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Bazdar DA, Kalinowska M, Panigrahi S, Sieg SF. Recycled IL-7 Can Be Delivered to Neighboring T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4698-704. [PMID: 25870237 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 is a key homeostatic cytokine that provides signals for T cell survival and proliferation in vivo. In this article, we provide evidence that IL-7 utilization is enhanced by a novel mechanism of cytokine "recycling" during which T cells treated with rIL-7 are rapidly induced to express p-STAT5 and are subsequently able to recycle biologically active cytokine for release to neighboring cells in soluble form. Our observations indicate that the ability of cells to recycle IL-7 is dependent on IL-7R α-chain (CD127) and endocytosis, consistent with a model whereby IL-7 is internalized via receptor interactions before recycling. These observations provide evidence of a novel mechanism that enables cells to optimally use IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Bazdar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | | | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
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152
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Nayar S, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Extending the lifespan and efficacies of immune cells used in adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapies-A review. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002720. [PMID: 26155387 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells used in adoptive cell-transfer immunotherapies against cancer include dendritic cells (DCs), natural-killer cells, and CD8+ T-cells. These cells may have limited efficacy due to their lifespan, activity, and immunosuppressive effects of tumor cells. Therefore, increasing longevity and activity of these cells may boost their efficacy. Four cytokines that can extend immune effector-cell longevity are IL-2, IL-7, IL-21, and IL-15. This review will discuss current knowledge on effector-cell lifespans and the mechanisms by which IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 can extend effector-cell longevity. We will also discuss how lifespan and efficacy of these cells can be regulated to allow optimal clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nayar
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Christine Galustian
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
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153
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Nguyen TP, Bazdar DA, Mudd JC, Lederman MM, Harding CV, Hardy GA, Sieg SF. Interferon-α inhibits CD4 T cell responses to interleukin-7 and interleukin-2 and selectively interferes with Akt signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1139-46. [PMID: 25784743 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0714-345rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent type I IFN production occurs during chronic viral infections, such as HIV disease. As type I IFNs have antiproliferative activity, it is possible that chronic exposure to these cytokines could adversely affect T cell homeostasis. We investigated the capacity of IFN-α to impair T cell proliferation induced by the homeostatic cytokine, IL-7, or another common γ-chain cytokine, IL-2, in cells from healthy human donors. We found that IL-7- or IL-2-induced proliferation of CD4(+) T cells was partially inhibited in the presence of IFN-α. The CD4(+) T cells that were exposed to IFN-α also displayed attenuated induction of IL-2 and CD40L following TCR stimulation. Analyses of signaling pathways indicated that IL-7 and IL-2 induced a delayed and sustained P-Akt signal that lasted for several days and was partially inhibited by IFN-α. In contrast, IL-7-induced P-STAT5 was not affected by IFN-α. Furthermore, IFN-α had no detectable effect on P-Akt that was induced by the chemokine SDF-1. Both inhibitors of P-Akt and P-STAT5 blocked IL-7-induced T cell proliferation, confirming that both signaling pathways are important for IL-7-induced T cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that IFN-α can selectively inhibit cytokine-induced P-Akt as a potential mechanism to disrupt homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Nguyen
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Doug A Bazdar
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gareth A Hardy
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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154
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following lymphodepletion, lymphocytes repopulate the immune space both through enhanced thymopoiesis and proliferation of residual nondepleted peripheral lymphocytes. The term homeostatic proliferation (alternatively homeostatic expansion or lymphopenia-induced proliferation) refers to the latter process. Homeostatic proliferation is especially relevant to reconstitution of the lymphocyte compartment following immunodepletion therapy in transplantation. Repopulating lymphocytes can skew toward an effector memory type capable of inducing graft rejection, autoimmunity, or, in the case of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, graft versus host disease. Here we review recent studies exploring the biologic mechanisms underlying homeostatic proliferation and explore implications for therapy in transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Two immune-depleting agents, alemtuzumab and rabbit antithymocyte globulin, have been well characterized in their abilities to induce an effector-memory phenotype in repopulating lymphocytes. Additionally, we have gained new understandings of the mechanisms by which the cytokines interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 regulate this process. Recent studies have also explored the functions of noncytokine and signaling molecules in lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Finally, we have seen the promise and limitations of several therapeutic approaches, including recombinant interleukin-7 therapy, CD8-targeted antibodies, and peri-transplant cyclophosphamide, to treat posttransplant lymphopenia and reduce the risks of immune dysregulation following homeostatic proliferation. SUMMARY Immune dysfunction following homeostatic proliferation is a special challenge in transplantation. A deeper understanding of the underlying biology has led to a number of promising new therapies to overcome this problem.
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155
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, James BR, Kashem SW, Brincks EL, Rai D, Kucaba TA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Alterations in antigen-specific naive CD4 T cell precursors after sepsis impairs their responsiveness to pathogen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1609-20. [PMID: 25595784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients surviving the acute stages of sepsis develop compromised T cell immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Little is known about the decreased CD4 T cell function after sepsis. We tracked the loss and recovery of endogenous Ag-specific CD4 T cell populations after cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis and analyzed the CD4 T cell response to heterologous infection during or after recovery. We observed that the sepsis-induced early loss of CD4 T cells was followed by thymic-independent numerical recovery in the total CD4 T cell compartment. Despite this numerical recovery, we detected alterations in the composition of naive CD4 T cell precursor pools, with sustained quantitative reductions in some populations. Mice that had experienced sepsis and were then challenged with epitope-bearing, heterologous pathogens demonstrated significantly reduced priming of recovery-impaired Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses, with regard to both magnitude of expansion and functional capacity on a per-cell basis, which also correlated with intrinsic changes in Vβ clonotype heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that the recovery of CD4 T cells from sepsis-induced lymphopenia is accompanied by alterations to the composition and function of the Ag-specific CD4 T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sakeen W Kashem
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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156
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Abstract
The thymus is one of the cornerstones of an effective immune system. It produces new T-cells for the naïve T-cell pool, thus refreshing the peripheral repertoire. As we age, the thymus atrophies and there is a decrease in the area of active T-cell production. A decline in the output of the thymus eventually leads to changes in the peripheral T-cell pool which includes increases in the number of cells at or near their replicative limit and contraction of the repertoire. Debate about the age-associated changes in the thymus leading to functional decline centres on whether this is due to problems with the environment provided by the thymus or with defects in the progenitor cell compartment. In mice, the evidence points towards problems in the epithelial component of the thymus and the production of IL-7 (interleukin 7). But there are discussions about how appropriate mouse models are for human aging. We have developed a simple system that utilizes both human keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines arrayed on a synthetic tantalum-coated matrix to provide a permissive environment for the maturation of human CD34+ haemopoietic progenitor cells into mature CD4+ or CD8+ T-lymphocytes. We have characterized the requirements for differentiation within these cultures and used this system to compare the ability of CD34+ cells derived from different sources to produce mature thymocytes. The TREC (T-cell receptor excision circle) assay was used as a means of identifying newly produced thymocytes.
