151
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Podocyte protection by Angptl3 knockout via inhibiting ROS/GRP78 pathway in LPS-induced acute kidney injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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152
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Park MN, Jeon HW, Rahman MA, Park SS, Jeong SY, Kim KH, Kim SH, Kim W, Kim B. Daemonorops draco Blume Induces Apoptosis Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Regulation of the miR-216b/c-Jun. Front Oncol 2022; 12:808174. [PMID: 35356209 PMCID: PMC8959842 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.808174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Daemonorops draco Blume (DD), also called dragon’s blood, has been used as a traditional Korean medicine, especially for relieving pain caused by wound infection. Recently, it has been described that DD has antibacterial and analgesic effects. In this study, the underlying anticancer effect of DD associated with apoptosis was investigated in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines U937 and THP-1. DD exhibited cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in U937 and THP-1 cells. Moreover, DD treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). The protein expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cleaved caspase-3, p-H2A.X, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CHOP), and activating transcription factor 4 was upregulated by DD treatment. Consistently, DD-treated cells had increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a concentration-dependent manner via miR-216b activation in association with c-Jun inhibition. N-acetyl-L-cysteine pretreatment reversed the cytotoxic effect of DD treatment as well as prevented ROS accumulation. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the anticancer effect of DD in AML was mediated by CHOP-dependent apoptosis along with ROS accumulation and included upregulation of miR-216b followed by a decrease in c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Sun Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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153
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Molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen species in regulated cell deaths: Impact of ferroptosis in cancer therapy. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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154
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Gao H, He C, Hua R, Guo Y, Wang B, Liang C, Gao L, Shang H, Xu JD. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress of Gut Enterocyte and Intestinal Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:817392. [PMID: 35402506 PMCID: PMC8988245 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.817392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a vast reticular membranous network from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane responsible for the synthesis, maturation, and trafficking of a wide range of proteins, is considerably sensitive to changes in its luminal homeostasis. The loss of ER luminal homeostasis leads to abnormalities referred to as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, the cell activates an adaptive response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), a mechanism to stabilize ER homeostasis under severe environmental conditions. ER stress has recently been postulated as a disease research breakthrough due to its significant role in multiple vital cellular functions. This has caused numerous reports that ER stress-induced cell dysfunction has been implicated as an essential contributor to the occurrence and development of many diseases, resulting in them targeting the relief of ER stress. This review aims to outline the multiple molecular mechanisms of ER stress that can elucidate ER as an expansive, membrane-enclosed organelle playing a crucial role in numerous cellular functions with evident changes of several cells encountering ER stress. Alongside, we mainly focused on the therapeutic potential of ER stress inhibition in gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. To conclude, we reviewed advanced research and highlighted future treatment strategies of ER stress-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Shang
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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155
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Miklos AP, Rusz CM, Bătrînu MG, Vari CE. Positive Aspects of Oxidative Stress at Different Levels of the Human Body: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030572. [PMID: 35326222 PMCID: PMC8944834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the subject of numerous studies, most of them focusing on the negative effects exerted at both molecular and cellular levels, ignoring the possible benefits of free radicals. More and more people admit to having heard of the term "oxidative stress", but few of them understand the meaning of it. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data in order to emphasize the importance and adaptation mechanisms of basal oxidative stress. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of oxidative stress, highlighting these effects, as well as the risks for the population consuming higher doses than the recommended daily intake of antioxidants. The biological dose-response curve in oxidative stress is unpredictable as reactive species are clearly responsible for cellular degradation, whereas antioxidant therapies can alleviate senescence by maintaining redox balance; nevertheless, excessive doses of the latter can modify the redox balance of the cell, leading to a negative outcome. It can be stated that the presence of oxidative status or oxidative stress is a physiological condition with well-defined roles, yet these have been insufficiently researched and explored. The involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of some associated diseases is well-known and the involvement of antioxidant therapies in the processes of senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis cannot be denied. All data in this review support the idea that oxidative stress is an undesirable phenomenon in high and long-term concentrations, but regular exposure is consistent with the hormetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Amalia Pușcaș Miklos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.T.-V.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Bătrînu
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-M.R.); (M.-G.B.)
