151
|
Veite-Schmahl MJ, Joesten WC, Kennedy MA. HMGA1 expression levels are elevated in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia cells in the Ptf1a-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:639-647. [PMID: 28697176 PMCID: PMC5572173 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is currently the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and it is predicted to become the second by the year 2030. High-mobility group A1 protein (HMGA1) is an oncogenic transcription factor, localised and active in cell nuclei, that is linked to tumour progression in many human cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Overexpression of HMGA1 renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. Although the Ptf1a-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D transgenic mouse is perhaps the most widely utilised animal model for human pancreatic cancer, expression levels of HMGA1 in pancreata from this mouse model have not been characterised. METHODS Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine nuclear HMGA1 levels in pancreatic tissue sections from Ptf1a-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D mice aged 5, 11, and 15 months. The H Score method was used for quantitative analysis. RESULTS The HMGA1 levels were significantly elevated in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) epithelia compared with untransformed acinar tissues or fibroinflammatory stroma. CONCLUSIONS The PanINs have long been regarded as precancerous precursors to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Significantly elevated HMGA1 levels observed in the nuclei of PanINs in Ptf1a-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D mice validate this animal model for investigating the role that HMGA1 plays in cancer progression and testing therapeutic approaches targeting HMGA1 in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Veite-Schmahl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - William C Joesten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Spechler SJ, Merchant JL, Wang TC, Chandrasoma P, Fox JG, Genta RM, Goldenring JR, Hayakawa Y, Kuipers EJ, Lund PK, McKeon F, Mills JC, Odze RD, Peek RM, Pham T, Que J, Rustgi AK, Shaheen NJ, Shivdasani RA, Souza RF, Storz P, Todisco A, Wang DH, Wright NA. A Summary of the 2016 James W. Freston Conference of the American Gastroenterological Association: Intestinal Metaplasia in the Esophagus and Stomach: Origins, Differences, Similarities and Significance. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:e6-e13. [PMID: 28583825 PMCID: PMC5828164 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Spechler
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - James R Goldenring
- Nashville VA Medical Center and the Section of Surgical Sciences and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline K Lund
- Division of Biomedical Research Workforce, Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert D Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard M Peek
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thai Pham
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Surgical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Surgery, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David H Wang
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine and the Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Medical Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Souza RF. Reflux esophagitis and its role in the pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:767-776. [PMID: 28451845 PMCID: PMC5488728 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reflux esophagitis damages the squamous epithelium that normally lines the esophagus, and promotes replacement of the damaged squamous lining by the intestinal metaplasia of Barrett's esophagus, the precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, to prevent the development of Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma, the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis must be understood. We have reported that reflux esophagitis, both in a rat model and in humans, develops as a cytokine-mediated inflammatory injury (i.e., cytokine sizzle), not as a caustic chemical injury (i.e., acid burn), as traditionally has been assumed. Moreover, reflux induces activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α, which enhances the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) causing increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and in migration of T lymphocytes, an underlying molecular mechanism for this cytokine-mediated injury. In some individuals, reflux esophagitis heals with Barrett's metaplasia. A number of possibilities exist for the origin of the progenitor cells that give rise to this intestinal metaplasia including those of the esophagus, the proximal stomach, or the bone marrow. However, intestinal cells are not normally found in the esophagus, the stomach, or the bone marrow. Thus, the development of Barrett's intestinal metaplasia must involve some molecular reprogramming of key developmental transcription factors within the progenitor cell, a process termed transcommitment, which may be initiated by the noxious components of the gastric refluxate. This review will highlight recent studies on the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis and on reflux-related molecular reprogramming of esophageal squamous epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda F. Souza
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Bombardo M, Malagola E, Chen R, Rudnicka A, Graf R, Sonda S. Ibuprofen and diclofenac treatments reduce proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells upon inflammatory injury and mitogenic stimulation. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:335-347. [PMID: 28542719 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered to manage the pain typically found in patients suffering from pancreatitis. NSAIDs also display anti-proliferative activity against cancer cells; however, their effects on normal, untransformed cells are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated whether NSAIDs inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells during the development of acute pancreatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The NSAIDs ibuprofen and diclofenac were administered to C57BL/6 mice after induction of pancreatitis with serial injections of cerulein. In addition, ibuprofen was administered concomitantly with 3,5,3-L-tri-iodothyronine (T3), which induces acinar cell proliferation in the absence of tissue inflammation. The development of pancreatic inflammation, acinar de-differentiation into metaplastic lesions and acinar proliferation were quantified by histochemical, biochemical and RT-PCR approaches. KEY RESULTS Therapeutic ibuprofen treatment selectively reduced pancreatic infiltration of activated macrophages in vivo, and M1 macrophage polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression both in vivo and in vitro. Reduced macrophage activation was accompanied by reduced acinar de-differentiation into acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Acinar proliferation was significantly impaired in the presence of ibuprofen and diclofenac, as demonstrated at both the level of proliferation markers and expression of cell cycle regulators. Ibuprofen also reduced acinar cell proliferation induced by mitogenic stimulation with T3, a treatment that does not elicit pancreatic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study provides evidence that the NSAIDs ibuprofen and diclofenac inhibit pancreatic acinar cell division. This suggests that prolonged treatment with these NSAIDs may negatively affect the regeneration of the pancreas and further studies are needed to confirm these findings in a clinical setting. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Rudnicka
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Newnham Campus, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Liou GY, Bastea L, Fleming A, Döppler H, Edenfield BH, Dawson DW, Zhang L, Bardeesy N, Storz P. The Presence of Interleukin-13 at Pancreatic ADM/PanIN Lesions Alters Macrophage Populations and Mediates Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1322-1333. [PMID: 28514653 PMCID: PMC5510483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of the innate immune system to the development of pancreatic cancer are still ill defined. Inflammatory macrophages can initiate metaplasia of pancreatic acinar cells to a duct-like phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia [ADM]), which then gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) when oncogenic KRas is present. However, it remains unclear when and how this inflammatory macrophage population is replaced by tumor-promoting macrophages. Here, we demonstrate the presence of interleukin-13 (IL-13), which can convert inflammatory into Ym1+ alternatively activated macrophages, at ADM/PanIN lesions. We further show that Ym1+ macrophages release factors, such as IL-1ra and CCL2, to drive pancreatic fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. Treatment of mice expressing oncogenic KRas under an acinar cell-specific promoter with a neutralizing antibody for IL-13 significantly decreased the accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages at these lesions, resulting in decreased fibrosis and lesion growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ligia Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alicia Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Abstract
Acinar cells in the adult pancreas show high plasticity and can undergo transdifferentiation to a progenitor-like cell type with ductal characteristics. This process, termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), is an important feature facilitating pancreas regeneration after injury. Data from animal models show that cells that undergo ADM in response to oncogenic signalling are precursors for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, which can further progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often diagnosed at a stage of metastatic disease, understanding the processes that lead to its initiation is important for the discovery of markers for early detection, as well as options that enable an early intervention. Here, the critical determinants of acinar cell plasticity are discussed, in addition to the intracellular and extracellular signalling events that drive acinar cell metaplasia and their contribution to development of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Room 306 Griffin Building, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Zambirinis CP, Miller G. Cancer Manipulation of Host Physiology: Lessons from Pancreatic Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:465-481. [PMID: 28400243 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a fundamental property of living organisms enabling the human body to withstand internal and external insults. In several chronic diseases, and especially in cancer, many homeostatic mechanisms are deranged. Pancreatic cancer in particular is notorious for its ability to invoke an intense fibroinflammatory stromal reaction facilitating its progression and resistance to treatment. In the past decade, several seminal discoveries have elucidated previously unrecognized modes of commandeering the host's defense systems. Here we review novel discoveries in pancreatic cancer immunobiology and attempt to integrate the notion of deranged homeostasis in the pathogenesis of this disease. We also highlight areas of controversy and obstacles that need to be overcome, hoping to further our mechanistic insight into this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos P Zambirinis
