151
|
Yue W, Lin Y, Yang X, Li B, Liu J, He R. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) inhibits human colon tumor growth by promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:16840-54. [PMID: 26919238 PMCID: PMC4941354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has recently been suggested in several epithelial cancers, either pro-tumor or anti-tumor. However, the role of TSLP in colon cancer remains unknown. We here found significantly decreased TSLP levels in tumor tissues compared with tumor-surrounding tissues of patients with colon cancer and TSLP levels negatively correlated with the clinical staging score of colon cancer. TSLPR, the receptor of TSLP, was expressed in all three colon cancer cell lines investigated and colon tumor tissues. The addition of TSLP significantly enhanced apoptosis of colon cancer cells in a TSLPR-dependent manner. Interestingly, TSLP selectively induced the apoptosis of colon cancer cells, but not normal colonic epithelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TSLP induced JNK and p38 activation and initiated apoptosis mainly through the extrinsic pathway, as caspase-8 inhibitor significantly reversed the apoptosis-promoting effect of TSLP. Finally, using a xenograft mouse model, we demonstrated that peritumoral administration of TSLP greatly reduced tumor growth accompanied with extensive tumor apoptotic response, which was abolished by tumor cell-specific knockdown of TSLPR. Collectively, our study reveals a novel anti-tumor effect of TSLP via direct promotion of the apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and suggests that TSLP could be of value in treating colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yue
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingji Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Tripp CH, Clausen BE, Schmuth M, Dubrac S. Atopic dermatitis induces the expansion of thymus-derived regulatory T cells exhibiting a Th2-like phenotype in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:930-8. [PMID: 26931745 PMCID: PMC4831369 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a widespread inflammatory skin disease with an early onset, characterized by pruritus, eczematous lesions and skin dryness. This chronic relapsing disease is believed to be primarily a result of a defective epidermal barrier function associated with genetic susceptibility, immune hyper-responsiveness of the skin and environmental factors. Although the important role of abnormal immune reactivity in the pathogenesis of AD is widely accepted, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains elusive. We found that the Treg population is expanded in a mouse model of AD, i.e. mice topically treated with vitamin D3 (VitD). Moreover, mice with AD-like symptoms exhibit increased inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS)-, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)- and Glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant receptor (GARP)-expressing Tregs in skin-draining lymph nodes. Importantly, the differentiation of Tregs into thymus-derived Tregs is favoured in our mouse model of AD. Emigrated skin-derived dendritic cells are required for Treg induction and Langerhans cells are responsible for the biased expansion of thymus-derived Tregs . Intriguingly, thymus-derived Tregs isolated from mice with AD-like symptoms exhibit a Th2 cytokine profile. Thus, AD might favour the expansion of pathogenic Tregs able to produce Th2 cytokines and to promote the disease instead of alleviating symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:632-9. [PMID: 26905599 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease. Over the past few decades, AD has become more prevalent worldwide. Quercetin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic activities. Several recent clinical and preclinical findings suggest quercetin as a promising natural treatment for inflammatory skin diseases. Significant progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-AD properties of quercetin has been achieved in the recent years. Here, we discuss the use of quercetin as treatment for AD, with a particular focus on the molecular basis of its effect. We also briefly discuss the approaches to improve the bioavailability of quercetin.
Collapse
|
154
|
Han NR, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Tryptanthrin reduces mast cell proliferation promoted by TSLP through modulation of MDM2 and p53. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:71-7. [PMID: 27044814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) results from complex interactions between mast cells and inflammatory mediators. An inflammatory mediator, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is known to promote mast cell proliferation through up-regulation of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2, a negative regulator of p53) and aggravate AD. In this study, we investigated whether tryptanthrin (TR, an anti-inflammatory agent) would regulate TSLP-induced mast cell proliferation and TSLP-induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production from mast cells. METHODS Human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells were treated with TR and stimulated with TSLP. Proliferation was measured with a bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. And pro- and anti-apoptotic factors were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. The mRNA expression and production of TNF-α were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. RESULTS TR significantly inhibited the proliferation of HMC-1 cells promoted by TSLP. TR inhibited MDM2 expression, whereas TR increased the expression of p53, poly ADP-ribose polymerase, and caspase-3 in the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. TR significantly inhibited Ki67 mRNA expression as well as mRNA expression and production of interleukin (IL)-13 in the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. Moreover, TR significantly suppressed mRNA expression and production of TNF-α in the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. Finally, the mRNA expression of IL-7 receptor α chain and TSLP receptor was inhibited by TR in the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TR determined with new concept has intensive potential for the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic diseases, such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Technology and Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79 beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 336-795, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Nickel Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020202. [PMID: 26848658 PMCID: PMC4783936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact hypersensitivity to metals is a delayed-type allergy. Although various metals are known to produce an allergic reaction, nickel is the most frequent cause of metal allergy. Researchers have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of metal allergy using animal models and human patients. Here, the immunological and molecular mechanisms of metal allergy are described based on the findings of previous studies, including those that were recently published. In addition, the adsorption and excretion of various metals, in particular nickel, is discussed to further understand the pathogenesis of metal allergy.
