151
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Ecofriendly control of potato late blight causative agent and the potential role of lactic acid bacteria: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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152
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Tripathy SK, Woo JY, Han CS. Surface-plasmon-based colorimetric detection of Cu(II) ions using label-free gold nanoparticles in aqueous thiosulfate systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:305502. [PMID: 22781346 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/30/305502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report colorimetric, label-free and non-aggregation-based gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes for the highly selective detection of Cu(II) ions in aqueous environments. This detection scheme relies on the ability of Cu(II) ions to catalyze the leaching of gold at room temperature in the presence of thiosulfate species and ammonia. This simple and cost-effective probe provides rapid detection of Cu(II) ions at concentrations as low as 10 ppm. A similar detection method using AuNPs in ammonia-free thiosulfate solution is also viable at moderate reaction temperature (50 °C). The ammonia-free method also leads to marked damping and red-shifting of the surface plasmon resonance signal of the AuNP dispersion. The two methods clearly differ in the nature of the surface plasmon damping phenomenon, and their working mechanisms are plausibly explained based on the experimental investigations.
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153
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Bulat Z, Dukić-Ćosić D, Antonijević B, Bulat P, Vujanović D, Buha A, Matović V. Effect of magnesium supplementation on the distribution patterns of zinc, copper, and magnesium in rabbits exposed to prolonged cadmium intoxication. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:572514. [PMID: 22701362 PMCID: PMC3373183 DOI: 10.1100/2012/572514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate whether magnesium (Mg) supplementation may prevent Cd-induced alterations in zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) status in rabbits. For this purpose, the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mg were estimated in blood, urine, and organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and bone) of rabbits given Cd (10 mg/kg b.w.) and rabbits cotreated with Mg (40 mg/kg b.w.) orally, as aqueous solutions of Cd chloride and Mg acetate every day for 4 weeks. Samples were mineralized with conc. HNO3 and HClO4 (4:1) and metals concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Magnesium supplementation succeeded to overcome Cd-induced disbalance of investigated bioelements. Beneficial effects of Mg were observed on Zn levels in blood and urine, on Cu levels in urine, and on Mg levels in blood. Magnesium pretreatment also managed to counteract or reduce all Cd-induced changes in levels of Cu and Mg in organs, while it did not exert this effect on Zn levels. These findings suggest that enhanced dietary Mg intake during Cd exposure can have at least partly beneficial effect on Cd-induced alterations in homeostasis of zinc, copper, and magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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154
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155
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Copper Levels in Buccal Cells of Vineyard Workers Engaged in Various Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:305-14. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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156
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Lee YF, Deng TW, Chiu WJ, Wei TY, Roy P, Huang CC. Visual detection of copper(ii) ions in blood samples by controlling the leaching of protein-capped gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2012; 137:1800-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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157
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Alexa RI, Mounsey JS, O’Kennedy BT, Jacquier JC. Oxidative stability of water/oil mixtures as influenced by the addition of free Cu2+ or Cu–alginate gel beads. Food Chem 2011; 129:253-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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158
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Bakirdere S, Kizilkan N, Yaman M. Determination of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese in different regions of lamb brain. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:492-9. [PMID: 20717849 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The levels of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese were measured in the hippocampus, thalamus, gyrus cinguli, hypothalamus, and in the prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortexes of lamb brain by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Standard addition method was also applied to samples and it was observed that there was no matrix interference affecting the determination of elements interested. In the determination of Cu, a slotted tube atom trap was used to improve sensitivity. One-way analysis of variance was used for the statistical evaluation of the results for each element. Limit of detection results for Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn were found to be 24, 4.5, 60, and 25 ng/mL, respectively. Region-specific differences were found for all elements interested. Mn concentration ranging from 0.29 ± 0.04 to 0.61 ± 0.04 mg/kg was found to be the lowest in all brain regions among the all elements interested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Bakirdere
- Chemistry Department, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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159