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Surgery, Harlem Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10037, USA
| | - George Miller
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Zhang Y, Velez-Delgado A, Mathew E, Li D, Mendez FM, Flannagan K, Rhim AD, Simeone DM, Beatty GL, Pasca di Magliano M. Myeloid cells are required for PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint activation and the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2017; 66:124-136. [PMID: 27402485 PMCID: PMC5256390 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is characterised by the accumulation of a fibro-inflammatory stroma. Within this stromal reaction, myeloid cells are a predominant population. Distinct myeloid subsets have been correlated with tumour promotion and unmasking of anti-tumour immunity. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the effect of myeloid cell depletion on the onset and progression of pancreatic cancer and to understand the relationship between myeloid cells and T cell-mediated immunity within the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. METHODS Primary mouse pancreatic cancer cells were transplanted into CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice. Alternatively, the iKras* mouse model of pancreatic cancer was crossed into CD11b-DTR mice. CD11b+ cells (mostly myeloid cell population) were depleted by diphtheria toxin treatment during tumour initiation or in established tumours. RESULTS Depletion of myeloid cells prevented KrasG12D-driven pancreatic cancer initiation. In pre-established tumours, myeloid cell depletion arrested tumour growth and in some cases, induced tumour regressions that were dependent on CD8+ T cells. We found that myeloid cells inhibited CD8+ T-cell anti-tumour activity by inducing the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumour cells in an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our results show that myeloid cells support immune evasion in pancreatic cancer through EGFR/MAPK-dependent regulation of PD-L1 expression on tumour cells. Derailing this crosstalk between myeloid cells and tumour cells is sufficient to restore anti-tumour immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells, a finding with implications for the design of immune therapies for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashley Velez-Delgado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Esha Mathew
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dongjun Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Flor M Mendez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Flannagan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew D Rhim
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory L Beatty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Drosos Y, Neale G, Ye J, Paul L, Kuliyev E, Maitra A, Means AL, Washington MK, Rehg J, Finkelstein DB, Sosa-Pineda B. Prox1-Heterozygosis Sensitizes the Pancreas to Oncogenic Kras-Induced Neoplastic Transformation. Neoplasia 2016; 18:172-84. [PMID: 26992918 PMCID: PMC4796801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of pancreatic neoplastic transformation proposes an initial step whereby acinar cells convert into acinar-to-ductal metaplasias, followed by progression of these lesions into neoplasias under sustained oncogenic activity and inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving these processes is crucial to the early diagnostic and prevention of pancreatic cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that transcription factors that control exocrine pancreatic development could have either, protective or facilitating roles in the formation of preneoplasias and neoplasias in the pancreas. We previously identified that the homeodomain transcription factor Prox1 is a novel regulator of mouse exocrine pancreas development. Here we investigated whether Prox1 function participates in early neoplastic transformation using in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches. We found that Prox1 expression is transiently re-activated in acinar cells undergoing dedifferentiation and acinar-to-ductal metaplastic conversion. In contrast, Prox1 expression is largely absent in neoplasias and tumors in the pancreas of mice and humans. We also uncovered that Prox1-heterozygosis markedly increases the formation of acinar-to-ductal-metaplasias and early neoplasias, and enhances features associated with inflammation, in mouse pancreatic tissues expressing oncogenic Kras. Furthermore, we discovered that Prox1-heterozygosis increases tissue damage and delays recovery from inflammation in pancreata of mice injected with caerulein. These results are the first demonstration that Prox1 activity protects pancreatic cells from acute tissue damage and early neoplastic transformation. Additional data in our study indicate that this novel role of Prox1 involves suppression of pathways associated with inflammatory responses and cell invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Drosos
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Department of Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jianming Ye
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Leena Paul
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Emin Kuliyev
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Anirban Maitra
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anna L Means
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jerold Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - David B Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Beatriz Sosa-Pineda
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Ou ZB, Miao CM, Ye MX, Xing DP, He K, Li PZ, Zhu RT, Gong JP. Investigation for role of tissue factor and blood coagulation system in severe acute pancreatitis and associated liver injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:380-388. [PMID: 27923687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and SAP-associated liver injury, we performed an association analysis of the functions of tissue factor (TF) and blood coagulation system in both SAP patients and mouse SAP model. Our results showed that serum TF and tissue factor-microparticle (TF-MP) levels were highly up-regulated in both SAP patients and SAP mouse model, which was accompanied by the dysfunction of blood coagulation system. Besides, TF expression was also highly up-regulated in the Kupffer cells (KCs) of SAP mouse model. After inhibiting KCs in SAP mouse model, the amelioration of blood coagulation system functions was associated with the decrease in serum TF and TF-MPs levels, and the reduction of SAP-associated liver injury was associated with the decrease of TF expression in KCs. In conclusion, the dis-regulated TF expression and associated dysfunction of blood coagulation system are critical factors for the pathogenesis of SAP and SAP-associated liver injury. TF may serve as a potential and effective target for treating SAP and SAP-associated liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bing Ou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mu Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xin Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Pei Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Zhi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
We have collectively been spoiled by the astounding clinical benefit of antimicrobials. Much like the discovery and use of penicillin to eradicate once deadly infections, we continue to desperately search for the next “magic bullet” to kill cancer while sparing the non‐transformed cells. Greater appreciation for the molecular intricacies of malignancy has resulted in dedicated pursuit of cancer genomics and large‐scale informatics to identify “drugable” targets within the cancer cell itself. However, studies at the bench elucidating a dynamic relationship between tumor and microenvironment have become more common and demonstrate promise for novel therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
The MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Confers Repair of Murine Pancreatic Acinar Cells following Acute and Chronic Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165485. [PMID: 27798657 PMCID: PMC5087859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cells represent the primary target in necroinflammatory diseases of the pancreas, including pancreatitis. The signaling pathways guiding acinar cell repair and regeneration following injury remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor/MET signaling as an intrinsic repair mechanism for acinar cells following acute damage and chronic alcohol-associated injury. Here, we generated mice with targeted deletion of MET in adult acinar cells (MET-/-). Acute and repetitive pancreatic injury was induced in MET-/- and control mice with cerulein, and chronic injury by feeding mice Lieber-DeCarli diets containing alcohol with or without enhancement of repetitive pancreatic injury. We examined the exocrine pancreas of these mice histologically for acinar death, edema, inflammation and collagen deposition and changes in the transcriptional program. We show that MET expression is relatively low in normal adult pancreas. However, MET levels were elevated in ductal and acinar cells in human pancreatitis specimens, consistent with a role for MET in an adaptive repair mechanism. We report that genetic deletion of MET in adult murine acinar cells was linked to increased acinar cell death, chronic inflammation and delayed recovery (regeneration) of pancreatic exocrine tissue. Notably, increased pancreatic collagen deposition was detected in MET knockout mice following repetitive injury as well alcohol-associated injury. Finally, we identified specific alterations of the pancreatic transcriptome associated with MET signaling during injury, involved in tissue repair, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of MET signaling for acinar repair and regeneration, a novel finding that could attenuate the symptomology of pancreatic injury.