Collapse
|
156
|
Kao JK, Lee CH, Lee MS, Hsu CS, Tsao LY, Tsai YG, Shieh JJ, Yang RC. Heat-shock pretreatment reduces expression and release of TSLP from keratinocytes under Th2 environment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:62-9. [PMID: 26419317 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin. Current therapy is not curative, and recalcitrant disease is a big stress and challenge for parents and physicians. This study explored the potential role of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) and its anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocyte under TH2 environment. METHODS Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCa T) was stimulated with IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α to synthesize and secrete thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an important cytokine of immunopathogenesis in atopic dermatitis. Heat shock was performed by immersing the cell-contained flash into a water bath of 45°C for 20 min. Cell viability, TSLP expression, and secretion of HaCa T cells were measured and compared. Possible regulatory mechanisms influencing the expression of TSLP, such as the STAT6 and NF-κB signal pathways, were investigated. RESULTS Heat-shock treatment induced intracellular HSP-70 expression in HaCa T cells without affecting cell viability. The induced expression and secretion of TSLP in HaCa T cells were suppressed by heat shock. The NF-κB signal pathway was inhibited by heat shock, leading to decreased TSLP expression and secretion. CONCLUSION Heat stress-induced HSPs can significantly reduce the production and secretion of TSLP from HaCaT cells under Th2 environment. Thus, the evidence highlights the potential role of HSP-70 for atopic dermatitis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kai Kao
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Lee
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sheng Hsu
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Long-Yen Tsao
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Giien Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jer Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Cheng Yang
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Mihály J, Gericke J, Lucas R, de Lera AR, Alvarez S, Törőcsik D, Rühl R. TSLP expression in the skin is mediated via RARγ-RXR pathways. Immunobiology 2016; 221:161-5. [PMID: 26531761 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TSLP is an important trigger and initiator for various atopic diseases mainly atopic dermatitis (AD). Activators of nuclear hormone receptors like bioactive vitamin A and D derivatives are known to induce TSLP up-regulation in the skin. In this study, various combinations of synthetic specific agonists and antagonists of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were topically administered to mice. The aim of the study was to elucidate via which nuclear hormone receptor pathways TSLP is regulated and how this regulation is connected to the development and phenotype of atopic dermatitis. TSLP expression was monitored using QRT-PCR and serum TSLP levels using ELISA. Synthetic agonists of the VDR and RARγ as well as the natural agonist all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased TSLP expression in the skin, while an RXR agonist was not active. Treatments with antagonists of RXRs and RARs in addition to RARα-agonists reduced skin TSLP expression. Strong activation was found after a combination of a VDR and an RXR agonist (ca. 5 times induction) and even stronger by an RARγ and an RXR agonist treatment (ca. 48 times induction). We conclude that besides VDR-mediated signaling mainly RARγ-RXR mediated pathways in the skin are important patho-physiological triggers for increased skin TSLP expression. We conclude that topical synthesized retinoids stimulated by internal or external triggers or topically applied induce TSLP production and are thereby important triggers for atopic dermatitis prevalence.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Coumaric Acids/pharmacology
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunization
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organic Chemicals/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Retinoid X Receptors/agonists
- Retinoid X Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mihály
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Janine Gericke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renata Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Frossard CP, Zimmerli SC, Rincon Garriz JM, Eigenmann PA. Food allergy in mice is modulated through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin pathway. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:2. [PMID: 26793299 PMCID: PMC4719751 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions in the skin and the lung. Nevertheless, data on the role of TSLP in food allergy are scarce. We explored the role of TSLP in a mouse model with oral sensitization and oral challenge eliciting food allergy. Methods TSLP receptor (TSLPR)−/− mice and wild type mice were orally sensitized to β-lactoglobulin in presence of cholera toxin (CT) or CT alone. The elicited immune response was characterized in vitro and the mice were subsequently challenged with the antigen. Lymphocytes from various locations in the gut were activated either by the antigen or by CT and assayed for cytokine secretion. Results Here we report that TSLPR−/− are less prone to generate food-induced reactions in conjunction with a decreased antigen-specific IgG1, but not IgE response. In addition, mesenteric lymphnode lymphocytes of TSLPR−/− mice were secreting lower quantities of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 after in vivo Ag activation, whereas higher numbers of IL-17 secreting cells were observed. Similarly, activation by the Th2-type adjuvant cholera toxin resulted in an increased frequency of IL-12 and IL-17 secreting lamina propria and mesenteric lymphocytes, together with increased production of IL-12 by activated dendritic cells in TSLPR−/− mice. Conclusions TSLP can be considered as an essential, but not exclusive, mediator for elicitation of food allergy in mice, as well as a potential target for future therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe P Frossard
- Inflammation and Allergy Research Group and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, 6 rue Willy-Donzé, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Simone C Zimmerli
- Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; EMD Serono, Billerica, MA USA
| | - José M Rincon Garriz
- Inflammation and Allergy Research Group and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, 6 rue Willy-Donzé, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland ; Fasteris SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Eigenmann
- Inflammation and Allergy Research Group and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, 6 rue Willy-Donzé, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Dong J, Segawa R, Mizuno N, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Inhibitory effects of nicotine derived from cigarette smoke on thymic stromal lymphopoietin production in epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Immunol 2016; 302:19-25. [PMID: 26786889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is regarded as the main factor responsible for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Cigarette smoke is an aggravating factor for allergies, but has been reported to decrease the risk of AD. In the present study, we evaluated the role of nicotine, the main constituent in cigarette smoke extract, and its underlying mechanism of action in the regulation of TSLP expression. We found that nicotine significantly inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced TSLP expression in BALB/c mice and the mouse keratinocyte cell line PAM212. Nicotine inhibition of TSLP production was abolished by pretreatments with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) antagonists, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. The same inhibitors abolished inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by nicotine. These results suggest that nicotine inhibits the expression of TSLP by suppressing the activation of NF-κB through the α7 nAChR-PI3K-AMPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxu Dong
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Segawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Herro R, Croft M. The control of tissue fibrosis by the inflammatory molecule LIGHT (TNF Superfamily member 14). Pharmacol Res 2015; 104:151-5. [PMID: 26748035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The TNF Superfamily member LIGHT (TNFSF14) has recently emerged as a potential target for therapeutic interventions aiming to halt tissue fibrosis. In this perspective, we discuss how LIGHT may influence the inflammatory and remodeling steps that characterize fibrosis, relevant for many human diseases presenting with scarring such as asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, and atopic dermatitis. LIGHT acts through two receptors in the TNF receptor superfamily, HVEM (TNFRSF14) and LTβR (TNFRSF3), which are broadly expressed on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. LIGHT can regulate infiltrating T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils, controlling their trafficking or retention in the inflamed tissue, their proliferation, and their ability to produce cytokines that amplify fibrotic processes. More interestingly, LIGHT can act on structural cells, namely epithelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. By signaling through either HVEM or LTβR expressed on these cells, LIGHT can contribute to their proliferation and expression of chemokines, growth factors, and metalloproteinases. This will lead to hyperplasia of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, vascular damage, and further immune alterations that in concert constitute fibrosis. Because of its early expression by T cells, LIGHT may be an initiator of fibrotic diseases, but other sources in the immune system could also signify a role for LIGHT in maintaining or perpetuating fibrotic activity. LIGHT may then be an attractive prognostic marker as well as an appealing target for fibrosis therapies relevant to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Herro
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Yoo JM, Park YW, Yoon SY, Son JY, Jeong SG, Park BY, Kim JW, Nam MS. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induction Is Mediated by the Major Whey Proteins α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin through the NF-κB Pathway in Immune Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10803-10810. [PMID: 26618482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin are two major whey proteins that specifically bind immunoglobulin E and are suspected as major allergens causing cow's milk allergy (CMA). Recent studies have shown that thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a critical factor linking at the interface of the body and environment to the T-helper 2 response. However, it is not known whether thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is changed by α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in immune cells. Using RT-PCR and ELISA, the present study was conducted to examine if intravenous injection of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-helper 2 cytokines, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in several immune cells, including macrophages, mast cells, and keratinocytes. Results showed that α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. It was concluded that the allergenicity of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin may be attributed to thymic stromal lymphopoietin induction, T-helper 2 cytokines, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yoo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Science, Chungnam National University (CNU) , 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young W Park
- Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University , Fort Valley, Georgia 31030, United States
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- ENZYCHEM Life Sciences, 741, KAIST-ICC 193, Munji-Ro, Daejeon 34051, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Son
- Department of Animal Biosystem Science, Chungnam National University (CNU) , 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Geun Jeong
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration , Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Young Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration , Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Nam
- Department of Animal Biosystem Science, Chungnam National University (CNU) , 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Shankar SP, Griffith M, Forrester JV, Kuffová L. Dendritic cells and the extracellular matrix: A challenge for maintaining tolerance/homeostasis. World J Immunol 2015; 5:113-130. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in contributing to structural, mechanical, functional and tissue-specific features in the body is well appreciated. While the ECM was previously considered to be a passive bystander, it is now evident that it plays active, dynamic and flexible roles in shaping cell survival, differentiation, migration and death to varying extents depending on the specific site in the body. Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as potent antigen presenting cells present in many tissues and in blood, continuously scrutinizing the microenvironment for antigens and mounting local and systemic host responses against harmful agents. DCs also play pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis to harmless self-antigens, critical for preventing autoimmunity. What is less understood are the complex interactions between DCs and the ECM in maintaining this balance between steady-state tissue residence and DC activation during inflammation. DCs are finely tuned to inflammation-induced variations in fragment length, accessible epitopes and post-translational modifications of individual ECM components and correspondingly interpret these changes appropriately by adjusting their profiles of cognate binding receptors and downstream immune activation. The successful design and composition of novel ECM-based mimetics in regenerative medicine and other applications rely on our improved understanding of DC-ECM interplay in homeostasis and the challenges involved in maintaining it.
