pyridoxine present in flaxseed ranged from 177 to 437 μg 1ADPE/g of whole seed. The current study establishes the content of specific anti-pyridoxine factors in flaxseed and positions the data for use in subsequent risk assessment modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamchand Mayengbam
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, ‡Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, and #Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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185
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Fuchs RHB, Ribeiro RP, Matsushita M, Tanamati AAC, Bona E, de Souza AHP. Enhancement of the nutritional status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) croquettes by adding flaxseed flour. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed and some physico-chemical characteristics of flaxseed oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:1498-506. [PMID: 25745218 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Screw pressing performance of whole and dehulled flaxseed at different seed moisture (6.4 to 11.1 % d.b.) and press head temperature (80-120 °C) was investigated. Oil recovery, residual oil, press rate and sediment content and some important physico-chemical characteristics were determined at six different levels (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 %) of dehulled flaxseed. Oil recovery decreased with increasing moisture content as well as press head temperature. Press rate was found maximum for 100 % dehulled flaxseed while minimum for 50 % dehulled flaxseed at 6.4 % moisture content. Colour of oil samples was found affected both with the level of dehulled flaxseed and press head temperature. Free fatty acids content of oil ranged from 1.07 % to 2.70 % and lower at 80 °C press head temperature. Oil and cake temperatures ranged from 53.10 °C to 65.95 °C and 69.15 to 103.75 °C, respectively. The α-linolenic acid content of different oil samples obtained at 80 °C was in the range of 53.34 ± 0.95 to 54.21 ± 1.04 %. In view of maximum oil recovery (82.9 % d.b.), lower FFA content, and oil and cake temperature, 7:3 ratio of dehulled and whole flaxseed having 6.4 % d.b. moisture content and 80 °C press head temperature may be considered for screw pressing of flaxseed.
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187
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Encapsulation of coenzyme Q10 in a simple emulsion-based nutraceutical formulation and application in cheese manufacturing. Food Chem 2013; 141:2707-12. [PMID: 23871014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was encapsulated successfully in a nutraceutical formulation composed of calcium caseinate, flaxseed oil and lecithin. The effect of CoQ10 on the physico-chemical stability of emulsions was compared to emulsions without CoQ10. According to ATR-FTIR analysis, emulsions were found to be more stable in the presence of CoQ10. The emulsion with CoQ10 was used as a functional cream in the cheese making process. The retention rate of CoQ10, composition and cheese yield were also determined. Quantification of CoQ10 by HPLC showed that the retention of this lipophilic agent into cheese matrix was 93% and equivalent to the total lipid retention. Protein retention and cheese yield were not affected by the addition of the functional cream. For the first time, CoQ10 has been encapsulated in a cheese matrix, hence demonstrating that CoQ10 could be used in the development of functional cheeses.
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Kontogianni MD, Vlassopoulos A, Gatzieva A, Farmaki AE, Katsiougiannis S, Panagiotakos DB, Kalogeropoulos N, Skopouli FN. Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults. Metabolism 2013; 62:686-93. [PMID: 23347535 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olive oil (OO) is a rich source of monounsaturated fat and bioactive components that exert strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flaxseed oil (FO) is rich in α-linolenic n-3 fatty acid (ALA), which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. This randomized, cross-over study aimed at exploring whether diet's enrichment with FO could beneficially alter inflammatory markers and lipid profile, compared to OO, in a sample of normal weight, apparently healthy young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were supplied with 15 mL/day of either FO or OO. Each intervention and the wash-out period lasted 6 weeks. Dietary, anthropometric and physical activity variables were recorded at the beginning and the end of each intervention. Serum biochemical and inflammatory markers were measured. Compliance to the intervention was evaluated by fatty acid analysis in erythrocytes. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the treatment. RESULTS Thirty seven participants completed the study. No difference between the two interventions was observed in adiponectin, TNF-α, high sensitivity-CRP or glucose levels and lipid profile. At the end of the FO period, participants exhibited significant reductions in total (-5.0%) and LDL-cholesterol (-6.7%) levels (all P<0.01). During the FO and the OO period serum adiponectin changes were significantly correlated with changes in erythrocyte %ALA (rs=0.34, P=0.007) and in erythrocyte %EPA (r(s)=0.47, P=0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FO did not confer any benefit in inflammatory or biochemical markers in normal weight young adults, who traditionally use olive oil as the main edible oil.