Collapse
|
163
|
Hart PA, Bellin MD, Andersen DK, Bradley D, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Forsmark CE, Goodarzi MO, Habtezion A, Korc M, Kudva YC, Pandol SJ, Yadav D, Chari ST. Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:226-237. [PMID: 28404095 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Melena D Bellin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dana K Andersen
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Bradley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher E Forsmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Halbrook CJ, Wen HJ, Ruggeri JM, Takeuchi KK, Zhang Y, Pasca di Magliano M, Crawford HC. Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Activity Maintains Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and Is Required for Organ Regeneration in Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:99-118. [PMID: 28090569 PMCID: PMC5235341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the exocrine pancreas has been extensively studied in the context of pancreatic cancer, where its potential as a therapeutic target is limited by acquired drug resistance. However, its role in pancreatitis is less understood. We investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-initiated MAPK signaling in pancreatitis to determine the potential for MEK inhibition in treating pancreatitis patients. METHODS To examine the role of MEK signaling in pancreatitis, we used both genetic and pharmacologic approaches to inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway in a murine model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. We generated mice harboring inducible short hairpins targeting the MEK isoforms Map2k1 and/or Map2k2 specifically in the pancreatic epithelium. We also used the MEK inhibitor trametinib to determine the efficacy of systemic inhibition in mice with pancreatitis. RESULTS We demonstrated an essential role for MEK signaling in the initiation of pancreatitis. We showed that both systemic and parenchyma-specific MEK inhibition in established pancreatitis induces epithelial differentiation and stromal remodeling. However, systemic MEK inhibition also leads to a loss of the proliferative capacity of the pancreas, preventing the restoration of organ mass. CONCLUSIONS MEK activity is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatitis. MEK inhibition may be useful in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis to interrupt the vicious cycle of destruction and repair but at the expense of organ regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui-Ju Wen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeanine M. Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth K. Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Howard Crawford, PhD, NCRC Building 520, Room 1347, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1600. fax: (734) 647-6977.NCRC Building 520Room 1347, 1600 Huron ParkwayAnn ArborMichigan 48109-1600
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Ke X, Zhang S, Wu M, Lou J, Zhang J, Xu T, Huang L, Huang P, Wang F, Pan S. Tumor-associated macrophages promote invasion via Toll-like receptors signaling in patients with ovarian cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:184-195. [PMID: 27608303 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes recruit into tumor microenvironment and display functions associated with tumor progression. The mechanisms by which TAMs display roles that associated with the invasion ability of ovarian cancer have not been well investigated. In our research, we found abundant TAMs infiltrate in ovarian cancer compared with benign ovarian tumor tissues. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling proteins were evaluated in ovarian cancer. The high level of TAMs was associated with metastasis and advance of patients with ovarian cancer. TAMs and ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 were cocultured in vitro, MMPs level and the invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were significantly up-regulated. The coculture process was correlated with the activation of TLRs signaling and downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) kinases pathway in SKOV3. In addition, pre-incubation with TLRs signaling inhibitors remarkably suppressed invasion ability of SKOV3. Levels of TLRs signaling pathways proteins were also down-regulated in this blocking process. These findings demonstrated that TAMs promoted up-regulation of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10 expressions and enhanced ovarian cancer cells invasion via TLRs signaling pathway. We conclude that TAMs could enhance ovarian cancer cells invasion and ultimately promote ovarian cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianfang Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Li X, Nania S, Fejzibegovic N, Moro CF, Klopp-Schulze L, Verbeke C, Löhr JM, Heuchel RL. Cerulein-induced pancreatic fibrosis is modulated by Smad7, the major negative regulator of transforming growth factor-β signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1839-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
167
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Edgington-Mitchell LE, Wartmann T, Fleming AK, Gocheva V, van der Linden WA, Withana NP, Verdoes M, Aurelio L, Edgington-Mitchell D, Lieu T, Parker BS, Graham B, Reinheckel T, Furness JB, Joyce JA, Storz P, Halangk W, Bogyo M, Bunnett NW. Legumain is activated in macrophages during pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G548-60. [PMID: 27514475 PMCID: PMC5075999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00047.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by dysregulated activity of digestive enzymes, necrosis, immune infiltration, and pain. Repeated incidence of pancreatitis is an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been linked to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Until now, legumain activation has not been studied during pancreatitis. We used a fluorescently quenched activity-based probe to assess legumain activation during caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. We detected activated legumain by ex vivo imaging, confocal microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Compared with healthy controls, legumain activity in the pancreas of caerulein-treated mice was increased in a time-dependent manner. Legumain was localized to CD68(+) macrophages and was not active in pancreatic acinar cells. Using a small-molecule inhibitor of legumain, we found that this protease is not essential for the initiation of pancreatitis. However, it may serve as a biomarker of disease, since patients with chronic pancreatitis show strongly increased legumain expression in macrophages. Moreover, the occurrence of legumain-expressing macrophages in regions of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia suggests that this protease may influence reprogramming events that lead to inflammation-induced pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Wartmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicia K Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Nimali P Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Edgington-Mitchell
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Walter Halangk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
TGF-β1 promotes acinar to ductal metaplasia of human pancreatic acinar cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30904. [PMID: 27485764 PMCID: PMC4971483 DOI: 10.1038/srep30904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that pancreatitis-induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a key event for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation. However, there has not been an adequate system to explore the mechanisms of human ADM induction. We have developed a flow cytometry-based, high resolution lineage tracing method and 3D culture system to analyse ADM in human cells. In this system, well-known mouse ADM inducers did not promote ADM in human cells. In contrast, TGF-β1 efficiently converted human acinar cells to duct-like cells (AD) in a SMAD-dependent manner, highlighting fundamental differences between the species. Functionally, AD cells gained transient proliferative capacity. Furthermore, oncogenic KRAS did not induce acinar cell proliferation, but did sustain the proliferation of AD cells, suggesting that oncogenic KRAS requires ADM-associated-changes to promote PDAC initiation. This ADM model provides a novel platform to explore the mechanisms involved in the development of human pancreatic diseases.