Collapse
|
163
|
Harper RW, Zeki AA. Immunobiology of the critical asthma syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 48:54-65. [PMID: 24399247 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is now recognized that asthma incorporates a broad spectrum of syndromes with varying clinical manifestations. Future improvements in asthma treatment will require a clear characterization of these asthma phenotypes and the cellular mechanisms underlying these clinical manifestations. Herein, we will describe the current knowledge of asthma biology. This will include a review of the early pioneers in asthma and allergy, how this work led to our understanding of TH1 and TH2 cytokines, and the development of the "hygiene hypothesis." We will discuss the utility and limitations of the TH1-TH2 model of asthma in animal and human studies, and how this knowledge addresses controversies surrounding the hygiene hypothesis and other competing models. We will discuss novel therapies that have been developed based on mechanistic understanding of asthma pathobiology, including successes and shortcomings of these therapies. We will review the early work that led to the recognition of "asthma phenotypes." This will include the early discovery of various inflammatory subtypes in asthma and how these inflammatory subtypes correlate with response to therapy. Finally, we will describe recent discoveries in asthma biology that will include the role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis, novel cytokines important in asthma that may serve as novel therapeutic targets, and the identification of newly described innate immune cells and their role in asthma. Improved understanding of the complex biology underpinning the various asthma phenotypes is critical for our ability to optimize treatment for all patients that suffer from asthma and critical asthma syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richart W Harper
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against parasite infections. However, inappropriate IgE responses are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The generation of IgE antibodies is a tightly controlled process regulated by multiple transcription factors, cytokines, and immune cells including γδ T cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that γδ T cells play a critical role in regulating IgE responses; however, both IgE-enhancing and IgE-suppressive effects are suggested for these cells in different experimental systems. In this review, we examine the available evidence and discuss the role of γδ T cells in IgE regulation both in the context of antigen-induced immune responses and in the state of partial immunodeficiency.
Collapse
|
165
|
Mizutani N, Sae-Wong C, Kangsanant S, Nabe T, Yoshino S. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced interleukin-17A is involved in the development of IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Immunology 2015; 146:568-81. [PMID: 26310839 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with elevated levels of allergen-specific IgE. Although thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) have been considered as important factors in allergic diseases, their relationships in AD have not been fully defined. Here, we show the contribution of TSLP-induced IL-17A responses to IgE-mediated AD-like skin lesions. BALB/c mice passively sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb) were challenged with OVA applied to the skin six times. Treatment with anti-TSLP mAb during the second to sixth challenges inhibited IgE-mediated AD-like skin lesions and IL-17A production in lymph nodes. Furthermore, the increased number of IL-17A-producing CD4(+) and γδ T cells in lymph nodes and neutrophilic inflammation in the skin were reduced by anti-TSLP mAb. These findings prompted us to examine the roles of IL-17A. Treatment with anti-IL-17A mAb suppressed the AD-like skin lesions and neutrophilic inflammation; anti-Gr-1 mAb also inhibited them. Furthermore, treatment with CXCR2 antagonist reduced the AD-like skin lesions and neutrophilic inflammation accompanied by the reduction of IL-17A production; the increased CXCR2 expression in the epidermal cells was suppressed by anti-TSLP mAb. Meanwhile, these treatments, except for anti-Gr-1 mAb, inhibited the increased mast cell accumulation in the skin. Collectively, the mechanism of IgE mediating IL-17A-producing CD4(+) and γδ T cells through TSLP by repeated antigen challenges is involved in AD-like skin lesions associated with skin inflammation, such as neutrophil and mast cell accumulation; TSLP may regulate CXCR2 signalling-induced IL-17A production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chutha Sae-Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe, Japan.,Nutraceutical and Functional Food Research and Development Centre, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Kangsanant
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshino
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Izadi N, Luu M, Ong PY, Tam JS. The Role of Skin Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 2:382-402. [PMID: 27417371 PMCID: PMC4928763 DOI: 10.3390/children2030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a serious public health problem with an increasing prevalence. Current management is limited to food avoidance and emergency treatment. Research into the pathogenesis of food allergy has helped to shape our understanding of how patients become sensitized to an allergen. Classically, food sensitization was thought to occur through the gastrointestinal tract, but alternative routes of sensitization are being explored, specifically through the skin. Damaged skin barrier may play a crucial role in the development of food sensitization. Better understanding of how patients initially become sensitized may help lead to the development of a safe and effective treatment for food allergies or better prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Minnelly Luu
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
| | - Jonathan S Tam
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Luo J, Feng J, Liu S, Walters ET, Hu H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate pain and itch. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3201-23. [PMID: 25894692 PMCID: PMC4534341 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons mediate our sense of touch. They are critically involved in transducing pain and itch sensations under physiological and pathological conditions, along with other skin-resident cells. Tissue damage and inflammation can produce a localized or systemic sensitization of our senses of pain and itch, which can facilitate our detection of threats in the environment. Although acute pain and itch protect us from further damage, persistent pain and itch are debilitating. Recent exciting discoveries have significantly advanced our knowledge of the roles of membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels in the encoding of information leading to pain and itch sensations. This review focuses on molecular and cellular events that are important in early stages of the biological processing that culminates in our senses of pain and itch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Long CM, Kashon ML, Sharpnack DD, Nayak AP, Anderson KL, Jean Meade B, Anderson SE. Triclosan Induces Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Skin Promoting Th2 Allergic Responses. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:127-39. [PMID: 26048654 PMCID: PMC4734116 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial chemical incorporated into many personal, medical and household products. Approximately, 75% of the U.S. population has detectable levels of triclosan in their urine, and although it is not typically considered a contact sensitizer, recent studies have begun to link triclosan exposure with augmented allergic disease. We examined the effects of dermal triclosan exposure on the skin and lymph nodes of mice and in a human skin model to identify mechanisms for augmenting allergic responses. Triclosan (0%-3%) was applied topically at 24-h intervals to the ear pinnae of OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice. Skin and draining lymph nodes were evaluated for cellular responses and cytokine expression over time. The effects of triclosan (0%-0.75%) on cytokine expression in a human skin tissue model were also examined. Exposure to triclosan increased the expression of TSLP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the skin with concomitant decreases in IL-25, IL-33, and IL-1α. Similar changes in TSLP, IL1B, and IL33 expression occurred in human skin. Topical application of triclosan also increased draining lymph node cellularity consisting of activated CD86(+)GL-7(+) B cells, CD80(+)CD86(+) dendritic cells, GATA-3(+)OX-40(+)IL-4(+)IL-13(+) Th2 cells and IL-17 A(+) CD4 T cells. In vivo antibody blockade of TSLP reduced skin irritation, IL-1β expression, lymph node cellularity, and Th2 responses augmented by triclosan. Repeated dermal exposure to triclosan induces TSLP expression in skin tissue as a potential mechanism for augmenting allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505;Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 andVet Path Services, Inc., Mason 45040, Ohio
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Carrie M Long
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 and
| | | | - Ajay P Nayak
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Katie L Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - B Jean Meade