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Hansen S, Nieboer E, Sandanger TM, Wilsgaard T, Thomassen Y, Veyhe AS, Odland JØ. Changes in maternal blood concentrations of selected essential and toxic elements during and after pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2143-52. [PMID: 21738945 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the levels of toxic and essential elements in maternal blood during pregnancy and subsequently. A subset of 211 pregnant women from the North Norwegian Mother-and-Child Study was included. Blood samples were collected during the 2(nd) trimester (P1) and postpartum (day 3, P2; and 6 weeks, P3) in different regions of northern Norway, and were analyzed for a suite of 10 selected elements. The latter feature three general but distinct concentration patterns across the three collection periods, namely: progressive increase [Group 1: As, Cd (non-smokers only), Mn, Pb and Zn]; V-shaped, with a minimum at P2 [Group 2: Cd (smokers), Hg, Mo and Se]; and downward V, with a maximum at P2 [Group 3: Co and Cu]. These trends are interpreted in the context of underlying metabolic, hematological and physiological changes that occur in mothers, as well the biochemistry and accumulation preferences of these elements within the whole blood compartment and breast milk. Implications for biomonitoring strategies are discussed. In a multivariable analysis of the P1 data, fish consumption was a robust positive predictor for Hg (p < 0.02), As (p < 0.01) and Se (p ≤ 0.001) blood concentrations, multivitamin intake for Se (p < 0.001), and parity for Co (p < 0.002); age reached significance only for Hg (p < 0.001). An inverse association was observed between parity and Hg (p < 0.05). For the other elements, predictor patterns were not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solrunn Hansen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway.
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160
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Potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by copper complexes with multi-benzimidazole derivatives. Biometals 2011; 24:993-1004. [PMID: 21618062 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of copper complexes with multi-benzimidazole derivatives, including mono- and di-nuclear, were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The speciation of Cu/NTB in aqueous solution was investigated by potentiometric pH titrations. Their inhibitory effects against human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), megakaryocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-MEG2), srchomology phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and srchomology phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) were evaluated in vitro. The five copper complexes exhibit potent inhibition against PTP1B, TCPTP and PTP-MEG2 with almost same inhibitory effects with IC(50) at submicro molar level and about tenfold weaker inhibition versus SHP-1, but almost no inhibition against SHP-2. Kinetic analysis indicates that they are reversible competitive inhibitors of PTP1B. Fluorescence study on the interaction between PTP1B and complex 2 or 4 suggests that the complexes bind to PTP1B with the formation of a 1:1 complex. The binding constant are about 1.14 × 10(6) and 1.87 × 10(6) M(-1) at 310 K for 2 and 4, respectively.
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161
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Viguier B, Zór K, Kasotakis E, Mitraki A, Clausen CH, Svendsen WE, Castillo-León J. Development of an electrochemical metal-ion biosensor using self-assembled peptide nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1594-1600. [PMID: 21443268 DOI: 10.1021/am200149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the combination of self-assembled peptide nanofibrils with metal electrodes for the development of an electrochemical metal-ion biosensor. The biological nanofibrils were immobilized on gold electrodes and used as biorecognition elements for the complexation with copper ions. These nanofibrils were obtained under aqueous conditions, at room temperature and outside the clean room. The functionalized gold electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and atomic force microscopy. The obtained results displayed a layer of nanofibrils able to complex with copper ions in solution. The response of the obtained biosensor was linear up to 50 μM copper and presented a sensitivity of 0.68 μA cm⁻² μM⁻¹. Moreover, the fabricated sensor could be regenerated to a copper-free state allowing its reutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Viguier
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Getingevagen 60, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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162
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Wells EM, Jarrett JM, Lin YH, Caldwell KL, Hibbeln JR, Apelberg BJ, Herbstman J, Halden RU, Witter FR, Goldman LR. Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:411-417. [PMID: 21277575 PMCID: PMC3064741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood or serum concentrations of mercury, lead, selenium and copper were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a population of 300 infants born in Baltimore, Maryland. Geometric mean values were 1.37 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.48) for mercury; 0.66 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) for lead; and 38.62 μg/dL (95% CI: 36.73, 40.61) for copper. Mean selenium was 70.10 μg/L (95% CI: 68.69, 70.52). Mercury, selenium and copper levels were within exposure ranges reported among similar populations, whereas the distribution of lead levels was lower than prior reports; only one infant had a cord blood lead above 10 μg/dL. Levels of selenium were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead (Spearman's ρ=0.20) and copper (Spearman's ρ=0.51). Multivariable analyses identified a number of factors associated with one of more of these exposures. These included: increase in maternal age (increased lead); Asian mothers (increased mercury and lead, decreased selenium and copper); higher umbilical cord serum n-3 fatty acids (increased mercury, selenium and copper), mothers using Medicaid (increased lead); increasing gestational age (increased copper); increasing birthweight (increased selenium); older neighborhood housing stock (increased lead and selenium); and maternal smoking (increased lead). This work provides additional information about contemporary prenatal element exposures and can help identify groups at risk of atypical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Wells