Collapse
|
170
|
Ebine K, Chow CR, DeCant BT, Hattaway HZ, Grippo PJ, Kumar K, Munshi HG. Slug inhibits pancreatic cancer initiation by blocking Kras-induced acinar-ductal metaplasia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29133. [PMID: 27364947 PMCID: PMC4929679 DOI: 10.1038/srep29133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in the pancreas that have undergone acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) can transform into premalignant cells that can eventually become cancerous. Although the epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator Snail (Snai1) can cooperate with Kras in acinar cells to enhance ADM development, the contribution of Snail-related protein Slug (Snai2) to ADM development is not known. Thus, transgenic mice expressing Slug and Kras in acinar cells were generated. Surprisingly, Slug attenuated Kras-induced ADM development, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and proliferation. Co-expression of Slug with Kras also attenuated chronic pancreatitis-induced changes in ADM development and fibrosis. In addition, Slug attenuated TGF-α-induced acinar cell metaplasia to ductal structures and TGF-α-induced expression of ductal markers in ex vivo acinar explant cultures. Significantly, blocking the Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1/2 in the ex vivo cultures induced expression of ductal markers and reversed the effects of Slug by inducing ductal structures. In addition, blocking ROCK1/2 activity in Slug-expressing Kras mice reversed the inhibitory effects of Slug on ADM, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, proliferation and fibrosis. Overall, these results increase our understanding of the role of Slug in ADM, an early event that can eventually lead to pancreatic cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Ebine
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina R. Chow
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian T. DeCant
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Holly Z. Hattaway
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Porciuncula A, Hajdu C, David G. The Dual Role of Senescence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 131:1-20. [PMID: 27451122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of senescence as a tumor suppressor is well established; however, recent evidence has revealed novel paracrine functions for senescent cells in relation to their microenvironment, most notably protumorigenic roles in certain contexts. Senescent cells are capable of altering the inflammatory microenvironment through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which could have important consequences for tumorigenesis. The role of senescent cells in a highly inflammatory cancer like pancreatic cancer is still largely undefined, apart from the fact that senescence abrogation increases tumorigenesis in vivo. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the phenomenon of cellular senescence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, its overlapping link with inflammation, and some urgent unanswered questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Porciuncula
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - C Hajdu
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - G David
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Saunders D, Powers AC. Replicative capacity of β-cells and type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:59-68. [PMID: 27133598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to restore β-cell number or mass in type 1 diabetes (T1D) must combine an intervention to stimulate proliferation of remaining β-cells and an intervention to mitigate or control the β-cell-directed autoimmunity. This review highlights features of the β-cell, including it being part of a pancreatic islet, a mini-organ that is highly vascularized and highly innervated, and efforts to promote β-cell proliferation. In addition, the β-cell in T1D exists in a microenvironment with interactions and input from other islet cell types, extracellular matrix, vascular endothelial cells, neuronal projections, and immune cells, all of which likely influence the β-cell's capacity for replication. Physiologic β-cell proliferation occurs in human and rodents in the neonatal period and early in life, after which there is an age-dependent decline in β-cell proliferation, and also as part of the β-cell's compensatory response to the metabolic challenges of pregnancy and insulin resistance. This review reviews the molecular pathways involved in this β-cell proliferation and highlights recent work in two areas: 1) Investigators, using high-throughput screening to discover small molecules that promote human β-cell proliferation, are now focusing on the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1a and cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C/p18 or CDKN1A/p21as targets of compounds to stimulate adult human β-cell proliferation. 2) Local inflammation, macrophages, and the local β-cell microenvironment promote β-cell proliferation. Future efforts to harness the responsible mechanisms may lead to new approaches to promote β-cell proliferation in T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Halama N, Zoernig I, Berthel A, Kahlert C, Klupp F, Suarez-Carmona M, Suetterlin T, Brand K, Krauss J, Lasitschka F, Lerchl T, Luckner-Minden C, Ulrich A, Koch M, Weitz J, Schneider M, Buechler MW, Zitvogel L, Herrmann T, Benner A, Kunz C, Luecke S, Springfeld C, Grabe N, Falk CS, Jaeger D. Tumoral Immune Cell Exploitation in Colorectal Cancer Metastases Can Be Targeted Effectively by Anti-CCR5 Therapy in Cancer Patients. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:587-601. [PMID: 27070705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune response influences the clinical course of colorectal cancer (CRC). Analyzing the invasive margin of human CRC liver metastases, we identified a mechanism of immune cell exploitation by tumor cells. While two distinct subsets of myeloid cells induce an influx of T cells into the invasive margin via CXCL9/CXCL10, CCL5 is produced by these T cells and stimulates pro-tumoral effects via CCR5. CCR5 blockade in patient-derived functional in vitro organotypic culture models showed a macrophage repolarization with anti-tumoral effects. These anti-tumoral effects were then confirmed in a phase I trial with a CCR5 antagonist in patients with liver metastases of advanced refractory CRC. Mitigation of tumor-promoting inflammation within the tumor tissue and objective tumor responses in CRC were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Inka Zoernig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Berthel
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fee Klupp
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meggy Suarez-Carmona
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Suetterlin
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Brand
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Krauss
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tina Lerchl
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Luckner-Minden
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Buechler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U1015, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Idar-Oberstein, 55743 Idar Oberstein, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Kunz
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Luecke
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Caso R, Miller G. Role of tumor associated macrophages in regulating pancreatic cancer progression. World J Immunol 2016; 6:9-18. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Unfortunately, patient survival has not substantially improved in the last couple of decades despite advances in treatment modalities that have been successful in other cancer types. The poor response of pancreatic cancer to therapy is a major obstacle faced by clinicians. Increasing attention is being paid to how tumor cells and non-tumor cells influence each other in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a highlight in this field because of their vast presence in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and suppress the anti-tumor immune response. Here we review the current understanding of the role of TAMs in regulating the progression of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
175
|
Cavelti-Weder C, Li W, Zumsteg A, Stemann-Andersen M, Zhang Y, Yamada T, Wang M, Lu J, Jermendy A, Bee YM, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC, Zhou Q. Hyperglycaemia attenuates in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells to beta cells in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:522-32. [PMID: 26693711 PMCID: PMC4744133 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine to insulin-producing cells by viral delivery of the genes encoding transcription factors neurogenin-3 (Ngn3), pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1) and MafA is an efficient method for reversing diabetes in murine models. The variables that modulate reprogramming success are currently ill-defined. METHODS Here, we assess the impact of glycaemia on in vivo reprogramming in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced beta cell ablation, using subsequent islet transplantation or insulin pellet implantation for creation of groups with differing levels of glycaemia before viral delivery of transcription factors. RESULTS We observed that hyperglycaemia significantly impaired reprogramming of exocrine to insulin-producing cells in their quantity, differentiation status and function. With hyperglycaemia, the reprogramming of acinar towards beta cells was less complete. Moreover, inflammatory tissue changes within the exocrine pancreas including macrophage accumulation were found, which may represent the tissue's response to clear the pancreas from insufficiently reprogrammed cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings shed light on normoglycaemia as a prerequisite for optimal reprogramming success in a diabetes model, which might be important in other tissue engineering approaches and disease models, potentially facilitating their translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, The People's Republic of China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Adrian Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann-Andersen
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Agnes Jermendy
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong Mong Bee
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Cancer Stem Cells and Macrophages: Implications in Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Strategies. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9012369. [PMID: 26980947 PMCID: PMC4769767 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9012369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique subset of cells within tumors with stemlike properties that have been proposed to be key drivers of tumor initiation and progression. CSCs are functionally defined by their unlimited self-renewal capacity and their ability to initiate tumor formation in vivo. Like normal stem cells, CSCs exist in a cellular niche comprised of numerous cell types including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which provides a unique microenvironment to protect and promote CSC functions. TAMs provide pivotal signals to promote CSC survival, self-renewal, maintenance, and migratory ability, and in turn, CSCs deliver tumor-promoting cues to TAMs that further enhance tumorigenesis. Studies in the last decade have aimed to understand the molecular mediators of CSCs and TAMs, and recent advances have begun to elucidate the complex cross talk that occurs between these two cell types. In this review, we discuss the molecular interactions that define CSC-TAM cross talk at each stage of tumor progression and examine the clinical implications of targeting these interactions.