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Kawakami T, Ando T, Kawakami Y. Hypothetical Atopic Dermatitis-Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Syndrome. Front Immunol 2015; 6:434. [PMID: 26379670 PMCID: PMC4547498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are hematopoietic malignancies caused by uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Recent studies have described several mutant mice exhibiting both AD-like skin inflammation and MPN. Common pathways for skin inflammation encompass overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and reduced signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor in the epidermis, while overproduction of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor by keratinocytes and constitutive activation of Stat5 in hematopoietic stem cells are important for the development of MPN. The murine studies suggest the existence of a similar human disease tentatively termed as the atopic dermatitis-myeloproliferative neoplasm syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI) , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI) , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Ryu WI, Lee H, Kim JH, Bae HC, Ryu HJ, Son SW. IL-33 induces Egr-1-dependent TSLP expression via the MAPK pathways in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:857-63. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-In Ryu
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Bae
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hwa Jung Ryu
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Spontaneous atopic dermatitis is mediated by innate immunity, with the secondary lung inflammation of the atopic march requiring adaptive immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:482-91. [PMID: 26299987 PMCID: PMC4735016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition that can occur in early life, predisposing to asthma development in a phenomenon known as the atopic march. Although genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to AD and asthma, the mechanisms underlying the atopic march remain poorly understood. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are a major genetic predisposer for the development of AD and progression to AD-associated asthma. Objective We sought to experimentally address whether filaggrin mutations in mice lead to the development of spontaneous eczematous inflammation and address the aberrant immunologic milieu arising in a mouse model of filaggrin deficiency. Methods Filaggrin mutant mice were generated on the proallergic BALB/c background, creating a novel model for the assessment of spontaneous AD-like inflammation. Independently recruited AD case collections were analyzed to define associations between filaggrin mutations and immunologic phenotypes. Results Filaggrin-deficient mice on a BALB/c background had profound spontaneous AD-like inflammation with progression to compromised pulmonary function with age, reflecting the atopic march in patients with AD. Strikingly, skin inflammation occurs independently of adaptive immunity and is associated with cutaneous expansion of IL-5–producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Furthermore, subjects with filaggrin mutations have an increased frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the skin in comparison with control subjects. Conclusion This study provides new insights into our understanding of the atopic march, with innate immunity initiating dermatitis and the adaptive immunity required for subsequent development of compromised lung function.
Collapse
|
172
|
Howell MD, Parker ML, Mustelin T, Ranade K. Past, present, and future for biologic intervention in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2015; 70:887-96. [PMID: 25879391 DOI: 10.1111/all.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a debilitating disease that significantly alters the quality of life for one in four children and one in 10 adults. Current management of AD utilizes combinations of treatments to symptomatically alleviate disease by suppressing the inflammatory response and restoring barrier function in the skin, reducing disease exacerbation and flare, and preventing secondary skin infections. Resolution is temporary and long-term usage of these treatments can be associated with significant side-effects. Antibody therapies previously approved for inflammatory diseases have been opportunistically evaluated in patients with atopic dermatitis; however, they often failed to demonstrate a significant clinical benefit. Monoclonal antibodies currently in development offer hope to those individuals suffering from the disease by specifically targeting immune and molecular pathways important for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Here, we review the underlying biological pathways and the state of the art in therapeutics in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K Ranade
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Kim JH, Bae HC, Ko NY, Lee SH, Jeong SH, Lee H, Ryu WI, Kye YC, Son SW. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin downregulates filaggrin expression by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:205-208.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
174
|
Cianferoni A, Spergel J. The importance of TSLP in allergic disease and its role as a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 10:1463-74. [PMID: 25340427 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.967684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine similar to IL- 7, whose gene is located on chromosome 5q22.1 and it exerts its biological function through the TSLP-Receptor (TSLP-R). TSLP is expressed primarily by epithelial cells at barrier surfaces such as the skin, gut and lung in response to danger signals. Since it was cloned in 1994, there has been accumulating evidence that TSLP is crucial for the maturation of antigen presenting cells and hematopoietic cells. TSLP genetic variants and its dysregulated expression have been linked to atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic esophagitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cianferoni
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia - Allergy, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Mediators of Chronic Pruritus in Atopic Dermatitis: Getting the Itch Out? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 51:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
176
|
Acteoside attenuates TSLP-induced mast cell proliferation via down-regulating MDM2. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
177
|
Lam M, Hull L, Imrie A, Snidvongs K, Chin D, Pratt E, Kalish L, Sacks R, Earls P, Sewell W, Harvey RJ. Interleukin-25 and Interleukin-33 as Mediators of Eosinophilic Inflammation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:175-81. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The initiating mediators of T-helper 2 inflammation, often seen in eosinophillic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), remains poorly understood. Interleukin (IL) 25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are epithelial-derived cytokines implicated in the initiation of T-helper 2 inflammation and eosinophilia in other diseases. The expression of these cytokines was compared with phenotypic and histopathologic markers to investigate the factors that may drive eosinophilic inflammation in CRS. Method Sinus mucosal samples from patients with CRS who were undergoing sinus surgery as part of their management were analyzed for IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Patients with tumor and who were undergoing surgery via an endonasal approach with normal sinus mucosa were controls. The mRNA expression was compared with CRS phenotype and histopathologic measures of eosinophilic inflammation. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm mRNA expression. Results Thirty-nine patients (mean ± standard deviation age; 48.2 ± 15.0 years, 38% women), 12 patients with CRS with nasal polyps, 20 patients with CRS without nasal polyps, and 7 controls were recruited. Higher IL-25 (p = 0.005) and IL-33 (p = 0.003) mRNA and protein expression was observed in patients with >10 eosinophil/hpf. TSLP showed no significant associations (p = 0.39). Similar overexpression was seen in eosinophilic dominated inflammation (IL-25, p = 0.01; IL-33, p = 0.02) and patients with greater inflammatory severity. Conclusion IL-25 and IL-33 overexpression was observed in eosinophilic CRS, The release of these cytokines by dysfunctional endothelium may perpetuate the eosinophillic inflammation in CRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lam
- Rhinology and Skull Base, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Immunopathology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Hull
- Rhinology and Skull Base, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Immunopathology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Imrie
- Rhinology and Skull Base, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kornkiat Snidvongs
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David Chin
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck/Skull Base Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ellie Pratt
- Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Larry Kalish
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Concord General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raymond Sacks
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Earls
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Sewell