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157
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a range of malignancies involving B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle. All of these are associated with the latent life cycles of EBV, but the pattern of latency-associated viral antigens expressed in tumor cells depends on the type of tumor. EBV-specific T cells (EBVSTs) have been explored as prophylaxis and therapy for EBV-associated malignancies for more than two decades. EBVSTs have been most successful as prophylaxis and therapy for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) , which expresses the full array of latent EBV antigens (type 3 latency), in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. While less effective, clinical studies have also demonstrated their therapeutic potential for PTLD post-solid organ transplant and for EBV-associated malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) that express a limited array of latent EBV antigens (type 2 latency). Several approaches are actively being pursued to improve the antitumor activity of EBVSTs including activation and expansion of T cells specific for the EBV antigens expressed in type 2 latency, genetic approaches to render EBVSTs resistant to the immunosuppressive tumor environment, and combination approaches with other immune-modulating modalities. Given the recent advances and renewed interest in cell therapy, we hope that EBVSTs will become an integral part of our treatment armamentarium against EBV-positive malignancies in the near-future.
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158
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Meijers RWJ, Betjes MGH, Baan CC, Litjens NHR. T-cell ageing in end-stage renal disease patients: Assessment and clinical relevance. World J Nephrol 2014; 3:268-276. [PMID: 25374821 PMCID: PMC4220360 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a defective T-cell-mediated immune system which is related to excessive premature ageing of the T-cell compartment. This is likely to be caused by the uremia-associated pro-inflammatory milieu, created by loss of renal function. Therefore, ESRD patients are highly susceptible for infections, have an increased risk for virus-associated cancers, respond poorly to vaccination and have an increased risk for atherosclerotic diseases. Three ageing parameters can be used to assess an immunological T-cell age. First, thymic output can be determined by assessing the T-cell receptor excision circles-content together with CD31 expression within the naïve T cells. Second, the telomere length of T cells and third the T-cell differentiation status are also indicators of T-cell ageing. Analyses based on these parameters in ESRD patients revealed that the immunological T-cell age is increased by on average 20 years compared to the chronological age. After kidney transplantation (KTx) the aged T-cell phenotype persists although the pro-inflammatory milieu is diminished. This might be explained by epigenetic modifications at hematopoietic stem cells level. Assessment of an immunological T-cell age could be an important tool to identify KTx recipients who are at risk for allograft rejection or to prevent over-immunosuppression.
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159
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:767-77. [PMID: 24791959 PMCID: PMC4197564 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0114-067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection in hospital patients, despite improvements in antibiotics and intensive-care practices. Patients who survive severe sepsis can display suppressed immune function, often manifested as an increased susceptibility to (and mortality from) nosocomial infections. Not only is there a significant reduction in the number of various immune cell populations during sepsis, but there is also decreased function in the remaining lymphocytes. Within the immune system, CD4 T cells are important players in the proper development of numerous cellular and humoral immune responses. Despite sufficient clinical evidence of CD4 T cell loss in septic patients of all ages, the impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell responses is not well understood. Recent findings suggest that CD4 T cell impairment is a multipronged problem that results from initial sepsis-induced cell loss. However, the subsequent lymphopenia-induced numerical recovery of the CD4 T cell compartment leads to intrinsic alterations in phenotype and effector function, reduced repertoire diversity, changes in the composition of naive antigen-specific CD4 T cell pools, and changes in the representation of different CD4 T cell subpopulations (e.g., increases in Treg frequency). This review focuses on sepsis-induced alterations within the CD4 T cell compartment that influence the ability of the immune system to control secondary heterologous infections. The understanding of how sepsis affects CD4 T cells through their numerical loss and recovery, as well as function, is important in the development of future treatments designed to restore CD4 T cells to their presepsis state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program Center for Immunology, and Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; and
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160
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Wang Z, Hall MD, Rewers-Felkins KA, Quinlin IS, Wright SE. Dendritic cells enhance the activity of human MUC1-stimulated mononuclear cells against breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23335. [PMID: 23526065 PMCID: PMC3601184 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to generate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The objectives of this study were to determine if interleukin (IL)-4 is beneficial or detrimental for the generation of human DCs in vitro and to understand whether DCs generated in vitro in the presence or absence of IL-4 stimulate the killing of adenocarcinoma cells by CTLs in vivo. Mucin 1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein found on the surface of adenocarcinoma cells was used to load DCs. MUC1-loaded DCs generated in the absence of IL-4 were superior to their counterparts produced with IL-4 in stimulating PBMCs to kill human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. A corollary in vivo protection experiment was performed by injecting immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice with MCF-7 cells s.c. and MUC1-loaded CTLs, PBMCs, or DCs generated in the absence of IL-4, i.p. Mice that received CTLs and MUC1-loaded DCs on days 0, 2, 4, 9, 14 and 19 were completely protected against the development of MCF-7-derived tumors, while other schedules conferred lower protection. Therefore, tumor antigen-loaded DCs enhance the efficacy of adoptive CTL transfer, and should thus be considered for combinatorial immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy; Amarillo, TX USA ; Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences; West Texas A & M University; Canyon, TX USA
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161
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Zarogoulidis P, Lampaki S, Yarmus L, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Katsikogiannis N, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Li Q, Huang H, Sakkas A, Organtzis J, Sakkas L, Mpoukovinas I, Tsakiridis K, Lazaridis G, Syrigos K, Zarogoulidis K. Interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 for cancer. J Cancer 2014; 5:765-73. [PMID: 25368677 PMCID: PMC4216801 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 7 and 15 are considered powerful pro-inflammatory cytokines, they have the ability to destabilize chromosomes and induce tumorigenesis. Additionally, they can control malignancy proliferation by influencing the tumor microenvironment and immune system. Immunotherapy has been proposed as a treatment modality for malignancy for over a decade; the exact mechanisms of action and pathways are still under investigation. Interleukin 7 and 15 have been extensively investigated in hematological malignancies since their mode of action influences the stimulation of the immune system in a more direct way than other malignancies such as lung, melanoma, and breast, renal and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Lampaki
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lonny Yarmus
- 2. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Katsikogiannis
- 3. Surgery Department (NHS), University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Qiang Li
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonios Sakkas
- 6. Pathology Department, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Organtzis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Sakkas
- 6. Pathology Department, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mpoukovinas
- 7. Oncology Department, ``BioMedicine`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- 8. Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Lazaridis
- 9. Oncology Department, ``G. Papageorgiou`` University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- 10. Oncology Department, ``Sotiria`` Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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162
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The role of the thymus in T-cell immune reconstitution after umbilical cord blood transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:3201-11. [PMID: 25287708 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-589176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for patients without HLA-matched adult donors. UCB contains a low number of nucleated cells and mostly naive T cells, resulting in prolonged time to engraftment and lack of transferred T-cell memory. Although the first phase of T-cell reconstitution after UCB transplantation (UCBT) depends on peripheral expansion of transferred T cells, permanent T-cell reconstitution is mediated via a central mechanism, which depends on de novo production of naive T lymphocytes by the recipient's thymus from donor-derived lymphoid-myeloid progenitors (LMPs). Thymopoiesis can be assessed by quantification of recent thymic emigrants, T-cell receptor excision circle levels, and T-cell receptor repertoire diversity. These assays are valuable tools for monitoring posttransplantation thymic recovery, but more importantly they have shown the significant prognostic value of thymic reconstitution for clinical outcomes after UCBT, including opportunistic infections, disease relapse, and overall survival. Strategies to improve thymic entry and differentiation of LMPs and to accelerate recovery of the thymic stromal microenvironment may improve thymic lymphopoiesis. Here, we discuss the mechanisms and clinical implications of thymic recovery and new approaches to improve reconstitution of the T-cell repertoire after UCBT.