Collapse
|
177
|
Macrophages and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:211-6. [PMID: 26708507 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages make up part of the innate immune system and provide one of the first defenses against variety of treats. Macrophages can also modulate the adaptive immune system. Efficient sensing and response to tissue environmental cues highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of macrophages and their plasticity. Macrophages may have divergent roles depending on their polarity and stimulus received. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the critical role played by macrophages in tumor initiation, development, and progression. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In addition, we give an overview on recent advances related to the therapeutic implication associated with targeting TAMs in pancreas cancer.
Collapse
|
178
|
Reg3g Promotes Pancreatic Carcinogenesis in a Murine Model of Chronic Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3656-68. [PMID: 26182900 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerating islet-derived 3 (Reg3) is abnormally expressed in several human digestive system diseases, including chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC). AIM The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the enhanced expression of Reg3 in inflammation-induced PC. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with caerulein for 6 weeks to induce CP and then injected with pReg3g--a lentivirus system encoding for murine Reg3g--accompanied by dimethylbenzanthracene to induce PC. We detected pancreatic histopathological characteristics, tumor-related gene expression, inflammation-associated pathway activation, serum biochemical indicators, and immunological cell activities. RESULTS The mice that developed CP after caerulein treatment were marked by pronounced histologic lesions, elevated serum amylase levels, and activation of inflammation-related pathways. Mice given a high dose of pReg3g developed PC by 16 weeks, with recognizable tumors in the pancreas. While, both the low and high doses of pReg3g produced higher transcription of c-fos, k-ras, cytokeratin-19, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and a lower expression of caspase-3 compared to pNEG controls. Additionally, the higher dose of pReg3g increased the expressions of pSTAT3, NFκB (p65), and SOCS3 methylation during PC development. In addition, mice treated with pReg3g displayed higher levels of serum IL10 and TGFβ and suppressed T lymphocyte proliferation and DC function. CONCLUSION The comprehensive analysis suggests enhanced Reg3g expression exacerbates PC in inflammation-associated cancer progression. Reg3g appears to promote CP-related PC in mice through multiple mechanisms, involving enhanced transcription of pancreatic tumor markers, repression of anti-tumor immunity, and activation of STAT3/p65 signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
|
179
|
Abstract
Controversy has long surrounded research on pancreatic beta cell regeneration. Some groups have used nonphysiological experimental methodologies to build support for the existence of pancreatic progenitor cells within the adult pancreas that constantly replenish the beta cell pool; others argue strongly against this mode of regeneration. Recent research has reinvigorated enthusiasm for the harnessing of pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic application--for example, the transdifferentiation of human pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin-secreting beta-like cells in vitro; the conversion of mouse pancreatic acinar cells to beta-like cells in vivo via cytokine treatment; and the potential redifferentiation of dedifferentiated mouse beta cells in vivo. Here, we highlight key findings in this provocative field and provide a perspective on possible exploitation of human pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic beta cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Valdez
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adrian K K Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Present address: Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Present affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. Present affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Loncle C, Bonjoch L, Folch-Puy E, Lopez-Millan MB, Lac S, Molejon MI, Chuluyan E, Cordelier P, Dubus P, Lomberk G, Urrutia R, Closa D, Iovanna JL. IL17 Functions through the Novel REG3β-JAK2-STAT3 Inflammatory Pathway to Promote the Transition from Chronic Pancreatitis to Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4852-62. [PMID: 26404002 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) offers an optimal model for discovering "druggable" molecular pathways that participate in inflammation-associated cancer development. Chronic pancreatitis, a common prolonged inflammatory disease, behaves as a well-known premalignant condition that contributes to PDAC development. Although the mechanisms underlying the pancreatitis-to-cancer transition remain to be fully elucidated, emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that the actions of proinflammatory mediators on cells harboring Kras mutations promote neoplastic transformation. Recent elegant studies demonstrated that the IL17 pathway mediates this phenomenon and can be targeted with antibodies, but the downstream mechanisms by which IL17 functions during this transition are currently unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that IL17 induces the expression of REG3β, a well-known mediator of pancreatitis, during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and in early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. Furthermore, we found that REG3β promotes cell growth and decreases sensitivity to cell death through activation of the gp130-JAK2-STAT3-dependent pathway. Genetic inactivation of REG3β in the context of oncogenic Kras-driven PDAC resulted in reduced PanIN formation, an effect that could be rescued by administration of exogenous REG3β. Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the pathways underlying inflammation-associated pancreatic cancer, revealing a dual and contextual pathophysiologic role for REG3β during pancreatitis and PDAC initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Loncle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Laia Bonjoch
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Belen Lopez-Millan
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Lac
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Inés Molejon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Eduardo Chuluyan
- Laboratory of Immunomodulators, School of Medicine, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- INSERM UMR U1037, Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- EA2406, Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics, and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics, and Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York
| | - Daniel Closa
- Experimental Pathology Department, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan L Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Saponara E, Grabliauskaite K, Bombardo M, Buzzi R, Silva AB, Malagola E, Tian Y, Hehl AB, Schraner EM, Seleznik GM, Zabel A, Reding T, Sonda S, Graf R. Serotonin promotes acinar dedifferentiation following pancreatitis-induced regeneration in the adult pancreas. J Pathol 2015; 237:495-507. [PMID: 26235267 DOI: 10.1002/path.4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The exocrine pancreas exhibits a distinctive capacity for tissue regeneration and renewal following injury. This regenerative ability has important implications for a variety of disorders, including pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, understanding its underlying mechanisms may help in developing therapeutic interventions. Serotonin has been recognized as a potent mitogen for a variety of cells and tissues. Here we investigated whether serotonin exerts a mitogenic effect in pancreatic acinar cells in three regenerative models, inflammatory tissue injury following pancreatitis, tissue loss following partial pancreatectomy, and thyroid hormone-stimulated acinar proliferation. Genetic and pharmacological techniques were used to modulate serotonin levels in vivo. Acinar dedifferentiation and cell cycle progression during the regenerative phase were investigated over the course of 2 weeks. By comparing acinar proliferation in the different murine models of regeneration, we found that serotonin did not affect the clonal regeneration of mature acinar cells. Serotonin was, however, required for acinar dedifferentiation following inflammation-mediated tissue injury. Specifically, lack of serotonin resulted in delayed up-regulation of progenitor genes and delayed the formation of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and defective acinar cell proliferation. We identified serotonin-dependent acinar secretion as a key step in progenitor-based regeneration, as it promoted acinar cell dedifferentiation and the recruitment of type 2 macrophages. Finally, we identified a regulatory Hes1-Ptfa axis in the uninjured adult pancreas, activated by zymogen secretion. Our findings indicated that serotonin plays a critical role in the regeneration of the adult pancreas following pancreatitis by promoting the dedifferentiation of acinar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Saponara
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kamile Grabliauskaite
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Buzzi
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto B Silva
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yinghua Tian
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M Schraner
- Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gitta M Seleznik
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Zabel
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This report reviews recent animal model and human studies associated with inflammatory responses in acute and chronic pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Animal model and limited human acute and chronic pancreatitis studies unravel the dynamic nature of the inflammatory processes and the ability of the immune cells to sense danger and environmental signals. In acute pancreatitis, such molecules include pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors, and the more recently appreciated damage-associated molecular pattern molecules or 'alarmin' high mobility group box 1 and IL-33. In chronic pancreatitis, a recent understanding of a critical role for macrophage-pancreatic stellate cell interaction offers a potential targetable pathway that can alter fibrogenesis. Microbiome research in pancreatitis is a new field gaining interest but will require further investigation. SUMMARY Immune cell contribution to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis is gaining more appreciation and further understanding in immune signaling presents potential therapeutic targets that can alter disease progression.
