151
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Motsinger AA, Brassat D, Caillier SJ, Erlich HA, Walker K, Steiner LL, Barcellos LF, Pericak-Vance MA, Schmidt S, Gregory S, Hauser SL, Haines JL, Oksenberg JR, Ritchie MD. Complex gene-gene interactions in multiple sclerosis: a multifactorial approach reveals associations with inflammatory genes. Neurogenetics 2006; 8:11-20. [PMID: 17024427 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-006-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complex inheritance involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) risk has been extensively investigated, but our understanding of MS genetics remains rudimentary. In this study, we explore 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 36 candidate genes from the inflammatory pathway and test for gene-gene interactions using complementary case-control, discordant sibling pair, and trio family study designs. We used a sample of 421 carefully diagnosed MS cases and 96 unrelated, healthy controls; discordant sibling pairs from 146 multiplex families; and 275 trio families. We used multifactor dimensionality reduction to explore gene-gene interactions. Based on our analyses, we have identified several statistically significant models including both main effect models and two-locus, three-locus, and four-locus epistasis models that predict MS disease risk with between approximately 61% and 85% accuracy. These results suggest that significant epistasis, or gene-gene interactions, may exist even in the absence of statistically significant individual main effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Motsinger
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 519 Light Hall, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-0700, USA.
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152
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Barcellos LF, Sawcer S, Ramsay PP, Baranzini SE, Thomson G, Briggs F, Cree BCA, Begovich AB, Villoslada P, Montalban X, Uccelli A, Savettieri G, Lincoln RR, DeLoa C, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Compston A, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Heterogeneity at the HLA-DRB1 locus and risk for multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2813-24. [PMID: 16905561 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in major histocompatibility complex genes on chromosome 6p21.3, specifically the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR2 or DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 extended haplotype, confers risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies of DRB1 variation and both MS susceptibility and phenotypic expression have lacked statistical power to detect modest genotypic influences, and have demonstrated conflicting results. Results derived from analyses of 1339 MS families indicate DRB1 variation influences MS susceptibility in a complex manner. DRB1*15 was strongly associated in families (P=7.8x10(-31)), and a dominant DRB1*15 dose effect was confirmed (OR=7.5, 95% CI=4.4-13.0, P<0.0001). A modest dose effect was also detected for DRB1*03; however, in contrast to DRB1*15, this risk was recessive (OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.1-2.9, P=0.03). Strong evidence for under-transmission of DRB1*14 (P=5.7x10(-6)) even after accounting for DRB1*15 (P=0.03) was present, confirming a protective effect. In addition, a high risk DRB1*15 genotype bearing DRB1*08 was identified (OR=7.7, 95% CI=4.1-14.4, P<0.0001), providing additional evidence for trans DRB1 allelic interactions in MS. Further, a significant DRB1*15 association observed in primary progressive MS families (P=0.0004), similar to relapsing-remitting MS families, suggests that DRB1-related mechanisms are contributing to both phenotypes. In contrast, results obtained from 2201 MS cases argue convincingly that DRB1*15 genotypes do not modulate age of onset, or significantly influence disease severity measured using expanded disease disability score and disease duration. These results contribute substantially to our understanding of the DRB1 locus and MS, and underscore the importance of using large sample sizes to detect modest genetic effects, particularly in studies of genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA, and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
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153
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Abstract
Similar to other classical science disciplines, immunology has been embracing novel technologies and approaches giving rise to specialised sub-disciplines such as immunogenetics and, more recently, immunogenomics, which, in many ways, is the genome-wide application of immunogenetic approaches. Here, recent progress in the understanding of the immune sub-genome will be reviewed, and the ways in which immunogenomic datasets consisting of genetic and epigenetic variation, linkage disequilibrium and recombination can be harnessed for disease association and evolutionary studies will be discussed. The discussion will focus on data available for the major histocompatibility complex and the leukocyte receptor complex, the two most polymorphic regions of the human immune sub-genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M Miretti
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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154
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Islam T, Gauderman WJ, Cozen W, Hamilton AS, Burnett ME, Mack TM. Differential twin concordance for multiple sclerosis by latitude of birthplace. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:56-64. [PMID: 16685699 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address the inconsistency in the reported concordance of multiple sclerosis (MS) among twins by zygosity, sex, and latitude. METHODS Four hundred eighteen medically documented monozygotic (MZ) and 380 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) pairs were ascertained from 1980 to 1992 and followed. The study population was representative of twins with multiple sclerosis. Twins from Canada and adjacent US states (at or above 41-42 degrees N) were considered "northern," and ancestry was dichotomized from descent from high-risk populations. Diagnosis before median age 29.3 years was considered "early." RESULTS The MZ/DZ concordance ratio was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-8.9) among men and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.5-4.5) among women. The average age at northern diagnosis was independent of ancestry and 2 years earlier for both MZ (p < 0.02) and DZ (p < 0.01) patients. Among DZ twins, concordance was independent of all characteristics. Among MZ twins, concordance was 1.9 times (95% CI, 1.2-3.2) greater among northern twins, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.1-3.6) times greater among twins with high-risk ancestry, and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.6) times greater if diagnosis was early. Ancestry and early diagnosis made independent significant contributions to the differential concordance by latitude. INTERPRETATION Multiple sclerosis is similarly heritable by sex, and the apparent variation in MZ concordance by latitude is influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Islam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
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155
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Abstract