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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156
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Abstract
Several anthropogenic products in wastewater are considered a threat to the aquatic environment. In addition to common industrial pollutants, levels of pharmaceuticals have been increasingly found in the environment in recent years, which may present a strong risk to the aquatic species that live there. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study is aimed at evaluating the developmental toxicity of fotemustine in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to doses of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL from 4 h post-fertilization to 120 h. This study confirms that fotemustine exposure at 50 and 100 µg/mL affects the survival and hatching rate, morphology score and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbs the antioxidant defense system and increases ROS in zebrafish larvae. From the molecular point of view, fotemustine exposure strongly induces apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the Wnt signaling pathway.
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157
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Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that obesity impairs female fertility and negatively affects human reproductive outcome following medically assisted reproduction (MAR) treatment. In the United States, 36.5% of women of reproductive age are obese. Obesity results not only in metabolic disorders including type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but might also be responsible for chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Several studies have demonstrated that inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ovary modify steroidogenesis and might induce anovulation, as well as affecting oocyte meiotic maturation, leading to impaired oocyte quality and embryo developmental competence. Although the adverse effect of female obesity on human reproduction has been an object of debate in the past, there is growing evidence showing a link between female obesity and increased risk of infertility. However, further studies need to clarify some gaps in knowledge. We reviewed the recent evidence on the association between female obesity and infertility. In particular, we highlight the association between fat distribution and reproductive outcome, and how the inflammation and oxidative stress mechanisms might reduce ovarian function and oocyte quality. Finally, we evaluate the connection between female obesity and endometrial receptivity.
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158
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Zhang Y, Lai Y, Zhou X, Zhu F. The Role of microRNA-133 in Hemocyte Proliferation and Innate Immunity of Scylla paramamosain. Front Immunol 2022; 12:812717. [PMID: 35154084 PMCID: PMC8828940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.812717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important signaling regulators that are involved in regulating the innate immunity of crustacean. However, few studies focus on the role of crustacean miRNAs in the cellular immunity have been reported. In this study, we showed that the expression of miR-133 was significantly up-regulated in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain after infection by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The anti-miRNA oligonucleotide AMO-miR-133 was used to knock down miR-133 expression in S. paramamosain. The number of WSSV copies increased significantly in WSSV-infected crabs after miR-133 knockdown. Knockdown of miR-133 also enhanced the mortality rates of WSSV-infected and V. parahaemolyticus-infected mud crabs, and it significantly enhanced the expression of the astakine, which was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. The data also indicate that miR-133 may affect hemocyte proliferation in S. paramamosain by regulating astakine expression. miR-133 Knockdown enhanced the apoptosis or phagocytosis of crab hemocytes, and increased the mortality of mud crabs after WSSV or V. parahaemolyticus infection. These results indicate that miR-133 is involved in the host immune response to WSSV and V. parahaemolyticus infection in mud crabs. Taken together, our research provides new insights for the control of viral or vibrio diseases in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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159
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Targeting autophagy, oxidative stress, and ER stress for neurodegenerative diseases treatment. J Control Release 2022; 345:147-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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160
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Pendulone induces apoptosis via the ROS-mediated ER-stress pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 81:105346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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161
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Berger CA, Ward CP, Karchner SI, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Hahn ME, Tarrant AM. Nematostella vectensis exhibits an enhanced molecular stress response upon co-exposure to highly weathered oil and surface UV radiation. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 175:105569. [PMID: 35248985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil released into the environment undergoes weathering processes that gradually change its composition and toxicity. Co-exposure to petroleum mixtures and other stressors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, may lead to synergistic effects and increased toxicity. Laboratory studies should consider these factors when testing the effects of oil exposure on aquatic organisms. Here, we study transcriptomic responses of the estuarine sea anemone Nematostella vectensis to naturally weathered oil, with or without co-exposure to environmental levels of UV radiation. We find that co-exposure greatly enhances the response. We use bioinformatic analyses to identify molecular pathways implicated in this response, which suggest phototoxicity and oxidative damage as mechanisms for the enhanced stress response. Nematostella's stress response shares similarities with the vertebrate oxidative stress response, implying deep conservation of certain stress pathways in animals. We show that exposure to weathered oil along with surface-level UV exposure has substantial physiological consequences in a model cnidarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Berger
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States; MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
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162
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HBXIP is a novel regulator of the unfolded protein response that sustains tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101644. [PMID: 35093383 PMCID: PMC8908272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-therapy-resistant estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer cells often exhibit an augmented capacity to maintain endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) homeostasis under adverse conditions. Oncoprotein hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) is a known transcriptional coactivator that promotes cancer development. However, it is unclear whether HBXIP participates in maintaining EnR homeostasis and promoting drug resistance in ER+ breast cancer. Here, we report that tamoxifen-resistant (TmaR) breast cancer cells exhibit increased expression of HBXIP, which acts as an inactivator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to diminish tamoxifen-induced EnR stress. We show that HBXIP deficiency promotes EnR-associated degradation, enhances UPR-element reporter activity and cellular oxidative stress, and ultimately attenuates the growth of TmaR cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that HBXIP acts as a chaperone of UPR transducer inositol-requiring enzyme 1a and diminishes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TamR breast cancer cells. Upon loss of HBXIP expression, tamoxifen treatment hyperactivates IRE1α and its downstream proapoptotic pathways and simultaneously induces accumulation of intracellular ROS. This elevated ROS programmatically activates the other two branches of the UPR, mediated by PKR-like ER kinase and activating transcription factor 6α. Clinical investigations and Kaplan–Meier plotter analysis revealed that HBXIP is highly expressed in TamR breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, reinforced HBXIP expression is associated with a high recurrence and poor relapse-free survival rates in tamoxifen monotherapy ER+ breast cancer patients. These findings indicate that HBXIP is a regulator of EnR homeostasis and a potential target for TamR breast cancer therapy.