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Yu Hong Lin
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Apelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Frank R. Witter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Lynn R. Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services; Washington D.C. 20037, USA
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163
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Javanbakht M, Rudbaraki H, Sohrabi MR, Attaran AM, Badiei A. Separation, pre-concentration and determination of trace amounts of lead(II) ions in environmental samples using two functionalised nanoporous silica gels containing a dipyridyl sub-unit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 90:1014-1024. [DOI: 10.1080/03067310903045471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Javanbakht
- a Department of Chemistry , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran, Iran
- b Nano Science and Technology Research Center , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Rudbaraki
- c Department of Chemistry , Azad University-North Tehran Branch , Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Badiei
- e Faculty of Chemistry, University College of Science , University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
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164
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Chambers A, Krewski D, Birkett N, Plunkett L, Hertzberg R, Danzeisen R, Aggett PJ, Starr TB, Baker S, Dourson M, Jones P, Keen CL, Meek B, Schoeny R, Slob W. An exposure-response curve for copper excess and deficiency. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:546-578. [PMID: 21170809 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.538657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to define exposure-response curves for both Cu excess and deficiency to assist in determining the acceptable range of oral intake. A comprehensive database has been developed where different health outcomes from elevated and deficient Cu intakes were assigned ordinal severity scores to create common measures of response. A generalized linear model for ordinal data was used to estimate the probability of response associated with dose, duration and severity. The model can account for differences in animal species, the exposure medium (drinking water and feed), age, sex, and solubility. Using this model, an optimal intake level of 2.6 mg Cu/d was determined. This value is higher than the current U.S. recommended dietary intake (RDI; 0.9 mg/d) that protects against toxicity from Cu deficiency. It is also lower than the current tolerable upper intake level (UL; 10 mg/d) that protects against toxicity from Cu excess. Compared to traditional risk assessment approaches, categorical regression can provide risk managers with more information, including a range of intake levels associated with different levels of severity and probability of response. To weigh the relative harms of deficiency and excess, it is important that the results be interpreted along with the available information on the nature of the responses that were assigned to each severity score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chambers
- Institute of Population Health, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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165
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Abstract
Dietary reference values for essential trace elements are designed to meet requirements with minimal risk of deficiency and toxicity. Risk-benefit analysis requires data on habitual dietary intakes, an estimate of variation and effects of deficiency and excess on health. For some nutrients, the range between the upper and lower limits may be extremely narrow and even overlap, which creates difficulties when setting safety margins. A new approach for estimating optimal intakes, taking into account several health biomarkers, has been developed and applied to selenium, but at present there are insufficient data to extend this technique to other micronutrients. The existing methods for deriving reference values for Cu and Fe are described. For Cu, there are no sensitive biomarkers of status or health relating to marginal deficiency or toxicity, despite the well-characterised genetic disorders of Menkes and Wilson's disease which, if untreated, lead to lethal deficiency and overload, respectively. For Fe, the wide variation in bioavailability confounds the relationship between intake and status and complicates risk-benefit analysis. As with Cu, health effects associated with deficiency or toxicity are not easy to quantify, therefore status is the most accessible variable for risk-benefit analysis. Serum ferritin reflects Fe stores but is affected by infection/inflammation, and therefore additional biomarkers are generally employed to measure and assess Fe status. Characterising the relationship between health and dietary intake is problematic for both these trace elements due to the confounding effects of bioavailability, inadequate biomarkers of status and a lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers for health outcomes.