- Rhinology and Skull Base, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Immunopathology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Lay MK, Céspedes PF, Palavecino CE, León MA, Díaz RA, Salazar FJ, Méndez GP, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Human metapneumovirus infection activates the TSLP pathway that drives excessive pulmonary inflammation and viral replication in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1680-95. [PMID: 25763996 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly. The mechanism by which this virus triggers an inflammatory response still remains unknown. Here, we evaluated whether the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) pathway contributes to lung inflammation upon hMPV infection. We found that hMPV infection promotes TSLP expression both in human airway epithelial cells and in the mouse lung. hMPV infection induced lung infiltration of OX40L(+) CD11b(+) DCs. Mice lacking the TSLP receptor deficient mice (tslpr(-/-) ) showed reduced lung inflammation and hMPV replication. These mice displayed a decreased number of neutrophils as well a reduction in levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17, IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α in the airways upon hMPV infection. Furthermore, a higher frequency of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was found in tslpr(-/-) mice compared to WT mice, which could contribute to controlling viral spread. Depletion of neutrophils in WT and tslpr(-/-) mice decreased inflammation and hMPV replication. Remarkably, blockage of TSLP or OX40L with specific Abs reduced lung inflammation and viral replication following hMPV challenge in mice. Altogether, these results suggest that activation of the TSLP pathway is pivotal in the development of pulmonary pathology and pulmonary hMPV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Céspedes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian E Palavecino
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A León
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Díaz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Salazar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P Méndez
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.,Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Miyagaki T, Sugaya M. Immunological milieu in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. J Dermatol 2015; 41:11-8. [PMID: 24438139 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor genesis and development are driven by a combination of intrinsic events such as oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation, and extrinsic events that are dependent on the interaction with the stroma. Different types of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines secreted by the surrounding stromal cells are thought to play key roles in solid tumor progression. Accumulating evidence indicates that the immunological milieu plays an essential role in tumor development, not only in solid tumors, but also in hematopoietic malignancies. Understanding the interactions between tumor cells and microenvironment in mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) could provide a basis for the development of new treatments for these diseases that are sometimes resistant to current therapies. This article focuses on the wide variety of cell types and immunological milieus, affecting the characteristic features of MF and SS, such as skin-homing of tumor cells, T-helper type 2-dominant tumor microenvironment, accumulation of dermal dendritic cells, epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis and pruritus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
The Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Molecule LIGHT Promotes Keratinocyte Activity and Skin Fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2109-2118. [PMID: 25789702 PMCID: PMC4504809 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several inflammatory diseases including scleroderma and atopic dermatitis display dermal thickening, epidermal hypertrophy, or excessive accumulation of collagen. Factors that might promote these features are of interest for clinical therapy. We previously reported that LIGHT, a TNF superfamily molecule, mediated collagen deposition in the lungs in response to allergen. We therefore tested whether LIGHT might similarly promote collagen accumulation and features of skin fibrosis. Strikingly, injection of recombinant soluble LIGHT into naive mice, either subcutaneously or systemically, promoted collagen deposition in the skin and dermal and epidermal thickening. This replicated the activity of bleomycin, an antibiotic that has been previously used in models of scleroderma in mice. Moreover skin fibrosis induced by bleomycin was dependent on endogenous LIGHT activity. The action of LIGHT in vivo was mediated via both of its receptors, HVEM and LTβR, and was dependent on the innate cytokine TSLP and TGF-β. Furthermore, we found that HVEM and LTβR were expressed on human epidermal keratinocytes and that LIGHT could directly promote TSLP expression in these cells. We reveal an unappreciated activity of LIGHT on keratinocytes and suggest that LIGHT may be an important mediator of skin inflammation and fibrosis in diseases such as scleroderma or atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
|
181
|
Sansonno D, Russi S, Sansonno S, Pavone F, Dammacco F. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: gene expression level and protein distribution. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:62. [PMID: 25889007 PMCID: PMC4391143 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can be detected in virtually all patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV). Among its many effects, the virus is able to stimulate the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by infected hepatocytes. In this study, we assessed the systemic levels and tissue distribution of TSLP in 60 chronically HCV-infected patients, 36 with and 24 without CV. Methods Serum TSLP levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. TSLP mRNA was assessed in patient samples by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TSLP protein in liver and skin biopsy samples was revealed by indirect immunofluorescence. All other methods were carried out according to standardized procedures. Results Serum TSLP levels were significantly higher in patients with than in those without CV and in healthy individuals. Higher TSLP levels paralleled specific mRNA expression and the up-regulation of TSLP protein in liver tissue. Compared with non-CV patients, higher TSLP levels in CV were accompanied by a higher frequency of circulating mono/oligoclonal B-cell expansions (8% vs. 92%, p < 0.0001) and a higher number of peripheral CD20+ B-cells (10.3% vs. 15.5% p = 0.04). In addition, TSLP mRNA expression in the liver of CV patients was lower than in their correspondent skin tissue and paralleled specific immune deposits of TSLP protein in keratinocytes. Conclusion Overall, this study shows that TSLP secreted by hepatocytes and keratinocytes of HCV-infected patients with CV is involved in the pathogenesis of vasculitis and may possibly support the therapeutic use of TSLP-targeted monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sansonno
- Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 11 Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Sabino Russi
- Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 11 Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Silvia Sansonno
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, 1 viale L. Pinto, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Pavone
- Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 11 Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Liver Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 11 Piazza G. Cesare, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Levy AR, Platt RW, Marshall JS. Predictors of interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in cord blood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:161-7. [PMID: 25620084 PMCID: PMC4471622 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fetal immune system is a critical window of development. The epithelial cell-derived cytokines, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and interleukin-33 (IL-33) have received attention for their role in allergic responses but not been studied during this critical window. The objectives were to assess correlations among IL-33, TSLP, and IgE in umbilical cord blood samples and identify prenatal predictors of these biomarkers. METHODS This study utilized data and banked cord blood collected in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a trans-Canada cohort study of 2001 pregnant women. Our analytic sample comprised the 1254 women with a singleton, term birth with a cord blood sample. Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between biomarkers and identify potential predictors of elevated biomarker levels. RESULTS Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 were more strongly correlated with each other (SCC = 0.75, p < 0.0001) than with IgE (IL-33 SCC = 0.14, TSLP SCC = 0.21). Maternal allergy, heavy street traffic, and elevated birth weight were significantly associated with jointly elevated TSLP and IL-33 levels, whereas maternal age and female infant sex were inversely associated with elevated IgE. CONCLUSIONS In this population of Canadian women and infants, TSLP and IL-33 were detectable in cord blood, more strongly correlated with each other than with IgE, and associated with maternal characteristics indicative of inflammatory responses. This study motivates investigation into the value of cord blood IL-33 and TSLP levels as childhood allergy predictors and raises interesting questions regarding in utero coordinated regulation of these cytokines.