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163
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Schim van der Loeff I, Hsu LY, Saini M, Weiss A, Seddon B. Zap70 is essential for long-term survival of naive CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2873-80. [PMID: 25092893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Survival of naive T cells requires engagement of TCR with self-peptide major histocompatibility Ags. The signaling pathways required to transmit this survival signal are poorly understood. In this study, we asked whether the tyrosine kinase Zap70 is required to transmit survival signals in naive CD8 T cells. In the absence of Zap70 expression, thymic development is completely blocked. Using a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene (TetZap70), thymic development of Zap70-deficient TCR transgenic F5 mice was restored. Feeding mice doxycycline to induce Zap70 expression resulted in repopulation of the peripheral naive compartment. Zap70 transgene expression was then ablated by withdrawal of doxycycline. Survival of Zap70-deficient naive CD8 T cells depended on host environment. In hosts with a replete T cell compartment, naive T cells died rapidly in the absence of Zap70 expression. In lymphopenic hosts, Zap70-deficient T cells survived far longer, in an IL-7-dependent manner, but failed to undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Analyzing mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that intact Zap70-dependent signaling was important for integration of recent thymic emigrants into the mature naive compartment. Finally, we asked whether adaptor function conferred by Zap70 tyrosines 315 and 319 was necessary for transmission of homeostatic TCR signals. This was done by analyzing F5 mice expressing mutant Zap70 in which these residues had been mutated to alanines (Zap70(YYAA)). Inducible Zap70 expression rescued thymic development in F5 TetZap70 Zap70(YYAA) mice. However, in the absence of wild-type Zap70 expression, the Zap70(YYAA) mutant failed to transmit either survival or proliferative homeostatic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schim van der Loeff
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lih-Yun Hsu
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Manoj Saini
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Art Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; and
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164
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Polymorphism in interleukin-7 receptor α gene is associated with faster CD4⁺ T-cell recovery after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2014; 28:1739-48. [PMID: 24911352 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding interleukin-7 receptor α (IL7RA) as predictors for CD4⁺ T-cell change after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected whites. DESIGN SNPs in IL7RA were determined in the Danish HIV Cohort Study. METHODS CD4⁺ T-cell changes were estimated 6 months, 1, 2, and 5 years after initiation of cART in 1683 HIV-infected virally suppressed individuals. Five SNPs in IL7RA were examined as predictors for CD4⁺ T-cell change in the first (0-6 months after initiation of cART) and second phase (>6 months after initiation of cART) of immune recovery. Univariable and multivariable analyses including age, sex, calendar period, CD4⁺ nadir, and baseline CD4⁺ T-cell count and viral load as covariates were performed. RESULTS Individuals carrying two T-alleles in rs6897932 had faster CD4⁺ T-cell recovery compared with individuals carrying a C-allele in the first phase of immune recovery [mean CD4⁺ T-cell change, cells/μL (95% confidence interval), in TT: 177 (151-203), CT: 131 (119-143), CC: 141 (132-151), P = 0.018]. No isolated effect of rs6897932 on CD4⁺ T-cell change was found in the second phase of immune recovery; however, the initial difference in CD4⁺ T-cell recovery remained during 5 years. The effect was most pronounced in individuals above 40 years of age. CONCLUSION T-allele homozygosity in rs6897932 is a predictor for faster CD4⁺ T-cell recovery after initiation of cART in HIV-infected whites, however, only in the first phase of immune recovery.
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Dotti G, Gottschalk S, Savoldo B, Brenner MK. Design and development of therapies using chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:107-26. [PMID: 24329793 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigators developed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for expression on T cells more than 25 years ago. When the CAR is derived from an antibody, the resultant cell should combine the desirable targeting features of an antibody (e.g. lack of requirement for major histocompatibility complex recognition, ability to recognize non-protein antigens) with the persistence, trafficking, and effector functions of a T cell. This article describes how the past two decades have seen a crescendo of research which has now begun to translate these potential benefits into effective treatments for patients with cancer. We describe the basic design of CARs, describe how antigenic targets are selected, and the initial clinical experience with CAR-T cells. Our review then describes our own and other investigators' work aimed at improving the function of CARs and reviews the clinical studies in hematological and solid malignancies that are beginning to exploit these approaches. Finally, we show the value of adding additional engineering features to CAR-T cells, irrespective of their target, to render them better suited to function in the tumor environment, and discuss how the safety of these heavily modified cells may be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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166
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Crucial roles of interleukin-7 in the development of T follicular helper cells and in the induction of humoral immunity. J Virol 2014; 88:8998-9009. [PMID: 24899182 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00534-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized providers of cognate B cell help, which is important in promoting the induction of high-affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GCs). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-21 have been known to play important roles in Tfh cell differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that IL-7 plays a pivotal role in Tfh generation and GC formation in vivo, as treatment with anti-IL-7 neutralizing antibody markedly impaired the development of Tfh cells and IgG responses. Moreover, codelivery of mouse Fc-fused IL-7 (IL-7-mFc) with a vaccine enhanced the generation of GC B cells as well as Tfh cells but not other lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. Interestingly, a 6-fold-lower dose of an influenza virus vaccine codelivered with Fc-fused IL-7 induced higher antigen-specific and cross-reactive IgG titers than the vaccine alone in both mice and monkeys and led to markedly enhanced protection against heterologous influenza virus challenge in mice. Enhanced generation of Tfh cells by IL-7-mFc treatment was not significantly affected by the neutralization of IL-6 and IL-21, indicating an independent role of IL-7 on Tfh differentiation. Thus, IL-7 holds promise as a critical cytokine for selectively inducing Tfh cell generation and enhancing protective IgG responses. IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate for the first time that codelivery of Fc-fused IL-7 significantly increased influenza virus vaccine-induced antibody responses, accompanied by robust expansion of Tfh cells and GC B cells as well as enhanced GC formation. Furthermore, IL-7-mFc induced earlier and cross-reactive IgG responses, leading to striking protection against heterologous influenza virus challenge. These results suggest that Fc-fused IL-7 could be used for inducing strong and cross-protective humoral immunity against highly mutable viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, as well as influenza viruses.