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166
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Aggett PJ. Population reference intakes and micronutrient bioavailability: a European perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1433S-1437S. [PMID: 20200266 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes of setting population reference intakes in the European Union and elsewhere have highlighted the paucity of data for informing the assessments and the need to take the opportunity to establish transparent, physiologically based approaches to setting reference values for safe and adequate intakes, including considerations of excess exposures. The confusion arising from the European exercise contributed to a number of initiatives to rationalize approaches to setting reference levels and safe upper levels of intake. A biologically based approach to nutrient risk assessment, which has many features that could be extended advantageously to the creation of a similar approach to setting nutrient reference values, has been proposed. This approach has yet to be explored, but an additional product of the earlier confusion has been the development of proposals for the international harmonization of approaches to setting nutrient-based dietary standards that could lead to internationally agreed-upon standards for nutrient risk assessment and for setting key intake values.
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167
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Uriu-Adams JY, Scherr RE, Lanoue L, Keen CL. Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal considerations. Biofactors 2010; 36:136-52. [PMID: 20232410 DOI: 10.1002/biof.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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168
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Letelier ME, Faúndez M, Jara-Sandoval J, Molina-Berríos A, Cortés-Troncoso J, Aracena-Parks P, Marín-Catalán R. Mechanisms underlying the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 system by copper ions. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 29:695-702. [PMID: 19629952 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicity has been associated to the capacity of free copper ions to catalyze the production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, reactive species that modify the structure and/or function of biomolecules. In addition, nonspecific Cu2+-binding to thiol enzymes, which modifies their catalytic activities, has been reported. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenase is a thiol protein that binds substrates in the first and limiting step of CYP450 system catalytic cycle, necessary for the metabolism of lipophilic xenobiotics. Therefore, copper ions have the potential to oxidize and bind to cysteinyl residues of this monooxygenase, altering the CYP450 system activity. To test this postulate, we studied the effect of Cu2+ alone and Cu2+/ascorbate in rat liver microsomes, to independently evaluate its nonspecific binding and its pro-oxidant effects, respectively. We assessed these effects on the absorbance spectrum of the monooxygenase, as a measure of structural damage, and p-nitroanisole O-demethylating activity of CYP450 system, as a marker of functional impairment. Data obtained indicate that Cu2+ could both oxidize and bind to some amino acid residues of the CYP450 monooxygenase but not to its heme group. The differences observed between the effects of Cu2+ and Cu2+/ascorbate show that both mechanisms are involved in the catalytic activity inhibition of CYP450 system by copper ions. The significance of these findings on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Letelier
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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169
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Krewski D, Chambers A, Birkett N. The use of categorical regression in modeling copper exposure-response relationships. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:187-207. [PMID: 20077290 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903340781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the exposure-response relationship for copper (Cu) is an essential step in identifying a range of exposures that can prevent against toxicity from either excess or deficiency. Categorical regression is a exposure-response modeling technique that can be used to model data from multiple studies with diverse endpoints simultaneously by organizing the toxicity data into ordered categories of severity. This study describes how categorical regression can be used to model the exposure-response relationship for Cu and presents a preliminary analysis of the comprehensive database on Cu-induced toxicity due to either excess or deficiency. Categorical regression provides a useful tool for summarizing and describing the available data on Cu excess and deficiency, as well as in identifying data gaps in Cu exposure-response. This methodology also allows for a diverse database with considerable variability in animal species, strain, age, and study design to be analyzed in its entirety. The present application of the Cu toxicity database suggests that there is a lack of information on the potential adverse health effects from chronic exposure to Cu; there are also a limited number of studies using marginally excess and deficient levels of Cu. The database presently includes insufficient data to create a complex model that accounts for a large proportion of the heterogeneity in toxicity seen among the available studies on Cu-induced toxicity. The current Cu database is presently being updated in order to permit more comprehensive categorical regression analyses with finer stratification options. The resulting exposure-response model could be used to provide information in the determination of an acceptable range of oral intake for Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N N5, Canada.