Collapse
|
183
|
Kumari V, Babina M, Hazzan T, Worm M. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induction by skin irritation is independent of tumour necrosis factor-α, but supported by interleukin-1. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:951-60. [PMID: 25307606 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an extensively studied cytokine linked to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, but the inherent activities behind TSLP expression are not well defined. OBJECTIVES To explore the conditions favourable to TSLP induction outside of a typically allergic set-up and determine the associated mechanisms, and to assess whether TSLP is similarly controlled in murine and human skin. METHODS A combination of primary keratinocytes, skin explants/epidermal sheets and in vivo strategies was employed. The skin of wild-type and tumour necrosis factor knockout (TNF-/-) mice was subjected to acute irritation. Cells and specimens were stimulated with a range of TSLP inducers in the presence or absence of neutralizing antibodies. TSLP was quantitated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In addition to cytokines, skin irritation brought about by various causes (e.g. shaving, scratching and chemical perturbation) elicited uniformly high-level production of TSLP, which entered the circulatory system. Despite the potency of TNF-α as an in vitro TSLP inducer, the use of TNF-/- mice revealed that this mechanism was completely independent of endogenous TNF-α. Conversely, irritation-elicited TSLP depended on interleukin (IL)-1, which had a more pronounced influence in human skin than in murine skin. Murine and human skin differed considerably regarding TSLP regulation. CONCLUSIONS Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a general responder to disrupted skin homeostasis and may have a role in triggering the alarm system of the skin. TSLP induction is rapid, transient and driven by a mechanism that does not involve TNF-α, but partially relies on the evolutionarily ancient IL-1 system. The irritated skin secretes TSLP into the circulatory system. TSLP regulation varies between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumari
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Affiliation(s)
- W. Peng
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - N. Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Herro R, Da Silva Antunes R, Aguilera AR, Tamada K, Croft M. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (LIGHT) controls thymic stromal lymphopoietin to drive pulmonary fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:757-68. [PMID: 25680454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin in the lung. The key molecules that promote these phenotypes are of clinical interest. OBJECTIVES Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been found at high levels in patients with asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and TSLP has been proposed as a primary driver of lung fibrotic disease. We asked whether tumor necrosis factor superfamily protein 14 (TNFSF14) (aka LIGHT) controls TSLP production to initiate fibrosis. METHODS Expression of TSLP and initiation of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin were assessed in mice deficient in LIGHT. The ability of recombinant LIGHT, given intratracheally to naive mice, to promote TSLP and fibrosis was also determined. RESULTS Genetic deletion of LIGHT abolished lung TSLP expression driven by bleomycin, accompanied by near-complete absence of accumulation of lung collagen and α-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, recombinant LIGHT administered in vivo induced lung expression of TSLP in the absence of other inflammatory stimuli, and strikingly reproduced the primary features of bleomycin-driven disease in a TSLP-dependent manner. Blockade of LIGHT binding to either of its receptors, herpes virus entry mediator and lymphotoxin beta receptor, inhibited clinical symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, and correspondingly both receptors were found on human bronchial epithelial cells, a primary source of TSLP. Moreover, LIGHT induced TSLP directly in human bronchial epithelial cells and synergized with IL-13 and TGF-β in vivo to promote TSLP in the lungs and drive fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results show that LIGHT is a profibrogenic cytokine that may be a key driver of TSLP production during the initiation and development of lung fibrotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Herro
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | | | - Amelia Roman Aguilera
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Sakitani E, Nonaka M, Shibata N, Furukawa T, Yoshihara T. Increased expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor in Kimura's disease. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2015; 77:44-54. [PMID: 25676453 DOI: 10.1159/000371424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and TSLP receptor (TSLPR) in Kimura's disease (KD). METHODS Using parotid gland tissues from KD patients and control subjects, we quantified the expression levels of mRNA for TSLP, interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and their receptors by massively parallel sequencing. We also performed immunohistochemical analysis of TSLP and TSLPR, and counted cells immunoreactive for these proteins by the polymer immunocomplex and double immunofluorescence methods. RESULTS The levels of mRNA for TSLP, TSLPR, and IL-25R, but not IL-25, IL-33, or IL-33R, were significantly elevated in parotid gland tissues from the KD group as compared to the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TSLP- and TSLPR-positive cells were significantly increased in number in parotid gland tissues from KD patients. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that TSLP and TSLPR were localized mainly in CD68-positive macrophages and tryptase-positive mast cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of TSLP and TSLPR might contribute to the pathogenesis of KD through interactions between macrophages and mast cells. Regulation of TSLP/TSLPR signaling may be a potential therapeutic approach for KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sakitani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Gillespie RMC, Brown SJ. From the outside-in: Epidermal targeting as a paradigm for atopic disease therapy. World J Dermatol 2015; 4:16-32. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v4.i1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder which can precede asthma and allergic rhinitis in a disease trajectory known as the atopic march. The pathophysiology of AD includes cutaneous inflammation, disrupted epidermal barrier function, xerosis and propensity to secondary infections. AD had previously been thought to arise from the systemic atopic immune response and therapies are therefore directed towards ameliorating Th2-mediated inflammation. However in recent years the focus has shifted towards primary defects in the skin barrier as an initiating event in AD. Links between loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding filaggrin and disrupted activity of epidermal serine proteases and AD have been reported. Based on these observations, a mechanism has been described by which epidermal barrier dysfunction may lead to inflammation and allergic sensitization. Exogenous and endogenous stressors can further exacerbate inherited barrier abnormalities to promote disease activity. Pathways underlying progression of the atopic march remain unclear, but recent findings implicate thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a factor linking AD to subsequent airway inflammation in asthma. This new appreciation of the epidermis in the development of AD should lead to deployment of more specific strategies to restore barrier function in atopic patients and potentially halt the atopic march.