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Rahimi R, Baghaei A, Baeeri M, Amin G, Shams-Ardekani MR, Khanavi M, Abdollahi M. Promising effect of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis on the basis of biochemical and cellular findings. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1901-11. [PMID: 23569335 PMCID: PMC3613105 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i12.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the efficacy of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis.
METHODS: After botanical authentication of herbal ingredients, formulation of Magliasa, quantitative determination of total glucosinolates and total phenolic content, and analysis of the thin layer chromatography profile were performed. Colitis was then induced in male rats by instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in all groups, aside from the Sham group. The experimental groups consisted of: the Sham group that received only normal saline; the Mag-50, Mag-100 and Mag-200 groups, which received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg per day of Magliasa, respectively; the control group, which received vehicle water orally; the infliximab group, which received infliximab (5 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously); and the Dexa group, which received dexamethasone (1 mg/kg per day, orally). After completing the treatment period (2 wk), the rats were sacrificed, the colon was removed, its macroscopic and microscopic changes were recorded, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assessed in colon homogenate.
RESULTS: The mean value of total glucosinolates in one gram of Magliasa was 19 ± 1 μmol. The mean value of the total phenolic content was 293.8 ± 17.6 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 gram of Magliasa. Macroscopic scores were significantly decreased in Mag-100 (1.80 ± 0.58, P = 0.019) and Mag-200 (1.20 ± 0.20, P = 0.001) compared to the control group (3.40 ± 0.24), although some inflammation and hyperemia were evident. Treatment of rats by dexamethasone (0.33 ± 0.21, P < 0.001) and infliximab (0.83 ± 0.31, P < 0.001) remarkably attenuated scores where mild hyperemia was observed macroscopically. In comparison to the control group (4.00 ± 0.32), only Mag-200 (1.60 ± 0.40) showed a significant decrease in colonic histopathological scores (P = 0.005). Minimal mucosal inflammation was observed in the Dexa group (0.67 ± 0.21, P < 0.001). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO were significantly lower in all groups compared to the controls (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in LPO was seen in the Mag-200 (3.27 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and Dexa (3.44 ± 0.22, P = 0.011) groups in comparison to the control group (6.43 ± 0.61). Only dexamethasone caused a significant increase in antioxidant power in comparison to the control group (346.73 ± 9.9 vs 228.33 ± 2.75, P < 0.001). Infliximab and different doses of Magliasa did not show any remarkable increase in antioxidant capacity (P > 0.05). The effect of Magliasa in all of mentioned parameters, except antioxidant capacity, was dose dependent.
CONCLUSION: The effects of Magliasa in TNBS-induced colitis are encouraging and warrant clinical trials for further confirmation.