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170
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Aggett PJ. Toxicity due to excess and deficiency. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:175-180. [PMID: 20077288 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903340443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Customary approaches to setting safe upper levels for the intake of nutrients use, as critical events, adverse health that which, when adjusted using uncertainty factors (UF), produce values that, when they are applied to population risk analysis, along with dietary reference values that have been independently derived using a different approach by nutritionists, may provide narrow and unrealistic safe ranges of dietary intake. This study describes the evolving concept of the risk assessment of nutrients in which the critical events are based on homeostatic health effects that occur at the upper extreme of the physiological range of intakes. These events can be envisaged as markers of failing adaptation to high exposures and as heralds of potential later adverse events. Such markers may be associated with smaller and more easily characterized uncertainties than those applied to the more gross toxicological architectural, functional, or reproductive health effects used in standard toxicological risk assessment. The study also outlines the potential extension of this homeostatic model to the determination of safe lower limits of intake for essential nutrients and the identification, when homeostasis fails, of thresholds for inadequate intakes that can be adjusted by using uncertainty factors (UF) to derive adequate reference intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Aggett
- Child Health and Nutrition, Parbold, Lancashire WN87TG, United Kingdom.
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171
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Krewski D, Chambers A, Stern BR, Aggett PJ, Plunkett L, Rudenko L. Development of a copper database for exposure-response analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:208-216. [PMID: 20077291 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903340815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While its precise form has not yet been defined, it is assumed that the exposure-response curve for copper (Cu) is U-shaped, as both Cu deficiency and excess can produce adverse health effects. Exposure-response relationships provide the foundation for setting recommended levels of exposure to essential and nonessential substances. A group of toxicologists, biologists, and epidemiologists formed a working group in 2002 to review the literature on Cu excess and deficiency as well as possible exposure-response modeling strategies. It was decided that in order to conduct more complex modeling exercises with studies on Cu, the information had to be organized into a database for application of emerging analytical approaches in exposure-response assessment. The database would support both current as well as proposed methods for exposure-response assessment and accommodate a variety of reporting methods found in the literature. As there are multiple studies looking at a wide range of adverse health effects attributed to excess and deficiency, data were organized into ordered categories of severity to create a common measure of response. The present study (1) outlines the approach used to identify studies for the Cu database based on their quality and usefulness for exposure-response analyses; (2) provides an overview of the process used to define a common dose metric; and (3) describes the process used to categorize a diverse number of responses from Cu excess and deficiency to an ordinal severity score. Efforts are underway to use this database to define the exposure-response curve for Cu excess and deficiency; however, the comprehensive database can be used to carry out other in-depth analyses on Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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172
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Stern BR. Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:114-27. [PMID: 20077283 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903337100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu), an essential element required as a cofactor and/or structural component of numerous metalloenzymes, is uniquely positioned as a case study for issues associated with the essential metals health risk assessment, because of its extensive database. Essential elements pose distinct challenges when establishing regulatory guidelines because too little as well as too much intake can produce adverse health consequences and the dose-response curve is roughly U-shaped. Thus, conventional health risk assessment paradigms do not apply to essential elements; the dose-response assessment needs to define an acceptable range of oral intake (AROI) which prevents deficiency by meeting nutritional requirements while avoiding toxicity due to high intakes. The conceptual framework for this type of risk assessment includes consideration of biological processes that are unique to essential elements-homeostasis, basal and normative nutritional requirements, bioavailability, and nutrient-nutrient interactions. In this paper, the Cu database on physiology, deficiency, and excess is briefly reviewed in order to establish the range of potential health hazards associated with varying levels of intake. Issues discussed include the (1) development of suitable dose-response methodologies, including appropriate dose and response metrics, for Cu; (2) categorization of severity of response and functional significance; (3) use of endpoints of similar severity and functionality for deficiency and excess in dose-response assessment; (4) development of valid biomarkers for subclinical effects, exposures and susceptibilities. Guideline values for Cu intake have been established by nutritional and toxicologic regulatory or advisory boards. Although regulators are more concerned with the potential human toxicity arising from excessive Cu intake, the preponderance of evidence suggests that deficiency is more of a public health concern than excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ransom Stern
- Consulting in Health Sciences and Risk Assessment, BR Stern and Associates, Annandale, Virginia 22003-3535, USA.