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167
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Thiébaut R, Drylewicz J, Prague M, Lacabaratz C, Beq S, Jarne A, Croughs T, Sekaly RP, Lederman MM, Sereti I, Commenges D, Lévy Y. Quantifying and predicting the effect of exogenous interleukin-7 on CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003630. [PMID: 24853554 PMCID: PMC4031052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous Interleukin-7 (IL-7), in supplement to antiretroviral therapy, leads to a substantial increase of all CD4+ T cell subsets in HIV-1 infected patients. However, the quantitative contribution of the several potential mechanisms of action of IL-7 is unknown. We have performed a mathematical analysis of repeated measurements of total and naive CD4+ T cells and their Ki67 expression from HIV-1 infected patients involved in three phase I/II studies (N = 53 patients). We show that, besides a transient increase of peripheral proliferation, IL-7 exerts additional effects that play a significant role in CD4+ T cell dynamics up to 52 weeks. A decrease of the loss rate of the total CD4+ T cell is the most probable explanation. If this effect could be maintained during repeated administration of IL-7, our simulation study shows that such a strategy may allow maintaining CD4+ T cell counts above 500 cells/µL with 4 cycles or fewer over a period of two years. This in-depth analysis of clinical data revealed the potential for IL-7 to achieve sustained CD4+ T cell restoration with limited IL-7 exposure in HIV-1 infected patients with immune failure despite antiretroviral therapy. HIV infection is characterized by a decrease of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the blood. Whereas antiretroviral treatment succeeds to control viral replication, some patients fail to reconstitute their CD4+ T cell count to normal value. IL-7 is a promising cytokine under evaluation for its use in HIV infection, in supplement to antiretroviral therapy, as it increases cell proliferation and survival. Here, we use data from three clinical trials testing the effect of IL-7 on CD4+ T-cell recovery in treated HIV-infected individuals and use a simple mathematical model to quantify IL-7 effects by estimating the biological parameters of the model. We show that the increase of peripheral proliferation could not explain alone the long-term dynamics of T cells after IL-7 injections underlining other important effects such as the improvement of cell survival. We also investigate the feasibility and the efficiency of repetitions of IL-7 cycles and argue for further evaluation through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Thiébaut
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mélanie Prague
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- INSERM, Unité U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955 Creteil, France
| | | | - Ana Jarne
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals/Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Commenges
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, SISTM team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM, Unité U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955 Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique, Creteil, France
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168
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Pathak K. The expanding role of IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin as therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:581-94. [PMID: 24641111 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.893295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been a major step in the understanding of arthritis. IL-7 amplifies the inflammation induced by other cytokines, primarily TNF. In animal models of arthritis, inhibition of IL-7 limits inflammation and joint erosion. TSLP is an IL-7-like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell-mediated Th2-type inflammatory responses and is considered as a master switch for allergic inflammation. TSLP is a downstream molecule of TNF-α and as such may be involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory arthritis. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of IL-7 and TSLP derived from both animal models and studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The emergence of IL-7 blockade as a future therapy in RA is highlighted, along with the potential goals and limitations of this therapeutic approach. The write-up also highlights the functional capacities of TSLP in arthritis. EXPERT OPINION Evidences suggest important roles for IL-7 and TSLP in the pathogenesis of RA and can be viewed as potential therapeutic targets. Regulation of these at genetic level is a promising investigational area. Given the difficulty in reconstituting T cells in patients with RA, therapeutic approaches that minimize the elimination of T cells are likely to be more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy , Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001 , India
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169
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Danby R, Rocha V. Improving engraftment and immune reconstitution in umbilical cord blood transplantation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:68. [PMID: 24605111 PMCID: PMC3932655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for allogeneic transplantation when HLA-matched sibling and unrelated donors (MUD) are unavailable. Although the overall survival results for UCB transplantation are comparable to the results with MUD, UCB transplants are associated with slow engraftment, delayed immune reconstitution, and increased opportunistic infections. While this may be a consequence of the lower cell dose in UCB grafts, it also reflects the relative immaturity of cord blood. Furthermore, limited cell numbers and the non-availability of donor lymphocyte infusions currently prevent the use of post-transplant cellular immunotherapy to boost donor-derived immunity to treat infections, mixed chimerism, and disease relapse. To further develop UCB transplantation, many strategies to enhance engraftment and immune reconstitution are currently under investigation. This review summarizes our current understanding of engraftment and immune recovery following UCB transplantation and why this differs from allogeneic transplants using other sources of HSC. It also provides a comprehensive overview of promising techniques being used to improve myeloid and lymphoid recovery, including expansion, homing, and delivery of UCB HSC; combined use of UCB with third-party donors; isolation and expansion of natural killer cells, pathogen-specific T cells, and regulatory T cells; methods to protect and/or improve thymopoiesis. As many of these strategies are now in clinical trials, it is anticipated that UCB transplantation will continue to advance, further expanding our understanding of UCB biology and HSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Danby
- Department of Haematology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust , Oxford , UK ; NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK ; Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis APHP, University Paris VII IUH , Paris , France
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Department of Haematology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust , Oxford , UK ; NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK ; Eurocord, Hôpital Saint Louis APHP, University Paris VII IUH , Paris , France
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170
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Hutchins NA, Unsinger J, Hotchkiss RS, Ayala A. The new normal: immunomodulatory agents against sepsis immune suppression. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:224-33. [PMID: 24485901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death among critically ill patients in intensive care units, and treatment options are limited. Therapies developed against the proinflammatory stage have failed clinically; therefore, new approaches that target the host immune response in sepsis are necessary. Increasing evidence suggests that a major pathophysiological event in sepsis is immune suppression, often resulting in secondary fungal, bacterial, or viral infections. Recent studies from animal sepsis models and patient samples suggest that cytokines such as interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-15, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as well as co-inhibitory molecule blockade, such as anti-programmed cell death receptor-1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-B and T lymphocyte attenuator (anti-BTLA), may have utility in alleviating the clinical morbidity associated with sustained sepsis. This review discusses some of these novel immunomodulatory agents and evaluates their potential use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A Hutchins
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jacqueline Unsinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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171
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Gou HF, Huang J, Shi HS, Chen XC, Wang YS. Chemo-immunotherapy with oxaliplatin and interleukin-7 inhibits colon cancer metastasis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85789. [PMID: 24465710 PMCID: PMC3897491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy has shown promise for cancer. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) can potentially enhance immune responses against tumor, while oxaliplatin (OXP), a platinum-based drug, can promote a favorable immune microenvironment and stimulate anticancer immune responses. We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of IL-7 combining OXP against a murine colon carcinoma in vitro and in vivo and studied the tumor immune microenvironment to investigate whether the combined treatment affects on the local immune cell populations. Utilizing lung and abdomen metastasis models by inoculation of CT26 mice colon cancer cells, we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of combining IL-7 and OXP in mice models. Tumor immune microenvironment was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Our study showed that the in vivo administration of IL-7 combined with OXP markedly inhibited the growth of tumors in lung and abdomen metastasis models of colon cancer. IL-7 alone had no effect on tumor growth in mice and IL-7 did not alter cell sensitivity to OXP in culture. The antitumor effect of combining IL-7 and OXP correlated with a marked increase in the number of tumor-infiltrating activated CD8+ T cells and a marked decrease in the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells in spleen. Our data suggest that OXP plus IL-7 treatment inhibits tumor cell growth by immunoregulation rather than direct cytotoxicity. Our findings justify further evaluation of combining IL-7 and chemotherapy as a novel experimental cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Shan Shi
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Cancer Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-chuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, Cancer Center, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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172
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Qi Q, Zhang DW, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Mechanisms shaping the naïve T cell repertoire in the elderly - thymic involution or peripheral homeostatic proliferation? Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:71-4. [PMID: 24440389 PMCID: PMC4096164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human immune system to repel infections is drastically diminished with age. Elderly individuals are more susceptible to new threats and are less able to control endogenous infections. The thymus, which is the sole source of new T cells, has been proposed as a target for regenerative efforts to improve immune competence, as thymic activity is dramatically reduced after puberty. In this review, we review the role of the thymus in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis throughout life and contrast the differences in mice and humans. We propose that in humans, lack of thymic T cell generation does not explain a decline in T cell receptor diversity nor would thymic rejuvenation restore diversity. Initial studies using next generation sequencing are beginning to establish lower boundaries of T cell receptor diversity. With increasing sequencing depth and the development of new statistical models, we are now in the position to test this model and to assess the impact of age on T cell diversity and clonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - David W Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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173
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Fraser CK, Brown MP, Diener KR, Hayball JD. Unravelling the complexity of cancer–immune system interplay. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:917-34. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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174
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Tang JC, Shen GB, Wang SM, Wan YS, Wei YQ. IL-7 inhibits tumor growth by promoting T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in Meth A model. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:159-66. [PMID: 24406503 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune suppression is well documented during tumor progression, which includes loss of effect of T cells and expansion of T regulatory (Treg) cells. IL-7 plays a key role in the proliferation, survival and homeostasis of T cells and displays a potent antitumor activity in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of IL-7 in Meth A model. IL-7 inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice with corresponding increases in the frequency of CD4 and CD8 T cells, Th1 (CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)), Tc1 (CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)) and T cells cytolytic activity against Meth A cells. Neutralization of CD4 or CD8 T cells reversed the antitumor benefit of IL-7. Furthermore, IL-7 decreased regulatory T Foxp3 as well as cells suppressive activity with a reciprocal increase in SMAD7. In addition, we observed an increase of the serum concentrations of IL-6 and IFN-γ, and a significant decrease of TGF-β and IL-10 after IL-7 treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-7 augments T cell-mediated antitumor immunity and improves the effect of antitumor in Meth A model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cai Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, North Sichuan Medical University, China
| | - Guo-Bo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, China
| | - Shi-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, China.