Since the 1950s, it has been recognized that a subgroup of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients exists that shows little or no progression in the severity of the disease over time. This group is referred to as 'benign' MS. Although a substantial amount of research in MS indicates a multifactorial background in disease severity, to date it is still difficult to predict whether the course will be benign at onset and it is difficult to find factors that influence the course of the disease over time. Maintaining or restoring neural conduction inside a central nervous system lesion seems to be the essence of staying 'benign'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S M Ramsaransing
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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156
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Sospedra M, Muraro PA, Stefanová I, Zhao Y, Chung K, Li Y, Giulianotti M, Simon R, Mariuzza R, Pinilla C, Martin R. Redundancy in antigen-presenting function of the HLA-DR and -DQ molecules in the multiple sclerosis-associated HLA-DR2 haplotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1951-61. [PMID: 16424227 PMCID: PMC2746197 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The three HLA class II alleles of the DR2 haplotype, DRB1*1501, DRB5*0101, and DQB1*0602, are in strong linkage disequilibrium and confer most of the genetic risk to multiple sclerosis. Functional redundancy in Ag presentation by these class II molecules would allow recognition by a single TCR of identical peptides with the different restriction elements, facilitating T cell activation and providing one explanation how a disease-associated HLA haplotype could be linked to a CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Using combinatorial peptide libraries and B cell lines expressing single HLA-DR/DQ molecules, we show that two of five in vivo-expanded and likely disease-relevant, cross-reactive cerebrospinal fluid-infiltrating T cell clones use multiple disease-associated HLA class II molecules as restriction elements. One of these T cell clones recognizes >30 identical foreign and human peptides using all DR and DQ molecules of the multiple sclerosis-associated DR2 haplotype. A T cell signaling machinery tuned for efficient responses to weak ligands together with structural features of the TCR-HLA/peptide complex result in this promiscuous HLA class II restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paolo A. Muraro
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Irena Stefanová
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Computational and System Biology Group, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Katherine Chung
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yili Li
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | - Richard Simon
- Computational and System Biology Group, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Roy Mariuzza
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, CA 92121
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Roland Martin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Roland Martin at the current address: Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clinica, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Pg Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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157
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Laroni A, Calabrese M, Perini P, Albergoni MP, Ranzato F, Tiberio M, Battistin L, Gallo P. Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases. J Neurol 2006; 253:636-9. [PMID: 16502215 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An autoimmune background is thought to characterize the families of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but disease patterns and HLA-DR association seem to vary considerably among different ethnic groups. We investigated the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in 245 MS patients and 245 age- and sex-matched normal controls (NC), originating from and living in North-east Italy, and their first degree relatives, using a case-control method. Further, HLA-DRB1 expression was analysed in MS and NC. The following significant findings were observed: 1) a significant excess of autoimmunity in first-degree relatives of MS patients (p = 0.000), 2) an association of MS with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (p = 0.02), 3) an increase in DR4 expression (namely DRB1*0401) in MS patients from families with multiple autoimmune pathology compared with reference MS patients (p=0.02) and NC (p=0.01). We conclude that the risk of autoimmune disease is higher in first-degree relatives of MS patients and that disease association and HLA-DR expression in North-east Italy differs from other geographic regions of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laroni
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto, Region, First Neurology Clinic-Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128, Padova, Italy
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158
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Payton A, van den Boogerd E, Davidson Y, Gibbons L, Ollier W, Rabbitt P, Worthington J, Horan M, Pendleton N. Influence and interactions of cathepsin D, HLA-DRB1 and APOE on cognitive abilities in an older non-demented population. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5 Suppl 1:23-31. [PMID: 16417614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CTSD), human leukocyte antigen DRB1 (HLA-DRB1) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) have all been associated with cognitive ability in both demented and non-demented individuals. CTSD is a pleiotrophic protein whose functions include the processing of proteins prior to presentation by HLA. Several studies have also reported that a functional exon 2 polymorphism in the CTSD gene interacts with APOEepsilon4 resulting in an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously reported that the CTSD exon 2 polymorphism regulates fluid intelligence. In this study, we extend this finding to other cognitive domains and investigate interactions with APOE and HLA-DRB1. Using a cohort of 766 non-demented volunteers, we found that the CTSD exon 2 T allele was associated with a decrease in several cognitive domains that comprise processing speed [random letters (RLs) test, P = 0.012; alphabet-coding task (ACT), P = 0.001], spatial recall (SR) (P = 0.016) and an additional test of fluid intelligence (P = 0.010). We also observed that the HLA-DR1 was associated with enhanced cumulative recall ability (P = 0.006), and conversely HLA-DR5 was associated with diminished delayed verbal recall and SR abilities (P = 0.014 and P = 0.003, respectively). When analysed independently, APOEepsilon4 did not influence any cognitive domains. In contrast, CTSD T/APOEepsilon4-positive volunteers scored lower on tests of fluid intelligence (P = 0.015), processing speed (ACT, P = 0.001; RL, P = 0.013) and immediate recall (P = 0.029). Scores were lower for all these tests than when CTSD and APOE were analysed independently. This supports previous findings in AD that have also reported an epistatic interaction. In addition, we found that CTSD T/HLA-DR2-positive volunteers had reduced processing speed (ACT, P = 0.040; RL, P = 0.014) and had significantly lower cumulative and SR abilities (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). Biological interaction between these two proteins has previously been shown where HLA-DR2 binds more readily to the myelin basic protein (MBP) compared with other DR antigens, preventing MBP cleavage by CTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Stopford building, University of Manchester, Oxford road, Manchester, UK.