Collapse
|
188
|
Guo JW, Lin TK, Wu CH, Wei KC, Lan CCE, Peng ACY, Tsai JC, Sheu HM. Human sebum extract induces barrier disruption and cytokine expression in murine epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:34-43. [PMID: 25680851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that human sebum may play a role in barrier function but with much debate. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects of human sebum on skin barrier function. METHODS We used hairless mouse skin to study the functional and morphological alternation of epidermis after the application of human sebum. RESULTS The results showed a significant increase in transepidermal water loss and erythema value, and a decrease in skin hydration, accompanied by epidermal hyperplasia with parakeratosis following sebum application. Nile red staining together with electron microscopic examination confirmed the underlying mechanisms for sebum-induced barrier disruption are related directly to the interaction of sebum with the intracellular lipid lamellae of the SC, thereby leading to the increase in the fluidity of SC intracellular lipids as demonstrated by ATR-FTIR measurement. An inflammatory reaction characterized by an enhanced cytokine cascade, including up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-6, was also observed. On the other hand, there were insignificant expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and unchanged serum levels of IgE, suggesting non-immunogenic stimulation by sebum treatment. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that inflammation induced by excess amount of sebum is more likely an irritant contact dermatitis rather than an allergic one. Moreover, these findings implicated possible relationships between sebum, irritant contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wen Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Chung Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Han Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Amy Chia-Ying Peng
- Department of Dermatology, National Chung Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hamm-Ming Sheu
- Department of Dermatology, National Chung Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Bergot AS, Monnet N, Le Tran S, Mittal D, Al-Kouba J, Steptoe RJ, Grimbaldeston MA, Frazer IH, Wells JW. HPV16 E7 expression in skin induces TSLP secretion, type 2 ILC infiltration and atopic dermatitis-like lesions. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:540-7. [PMID: 25601274 PMCID: PMC4496302 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common pruritic and inflammatory skin disorder with unknown etiology. Most commonly occurring during early childhood, atopic dermatitis is associated with eczematous lesions and lichenification, in which the epidermis becomes hypertrophied resulting in thickening of the skin. In this study, we report an atopic dermatitis-like pathophysiology results in a murine model following the expression of the high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 oncoprotein E7 in keratinocytes under the Keratin 14 promoter. We show that HPV 16 E7 expression in the skin is associated with skin thickening, acanthosis and light spongiosis. Locally, HPV 16 E7 expressing skin secreted high levels of TSLP and contained increased numbers of ILCs. High levels of circulating IgE were associated with increased susceptibility to skin allergy in a model of cutaneous challenge, and to airway bronchiolar inflammation, enhanced airway goblet cell metaplasia and mucus production in a model of atopic march. Surprisingly, skin pathology occurred independently of T-cells and mast cells. Thus, our findings suggest that the expression of a single HPV oncogene in the skin can drive the onset of atopic dermatitis-like pathology through the induction of TSLP and type 2 ILC infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nastasia Monnet
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Son Le Tran
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deepak Mittal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane Al-Kouba
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michele A Grimbaldeston
- Division of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Choi JK, Oh HM, Lee S, Kwon TK, Shin TY, Rho MC, Kim SH. Salvia plebeia suppresses atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 42:967-85. [PMID: 25004886 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1450061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Salvia plebeia R. Br. (Lamiaceae) has been used for folk medicines in Asian countries, including Korea and China, to treat skin inflammatory diseases and asthma. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. plebeia extract (SPE) on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions and defined underlying mechanisms of action. We established an AD model in BALB/c mice by repeated local exposure of house dust mite extract (Dermatophagoides farinae extract, DFE) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to the ears. Repeated alternative treatment of DFE/DNCB caused AD-like skin lesions. The oral administration of SPE decreased AD symptoms based on ear thickness and histopathological analysis, in addition to serum IgE and IgG2a levels. SPE suppressed mast cell infiltration into the ear and serum histamine level. SPE inhibited Th1/Th2/Th17 phenotype CD4(+) T lymphocytes expansion in the lymph node and the expression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the ear tissue. To define the underlying mechanisms of action, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ activated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) model was used. SPE significantly suppressed the expression of cytokines and chemokines through the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-κB, and STAT1 in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our results suggest that SPE might be a candidate for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyeong Choi
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Demehri S, Yockey LJ, Visness CM, Jaffee KF, Turkoz A, Wood RA, O'Connor GT, Kattan M, Gern JE, Gergen PJ, Holtzman M, Bloomberg G, Kopan R. Circulating TSLP associates with decreased wheezing in non-atopic preschool children: data from the URECA birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:851-7. [PMID: 24397611 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models of atopic march suggest that systemic, skin-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mediates progression from eczema to asthma. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether circulating TSLP is associated with eczema, allergic sensitization, or recurrent wheezing in young children. METHODS A prospective analysis of the relationship between plasma levels of TSLP to allergic sensitization and recurrent wheezing was conducted in the birth cohort from the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) study. Plasma TSLP levels were measured at 1, 2, and 3 years of age and analysed for correlation with clinical parameters in each of the three years. Only those children with consecutive samples for all three years were included in this analysis. RESULTS We detected TSLP in 33% of 236 children for whom plasma samples were available for all three years. Overall, a consistently significant association was not found between TSLP and eczema or allergic sensitization. With regard to recurrent wheezing, children with detectable TSLP at one year of age were significantly less likely to experience recurrent wheezing by 3 years compared with those children without detectable TSLP, but this was only seen in children without aeroallergen sensitization at 3 years (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to our expectations, circulating TSLP was not significantly associated with eczema, allergen sensitization, or recurrent wheezing during the first three years of life. Early presence of circulating TSLP was significantly associated with reduced incidence of recurrent wheeze in those children not sensitized to aeroallergen. These findings suggest a possible underlying distinction between pathogenesis of developing atopic vs. non-atopic recurrent wheeze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Demehri
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Schwendinger-Schreck J, Wilson SR, Bautista DM. Interactions between keratinocytes and somatosensory neurons in itch. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 226:177-90. [PMID: 25861780 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44605-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes are epithelial cells that make up the stratified epidermis of the skin. Recent studies suggest that keratinocytes promote chronic itch. Changes in skin morphology that accompany a variety of chronic itch disorders and the multitude of inflammatory mediators secreted by keratinocytes that target both sensory neurons and immune cells highlight the importance of investigating the connection between keratinocytes and chronic itch. This chapter addresses some of the most recent data and models for the role keratinocytes play in the development and maintenance of chronic itch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Schwendinger-Schreck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, 355 LSA MC#3200, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Yamauchi-Yamada A, Yamamoto T, Nakayama Y, Ikeda K, Miyake T, Yamaguchi M, Hirai Y, Shirafuji Y, Morizane S, Aoyama Y, Iwatsuki K. Immune escape phenomenon in molluscum contagiosum and the induction of apoptosis. J Dermatol 2014; 41:1058-64. [PMID: 25438641 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) may persist for many weeks, evading host immunity. We studied the mechanism of immune escape phenomenon in MC, and the possible inducer of apoptosis. Using tissue samples of MC, we examined the numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), the expression levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the apoptotic signals. After molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) genotyping, we studied the expression of MCV-encoded MC148 mRNA and MC159 mRNA which correspond to viral antagonist for CCR8 and viral Fas-linked interleukin (IL)-1β converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitor protein (vFLIP), respectively. The nutlin-3-induced apoptosis in MC was observed ex vivo. The numbers of CD1a(+) or Langerin(+) epidermal LC and the expression levels of MIP-3α were markedly decreased in MC. The expression of TSLP was enhanced in the lesional epidermis of atopic dermatitis and human papillomavirus-induced warts, whereas the expression was observed locally in MC. All 14 MC samples examined harbored MCV type 1. The MC148 mRNA was detected in all 14 samples and the MC159 mRNA was detected in 13 samples. Apoptotic cells were absent or at a background level in the living layers of MC, but their numbers were increased in the molluscum bodies by overnight incubation with 5 μmol/L nutlin-3 in culture medium. In conclusion, molluscum bodies are protected from host immune responses and apoptotic