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175
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Sereti I, Estes JD, Thompson WL, Morcock DR, Fischl MA, Croughs T, Beq S, Lafaye de Micheaux S, Yao MD, Ober A, Wilson EMP, Natarajan V, Imamichi H, Boulassel MR, Lederman MM, Routy JP. Decreases in colonic and systemic inflammation in chronic HIV infection after IL-7 administration. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003890. [PMID: 24497828 PMCID: PMC3907377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), some HIV-infected persons maintain lower than normal CD4(+) T-cell counts in peripheral blood and in the gut mucosa. This incomplete immune restoration is associated with higher levels of immune activation manifested by high systemic levels of biomarkers, including sCD14 and D-dimer, that are independent predictors of morbidity and mortality in HIV infection. In this 12-week, single-arm, open-label study, we tested the efficacy of IL-7 adjunctive therapy on T-cell reconstitution in peripheral blood and gut mucosa in 23 ART suppressed HIV-infected patients with incomplete CD4(+) T-cell recovery, using one cycle (consisting of three subcutaneous injections) of recombinant human IL-7 (r-hIL-7) at 20 µg/kg. IL-7 administration led to increases of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells in peripheral blood, and importantly an expansion of T-cells expressing the gut homing integrin α4β7. Participants who underwent rectosigmoid biopsies at study baseline and after treatment had T-cell increases in the gut mucosa measured by both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. IL-7 therapy also resulted in apparent improvement in gut barrier integrity as measured by decreased neutrophil infiltration in the rectosigmoid lamina propria 12 weeks after IL-7 administration. This was also accompanied by decreased TNF and increased FOXP3 expression in the lamina propria. Plasma levels of sCD14 and D-dimer, indicative of systemic inflammation, decreased after r-hIL-7. Increases of colonic mucosal T-cells correlated strongly with the decreased systemic levels of sCD14, the LPS coreceptor - a marker of monocyte activation. Furthermore, the proportion of inflammatory monocytes expressing CCR2 was decreased, as was the basal IL-1β production of peripheral blood monocytes. These data suggest that administration of r-hIL-7 improves the gut mucosal abnormalities of chronic HIV infection and attenuates the systemic inflammatory and coagulation abnormalities that have been linked to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William L. Thompson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Morcock
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Fischl
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Michael D. Yao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ober
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. P. Wilson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is safe and can be effective in cancer patients. Achievement of clinical responses in these patients is associated with the in vivo expansion and persistence of the transferred T lymphocytes. For this reason, recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) is frequently used to support the in vivo survival of T lymphocytes infused into patients. However, IL-2 also causes important side effects. Thus, alternative strategies are highly demanded to limit cytokine-related off-target effects and to redirect the responsiveness of specific T-cell subsets to selected cytokines. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a promising alternative cytokine as it possesses the above mentioned properties. However, because its receptor is downregulated in ex vivo-expanded T cells, methods are required to restore their responsiveness to this homeostatic cytokine. In this chapter, we describe the methodology to obtain the ectopic expression of IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) in antigen-specific CTL, using Epstein-Barr virus-specific CTL (EBV-CTL), as a model.
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177
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Engineered T cells for cancer treatment. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:713-33. [PMID: 24239105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T cells have the capacity to traffic to distant tumor sites, infiltrate fibrotic tissue and kill antigen-expressing tumor cells. Various groups have investigated different genetic engineering strategies designed to enhance tumor specificity, increase T cell potency, improve proliferation, persistence or migratory capacity and increase safety. This review focuses on recent developments in T cell engineering, discusses the clinical application of these engineered cell products and outlines future prospects for this therapeutic modality.
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178
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Perna SK, Pagliara D, Mahendravada A, Liu H, Brenner MK, Savoldo B, Dotti G. Interleukin-7 mediates selective expansion of tumor-redirected cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) without enhancement of regulatory T-cell inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:131-9. [PMID: 24097874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected CTLs should be enhanced if it were possible to increase their proliferation and function after adoptive transfer without concomitantly increasing the proliferation and function of regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we explored whether the lack of IL-7Rα in Treg can be exploited by the targeted manipulation of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) cytokine-cytokine receptor axis in CAR-engrafted Epstein-Barr Virus-specific CTLs (EBV-CTLs) to selectively augment their growth and antitumor activity even in the presence of Treg. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding a GD2-specific CAR and the IL-7Rα subunit, expressed the genes in EBV-CTLs, and assessed their capacity to control tumor growth in the presence of Treg in vitro and in vivo when exposed to either interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-7 in a neuroblastoma xenograft. RESULTS We found that IL-7, in sharp contrast with IL-2, supports the proliferation and antitumor activity of IL-7Rα.CAR-GD2(+) EBV-CTLs both in vitro and in vivo even in the presence of fully functional Treg. CONCLUSIONS IL-7 selectively favors the survival, proliferation, and effector function of IL-7Rα-transgenic/CAR-redirected EBV-CTLs in the presence of Treg both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, IL-7 can have a significant impact in sustaining expansion and persistence of adoptively CAR-redirected CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena K Perna
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and Departments of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Dipartimento di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
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179
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Matsuoka KI, Koreth J, Kim HT, Bascug G, McDonough S, Kawano Y, Murase K, Cutler C, Ho VT, Alyea EP, Armand P, Blazar BR, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J. Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra43. [PMID: 23552371 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in the maintenance of immune tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We recently reported that daily administration of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces selective expansion of functional Tregs and clinical improvement of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To define the mechanisms of action of IL-2 therapy, we examined the immunologic effects of this treatment on homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets after transplant. We first demonstrated that chronic GVHD is characterized by constitutive phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) in conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tcons) associated with elevated amounts of IL-7 and IL-15 and relative functional deficiency of IL-2. IL-2 therapy resulted in the selective increase of Stat5 phosphorylation in Tregs and a decrease of phosphorylated Stat5 in Tcons. Over an 8-week period, IL-2 therapy induced a series of changes in Treg homeostasis, including increased proliferation, increased thymic export, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis. Low-dose IL-2 had minimal effects on Tcons. These findings define the mechanisms whereby low-dose IL-2 therapy restores the homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets and promotes the reestablishment of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsuoka