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173
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Davis HT, Aelion CM, McDermott S, Lawson AB. Identifying natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in urban and rural soils using GIS-based data, PCA, and spatial interpolation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2378-85. [PMID: 19361902 PMCID: PMC2694234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Determining sources of neurotoxic metals in rural and urban soils is important for mitigating human exposure. Surface soil from four areas with significant clusters of mental retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) in children, and one control site were analyzed for nine metals and characterized by soil type, climate, ecological region, land use and industrial facilities using readily available GIS-based data. Kriging, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify commonalities of metal distribution. Three MR/DD areas (one rural and two urban) had similar soil types and significantly higher soil metal concentrations. PCA and CA results suggested that Ba, Be and Mn were consistently from natural sources; Pb and Hg from anthropogenic sources; and As, Cr, Cu, and Ni from both sources. Arsenic had low commonality estimates, was highly associated with a third PCA factor, and had a complex distribution, complicating mitigation strategies to minimize concentrations and exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley T. Davis
- University of South Carolina, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - C. Marjorie Aelion
- University of South Carolina, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Public Health, 715 No. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003
- Corresponding Author: (413) 545-2526 (phone); (413) 545-0501 (fax);
| | - Suzanne McDermott
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 3209 Colonial Drive, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrew B. Lawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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174
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Beckett JM, Hartley TF, Ball MJ. Evaluation of the Randox colorimetric serum copper and zinc assays against atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46:322-6. [PMID: 19487410 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.008253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of copper and zinc in serum is commonly performed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); however, these methods are often not readily available in smaller laboratories. Randox colorimetric assays for copper and zinc in serum were evaluated on the Thermo Electron Data Pro analyser against flame AAS methods. METHODS Copper and zinc were measured in 48 serum samples using the Randox colorimetric copper (CU2340) and zinc (ZN2341) assays on the Data Pro analyser and the results compared with those from a Varian Spectra 880 atomic absorption spectrometer. A smaller set of samples (n = 15) were also analysed colorimetrically for zinc on the Roche Cobas Mira. RESULTS Linear regression analyses of Bland and Altman plots from the Data Pro - AAS comparison gave the following results for copper: correlation r = 0.6669 (P < 0.01), slope = -0.2499 (P < 0.01), intercept = 3.219 (P < 0.01). For zinc, results were as follows: correlation r = 0.1976, slope = 0.1807, intercept = -1.922. For the smaller set of samples, the Cobas Mira - AAS comparison for zinc gave correlation r = 0.4379, slope = 0.5294, intercept = -4.074. The results indicated significant systematic and fixed bias between the colorimetric copper and the AAS method. CONCLUSION Performances in comparison to AAS methods indicated the colorimetric methods, as used, are unsuitable for the accurate determination of copper and zinc in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Beckett
- School of Human Life Sciences, Locked Bag 1320, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7250, Australia.
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175
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Haldsrud R, Krøkje A. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks in the H4IIE cell line exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of copper, cadmium, and zinc, singly and in combinations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:155-163. [PMID: 19184730 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802538964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics, including heavy metals, exist in nature as complex mixtures of compounds with possible interactions. Induction of DNA damage such as DNA strand breaks may exert detrimental consequences to both individuals and populations. In this study, the induction of DNA double-strand breaks was assessed using the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line following exposure to high and environmentally relevant concentrations of chloride salts of the metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), both singly and in combination. DNA strand break analysis was performed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Median molecular lengths were calculated from fragment size distributions acquired from gel image data and were used as a quantitative measure of DNA double-strand break induction. Exposure to high concentrations of Cu and Cd in combination produced a significant increase in the occurrence of DNA strand break. However, exposing cells to high concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in combination resulted in significantly lower DNA double-strand break compared to control cells. Addition of low Zn to the Cd/Cu mixture restored DNA damage level back to that of the control. Environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn did not appear to induce DNA strand breaks in the H4IIE cell line.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cadmium/analysis
- Cadmium/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Copper/analysis
- Copper/toxicity
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
- Environmental Pollutants/toxicity
- Formazans/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Liver/chemistry
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Metals, Heavy/analysis
- Metals, Heavy/toxicity
- Rats
- Tetrazolium Salts/metabolism
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
- Zinc/analysis
- Zinc/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Haldsrud
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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176