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159
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Traherne JA, Horton R, Roberts AN, Miretti MM, Hurles ME, Stewart CA, Ashurst JL, Atrazhev AM, Coggill P, Palmer S, Almeida J, Sims S, Wilming LG, Rogers J, de Jong PJ, Carrington M, Elliott JF, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Beck S. Genetic analysis of completely sequenced disease-associated MHC haplotypes identifies shuffling of segments in recent human history. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e9. [PMID: 16440057 PMCID: PMC1331980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is recognised as one of the most important genetic regions in relation to common human disease. Advancement in identification of MHC genes that confer susceptibility to disease requires greater knowledge of sequence variation across the complex. Highly duplicated and polymorphic regions of the human genome such as the MHC are, however, somewhat refractory to some whole-genome analysis methods. To address this issue, we are employing a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning strategy to sequence entire MHC haplotypes from consanguineous cell lines as part of the MHC Haplotype Project. Here we present 4.25 Mb of the human haplotype QBL (HLA-A26-B18-Cw5-DR3-DQ2) and compare it with the MHC reference haplotype and with a second haplotype, COX (HLA-A1-B8-Cw7-DR3-DQ2), that shares the same HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles. We have defined the complete gene, splice variant, and sequence variation contents of all three haplotypes, comprising over 259 annotated loci and over 20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Certain coding sequences vary significantly between different haplotypes, making them candidates for functional and disease-association studies. Analysis of the two DR3 haplotypes allowed delineation of the shared sequence between two HLA class II-related haplotypes differing in disease associations and the identification of at least one of the sites that mediated the original recombination event. The levels of variation across the MHC were similar to those seen for other HLA-disparate haplotypes, except for a 158-kb segment that contained the HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genes and showed very limited polymorphism compatible with identity-by-descent and relatively recent common ancestry (<3,400 generations). These results indicate that the differential disease associations of these two DR3 haplotypes are due to sequence variation outside this central 158-kb segment, and that shuffling of ancestral blocks via recombination is a potential mechanism whereby certain DR-DQ allelic combinations, which presumably have favoured immunological functions, can spread across haplotypes and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Traherne
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Horton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne N Roberts
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos M Miretti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C. Andrew Stewart
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Ashurst
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey M Atrazhev
- Alberta Diabetes Institute (ADI), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Penny Coggill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Palmer
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Almeida
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Sims
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurens G Wilming
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rogers
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter J. de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John F Elliott
- Alberta Diabetes Institute (ADI), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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160
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Abstract
Compelling epidemiologic and molecular data indicate that genes play a primary role in determining who is at risk for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), how the disease progresses, and how someone responds to therapy. The genetic component of MS etiology is believed to result from the action of allelic variants in several genes. Their incomplete penetrance and moderate individual effect probably reflects epistatic interactions, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, and significant environmental influences. Equally significant, it is also likely that locus heterogeneity exists, whereby specific genes influence susceptibility and pathogenesis in some individuals but not in others. With the aid of novel analytical algorithms, the combined study of genomic, transcriptional, proteomic, and phenotypic information in well-controlled study groups will define a useful conceptual model of pathogenesis and a framework for understanding the mechanisms of action of existing therapies for this disorder, as well as the rationale for novel curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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161
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Traherne JA, Barcellos LF, Sawcer SJ, Compston A, Ramsay PP, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Trowsdale J. Association of the truncating splice site mutation in BTNL2 with multiple sclerosis is secondary to HLA-DRB1*15. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 15:155-61. [PMID: 16321988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*15 (DR2) haplotype is strongly associated with risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). The primary susceptibility has been localized to only approximately 200 kb encompassing the HLA-DR and -DQ loci. Further dissection of disease association with this region is demanding because of the high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD). Recently, evidence was obtained for the involvement of a gene, potentially encoding an immune co-receptor, in another DR2-associated inflammatory condition, sarcoidosis. The implicated gene, BTNL2, is adjacent to DR and is in strong LD with HLA-DRB1. This fact, combined with a sequence relationship between BTNL2 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, an autoantigen associated with MS, makes the gene an attractive candidate. To determine whether BTNL2 contributes to MS, we genotyped 1136 well-characterized MS families from the UK and the USA, as well as an African-American case-control data set, making this among the largest genetic studies in MS. Family-based and case-control association studies were performed for the BTNL2 and HLA-DRB1 loci. In all family data sets, the protein-truncating allele of BTNL2, implicated in sarcoidosis, was significantly over-transmitted to cases (combined data sets: global P=2.4x10(-11)). Given that the protein-truncating allele of BTNL2 virtually always occurred with DRB1*15, an effect could only be tested in DRB1*15-negative individuals or pedigrees. However, despite adequate power to detect an independent association, no difference in transmission of BTNL2 alleles or genotypes was observed in DRB1*15-negative individuals with MS. Conditional logistic regression modeling also strongly supported the conclusion that BTNL2 does not confer additional disease risk. The association of BTNL2 with MS observed in the African-American data set was also secondary to the primary DRB1*15 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Traherne
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK.