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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180
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Miedema F, Hazenberg MD, Tesselaar K, van Baarle D, de Boer RJ, Borghans JAM. Immune activation and collateral damage in AIDS pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:298. [PMID: 24133492 PMCID: PMC3783946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, evidence has accumulated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced chronic immune activation drives progression to AIDS. Studies among different monkey species have shown that the difference between pathological and non-pathological infection is determined by the response of the immune system to the virus, rather than its cytopathicity. Here we review the current understanding of the various mechanisms driving chronic immune activation in HIV infection, the cell types involved, its effects on HIV-specific immunity, and how persistent inflammation may cause AIDS and the wide spectrum of non-AIDS related pathology. We argue that therapeutic relief of inflammation may be beneficial to delay HIV-disease progression and to reduce non-AIDS related pathological side effects of HIV-induced chronic immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Miedema
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mette D. Hazenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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181
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Boomer JS, Green JM, Hotchkiss RS. The changing immune system in sepsis: is individualized immuno-modulatory therapy the answer? Virulence 2013; 5:45-56. [PMID: 24067565 PMCID: PMC3916383 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in most intensive care units. Advances in understanding the immune response to sepsis provide the opportunity to develop more effective therapies. The immune response in sepsis can be characterized by a cytokine-mediated hyper-inflammatory phase, which most patients survive, and a subsequent immune-suppressive phase. Patients fail to eradicate invading pathogens and are susceptible to opportunistic organisms in the hypo-inflammatory phase. Many mechanisms are responsible for sepsis-induced immuno-suppression, including apoptotic depletion of immune cells, increased T regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cellular exhaustion. Currently in clinical trial for sepsis are granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and interferon gamma, immune-therapeutic agents that boost patient immunity. Immuno-adjuvants with promise in clinically relevant animal models of sepsis include anti-programmed cell death-1 and interleukin-7. The future of immune therapy in sepsis will necessitate identification of the immunologic phase using clinical and laboratory parameters as well as biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Boomer
- Department of Internal Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jonathan M Green
- Department of Internal Medicine; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO USA
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182
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Younas M, Hue S, Lacabaratz C, Guguin A, Wiedemann A, Surenaud M, Beq S, Croughs T, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y. IL-7 modulates in vitro and in vivo human memory T regulatory cell functions through the CD39/ATP axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3161-8. [PMID: 23966629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) may explain the discrepancies between studies on Tregs in physiology and pathology. Contrasting effects of IL-7 on the expansion and survival of human Tregs were reported. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-7 on the phenotype and function of well-characterized populations of human Tregs. We show that IL-7 signals via the CD127 receptor on naive, memory, and activated memory Tregs sorted from the blood of healthy donors, but it does not affect their proliferation. In contrast, IL-7 affects their suppressive capacities differently. This effect was modest on naive Tregs but was dramatic (90%) on memory Tregs. We provide evidence that IL-7 exerts a synergistic effect through downmodulation of the ectoenzyme CD39, which converts ATP to ADP/AMP, and an increase in ATP receptor P2X7. Both effects lead to an increase in the ATP-mediated effect, tipping the balance to favor Th17 conversion. Using an IL-7 therapeutic study, we show that IL-7 exerts the same effects in vitro and in vivo in HIV-infected individuals. Globally, our data show that IL-7 negatively regulates Tregs and contributes to increase the number of tools that may affect Treg function in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Younas
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010 Créteil, France
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183
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Aspinall R, Govind S, Lapenna A, Lang PO. Dose response kinetics of CD8 lymphocytes from young animals transfused into old animals and challenged with influenza. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:34. [PMID: 23947636 PMCID: PMC3765176 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion of autologous leukocytes after prolonged storage has been proposed as a means of rejuvenating the immune system of older individuals. The rationale for this approach is that age related immune decline is associated with a diminished pool of naïve T cells following atrophy of the thymus and reduction in thymic output. The presence of high levels of naïve T cells within the blood of young individuals could provide a boost to the immune system of an older “self” through a rejuvenation of the naïve T cell pool. However what remains unresolved is whether the cells could be incorporated effectively into the T cell pool of the host and whether effectors could be generated. Using CD45 congenic mice in our experiments we show that the transfusion of young donor cells into older congenic host animals leads to their successful incorporation into the peripheral T cell pool. When the recipients were challenged with influenza virus, specific effector CD8 cells were generated which were of both host and donor origin. We found no relationship between the number of responder cells of donor origin at the time of assay and the number of cells injected.
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184
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Lang PO, Govind S, Aspinall R. Reversing T cell immunosenescence: why, who, and how. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:609-20. [PMID: 22367580 PMCID: PMC3636382 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is the term commonly used to describe the multifaceted phenomenon encompassing all changes occurring in the immune system during aging. It contributes to render older adults more prone to develop infectious disease and main age-related diseases. While age clearly imposes drastic changes in immune physiology, older adults have heterogeneous health and immune phenotypes. This confronts scientists and researcher to develop more age-specific interventions rather than simply adopting intervention regimes used in younger people and this in order to maintain immune protection in older adults. Thus, this review provides evidences of the central role played by cell-mediated immunity in the immunosenescence process and explores the means by which senescent state of the cell-mediated immune function could be identified and predicted using biomarkers. Furthermore considerations are given to recent advances made in the field of age-specific immune interventions that could contribute to maintain immune protection, to improve quality of life, and/or to promote healthy aging of the growing part of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Olivier Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Medical School and University Hospitals of Geneva, Hospital of Trois-Chêne, Chemin du Pont-Bochet 3, CH-1226, Thônex, Geneva, Switzerland.