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Arnaud J, Weber JP, Weykamp CW, Parsons PJ, Angerer J, Mairiaux E, Mazarrasa O, Valkonen S, Menditto A, Patriarca M, Taylor A. Quality specifications for the determination of copper, zinc, and selenium in human serum or plasma: evaluation of an approach based on biological and analytical variation. Clin Chem 2008; 54:1892-9. [PMID: 18719198 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.108142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace element external quality assessment schemes monitor laboratory performance and provide a stimulus for improvement in accuracy. However, monitoring of participant performance varies according to the scheme and can lead to conflicting conclusions. METHODS Quality specifications based on biological intra- and interindividual variability were calculated and compared to those currently used by various trace element external quality assessment schemes for plasma or serum copper, zinc, and selenium concentrations. For this purpose, we evaluated results reported by participating laboratories in different schemes, at key concentrations, using z scores. RESULTS Minimal quality specifications developed from the biological intra- and interindividual variability were, for Cu, +/-0.84 micromol/L or 12% of the assigned target concentration, whichever is greater; for Zn, +/-1.20 micromol/L or 15% of the assigned target concentration, whichever is greater; and for Se, +/-0.072 micromol/L or 12% of the assigned target concentration, whichever is greater. Reported performance of the participating laboratories depended on analyte, concentration, and the selected quality specification. In addition, the most commonly used methods for the determination of Cu, Zn, and Se may give different results. CONCLUSIONS The proposed minimal quality specifications based on biological variation are generally slightly less stringent than those currently in use, although they do not drastically change the performance evaluation in the different schemes. These specifications are a first step in the harmonization of practices among the schemes and remain to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Arnaud
- Département de Biologie Intégrée, Pôle de biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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177
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Haban M, Habanova M, Otepka P, Lukac N, Massanyi P. Concentration of heavy metals in various children's herbal tea types and their correlations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2008; 43:533-538. [PMID: 18665991 DOI: 10.1080/03601230802174755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to determine the concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, copper and magnesium in six tea types used as children's tea. Six types of tea of different herbal composition used for children's consumption (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) were analyzed in three subsequent collections. The analysis of cadmium showed that the concentration was very similar in all types of children's tea, ranging from 0.233 to 0.369 mg/kg. Lead concentrations were in the range of 0.340-1.564 mg/kg without any significant differences. The analysis of mercury detected very low concentration of this metal in all samples (0.002-0.004 mg/kg). In zinc, the values ranged from 36.633 to 71.711 mg/kg, with significant differences (p < 0.001) according to tea type. Copper concentration was 10.089-30.178 mg/kg with the highest value in T4. The concentration of magnesium was significantly higher in tea T1 and T2 (102.311 and 129.422 mg/kg) in comparison with other tea types where the level was 19.811-37.411 mg/kg. The maximum tolerable limit determined by Codex Alimentarius was not exceeded in any sample. In general, correlation analysis detected high positive correlation between cadmium and lead (r = 0.89), cadmium and mercury (r = 0.92) and between lead and mercury (r = 0.77).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Haban
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Herbology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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178
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Abstract
Originally described in insect viruses, cellular proteins with Baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) motifs have been thought to function primarily as inhibitors of apoptosis. The subsequent finding that a subset of IAPs that contain a RING domain have ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) activity implied the presence of other functions. It is now known that IAPs are involved in mitotic chromosome segregation, cellular morphogenesis, copper homeostasis, and intracellular signaling. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of IAPs in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes and explore the notion that the latter represents the primary physiologic activities of IAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa M Srinivasula
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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179
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Etcheverry SB, Ferrer EG, Naso L, Barrio DA, Lezama L, Rojo T, Williams PAM. Losartan and its interaction with copper(II): Biological effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6418-24. [PMID: 17651974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Losartan, the potassium salt of 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl]imidazol, is an efficient antihypertensive drug. The vibrational FTIR and Raman spectra of Losartan (its anionic and protonated forms) are discussed. In addition, the copper(II) complex of Losartan was obtained and characterized as a microcrystalline powder. The metal center is bound to the ligand through the nitrogen atoms of the tetrazolate moiety as determined by vibrational spectroscopy. The compound is a dimer with the metal centers in a tetragonal distorted environment but the presence of a monomeric impurity has been determined by EPR spectroscopy. The antioxidant properties of the complex (superoxide dismutase mimetic activity) and its effect on the proliferation and morphology of two osteoblast-like cells in culture are reported. The new compound exerted more toxic effects on tumoral cells than the copper(II) ion and Losartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana B Etcheverry
- Centro de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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