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162
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Louie KA, Weiner LP, Du J, Kochounian HH, Fling SP, Wei W, McMillan M. Cell-based gene therapy experiments in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1145-53. [PMID: 15772685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the ultimate goal of developing a novel treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), we have developed a cell-based gene therapy protocol for the treatment of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a powerful animal model for MS. We have determined that transduced fibroblasts secreting encephalogenic epitopes, when injected into mice with EAE, cause a striking abrogation of disease. Both myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein mini-gene constructs expressed in syngeneic fibroblast cells were capable of ameliorating ongoing EAE induced by MBP protein. These experiments are crucial since they suggest that not all encephalogenic epitopes need be secreted for the control of disease. We also demonstrate the success of this protocol when transduced syngeneic, and most importantly, allogeneic cells are sequestered within an implantable chamber. Furthermore, we find that through modifying antigen expression by changing the signal sequence of the mini-gene construct, we were able to significantly reduce the dose of cells required for treatment. These improvements to the mini-gene delivery system are critical for the eventual translation of our protocol to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Louie
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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163
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Aly TA, Ide A, Humphrey K, Barker JM, Steck A, Erlich HA, Yu L, Miao D, Redondo MJ, McFann K, Roberts CM, Babu SR, Norris JM, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers MJ. Genetic prediction of autoimmunity: initial oligogenic prediction of anti-islet autoimmunity amongst DR3/DR4-DQ8 relatives of patients with type 1A diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl:40-5. [PMID: 16242305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the combined risk for expressing anti-islet autoantibodies and type 1A diabetes (T1D) was prospectively examined in 85 sampled relatives who had the high-risk HLA genotype (DR3-DQ8 DR4-DQ2). An insulin gene polymorphism, -23 HphI, and a lymphocyte tyrosine phosphatase gene polymorphism at position 1858C>T (amino acid 620 Arg to Trp), PTPN22/LYP, were analyzed. Life tables were created evaluating time to anti-islet autoantibody development and T1D. Of relatives with the high-risk HLA type followed for 3years, 9 of 43 (28.1%) with the high-risk -23 HphI polymorphism developed anti-islet autoantibodies versus two of 36 (5.6%) relatives with the lower-risk -23 HphI genotypes (p=0.048). Of relatives with the high-risk HLA type followed for 5years, eight of 32 (25.0%) with the high-risk -23 HphI polymorphism (A/A) developed T1D versus zero of 26 (0%) relatives with the lower-risk -23 HphI genotypes (A/T and T/T) (p=0.006). The PTPN22/LYP polymorphism, with genotypes C/C, C/T, and T/T, did not show a significant difference in risk by genotype. These results highlight the multiplicative risk of combined high-risk genotypes at different loci in terms of time to autoantibody and autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Aly
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue B-140, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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164
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Marrosu MG, Cocco E, Costa G, Murru MR, Mancosu C, Murru R, Lai M, Sardu C, Contu P. Interaction of loci within the HLA region influences multiple sclerosis course in the Sardinian population. J Neurol 2005; 253:208-13. [PMID: 16096810 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of alleles at the HLA loci, previously found to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sardinia, on the clinical course of the disease in 835 relapsing (R) and 100 primary progressive (PP) patients. Multivariate analysis was carried out on predisposing 0301 or non-associated DPB1 alleles, susceptible or non-associated DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes, both predisposing and non-predisposing, and negatively and non-negatively associated D6S1683 alleles, taking interaction between them into account. Intra-patient analysis showed that the presence of the susceptible or protective D6S1683 allele interacting with predisposing DP 0301 modulated risk of PP disease. These findings suggest that a locus telomeric to HLA class I exerts an effect on alleles at the DPB1 locus in modulating disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marrosu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale Binaghi, Cagliari, Italy.
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165
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Goertsches R, Comabella M, Navarro A, Perkal H, Montalban X. Genetic association between polymorphisms in the ADAMTS14 gene and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 164:140-7. [PMID: 15913795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ADAMTS14 is a novel member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin type 1 modules) metalloproteinase family which processes extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study we performed a comprehensive investigation of the ADAMTS14 as a candidate gene for susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in a case-control study of 287 patients with MS [192 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 95 with primary-progressive MS (PPMS)], and 285 age- and sex-matched controls. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between controls and the MS subgroups, and gene-based haplotypes were reconstructed by computational procedures. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium values (D') suggested that three locus pairs (SNPs 3 through 5) had alleles in strong disequilibrium and constituted a haplotype block spanning 14 kb. Overall comparisons of allele and genotype frequencies showed association for SNPs 3 and 6 with MS. Stratification of MS patients according to major clinical forms revealed an increased frequency of both allele C (p = 0.006) and CC homozygosity (p = 0.008) at SNP6 in RRMS patients compared with controls. PPMS was associated with allele A at SNP2 compared with RRMS (p = 0.003) and controls (p = 0.009), and with CG heterozygosity at SNP3 compared with controls (p = 0.005). Haplotype frequency comparisons showed significant association between PPMS and the AGGGC haplotype compared with controls (p = 0.0004), and negative association between RRMS and the GGAGT haplotype compared with controls (p = 0.0026). No association was detected between different genotypes and disease severity measured by the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). These findings suggest a potentially important role for the ADAMTS14 gene in predisposition to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goertsches
- Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Escuela de Enfermeria 2(a) planta, Psg Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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166
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1400, USA.
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167
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Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C, Boden R, Thompson E. A possible link between multiple sclerosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on clinical, genetic, pathological and immunological evidence involving Acinetobacter bacteria. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:487-94. [PMID: 15617854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the nervous system. There is an increasingly likelihood that MS could be triggered/perpetuated by environmental (microbial) agents. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a relatively rare but fatal disease, which shows various clinical, genetic, pathological and immunological features through which it resembles a severe form of MS. The disease in some patients with MS may show a rapidly downhill course with death occurring within one to two years and a similar situation occurs in sCJD. The occurrence of these comparative similarities between MS and sCJD could be explained on the basis that both of these conditions might be sharing a common aetiopathogenic factor such as infection by Acinetobacter microbes and this possibility could be investigated further by carrying out immunological studies on a relatively large numbers of patients with MS and CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ebringer
- Infection and Immunity Group, Division of Health and Life Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK.
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168
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Dyment DA, Herrera BM, Cader MZ, Willer CJ, Lincoln MR, Sadovnick AD, Risch N, Ebers GC. Complex interactions among MHC haplotypes in multiple sclerosis: susceptibility and resistance. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:2019-26. [PMID: 15930013 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for observed associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) remain uncertain. Genotyping of the HLA Class II DRB1 locus in 4347 individuals from 873 multiplex families with MS highlights the genetic complexity of this locus. Excess allele sharing in sibling pair families lacking DRB1*15 and DRB1*17 (58.5% sharing; P=0.012) was comparable to that seen where parents were DRB1*15 positive (62%, P=0.0006). DRB1*17 (P=0.00027) was clearly established as an MS susceptibility allele in addition to DRB1*15 (P<10(-14)). DRB1*14 showed striking under-transmission (P=0.000032) to affected offspring newly establishing this allele as a broadly acting resistance factor. Trans interactions were seen in both DRB1*15 and non-DRB1*15 bearing genotype combinations. DRB1*08 was transmitted preferentially with DRB1*15 (P=0.0114) and, in the presence of DRB1*08, the transmission of DRB1*15 was almost invariable (37 transmissions to one non-transmission). DRB1*01 was under-transmitted to offspring in the presence of DRB1*15 (P=0.019). Both DRB1*01 and DRB1*14 haplotypes carry DQA1*01-DQB1*05 alleles, suggesting a common DQ-related mechanism for the protection mediated by these haplotypes. These studies demonstrate that it is the Class II genotype that determines susceptibility and resistance to MS. By analogy with celiac disease and type I diabetes, the pattern of susceptibility strongly supports an autoimmune aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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169
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue S-256, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA.