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185
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Toe JG, Pellegrini M, Mak TW. Promoting immunity during chronic infection--the therapeutic potential of common gamma-chain cytokines. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:38-47. [PMID: 23685259 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The continued global burden wrought by chronic infectious disease is unrelenting. Current therapies have curbed the severity of disease for patients, but Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B (HBV) infection remain incurable and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is rapidly becoming resistant to our existing antibiotics. Much attention has been given to enhancing T cell immunity through the use of certain common gamma-chain cytokines, which have proven to be essential and necessary for T cell survival and function. This article reviews the pre-clinical and clinical literature surrounding IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 and we comment on the potential therapeutic promise of these cytokines as adjuvant treatments for chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G Toe
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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186
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Abstract
Models of sepsis have been instructive in understanding the sequence of events in animals and, to an extent, in humans with sepsis. Events developing early in sepsis suggest that a hyperinflammatory state exists, accompanied by a buildup of oxidants in tissues reflective of a redox imbalance. Development of immunosuppression and degraded innate and adaptive immune responses are well-established complications of sepsis. In addition, there is robust activation of the complement system, which contributes to the harmful effects of sepsis. These events appear to be associated with development of multiorgan failure. The relevance of animal models of sepsis to human sepsis and the failure of human clinical trials are discussed, together with suggestions as to how clinical trial design might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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187
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Ribeiro D, Melão A, Barata JT. IL-7R-mediated signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:211-222. [PMID: 23234870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine produced in the bone marrow, thymus and other organs, is mandatory for normal human T-cell development and peripheral homeostasis. Different studies, including phase I clinical trials, have indicated the potential therapeutic value of recombinant IL-7 in the context of anti-cancer immunotherapy and as a booster of immune reconstitution. However, the two main pathways activated by IL-7, JAK/STAT5 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, have both been implicated in cancer and there is considerable evidence that IL-7 and its receptor (IL-7R), formed by IL-7Rα (encoded by IL7R) and γc, may partake in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) development. In this context, the most compelling data comes from recent studies demonstrating that around 10% of T-ALL patients display IL7R gain-of-function mutations leading, in most cases, to disulfide bond-dependent homodimerization of two mutant receptors and consequent constitutive activation of downstream signaling, with ensuing cell transformation in vitro and tumorigenic ability in vivo. Here, we review the data on the involvement of IL-7 and IL-7R in T-ALL, further discussing the peculiarities of IL-7R-mediated signaling in human leukemia T-cells that may be of therapeutic value, namely regarding the potential use of PI3K and mTOR pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Unversidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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188
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Hunter MR, Prosser ME, Mahadev V, Wang X, Aguilar B, Brown CE, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Chimeric γc cytokine receptors confer cytokine independent engraftment of human T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:1-11. [PMID: 23628622 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic responses following adoptive transfer of T cells correlate to levels of long-term T cell persistence. Lymphodepletion and exogenous γc cytokine administration can improve T cell persistence following adoptive transfer, but their effects are not uniform and toxicities are significant. To overcome these limitations, we designed a chimeric γc cytokine receptor (CγCR) composed of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) tethered to IL-7Rα/CD127 that confers exogenous cytokine independent, cell intrinsic, STAT5 cytokine signals. We additionally show that this design is modular in that the IL-2Rβ/CD122 cytoplasmic chain can be exchanged for that of IL-7Rα/CD127, enhancing Shc activity. When expressed in central memory-derived primary human CD8(+) CTL (T(E/CM)), these CγCRs signal according to their corresponding wild-type counterparts to support exogenous cytokine independent viability and homeostatic proliferation, while retaining full effector function. In vivo studies demonstrate that both CγCR-CD127(+) and CγCR-CD122(+) CD8(+) T((E/CM)) engraft in mice and persist in an absence of exogenous cytokine administration. Engrafted CγCR-CD127(+) CD8(+) T(E/CM) preferentially retain central memory marker expression in vivo demonstrating a dichotomy between CD127 versus CD122 signaling. Together, these results suggest that expression of CγCR in therapeutic T cells may aid in the in vivo persistence of these cells, particularly under conditions of limiting homeostatic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Hunter
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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189
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TCR triggering modulates the responsiveness and homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ thymic emigrants to IL-7 therapy. Blood 2013; 121:4684-93. [PMID: 23613523 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-458174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is currently used in clinical trials to augment T-cell counts. Paradoxically, elevated systemic IL-7 found in lymphopenic humans is typically insufficient for CD4(+) T-cell regeneration, and thymopoiesis becomes critical in this process. Here we show that the proliferative effect of IL-7 is more pronounced on CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes compared with peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These cells express miR181a at higher levels and respond to lower concentrations of IL-7. As single-positive CD4(+) thymocytes (CD4(+)(SPT)) exit the thymus, they rapidly diminish their proliferation to IL-7 therapy, and this is mediated, at least in part, by major histocompatibility complex class II distribution outside the thymus. Interestingly, increasing T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation augments IL-7 responsiveness and proliferation of peripheral CD4(+) T cells, whereas failure to stimulate TCR abrogates proliferation induced by IL-7. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-7 enhances the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells that undergo "slow proliferation" in lymphopenic hosts. To date, our results indicate that TCR signaling is a major controlling factor for CD4 responsiveness and proliferation to IL-7 therapy.
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190
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Ringhoffer S, Rojewski M, Döhner H, Bunjes D, Ringhoffer M. T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: assessment by measurement of the sjTREC/βTREC ratio and thymic naive T cells. Haematologica 2013; 98:1600-8. [PMID: 23585532 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation comprises thymus-dependent and thymus-independent pathways. We wanted to improve the understanding of this complex process using two different measurements at definite checkpoints of T-cell neogenesis. We therefore assessed the thymus-dependent pathway by combining measurements of single joint T-cell receptor excision circles (sjTREC) and β T-cell receptor excision circles (βTREC) in an improved quantitative light-cycler hybridization polymerase chain reaction assay. In a subgroup of patients, we additionally assessed the proliferation kinetics of the CD31(+) thymic naïve cell population, which corresponds to recent thymic emigrants by six-color immunostaining. After the establishment of normal values in 22 healthy volunteers, we applied our polymerase chain reaction to 66 patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a median age of 44 years. It took more than 2 years after transplant to restore the pre-transplant thymic proliferation capacity. Only one third of the patients in our longitudinal study reached age-adjusted normal values for both sjTREC and βTREC at a median follow-up of 558 days, with acute graft-versus-host disease being the most prominent negative factor by univariate analysis. We observed several patterns of sjTREC and βTREC recovery suggesting different mechanisms of thymic damage in individual patients. In a comparison of CD31(+) thymic naïve cells between volunteers and patients after transplant we found a significantly higher peak proliferation rate within the latter population in the first year after transplantation. The combination of measurements of sjTREC and βTREC by our simplified polymerase chain reaction assay provides insight about the stage of T-cell development affected by different types of damage and may help to choose the correct therapeutic intervention. Besides the sole thymic T-cell neogenesis, proliferation within the CD31(+) thymic naïve cell compartment contributed to the replenishment of the naïve T-cell pool after transplantation.
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191
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Fritzell S, Eberstål S, Sandén E, Visse E, Darabi A, Siesjö P. IFNγ in combination with IL-7 enhances immunotherapy in two rat glioma models. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 258:91-5. [PMID: 23528658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral immunization, using a combination of interferon-gamma (IFNγ)- and interleukin-7 (IL-7)-producing tumor cells, eradicated 75% of pre-established intracerebral N32 rat glioma tumors, and prolonged survival in the more aggressive RG2 model. Rats immunized with IFNγ- and IL7-transduced N32 cells displayed increases in IFNγ plasma levels and proliferating circulating T cells when compared with rats immunized with N32-wild type cells. Following irradiation, the expression of MHC I and II was high on N32-IFNγ cells, but low on RG2-IFNγ cells. In conclusion, IFNγ and IL-7 immunizations prolong survival in two rat glioma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fritzell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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192
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Abstract
Uraemia causes inflammation and reduces immune system function as evidenced by an increased risk of viral-associated cancers, increased susceptibility to infections and decreased vaccination responses in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The substantially increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients is also probably related to uraemia-associated inflammation. Uraemia is associated with a reduction in the number and function of lymphoid cells, whereas numbers of myeloid cells in uraemic patients are normal or increased with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Similar to healthy elderly individuals, patients with ESRD have increased numbers of specific proinflammatory subsets of T cells and monocytes, suggesting the presence of premature immunological ageing in these patients. These cells might contribute to inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and have, therefore, been identified as novel nonclassical cardiovascular risk factors. The cellular composition of the immune system does not normalize after successful kidney transplantation despite a rapid reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress. This finding suggests that premature ageing of the immune system in patients with ESRD might be related to a permanent skewing of the haematopoetic stem cell population towards myeloid-generating subsets, similar to that seen in healthy elderly individuals.