signals by being surrounded by LC-depleted epidermal walls and viral immunosuppressive molecules, but could be eradicated by reagents inducing p53-dependent apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamauchi-Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Jovanovic K, Siebeck M, Gropp R. The route to pathologies in chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by T helper type 2 immune cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:201-11. [PMID: 24981014 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2)-characterized inflammatory responses are highly dynamic processes initiated by epithelial cell damage resulting in remodelling of the tissue architecture to prevent further harm caused by a dysfunctional epithelial barrier or migrating parasites. This process is a temporal and spatial response which requires communication between immobile cells such as epithelial, endothelial, fibroblast and muscle cells and the highly mobile cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It is further characterized by a high cellular plasticity that enables the cells to adapt to a specific inflammatory milieu. Incipiently, this milieu is shaped by cytokines released from epithelial cells, which stimulate Th2, innate lymphoid and invariant natural killer (NK) T cells to secrete Th2 cytokines and to activate dendritic cells which results in the further differentiation of Th2 cells. This milieu promotes wound-healing processes which are beneficial in parasitic infections or toxin exposure but account for increasingly dysfunctional vital organs, such as the lung in the case of asthma and the colon in ulcerative colitis. A better understanding of the dynamics underlying relapses and remissions might lead ultimately to improved therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases adapted to individual needs and to different phases of the inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Jovanovic
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Transplantation- and Thoracic Surgery, University Clinics of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Han H, Thelen TD, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated epicutaneous inflammation promotes acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5442-52. [PMID: 25365222 DOI: 10.1172/jci77798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy are closely linked; however, the mechanisms that guide the progression of AD to allergic inflammatory responses at other mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, are not well understood. Here, we determined that exposure of mice that have been epicutaneously sensitized with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and antigen to repeated oral doses of the same antigen induced acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis. In this model, loss of TSLP signaling specifically in DCs led to loss of induced allergic diarrhea through lack of sensitization. While TSLP responses were not required during oral allergen challenge, CD4(+) T cells were required and transferred disease when introduced into naive hosts. In addition, oral exposure to the antigen prior to skin sensitization blocked development of allergic disease. Finally, mice lacking the receptor for IL-25 failed to develop acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis, highlighting a role for IL-25 in the initiation of type 2 immunity in the intestine. These results demonstrate a role for TSLP and IL-25 in the atopic march from skin sensitization to food allergic responses and provide a model system for the generation of potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
196
|
Wang Q, Du J, Zhu J, Yang X, Zhou B. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling in CD4(+) T cells is required for TH2 memory. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:781-91.e3. [PMID: 25441291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key factor in the development of allergic asthma. Numbers of TH2 memory cells gradually increase in allergic patients with the progression of disease and persist in the lungs during remission, although the mechanism is not clear. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the role of TSLP in TH2 memory cell generation and maintenance in vivo. METHODS Adoptive transfer of wild-type and thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR)-deficient ovalbumin-specific CD4(+) T cells before TH2 sensitization was used to define T cell-specific TSLP effects. Atopic dermatitis and increased serum TSLP concentrations were induced by topical application of the vitamin D3 analog MC903. Memory cells in peripheral blood were monitored weekly with flow cytometry. Memory recall was tested after intranasal ovalbumin challenge. RESULTS TSLP signaling in CD4(+) T cells is required for the generation/maintenance of memory cells after in vivo priming. TSLPR-deficient CD4(+) T cells have no defects in proliferation but do not survive 1 week after sensitization, and increased TSLP expression during sensitization significantly increased the frequency of memory cells. Although in vitro-differentiated TSLPR-deficient TH2 cells develop into memory cells with equal efficiency to wild-type cells, the recall response to airway antigen challenge is impaired. Moreover, after antigen challenge of mice with established TH2 memory, TSLP signaling in CD4(+) T cells significantly affects memory cell generation/maintenance from secondary effector cells. CONCLUSION TSLP signaling in CD4(+) T cells is required for not only TH2 memory cell formation in vivo but also the recall response of the memory cells to local antigen challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Jianguang Du
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University at Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin initiates Th2 responses through an orchestrated immune cascade. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2847. [PMID: 24284909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has emerged as a key initiator in Th2 immune responses, but the TSLP-driven immune cascade leading to Th2 initiation remains to be delineated. Here, by dissecting the cellular network triggered by mouse skin TSLP in vivo, we uncover that TSLP-promoted IL-4 induction in CD4(+) T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes is driven by an orchestrated 'DC-T-Baso-T' cascade, which represents a sequential cooperation of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4(+) T cells and basophils. Moreover, we reveal that TSLP-activated DCs prime naive CD4(+) T cells to produce IL-3 via OX40L signalling and demonstrate that the OX40L-IL-3 axis has a critical role in mediating basophil recruitment, CD4(+) T-cell expansion and Th2 priming. These findings thus add novel insights into the cellular network and signal axis underlying the initiation of Th2 immune responses.
Collapse
|
198
|
Luo Y, Zhou B, Zhao M, Tang J, Lu Q. Promoter demethylation contributes to TSLP overexpression in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:48-53. [PMID: 24341479 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays an important role in promoting T-cell homeostasis, and appears to be a central player in the development of allergic symptoms, especially in asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD). Human TSLP is overexpressed in keratinocytes of patients with acute and chronic AD. However, the mechanism of TSLP overexpression remains unclear. AIM To investigate whether TSLP expression is regulated by aberrant DNA methylation modification of the TSLP promoter in keratinocytes of patients with AD. METHODS mRNA and protein levels of TSLP in lesional skin samples from 10 children with AD and 10 healthy controls were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Bisulfite sequencing was performed to determine the methylation status of the TSLP promoter, and 5-azacytidine (5-aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, was used to determine the influence of DNA methylation on TSLP expression. RESULTS TSLP mRNA and protein expression levels were increased in skin lesions from patients with AD compared with healthy controls. Moreover, promoter hypomethylation of the TSLP gene was identified in skin lesions from patients with AD, and treating keratinocytes with 5-aza reduced the methylation level of the TSLP promoter and increased TSLP transcription. CONCLUSIONS DNA demethylation of a specific regulatory region of the TSLP gene may contribute to TSLP overexpression in skin lesions in patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
|
200
|
Kubo T, Kamekura R, Kumagai A, Kawata K, Yamashita K, Mitsuhashi Y, Kojima T, Sugimoto K, Yoneta A, Sumikawa Y, Yamashita T, Sato N, Himi T, Ichimiya S. ΔNp63 controls a TLR3-mediated mechanism that abundantly provides thymic stromal lymphopoietin in atopic dermatitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105498. [PMID: 25171086 PMCID: PMC4149429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD), keratinocytes release large quantities of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), causing unfavorable inflammation along with skin damage. Nevertheless, how TSLP influences keratinocytes themselves is still unknown. In this study, we showed that ΔNp63, a p53-homologue, predominantly expressed in keratinocytes regulated the receptor complex of TSLP, which determines susceptibility to self-derived TSLP. Expression of TSLP receptors in skin tissues and keratinocytes was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR, and in vitro studies were also performed to examine the functional relevance of ΔNp63 in the expression of TSLP receptors and the constituting autocrine and/or paracrine pathway of TSLP under the condition of stimuli to innate receptors sensing cell damage. The results showed that normal keratinocytes in the upper epidermis preferentially expressed TSLP receptors and conversely lacked ΔNp63, which has an inhibitory effect on the expression of TSLP receptors. Interestingly, the epidermis of AD lesions was found to abundantly contain keratinocytes with low or undetectable levels of ΔNp63 (ΔNp63(lo/-)). Moreover, in the absence of ΔNp63, keratinocytes readily presented TSLP and other cytokines by stimuli through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Together with the evidence that extrinsic TSLP itself augments TSLP production by keratinocytes without ΔNp63, the results indicate that ΔNp63(lo/-) keratinocytes generate TSLP through a putative autocrine and/or paracrine pathway upon TLR3 stimulation within AD lesions, since moieties of damaged cells and pathogens stimulate TLR3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumagai
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Kawata
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiji Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukari Mitsuhashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sugimoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoneta
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sumikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamashita
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|