Collapse
|
183
|
Prabhu L, Mundade R, Korc M, Loehrer PJ, Lu T. Critical role of NF-κB in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10969-75. [PMID: 25473891 PMCID: PMC4294354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, and in spite of intense efforts there are limited therapeutic options for patients with PDAC. PDACs harbor a high frequency of Kras mutations and other driver mutations that lead to altered signaling pathways and contribute to therapeutic resistance. Importantly, constitutive activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is frequently observed in PDAC. An increasing body of evidence suggests that both classical and non-classical NF-κB pathways play a crucial role in PDAC development and progression. In this review, we update the most recent advances regarding different aspects of NF-κB involvement in PDAC development and progression, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target and the need to discover pathway-specific cytosolic NF-κB regulators which could be used to design novel therapeutic strategies for PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Rasika Mundade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Patrick J Loehrer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana Cancer Pavilion, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Mills JC, Sansom OJ. Reserve stem cells: Differentiated cells reprogram to fuel repair, metaplasia, and neoplasia in the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re8. [PMID: 26175494 PMCID: PMC4858190 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa7540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that differentiated cells can switch fates, especially in vitro, but only recently has there been a critical mass of publications describing the mechanisms adult, postmitotic cells use in vivo to reverse their differentiation state. We propose that this sort of cellular reprogramming is a fundamental cellular process akin to apoptosis or mitosis. Because reprogramming can invoke regenerative cells from mature cells, it is critical to the long-term maintenance of tissues like the pancreas, which encounter large insults during adulthood but lack constitutively active adult stem cells to repair the damage. However, even in tissues with adult stem cells, like the stomach and intestine, reprogramming may allow mature cells to serve as reserve ("quiescent") stem cells when normal stem cells are compromised. We propose that the potential downside to reprogramming is that it increases risk for cancers that occur late in adulthood. Mature, long-lived cells may have years of exposure to mutagens. Mutations that affect the physiological function of differentiated, postmitotic cells may lead to apoptosis, but mutations in genes that govern proliferation might not be selected against. Hence, reprogramming with reentry into the cell cycle might unmask those mutations, causing an irreversible progenitor-like, proliferative state. We review recent evidence showing that reprogramming fuels irreversible metaplastic and precancerous proliferation in the stomach and pancreas. Finally, we illustrate how we think reprogrammed differentiated cells are likely candidates as cells of origin for cancers of the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Krah NM, De La O JP, Swift GH, Hoang CQ, Willet SG, Chen Pan F, Cash GM, Bronner MP, Wright CV, MacDonald RJ, Murtaugh LC. The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26151762 PMCID: PMC4536747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may provide therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease. Recently, we and others made the surprising finding that PDAC and its preinvasive precursors, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), arise via reprogramming of mature acinar cells. We therefore hypothesized that the master regulator of acinar differentiation, PTF1A, could play a central role in suppressing PDAC initiation. In this study, we demonstrate that PTF1A expression is lost in both mouse and human PanINs, and that this downregulation is functionally imperative in mice for acinar reprogramming by oncogenic KRAS. Loss of Ptf1a alone is sufficient to induce acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, potentiate inflammation, and induce a KRAS-permissive, PDAC-like gene expression profile. As a result, Ptf1a-deficient acinar cells are dramatically sensitized to KRAS transformation, and reduced Ptf1a greatly accelerates development of invasive PDAC. Together, these data indicate that cell differentiation regulators constitute a new tumor suppressive mechanism in the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Jean-Paul De La O
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Galvin H Swift
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chinh Q Hoang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Spencer G Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Fong Chen Pan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Gabriela M Cash
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mary P Bronner
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Christopher Ve Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Raymond J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Lahmar Q, Keirsse J, Laoui D, Movahedi K, Van Overmeire E, Van Ginderachter JA. Tissue-resident versus monocyte-derived macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1865:23-34. [PMID: 26145884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-promoting role of macrophages has been firmly established in most cancer types. However, macrophage identity has been a matter of debate, since several levels of complexity result in considerable macrophage heterogeneity. Ontogenically, tissue-resident macrophages derive from yolk sac progenitors which either directly or via a fetal liver monocyte intermediate differentiate into distinct macrophage types during embryogenesis and are maintained throughout life, while a disruption of the steady state mobilizes monocytes and instructs the formation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Histologically, the macrophage phenotype is heavily influenced by the tissue microenvironment resulting in molecularly and functionally distinct macrophages in distinct organs. Finally, a change in the tissue microenvironment as a result of infectious or sterile inflammation instructs different modes of macrophage activation. These considerations are relevant in the context of tumors, which can be considered as sites of chronic sterile inflammation encompassing subregions with distinct environmental conditions (for example, hypoxic versus normoxic). Here, we discuss existing evidence on the role of macrophage subpopulations in steady state tissue and primary tumors of the breast, lung, pancreas, brain and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qods Lahmar
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an insidious type of cancer with its symptoms manifested upon extensive disease. The overall 5-year survival rates between 0.4 and 4%. Surgical resection is an option for only 10% of the patients with pancreatic cancer. Local recurrence and hepatic metastases occur within 2 years after surgery. There are currently several molecular pathways investigated and novel targeted treatments are on the market. However; the nature of pancreatic cancer with its ability to spread locally in the primary site and lymph nodes indicates that further experimentation with local interventional therapies could be a future treatment proposal as palliative care or adjunct to gene therapy and chemotherapy/radiotherapy. In the current review, we will summarize the molecular pathways and present the interventional treatment options for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
188
|
Crawford HC. Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 as pancreatic tumorigenesis suppressor: identification of a new targetable signaling node. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1279-81. [PMID: 25921374 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Crawford
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Borges S, Perez EA, Thompson EA, Radisky DC, Geiger XJ, Storz P. Effective Targeting of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancers with the Protein Kinase D Inhibitor CRT0066101. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1306-16. [PMID: 25852060 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast are associated with altered expression of hormone receptors (HR), amplification or overexpression of HER2, or a triple-negative phenotype. The most aggressive cases of IDC are characterized by a high proliferation rate, a great propensity to metastasize, and their ability to resist to standard chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or HER2-targeted therapy. Using progression tissue microarrays, we here demonstrate that the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D3 (PKD3) is highly upregulated in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (ER(-)) tumors. We identify direct binding of the ER to the PRKD3 gene promoter as a mechanism of inhibition of PKD3 expression. Loss of ER results in upregulation of PKD3, leading to all hallmarks of aggressive IDC, including increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This identifies ER(-) breast cancers as ideal for treatment with the PKD inhibitor CRT0066101. We show that similar to a knockdown of PKD3, treatment with this inhibitor targets all tumorigenic processes in vitro and decreases growth of primary tumors and metastasis in vivo. Our data strongly support the development of PKD inhibitors for clinical use for ER(-) breast cancers, including the triple-negative phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Borges