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170
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Criswell LA, Pfeiffer KA, Lum RF, Gonzales B, Novitzke J, Kern M, Moser KL, Begovich AB, Carlton VEH, Li W, Lee AT, Ortmann W, Behrens TW, Gregersen PK. Analysis of families in the multiple autoimmune disease genetics consortium (MADGC) collection: the PTPN22 620W allele associates with multiple autoimmune phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:561-71. [PMID: 15719322 PMCID: PMC1199294 DOI: 10.1086/429096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders constitute a diverse group of phenotypes with overlapping features and a tendency toward familial aggregation. It is likely that common underlying genes are involved in these disorders. Until very recently, no specific alleles--aside from a few common human leukocyte antigen class II genes--had been identified that clearly associate with multiple different autoimmune diseases. In this study, we describe a unique collection of 265 multiplex families assembled by the Multiple Autoimmune Disease Genetics Consortium (MADGC). At least two of nine "core" autoimmune diseases are present in each of these families. These core diseases include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves disease), juvenile RA, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis), psoriasis, and primary Sjogren syndrome. We report that a recently described functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2476601, encoding R620W) in the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) confers risk of four separate autoimmune phenotypes in these families: T1D, RA, SLE, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. MS did not show association with the PTPN22 risk allele. These findings suggest a common underlying etiologic pathway for some, but not all, autoimmune disorders, and they suggest that MS may have a pathogenesis that is distinct from RA, SLE, and T1D. DNA and clinical data for the MADGC families are available to the scientific community; these data will provide a valuable resource for the dissection of the complex genetic factors that underlie the various autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Kirsten A. Pfeiffer
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Raymond F. Lum
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Bonnie Gonzales
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Jill Novitzke
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Marlena Kern
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Ann B. Begovich
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Victoria E. H. Carlton
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Wentian Li
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Annette T. Lee
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Ward Ortmann
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Timothy W. Behrens
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, North Shore Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; and Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA
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171
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Miretti MM, Walsh EC, Ke X, Delgado M, Griffiths M, Hunt S, Morrison J, Whittaker P, Lander ES, Cardon LR, Bentley DR, Rioux JD, Beck S, Deloukas P. A high-resolution linkage-disequilibrium map of the human major histocompatibility complex and first generation of tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:634-46. [PMID: 15747258 PMCID: PMC1199300 DOI: 10.1086/429393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases present a major burden to human health and are frequently associated with loci in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we report a high-resolution (1.9 kb) linkage-disequilibrium (LD) map of a 4.46-Mb fragment containing the MHC in U.S. pedigrees with northern and western European ancestry collected by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) and the first generation of haplotype tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) that provide up to a fivefold increase in genotyping efficiency for all future MHC-linked disease-association studies. The data confirm previously identified recombination hotspots in the class II region and allow the prediction of numerous novel hotspots in the class I and class III regions. The region of longest LD maps outside the classic MHC to the extended class I region spanning the MHC-linked olfactory-receptor gene cluster. The extended haplotype homozygosity analysis for recent positive selection shows that all 14 outlying haplotype variants map to a single extended haplotype, which most commonly bears HLA-DRB1*1501. The SNP data, haplotype blocks, and tagSNPs analysis reported here have been entered into a multidimensional Web-based database (GLOVAR), where they can be accessed and viewed in the context of relevant genome annotation. This LD map allowed us to give coordinates for the extremely variable LD structure underlying the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M. Miretti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily C. Walsh
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiayi Ke
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Delgado
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Griffiths
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Morrison
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Whittaker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S. Lander
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lon R. Cardon
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Bentley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Rioux
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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172
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Gödde R, Rohde K, Becker C, Toliat MR, Entz P, Suk A, Müller N, Sindern E, Haupts M, Schimrigk S, Nürnberg P, Epplen JT. Association of the HLA region with multiple sclerosis as confirmed by a genome screen using >10,000 SNPs on DNA chips. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:486-94. [PMID: 15770496 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, with a complex genetic background. Here, we present a genome screen for association in small scale, employing 11,555 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on DNA chips for genotyping 100 MS patients stratified for HLA-DR2+ and 100 controls. More than 500 SNPs revealed significant differences between cases and controls before Bonferroni correction. A fraction of these SNPs was reanalysed in two additional cohorts of patients and controls, using high-throughput genotyping methods. A marker on chromosome 6p21.32 (rs2395182) yielded the highest significance level, validating the established HLA-DR association.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Gödde
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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173
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Stüve O, Prod'homme T, Slavin A, Youssef S, Dunn S, Steinman L, Zamvil SS. Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 7:613-22. [PMID: 14498824 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.5.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS-demyelinating disease characterised by relapsing and chronic neurological impairment. While traditionally CNS autoantigen-specific CD4(+) T cells have been considered the culprits in the initial phase of the disease, recent observations have altered this concept. It is now recognised that other T lymphocyte subclasses can initiate CNS demyelination. In addition, other cell types and molecules may play an important role in MS pathogenesis. There is overwhelming evidence that MS is a dynamic process, in which recurrent episodes of blood-brain barrier disruption and CNS inflammation play a crucial role in early disease stages, leading eventually to the largely irreversible changes of demyelination, gliosis and axonal degeneration. These observations may have important therapeutic implications. Within the last ten years, several medications have been approved for MS treatment. These agents, all of which are given parenterally, are only partially effective and are often associated with adverse effects and potential toxicities. The number and different types of medications used for MS are likely to increase in the near future, as several novel therapies are currently tested in clinical trials. 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, 'statins', are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are given orally, are safe and have biological effects independent of their cholesterol-reducing properties. Recent reports have shown that statins have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of MS. This article will outline experimental evidence that suggests potential clinical benefits of statins for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, C-440, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA
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174
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Abstract
Compelling epidemiological and molecular data indicate that genes play a primary role in determining who is at risk for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), how the disease progresses, and how MS individuals respond to therapy. The genetic component of MS etiology is believed to result from the action of allelic variants in several genes. Their incomplete penetrance and moderate individual effect probably reflects epistatic interactions, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, and environmental influences. Equally significant, it is likely that locus heterogeneity exists, whereby specific genes influence susceptibility and pathogenesis in some individuals but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Baranzini
- University of California, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA
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175
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Finn TP, Jones RE, Rich C, Dahan R, Link J, David CS, Chou YK, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. HLA-DRB1*1501 risk association in multiple sclerosis may not be related to presentation of myelin epitopes. J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:100-14. [PMID: 15372502 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated genetically with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, including DRB1*1501, DRB5*0101, and DQB1*0602, and it is possible that these alleles contribute to MS through an enhanced ability to present encephalitogenic myelin peptides to pathogenic T cells. HLA-DRB1*1502, which contains glycine instead of valine at position 86 of the P1 peptide-binding pocket, is apparently not genetically associated with MS. To identify possible differences between these alleles in their antigen-presenting function, we determined if T-cell responses to known DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides might be diminished or absent in transgenic (Tg) DRB1*1502-expressing mice. We found that Tg DRB1*1502 mice had moderate to strong T-cell responses to several myelin peptides with favorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs, notably myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 (which was also encephalitogenic), proteolipid protein (PLP)-95-116, and MOG-194-208, as well as other PLP and MOG peptides. These peptides, with the exception of MOG-194-208, were also immunogenic in healthy human donors expressing either DRB1*1502 or DRB1*1501. In contrast, the DRB1*1502 mice had weak or absent responses to peptides with unfavorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs. Overall, none of the DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides tested selectively lacked immunogenicity in association with DRB1*1502. These results indicate that the difference in risk association with MS of DRB1*1501 versus DRB1*1502 is not due to a lack of antigen presentation by DRB1*1502, at least for this set of myelin peptides, and suggest that other mechanisms involving DRB1*1501 may account for increased susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Finn
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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176
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhun H Kantarci
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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177
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Salvatore S, Finazzi S, Ghezzi A, Tosi A, Barassi A, Luini C, Bettini B, Zibetti A, Nespoli L, Melzi d'Eril GV. Multiple sclerosis and celiac disease: is there an increased risk? Mult Scler 2005; 10:711-2. [PMID: 15584499 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1113sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and celiac disease are both considered immune-mediated diseases. Recently, improved serological screening methods provided a higher prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in the general population worldwide and also demonstrated gastrointestinal symptoms may be lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of (CD) in an unselected group of 95 adults with multiple sclerosis using transglutaminase antibodies. No patients showed pathological values. Different immune and genetic basis between the two diseases may represent crucial insights to explain our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salvatore
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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178
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Boon M, Nolte IM, De Keyser J, Buys CHCM, te Meerman GJ. Inheritance mode of multiple sclerosis: the effect of HLA class II alleles is stronger than additive. Hum Genet 2005; 115:280-4. [PMID: 15300424 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified on chromosome 6 an interval of 51 kb as the most likely interval in the HLA region for a disease-susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis (MS). The interval was located between markers G511525 and D6S1666 and identified by the haplotype sharing statistic (HSS). The study comprised 124 patients with ancestry within the northeastern part of The Netherlands. Haplotype clustering indicated that two different ancestral haplotypes likely include a polymorphism involved in susceptibility to MS. To investigate the dominance characteristics of the MS susceptibility locus in the HLA class II region, we reanalyzed our data, performing genotype association analyses for both marker loci separately and for the two-locus haplotype. The two-locus genotype association analysis showed that in individuals who carry only one of the risk haplotypes the risk for MS is moderately increased (odds ratio (OR) 2.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-5.31). However, in individuals carrying two risk haplotypes the risk for MS is highly increased compared with individuals who carry no risk haplotypes (OR 37.00; 95% CI 8.31-164.74). This susceptibility locus for MS seems to follow an intermediate mode of inheritance. Fitting additive, multiplicative and third power risk models to the data, the effect appears to be significantly stronger than additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Boon
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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179
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Begovich AB, Caillier SJ, Alexander HC, Penko JM, Hauser SL, Barcellos LF, Oksenberg JR. The R620W polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 is not associated with multiple sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:184-7. [PMID: 15580548 PMCID: PMC1196423 DOI: 10.1086/427244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann B. Begovich
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Stacy J. Caillier
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Heather C. Alexander
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Joanne M. Penko
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Stephen L. Hauser
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA; Department of Neurology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco; and Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley
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180
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Mirel DB, Barcellos LF, Wang J, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Erlich HA. Analysis of IL4R haplotypes in predisposition to multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2004; 5:138-41. [PMID: 14712310 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the association of multiple sclerosis (MS) with polymorphisms in the IL4R gene in 332 single-case MS families. IL4R encodes a subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor, a molecule important for T-cell development and differentiation, and is a gene shown to be associated with immune-related diseases such as asthma and type I diabetes. By genotyping two promoter and eight coding IL4R SNPs and identifying haplotypes (complex alleles) in the MS families, stratified for HLA genotype, we have observed evidence of the association of the IL4R gene to MS. In particular, we have identified a specific susceptibility haplotype, and observe that the risk is conferred primarily to individuals not carrying the high MS-risk HLA DR2 (DRB1(*)1501-DQB1(*)0602) haplotype (nominal P=0.009). These findings suggest a potentially important role for the IL4R gene in predisposition to MS, and provide further evidence of its relevance as a candidate gene for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Mirel
- Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
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181
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Stickler M, Valdes AM, Gebel W, Razo OJ, Faravashi N, Chin R, Rochanayon N, Harding FA. The HLA-DR2 haplotype is associated with an increased proliferative response to the immunodominant CD4(+) T-cell epitope in human interferon-beta. Genes Immun 2004; 5:1-7. [PMID: 14735143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human CD4(+) T-cell epitopes were identified in interferon-beta (IFN-beta)-1b. A prominent peptide epitope region was found that induced a proliferative response in 16% of all donors tested. Responses corresponded to the presence of the HLA-DR2 haplotype. Responsive donors expressing the HLA-DQ6 allele showed an increased level of proliferation to the epitope as compared to peptide-responsive HLA-DQ6 negative donors. A similar result was found for HLA-DR15-expressing donors. PBMC from donors expressing HLA-DR15 were more likely to proliferate in response to IFN-beta in a whole-protein in vitro assay than donors who did not carry this haplotype. It is striking that the common DQ6 allele HLA-DQB1(*)0602 is found in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1(*)1501, and this combination defines the HLA genotype associated with the development of multiple sclerosis. The HLA association between a response to IFN-beta and MS might explain the prevalence of neutralizing antibody development, and may underlie the etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stickler
- Genencor International, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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182
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Barcellos LF, Begovich AB, Reynolds RL, Caillier SJ, Brassat D, Schmidt S, Grams SE, Walker K, Steiner LL, Cree BAC, Stillman A, Lincoln RR, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Erlich HA, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Linkage and association with the NOS2A locus on chromosome 17q11 in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:793-800. [PMID: 15174013 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A large body of research supports a multifactorial cause in multiple sclerosis (MS), with an underlying genetic susceptibility likely acting in concert with undefined environmental exposures. Here, we used a highly efficient multilocus genotyping assay to study single nucleotide polymorphisms representing variation in 34 genes from inflammatory pathways in a well-characterized MS familial data set. Evidence of transmission distortion was present for several polymorphisms. Results for the NOS2A locus (exon 10 C/T, D346D) on chromosome 17q11 remained significant after correction for multiple testing and were reproduced in a second independent African American MS data set. In addition, linkage to a NOS2A promoter region polymorphism, (CCTTT)(n), was present in a third data set of multicase MS families. Our results provide strong evidence for linkage and association to a new candidate disease gene on chromosome 17q11 in MS and suggest that variation within NOS2A or a nearby locus contributes to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Barcellos
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA
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183
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Abstract
The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood is being increasingly recognized. Despite this, there currently exist several barriers to the prompt diagnosis of MS in children. Many clinicians view MS as an exclusively adult-onset disease, and thus they may not entertain the diagnosis in a child. Also, the clinical and radiographic criteria for the diagnosis of MS have not been validated in a pediatric MS population. The available literature, as well as experience gained in a dedicated pediatric MS clinic, is used here to describe features of pediatric MS and contrast these with adult MS. The rationale and importance of future studies in pediatric MS is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Banwell
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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184
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Modin H, Olsson W, Hillert J, Masterman T. Modes of action of HLA-DR susceptibility specificities in multiple sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1321-2. [PMID: 15195659 PMCID: PMC1182099 DOI: 10.1086/420977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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185
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Patterson N, Hattangadi N, Lane B, Lohmueller KE, Hafler DA, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL, Smith MW, O’Brien SJ, Altshuler D, Daly MJ, Reich D. Methods for high-density admixture mapping of disease genes. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:979-1000. [PMID: 15088269 PMCID: PMC1181990 DOI: 10.1086/420871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Admixture mapping (also known as "mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium," or MALD) has been proposed as an efficient approach to localizing disease-causing variants that differ in frequency (because of either drift or selection) between two historically separated populations. Near a disease gene, patient populations descended from the recent mixing of two or more ethnic groups should have an increased probability of inheriting the alleles derived from the ethnic group that carries more disease-susceptibility alleles. The central attraction of admixture mapping is that, since gene flow has occurred recently in modern populations (e.g., in African and Hispanic Americans in the past 20 generations), it is expected that admixture-generated linkage disequilibrium should extend for many centimorgans. High-resolution marker sets are now becoming available to test this approach, but progress will require (a). computational methods to infer ancestral origin at each point in the genome and (b). empirical characterization of the general properties of linkage disequilibrium due to admixture. Here we describe statistical methods to estimate the ancestral origin of a locus on the basis of the composite genotypes of linked markers, and we show that this approach accurately estimates states of ancestral origin along the genome. We apply this approach to show that strong admixture linkage disequilibrium extends, on average, for 17 cM in African Americans. Finally, we present power calculations under varying models of disease risk, sample size, and proportions of ancestry. Studying approximately 2500 markers in approximately 2500 patients should provide power to detect many regions contributing to common disease. A particularly important result is that the power of an admixture mapping study to detect a locus will be nearly the same for a wide range of mixture scenarios: the mixture proportion should be 10%-90% from both ancestral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Neil Hattangadi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Barton Lane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Kirk E. Lohmueller
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - David A. Hafler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Stephen L. Hauser
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Michael W. Smith
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
| | - David Reich
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco; and Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, and Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation, Frederick, MD
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186