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190
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Day A, Fénart S, Neutelings G, Hawkins S, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Identification of cell wall proteins in the flax (Linum usitatissimum
) stem. Proteomics 2013; 13:812-25. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Day
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Stéphane Fénart
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV); INRA UMR 1281, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP); USR CNRS 3290; Villeneuve d'Ascq; France
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies and Protéomique; Modifications Post-traductionnelles et Glycobiologie IFR 147, Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP); USR CNRS 3290; Villeneuve d'Ascq; France
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191
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Prasad A, Kumar R, Ramanan H, Khandige N, Prabhu K. A case of flax seed induced rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 6:1770-1. [PMID: 23373049 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2012/4435.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and a biochemical syndrome that occurs due to a skeletal muscle injury. The main cause of rhabdomyolysis is a muscle crush injury, toxins, ischaemia and metabolic disorders. Rare cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported which had been caused by drugs and after insect stings. The breakdown products of the damaged muscle cells are released into the bloodstream; some of these, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful for the kidneys and they may lead to kidney failure. The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis depend on the severity of the condition. The milder forms of rhabdomyolysis may not cause any muscle symptoms, and the diagnosis is based on abnormal blood tests. The most reliable test in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is the blood level of Creatine Kinase (CK) which is released by the damaged muscles. Here in, we report an unusual case of flax seed induced rhabdomyolysis to alert the medical community about this rare complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushre Prasad
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal-576104, India
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192
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as Fibre Crops for Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals: Biological, Agro-technological and Economical Point of View. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35564-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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193
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Wang Z, Hobson N, Galindo L, Zhu S, Shi D, McDill J, Yang L, Hawkins S, Neutelings G, Datla R, Lambert G, Galbraith DW, Grassa CJ, Geraldes A, Cronk QC, Cullis C, Dash PK, Kumar PA, Cloutier S, Sharpe AG, Wong GKS, Wang J, Deyholos MK. The genome of flax (Linum usitatissimum) assembled de novo from short shotgun sequence reads. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:461-73. [PMID: 22757964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an ancient crop that is widely cultivated as a source of fiber, oil and medicinally relevant compounds. To accelerate crop improvement, we performed whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the nuclear genome of flax. Seven paired-end libraries ranging in size from 300 bp to 10 kb were sequenced using an Illumina genome analyzer. A de novo assembly, comprised exclusively of deep-coverage (approximately 94× raw, approximately 69× filtered) short-sequence reads (44-100 bp), produced a set of scaffolds with N(50) =694 kb, including contigs with N(50)=20.1 kb. The contig assembly contained 302 Mb of non-redundant sequence representing an estimated 81% genome coverage. Up to 96% of published flax ESTs aligned to the whole-genome shotgun scaffolds. However, comparisons with independently sequenced BACs and fosmids showed some mis-assembly of regions at the genome scale. A total of 43384 protein-coding genes were predicted in the whole-genome shotgun assembly, and up to 93% of published flax ESTs, and 86% of A. thaliana genes aligned to these predicted genes, indicating excellent coverage and accuracy at the gene level. Analysis of the synonymous substitution rates (K(s) ) observed within duplicate gene pairs was consistent with a recent (5-9 MYA) whole-genome duplication in flax. Within the predicted proteome, we observed enrichment of many conserved domains (Pfam-A) that may contribute to the unique properties of this crop, including agglutinin proteins. Together these results show that de novo assembly, based solely on whole-genome shotgun short-sequence reads, is an efficient means of obtaining nearly complete genome sequence information for some plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- BGI-Shenzen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
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195
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Wu CF, Xu XM, Huang SH, Deng MC, Feng AJ, Peng J, Yuan JP, Wang JH. An efficient fermentation method for the degradation of cyanogenic glycosides in flaxseed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1085-91. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.680202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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196
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Potential effects of lignan-enriched flaxseed powder on bodyweight, visceral fat, lipid profile, and blood pressure in rats. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:941-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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197