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Edith A Perez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Liou GY, Storz P. Inflammatory macrophages in pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia and initiation of pancreatic cancer. Oncoscience 2015; 2:247-51. [PMID: 25897428 PMCID: PMC4394130 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of inflammatory macrophages in pancreatic tissue and the development of pancreatic cancer have not been well characterized. Recently it was shown that inflammatory macrophages, besides their function in clearing dead cells, also initiate pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia to duct-like progenitor cells. While in pancreatitis this is a reversible process, in context of an oncogenic stimulus this process is irreversible and can lead to the formation of precancerous lesions. Recent work now indicates that acquisition of an activating Kras mutation in acinar cells initiates signaling that leads to chemoattraction of M1-poliarized macrophages. This oncogene-caused chronic microinflammation can accelerate the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Storz P. The crosstalk between acinar cells with Kras mutations and M1-polarized macrophages leads to initiation of pancreatic precancerous lesions. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008794. [PMID: 26155420 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the processes that lead to the development of pancreatic cancer indicate that inflammatory macrophages have key functions in the initiation of pre-neoplastic lesions. Specifically, acquisition of an activating Kras mutation in pancreatic acinar cells leads to upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which serves as a chemoattractant for M1-polarized macrophages. M1 macrophages then contribute to acinar cell metaplasia and development of precancerous lesions through inflammatory cytokines and secreted proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic ; Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Protein kinase D1 drives pancreatic acinar cell reprogramming and progression to intraepithelial neoplasia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6200. [PMID: 25698580 PMCID: PMC4394184 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells to a ductal phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, ADM) occurs after injury or inflammation of the pancreas and is a reversible process. However, in the presence of activating Kras mutations or persistent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) signalling, cells that underwent ADM can progress to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and eventually pancreatic cancer. In transgenic animal models, ADM and PanINs are initiated by high-affinity ligands for EGF-R or activating Kras mutations, but the underlying signalling mechanisms are not well understood. Here, using a conditional knockout approach, we show that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is sufficient to drive the reprogramming process to a ductal phenotype and progression to PanINs. Moreover, using 3D explant culture of primary pancreatic acinar cells, we show that PKD1 acts downstream of TGFα and Kras, to mediate formation of ductal structures through activation of the Notch pathway.
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by advanced stage desmoplastic tumors with a high prevalence of genetic abnormalities. Occurrence of PDA is linked to activating Kras mutations and aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, leading to additional activation of wild-type Kras. As Kras is difficult to target, there is a constant need to identify novel targets acting downstream of this molecule in driving the formation or progression of PDA. Recently, it was shown that protein kinase D enzymes not only are increasingly expressed in PDA but also causatively linked to the development and progression of this cancer. They act downstream of both mutant Kras and growth factors and therefore may represent ideal novel targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Storz
- Correspondence to: Peter Storz, Mayo Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. Tel: 904 953-6909, Fax: 904 953-0277,
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Chronic alcohol exposure exacerbates inflammation and triggers pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia through PI3K/Akt/IKK. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:653-63. [PMID: 25573338 PMCID: PMC4314411 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) has been identified as an initiating event that can progress to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Acini transdifferentiation can be induced by persistent inflammation. Notably, compelling evidence has emerged that chronic alcohol exposure may trigger an inflammatory response of macrophages/monocytes stimulated by endotoxins. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the role of inflammation induced by chronic alcohol and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in the progression of pancreatic ADM, as well as to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. For this purpose, cultured macrophages were exposed to varying doses of alcohol for 1 week prior to stimulation with LPS. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expression and secreted (RANTES) expression were upregulated in the intoxicated macrophages with activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Following treatment with the supernatant of intoxicated macrophages, ADM of primary acinar cells was induced. Furthermore, the expression of TNF-α and RANTES, as well as the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/inhibitory κB kinase (IKK) signaling pathway have been proven to be involved in the ADM of acinar cells. Moreover, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were employed to further explore the induction of pancreatic ADM by chronic alcohol and LPS exposure in vivo. At the end of the treatment period, a number of physiological parameters, such as body weight, liver weight and pancreatic weight were reduced in the exposed rats. Plasma alcohol concentrations and oxidative stress levels in the serum, as well as TNF-α and RANTES expression in monocytes were also induced following chronic alcohol and LPS exposure. In addition, pancreatic ADM was induced through the PI3K/Akt/IKK signaling pathway by the augmented TNF-α and RANTES expression levels in the exposed rats. Overall, we characterized the link between inflammation induced by chronic alcohol and LPS exposure and pancreatic ADM. However, the mechanisms behind the induction of pancreatic ADM warrant further investigation.
Collapse
|
195
|
Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Recent studies demonstrate that proteases also modulate tumor progression and metastasis through highly regulated and complex processes involving cleavage, processing, or shedding of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and kinases. In this review, we address how cancer cells, together with their surrounding microenvironment, regulate pericellular proteolysis. We dissect the multitude of mechanisms by which pericellular proteases contribute to cancer progression and discuss how this knowledge can be integrated into therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
MicroRNA-206 functions as a pleiotropic modulator of cell proliferation, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma by targeting ANXA2 and KRAS genes. Oncogene 2014; 34:4867-78. [PMID: 25500542 PMCID: PMC4569942 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer biology have emerged important roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating tumor responses. However, their function in mediating intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment is thus far poorly explored. Here, we found miR-206 to be abrogated in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens and cell lines. We show that miR-206 directly targets the oncogenes KRAS and annexin a2 (ANXA2), thereby acting as tumor suppressor in PDAC cells by blocking cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Importantly, we identified miR-206 as a negative regulator of oncogenic KRAS-induced nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity, resulting in a concomitant reduction of the expression and secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factors including the cytokine interleukin-8, the chemokines (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 and (C–C motif) ligand 2, and the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We further show that miR-206 abrogates the expression and secretion of the potent pro-lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor C in pancreatic cancer cells through an NF-κB-independent mechanism. By using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we reveal that re-expression of miR-206 in PDAC cells is sufficient to inhibit tumor blood and lymphatic vessel formation, thus leading to a significant delay of tumor growth and progression. Taken together, our study sheds light onto the role of miR-206 as a pleiotropic modulator of different hallmarks of cancer, and as such raising the intriguing possibility that miR-206 may be an attractive candidate for miRNA-based anticancer therapies.