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193
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White Y, Yoshimitsu M, Kozako T, Matsushita K, Koriyama C, Uozumi K, Suzuki S, Kofune H, Arima N. Effects of exogenous interleukin-7 on CD8(+) T-cell survival and function in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2243-50. [PMID: 23383601 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.772174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) mediates T-cell homeostasis through its effects on T-cell development, survival and function. In human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection, which is causally implicated in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), the efficiency with which CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) clear HTLV-1-infected cells mediates viral control and may be related to disease progression. We report here that CD127 expression in CD8(+) T-cells is independently related to disease status, and that exogenous IL-7 enhances CD8(+) T-cell survival and clearance of HTLV-1 infected cells in vitro. We conclude that CD127 down-regulation may be associated with disease status in HTLV-1 infection, and propose that exogenous IL-7 may be useful immunotherapy or cytokine adjuvant for an anti-ATL therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann White
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
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194
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Septic syndromes are the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. In patients, the occurrence of sepsis-induced immune suppression is associated with delayed mortality, although the exact role of lymphocyte dysfunctions is not well established. The objective of this study was to investigate T-cell receptor diversity, an important feature of T-cell response, in patients with septic shock. DESIGN Preliminary prospective observational study. SETTING Adult intensive care units in a university hospital. SUBJECTS Patients with septic shock (n = 41) sampled twice after the onset of shock (early after inclusion [day 1] and at the end of the first week [day 7]). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Using a novel molecular biology technique, the combinatorial diversity of human T-cell receptor β-chain (TRB locus) was measured in peripheral blood. Patients with septic shock presented with a marked decreased T-cell receptor diversity after the onset of shock in comparison with normal values. Importantly, in paired samples, a very steep recovery slope of T-cell receptor diversity, never described in other clinical situations, was observed between day 1 and day 7 (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon's paired test). Decreased T-cell receptor diversity was associated with mortality (log-rank test, p = 0.0058; hazard ratio = 4.48; 95% confidence interval 1.96-53.32), and the development of nosocomial infections (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSION Our results show for the first time that septic patients present with a marked decreased T-cell receptor diversity that returned rapidly toward normal values over time. This opens novel cognitive research perspectives that deserve to be investigated in experimental models of sepsis. After confirmation in larger cohorts of these preliminary results, T-cell receptor diversity measurements may become a crucial tool to monitor immune functions in ICU patients.
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195
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Aziz M, Jacob A, Yang WL, Matsuda A, Wang P. Current trends in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:329-42. [PMID: 23136259 PMCID: PMC3579020 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis refers to severe systemic inflammation in response to invading pathogens. An overwhelming immune response, as mediated by the release of various inflammatory mediators, can lead to shock, multiple organ damage, and even death. Cytokines, proteases, lipid mediators, gaseous substances, vasoactive peptides, and cell stress markers play key roles in sepsis pathophysiology. Various adhesion molecules and chemokines sequester and activate neutrophils into the target organs, further augmenting inflammation and tissue damage. Although the anti-inflammatory substances counterbalance proinflammatory mediators, prolonged immune modulation may cause host susceptibility to concurrent infections, thus reflecting enormous challenge toward developing effective clinical therapy against sepsis. To understand the complex interplay between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenomenon in sepsis, there is still an unmet need to study newly characterized mediators. In addition, revealing the current trends of novel mediators will upgrade our understanding on their signal transduction, cross-talk, and synergistic and immunomodulating roles during sepsis. This review highlights the latest discoveries of the mediators in sepsis linking to innate and adaptive immune systems, which may lead to resolution of many unexplored queries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Asha Jacob
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Akihisa Matsuda
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
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196
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Kinetics of IL-7 and IL-15 levels after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation following nonmyeloablative conditioning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55876. [PMID: 23437070 PMCID: PMC3578874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analysed kinetics of IL-7 and IL-15 levels in 70 patients given peripheral blood stem cells after nonmyeloablative conditioning. METHODS EDTA-anticoagulated plasma and serum samples were obtained before conditioning and about once per week after transplantation until day 100. Samples were aliquoted and stored at -80°C within 3 hours after collection until measurement of cytokines. IL-7 and IL-15 levels were measured by ELISAs. RESULTS Median IL-7 plasma levels remained below 6 pg/L throughout the first 100 days, although IL-7 plasma levels were significantly higher on days 7 (5.1 pg/mL, P=0.002), 14 (5.2 pg/mL, P<0.001), and 28 (5.1 pg/mL, P=0.03) (but not thereafter) than before transplantation (median value of 3.8 pg/mL). Median IL-15 serum levels were significantly higher on days 7 (12.5 pg/mL, P<0.001), 14 (10.5 pg/mL, P<0.001), and 28 (6.2 pg/mL, P<0.001) than before transplantation (median value of 2.4 pg/mL). Importantly, IL-7 and IL-15 levels on days 7 or 14 after transplantation did not predict grade II-IV acute GVHD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IL-7 and IL-15 levels remain relatively low after nonmyeloablative transplantation, and that IL-7 and IL-15 levels early after nonmyeloablative transplantation do not predict for acute GVHD.
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Bugault F, Benati D, Mouthon L, Landires I, Rohrlich P, Pestre V, Thèze J, Lortholary O, Chakrabarti LA. Altered responses to homeostatic cytokines in patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55570. [PMID: 23383227 PMCID: PMC3559496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immune deficiency characterized by a protracted CD4(+) T cell loss of unknown etiology and by the occurrence of opportunistic infections similar to those seen in AIDS. We investigated whether a defect in responses to cytokines that control CD4(+) T cell homeostasis could play a role in ICL. Immunophenotype and signaling responses to interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-2, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were analyzed by flow cytometry in CD4(+) T cells from 15 ICL patients and 15 healthy blood donors. The induction of phospho-STAT5 after IL-7 stimulation was decreased in memory CD4(+) T cells of some ICL patients, which correlated with a decreased expression of the IL-7Rα receptor chain (R = 0.74, p<0.005) and with lower CD4(+) T cell counts (R = 0.69, p<0.005). IL-2 responses were also impaired, both in the Treg and conventional memory subsets. Decreased IL-2 responses correlated with decreased IL-7 responses (R = 0.75, p<0.005), pointing to combined defects that may significantly perturb CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in a subset of ICL patients. Unexpectedly, responses to the IL-7-related cytokine TSLP were increased in ICL patients, while they remained barely detectable in healthy controls. TSLP responses correlated inversely with IL-7 responses (R = -0.41; p<0.05), suggesting a cross-regulation between the two cytokine systems. In conclusion, IL-7 and IL-2 signaling are impaired in ICL, which may account for the loss of CD4(+) T cell homeostasis. Increased TSLP responses point to a compensatory homeostatic mechanism that may mitigate defects in γc cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bugault
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Benati
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Université Paris Descartes, Pôle de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Ivan Landires
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rohrlich
- INSERM U645, Besançon, France
- Université de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Pestre
- Université Paris Descartes, Pôle de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 3012, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Psychoneuroendocrine interventions aimed at attenuating immunosenescence: a review. Biogerontology 2013; 14:9-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oevermann L, Lang P, Feuchtinger T, Schumm M, Teltschik HM, Schlegel P, Handgretinger R. Immune reconstitution and strategies for rebuilding the immune system after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1266:161-70. [PMID: 22901267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative alternative option for patients without an otherwise suitable stem cell donor. In order to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), different in vitro and in vivo T cell-depletion strategies have been developed. A delayed immune reconstitution is common to all these strategies, and an impaired immune function after haploidentical transplantation with subsequent infections is a major cause of deaths in these patients. In addition to in vitro and in vivo T cell-depletion methods, posttransplant strategies to rapidly rebuild the immune system have been introduced in order to improve the outcome. Advances in in vitro and in vivo T cell-depletion methods, and adoptive transfer of immune cells of the innate and specific immune system, will contribute to reduce the risk of GvHD, lethal infections, and the risk of relapse of the underlying malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Oevermann
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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