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Huis R, Morreel K, Fliniaux O, Lucau-Danila A, Fénart S, Grec S, Neutelings G, Chabbert B, Mesnard F, Boerjan W, Hawkins S. Natural hypolignification is associated with extensive oligolignol accumulation in flax stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1893-915. [PMID: 22331411 PMCID: PMC3320194 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems contain cells showing contrasting cell wall structure: lignified in inner stem xylem tissue and hypolignified in outer stem bast fibers. We hypothesized that stem hypolignification should be associated with extensive phenolic accumulation and used metabolomics and transcriptomics to characterize these two tissues. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance clearly distinguished inner and outer stem tissues and identified different primary and secondary metabolites, including coniferin and p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry aromatic profiling (lignomics) identified 81 phenolic compounds, of which 65 were identified, to our knowledge, for the first time in flax and 11 for the first time in higher plants. Both aglycone forms and glycosides of monolignols, lignin oligomers, and (neo)lignans were identified in both inner and outer stem tissues, with a preponderance of glycosides in the hypolignified outer stem, indicating the existence of a complex monolignol metabolism. The presence of coniferin-containing secondary metabolites suggested that coniferyl alcohol, in addition to being used in lignin and (neo)lignan formation, was also utilized in a third, partially uncharacterized metabolic pathway. Hypolignification of bast fibers in outer stem tissues was correlated with the low transcript abundance of monolignol biosynthetic genes, laccase genes, and certain peroxidase genes, suggesting that flax hypolignification is transcriptionally regulated. Transcripts of the key lignan genes Pinoresinol-Lariciresinol Reductase and Phenylcoumaran Benzylic Ether Reductase were also highly abundant in flax inner stem tissues. Expression profiling allowed the identification of NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) and MYB transcription factors that are likely involved in regulating both monolignol production and polymerization as well as (neo)lignan production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Hawkins
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR 1281, F–59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex, France (R.H., A.L., S.F., S.G., G.N., S.H.); INRA, UMR 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, F–59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France (R.H., A.L., S.F., S.G., G.N., S.H.); Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Ghent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.B.); Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Laboratoire de Phytotechnologie, F–80037 Amiens cedex 1, France (O.F., F.M.); INRA, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F–51100 Reims, France (B.C.); and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, F–51100 Reims, France (B.C.)
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Xu J, Zhou X, Chen C, Deng Q, Huang Q, Yang J, Yang N, Huang F. Laxative effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal on normal and experimental constipated mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:14. [PMID: 22400899 PMCID: PMC3353840 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Constipation is a very common health problem in the world. Intake of sufficient amount of dietary fibers is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of constipation. As a traditional medicine, flaxseed has been used to treat constipation for centuries, but the controlled trials are rare. The purpose of the present study was to assess that whether partially defatted flaxseed meal (PDFM) has the potential role to facilitate fecal output in normal and experimental constipated mice. Methods After supplemented with 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) PDFM (L-, M- and H -PDFM) for 14 days, the constipation models of mice were induced by atropine-diphenoxylate. The small intestinal transit rates, start time of defecation, amount of defecation and wet weight of feces were researched in normal and constipation model mice. Results M- and H-PDFM significantly increase small intestinal transit rates in constipation model mice. All dose of PDFM markedly shortened the start time of defecation and M- and H-PDFM significantly increase stool frequency and weight in both normal and constipation model mice. Conclusions PDFM may be a useful laxative to facilitate fecal output in normal and constipation conditions.
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199
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Fanali C, Dugo L, Cacciola F, Beccaria M, Grasso S, Dachà M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Chemical characterization of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:13043-13049. [PMID: 22053706 DOI: 10.1021/jf203184y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A chemical characterization of the major components, namely, triacylglycerols (TAGs), polyphenols, and tocopherols in a Sacha inchi oil derived from cold pressing of the seed, is hereby reported. To tackle such a task, high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with photodiode array (PDA), fluorescence (RF), and mass spectrometry (MS) detection was employed. The latter was interfaced with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and with electrospray ionization for the analysis of TAGs and polyphenols, respectively, whereas RF detection was tested for the determination of tocopherol content. Furthermore, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were evaluated by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. A 93% amount of total fatty acids was represented by unsaturated FAMEs with the greatest percentage represented by linoleic (L) and linolenic (Ln) accounting for approximately 50 and 36%, respectively. The main TAGs (>10%) were represented by LLnL, LnLnLn, and LnLLn; the latter was present in the oil sample at the highest percentage (22.2%). Among tocopherols, γ-tocopherol was detected to be the most abundant component (over 50%). The polyphenolic composition was also investigated, and a total of 15 compounds were positively identified, through the complementary analytical information coming from PDA and MS data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report providing a thorough chemical characterization of a Plukenetia volubilis L. oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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