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Rubio JP, Bahlo M, Tubridy N, Stankovich J, Burfoot R, Butzkueven H, Chapman C, Johnson L, Marriott M, Mraz G, Tait B, Wilkinson C, Taylor B, Speed TP, Foote SJ, Kilpatrick TJ. Extended haplotype analysis in the HLA complex reveals an increased frequency of the HFE-C282Y mutation in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Hum Genet 2004; 114:573-80. [PMID: 15014978 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to resolve a multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility locus that we had identified in earlier work at the telomeric end of the HLA complex, we genotyped another 34 microsatellite markers (47 in total) across the class I/extended class I region in 166 Tasmanian MS case and 104 control families (D6S299-D6S265). Extended MS susceptibility haplotypes, up to 9 Mb in length, were observed in 11% of MS cases and 4% of controls. Direct comparison of the telomerically extended portion of the MS susceptibility haplotype in HFE-Cys282Tyr (C282Y)-homozygous haemochromatosis patients identified a common ancestry for this genomic segment, which translated into an increased frequency of the C282Y allele in 489 MS cases from Tasmania and Victoria (10.2%) compared with controls (6.7%). Six C282Y homozygotes (1.2%), a three-fold increased rate over the general population, and 88 heterozygotes (18%) were identified. One C282Y-homozygous female was identified who had MS and was being treated for symptoms of iron overload. Interestingly, for 71 Victorian MS cases not of north western European (NWE) ancestry, a DR15-independent reduction in the frequency of the C282Y allele was observed, supporting the theory of a NWE origin for the C282Y-variant of the DR15 ancestral haplotype (C282Y-HLA-A*0301-B*0702-DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602). The results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and log linear modelling analyses suggest that C282Y is increased in MS cases of NWE ancestry because it is in LD with the ancestral DR15 susceptibility haplotype (7.1) and that it does not play an independent role in predisposition to MS. However, our findings provide the impetus for further investigations into the role of iron metabolism in the severity of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Rubio
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3050 Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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187
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Raiford KL, Shao Y, Allen IC, Martin ER, Menold MM, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Worley G, DeLong GR, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA. No association between the APOE gene and autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:57-60. [PMID: 14755445 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by stereotypic and repetitive behavior and interests, together with social and communicative deficiencies. The results of several genomic screens suggest the presence of an autism susceptibility locus on chromosome 19p13.2-q13.4. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19 encodes for a protein, apoE, whose different isoforms (E2, E3, E4) influence neuronal growth. APOE participates in lipid transport and metabolism, repair, growth, and maintenance of axons and myelin during neuronal development. The APOE protein competes with the Reelin protein for VLDL/APOER2 receptor binding. Several studies have reported evidence for an association between autism and the Reelin gene. Based on these data we tested for association between APOE and autism using family-based association methods in a data set of 322 autism families. Three promoter, one intronic, and one 3' UTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOE gene (-491a/t, -427c/t, -219g/t, 113c/g, and 5361c/t) as well as the APOE functional polymorphism (E2, E3, E4) were examined and failed to reveal significant evidence that autism is associated with APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Raiford
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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188
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Aroviita P, Partanen J, Sistonen P, Teramo K, Kekomäki R. High birth weight is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*13 in full-term infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 31:21-6. [PMID: 15009177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cord blood banking, substantial amounts of data on infants and cord blood are gathered at high cost, including birth weights and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes. As certain HLA alleles have been associated with protective host responses, it is possible that an HLA allele, or another factor linked to it, might even affect normal intrauterine growth. We explored cord blood bank data (n = 1381 infants) to elucidate whether there is an association between birth weight and HLA class II (DRB1) alleles. HLA DRB1 data were available from 1263 infants. We observed an association between birth weight and HLA DRB1*13, which was over-represented among full-term infants with the highest birth weights. The association remained when the birth weight was corrected for varying gestational age (relative birth weight) according to gender (P = 0.015). After correction of the P-value for multiple comparisons, the association was not statistically significant. However, when the birth weights of all infants were analysed for the effect of DRB1*13, infants positive for HLA DRB1*13 (n = 319) were found to have higher birth weights than infants negative for this allele (n = 944; median 3690 g vs. 3650 g, respectively; P = 0.044). Although the difference in median birth weight was only 40 g, it may be considered significant because it appeared after segregation of the infants into two groups according to the single HLA class II allele group earlier associated with protection against, for example, childhood type 1 diabetes and certain infectious diseases. The present finding may thus suggest identification of a new factor affecting normal intrauterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aroviita
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki, Finland.
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189
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Lagrange AH, Blaivas M, Gomez-Hassan D, Malow BA. Rasmussen's syndrome and new-onset narcolepsy, cataplexy, and epilepsy in an adult. Epilepsy Behav 2003; 4:788-92. [PMID: 14698722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of new-onset seizures and narcolepsy in a previously healthy 40-year-old man. He developed severe daytime somnolence and cataplexy over the course of a few months. Brain MRI was normal, and polysomnography with multiple sleep latency testing confirmed a diagnosis of narcolepsy. His HLA haplotype is DQB1*0602 and cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed no detectable hypocretin. Approximately 18 months later, he developed complex partial seizures. Further MRI showed a progressively enlarging lesion involving the left frontotemporal and insular areas. Pathology from a partial resection was consistent with Rasmussen's syndrome. Evaluation for tumor, infectious, and paraneoplastic etiologies was negative. There was no further progression of the residual lesion on serial MRI. Although the pathophysiologic bases of narcolepsy and Rasmussen's syndrome are unknown, they may have an autoimmune basis. This unique case of both disorders in a single patient suggests the possibility of a common underlying disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lagrange
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue S, 6144 MRB III, 37232-8552, Nashville, TN, USA.
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190
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191
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with a significant genetic contribution. Similar to other complex diseases, the genetic risk for MS results from a combination of many genetic variants which individually confer only modest effects. Here we review the results of the complementary genetic approaches of linkage and association in MS, highlighting the challenges of identifying loci of modest effect. We describe meta-analytical approaches that provide additional statistical power necessary for detecting such loci and further apply this approach to evaluate the association of a CTLA-4 variant with MS. Lastly, we review recent important advances in our understanding of the patterns of genetic variation in the human genome and speculate about how these advances will aid in future studies of the genetic causes of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Walsh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
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