Collapse
|
197
|
Wu CYC, Carpenter ES, Takeuchi KK, Halbrook CJ, Peverley LV, Bien H, Hall JC, DelGiorno KE, Pal D, Song Y, Shi C, Lin RZ, Crawford HC. PI3K regulation of RAC1 is required for KRAS-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1405-16.e7. [PMID: 25311989 PMCID: PMC4252806 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New drug targets are urgently needed for the treatment of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Nearly all PDAs contain oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene. Pharmacological inhibition of KRAS has been unsuccessful, leading to a focus on downstream effectors that are more easily targeted with small molecule inhibitors. We investigated the contributions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to KRAS-initiated tumorigenesis. METHODS Tumorigenesis was measured in the Kras(G12D/+);Ptf1a(Cre/+) mouse model of PDA; these mice were crossed with mice with pancreas-specific disruption of genes encoding PI3K p110α (Pik3ca), p110β (Pik3cb), or RAC1 (Rac1). Pancreatitis was induced with 5 daily intraperitoneal injections of cerulein. Pancreata and primary acinar cells were isolated; acinar cells were incubated with an inhibitor of p110α (PIK75) followed by a broad-spectrum PI3K inhibitor (GDC0941). PDA cell lines (NB490 and MiaPaCa2) were incubated with PIK75 followed by GDC0941. Tissues and cells were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence analyses for factors involved in the PI3K signaling pathway. We also examined human pancreas tissue microarrays for levels of p110α and other PI3K pathway components. RESULTS Pancreas-specific disruption of Pik3ca or Rac1, but not Pik3cb, prevented the development of pancreatic tumors in Kras(G12D/+);Ptf1a(Cre/+) mice. Loss of transformation was independent of AKT regulation. Preneoplastic ductal metaplasia developed in mice lacking pancreatic p110α but regressed. Levels of activated and total RAC1 were higher in pancreatic tissues from Kras(G12D/+);Ptf1a(Cre/+) mice compared with controls. Loss of p110α reduced RAC1 activity and expression in these tissues. p110α was required for the up-regulation and activity of RAC guanine exchange factors during tumorigenesis. Levels of p110α and RAC1 were increased in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and PDAs compared with healthy pancreata. CONCLUSIONS KRAS signaling, via p110α to activate RAC1, is required for transformation in Kras(G12D/+);Ptf1a(Cre/+) mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen C Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Eileen S Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kenneth K Takeuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Louise V Peverley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Harold Bien
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jason C Hall
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Kathleen E DelGiorno
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Debjani Pal
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard Z Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Medical Service, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York.
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Wang YJ, McAllister F, Bailey JM, Scott SG, Hendley AM, Leach SD, Ghosh B. Dicer is required for maintenance of adult pancreatic acinar cell identity and plays a role in Kras-driven pancreatic neoplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113127. [PMID: 25405615 PMCID: PMC4236134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of miRNA processing in the maintenance of adult pancreatic acinar cell identity and during the initiation and progression of pancreatic neoplasia has not been studied in detail. In this work, we deleted Dicer specifically in adult pancreatic acinar cells, with or without simultaneous activation of oncogenic Kras. We found that Dicer is essential for the maintenance of acinar cell identity. Acinar cells lacking Dicer showed increased plasticity, as evidenced by loss of polarity, initiation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). In the context of oncogenic Kras activation, the initiation of ADM and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) were both highly sensitive to Dicer gene dosage. Homozygous Dicer deletion accelerated the formation of ADM but not PanIN. In contrast, heterozygous Dicer deletion accelerated PanIN initiation, revealing complex roles for Dicer in the regulation of both normal and neoplastic pancreatic epithelial identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue J. Wang
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Florencia McAllister
- The Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Bailey
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherri-Gae Scott
- The Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Audrey M. Hendley
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Leach
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bidyut Ghosh
- The Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Criscimanna A, Coudriet GM, Gittes GK, Piganelli JD, Esni F. Activated macrophages create lineage-specific microenvironments for pancreatic acinar- and β-cell regeneration in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1106-18.e11. [PMID: 25128759 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the cells that contribute to pancreatic regeneration have been widely studied, little is known about the mediators of this process. During tissue regeneration, infiltrating macrophages debride the site of injury and coordinate the repair response. We investigated the role of macrophages in pancreatic regeneration in mice. METHODS We used a saporin-conjugated antibody against CD11b to reduce the number of macrophages in mice following diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated cell ablation of pancreatic cells, and evaluated the effects on pancreatic regeneration. We analyzed expression patterns of infiltrating macrophages after cell-specific injury or from the pancreas of nonobese diabetic mice. We developed an in vitro culture system to study the ability of macrophages to induce cell-specific regeneration. RESULTS Depletion of macrophages impaired pancreatic regeneration. Macrophage polarization, as assessed by expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and CD206, depended on the type of injury. The signals provided by polarized macrophages promoted lineage-specific generation of acinar or endocrine cells. Macrophage from nonobese diabetic mice failed to provide signals necessary for β-cell generation. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages produce cell type-specific signals required for pancreatic regeneration in mice. Additional study of these processes and signals might lead to new approaches for treating type 1 diabetes or pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Criscimanna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gina M Coudriet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Liou GY, Döppler H, Necela B, Edenfield B, Zhang L, Dawson DW, Storz P. Mutant KRAS-induced expression of ICAM-1 in pancreatic acinar cells causes attraction of macrophages to expedite the formation of precancerous lesions. Cancer Discov 2014; 5:52-63. [PMID: 25361845 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Desmoplasia and an inflammatory environment are defining features of pancreatic cancer. Unclear is how pancreatic cells that undergo oncogenic transformation can cross-talk with immune cells and how this contributes to the development of pancreatic lesions. Here, we demonstrate that pancreatic acinar cells expressing mutant KRAS can expedite their transformation to a duct-like phenotype by inducing local inflammation. Specifically, we show that KRAS(G12D) induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which serves as chemoattractant for macrophages. Infiltrating macrophages amplify the formation of KRAS(G12D)-caused abnormal pancreatic structures by remodeling the extracellular matrix and providing cytokines such as TNF. Depletion of macrophages or treatment with a neutralizing antibody for ICAM-1 in mice expressing oncogenic Kras under an acinar cell-specific promoter resulted in both a decreased formation of abnormal structures and decreased progression of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions. SIGNIFICANCE We here show that oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic acinar cells upregulates the expression of ICAM-1 to attract macrophages. Hence, our results reveal a direct cooperative mechanism between oncogenic Kras mutations and the inflammatory environment to drive the initiation of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Brian Necela
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Brandy Edenfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|