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163
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Wang Q, Chen W, Zhang B, Gao Z, Zhang Q, Deng H, Han L, Shen XL. Perfluorooctanoic acid induces hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in vitro via endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria communication. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109844. [PMID: 35123991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant that is widely distributed in the natural environment. Cohort study showed that PFOA-producing workers displayed a significant increase for mortality of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. However, the underlying mechanism of PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity is far from clear. In this research, cell viability, apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), calcium ion levels, and protein expressions of human liver L02 cells in response to PFOA were determined. Results indicated that a 24 h-treatment with 64 and 256 μM PFOA could remarkably induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via initiating the vicious cycle between endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, thereby increasing the level of calcium ion and decreasing the level of ΔΨm, simultaneously elevating the protein expressions of Cyclophilin D (CYPD), Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2-like protein 11 (Bim), cytochrome C (Cyt-C), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), while inhibiting the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), Lon protease 1 (Lonp1), Pro-caspase-9, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Sigma 1-type opioid receptor (Sig-1R) (p < 0.05). To sum up, PFOA-induced hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in vitro was regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria communication via mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Wenying Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Zilu Gao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Qipeng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Huiqiong Deng
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Lingyun Han
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Xiao Li Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China.
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164
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Nakka VP, Gogada R, Simhadri PK, Qadeer MA, Phanithi PB. Post-treatment with apocynin at a lower dose regulates the UPR branch of eIF2α and XBP-1 pathways after stroke. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:1-11. [PMID: 35143926 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke leads to disturbance in the physiology of the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that triggers UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) pathways aimed to compensate neuronal cell damage. However, sustained UPR causes stressful conditions in the ER lumen forming abnormal protein aggregates. Stroke-induced oxidative stress also amalgamates with UPR to safeguard and ensure the proper functioning of brain cells. Thus we tested the effect of apocynin (a potent antioxidant) post-treatment in experimental stroke on the outcome of ER stress and UPR branch pathways. We administered a low dose of apocynin at 1 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) to adult Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for two-time points. The first dose immediately after re-establishing the blood flow and another at 6 h of reperfusion. Apocynin post-treatment significantly reduced ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation at an early reperfusion time point of 4 h. It preserved neuronal morphology, dendritic spine density, reduced protein aggregation, and brain damage after 24 h of reperfusion. Apocynin post-treatment regulates the two UPR branch pathways in our experimental paradigm. 1) Down-regulation of eIF2α (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α) phosphorylation, and CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) 2) by reducing the XBP-1 (X-Box binding Protein-1) mRNA splicing downstream to PERK (Protein Kinase RNA-Like ER Kinase) and IRE1α (Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1alpha) UPR pathways, respectively. Bioinformatics prediction showed that apocynin has binding sites for PERK (Protein Kinase RNA-Like ER Kinase) and IRE1α proteins. The amino acid residues interacting with apocynin were Cys891 and Gln889 (for PERK), and the amino acids Ser726, Arg722, and Ala719 (for IRE1α) lying within their activation loop. Overall, these studies indicate that apocynin post-treatment might regulate ER stress/UPR pathways and minimize stroke brain damage, thus having implications for developing newer strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, 500046, India; Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Raghu Gogada
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, 500046, India; Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha 761211, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Simhadri
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Prakash Babu Phanithi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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165
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Dong F, Jiang S, Tang C, Wang X, Ren X, Wei Q, Tian J, Hu W, Guo J, Fu X, Liu L, Patzak A, Persson PB, Gao F, Lai EY, Zhao L. Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes hyperoxaluria-induced calcium oxalate deposition and kidney injury by activating autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:288-300. [PMID: 34767921 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most common component of kidney stones. Oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy-induced cell death are the major causes of CaOx crystal deposition and CaOx crystal deposition can further lead to kidney injury. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, but the effect of TMAO on hyperoxaluria-induced CaOx crystal deposition and kidney injury remains unknown. We hypothesize that TMAO aggravates CaOx crystal deposition via promoting CaOx-mediated cell death. C57Bl/6 mice were given high-oxalate diet as a model of hyperoxaluria. TMAO was provided via drinking water. Serum TMAO levels increased 15 days after CaOx treatment (6.30 ± 0.17 μmol/L vs. 34.65 ± 8.95 μmol/L). High-oxalate diet induced inflammation, CaOx deposition and kidney injury, which TMAO aggravated. In accordance, TMAO intensified high-oxalate diet induced oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, TMAO enhanced CaOx crystal adhesion to HK-2 cells and reduced cell viability (from 88.9 ± 1.6% to 75.0 ± 2.7%). Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) may mediate these TMAO effects, as TMAO promoted PERK phosphorylation. Consistently, PERK knockdown alleviated TMAO-evoked CaOx-autophagy, apoptosis and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells. In conclusion, TMAO can aggravate hyperoxaluria-induced kidney injury by triggering the PERK/ROS pathway, which enhances autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation, and facilitates CaOx crystal deposition in renal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jiong Tian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Durbrain Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Fei Gao
- Durbrain Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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Toro R, Pérez-Serra A, Mangas A, Campuzano O, Sarquella-Brugada G, Quezada-Feijoo M, Ramos M, Alcalá M, Carrera E, García-Padilla C, Franco D, Bonet F. miR-16-5p Suppression Protects Human Cardiomyocytes against Endoplasmic Reticulum and Oxidative Stress-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031036. [PMID: 35162959 PMCID: PMC8834785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, defined as the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative to antioxidant defense, plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as an important source of ROS and its modulation could be cardioprotective. Previously, we demonstrated that miR-16-5p is enriched in the plasma of ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients and promotes ER stress-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in vitro. Here, we hypothesize that miR-16-5p might contribute to oxidative stress through ER stress induction and that targeting miR-16-5p may exert a cardioprotective role in ER stress-mediated cardiac injury. Analysis of oxidative markers in the plasma of ICM patients demonstrates that oxidative stress is associated with ICM. Moreover, we confirm that miR-16-5p overexpression promotes oxidative stress in AC16 cardiomyoblasts. We also find that, in response to tunicamycin-induced ER stress, miR-16-5p suppression decreases apoptosis, inflammation and cardiac damage via activating the ATF6-mediated cytoprotective pathway. Finally, ATF6 is identified as a direct target gene of miR-16-5p by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Our results indicate that miR-16-5p promotes ER stress and oxidative stress in cardiac cells through regulating ATF6, suggesting that the inhibition of miR-16-5p has potential as a therapeutic approach to protect the heart against ER and oxidative stress-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Toro
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz (UCA), 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexandra Pérez-Serra
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, University of Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain;
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, 17190 Girona, Spain;
| | - Alipio Mangas
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz (UCA), 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
- Internal Medicine Department, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, 17190 Girona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Arrhythmias Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Quezada-Feijoo
- Cardiology Department Hospital Cruz Roja, Alfonso X University, 28003 Madrid, Spain; (M.Q.-F.); (M.R.)
| | - Mónica Ramos
- Cardiology Department Hospital Cruz Roja, Alfonso X University, 28003 Madrid, Spain; (M.Q.-F.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Alcalá
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Carrera
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Carlos García-Padilla
- Departamento de Anatomia, Embriologia y Zoologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
- Medina Foundation, Technology Park of Health Sciences, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Bonet
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cádiz (UCA), 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
- Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (F.B.)
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167
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Azmanova M, Pitto-Barry A. Oxidative stress in cancer therapy: Friend or enemy? Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100641. [PMID: 35015324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cellular oxidative stress is widely perceived as a key factor in pathophysiological conditions and cancer development. Healthy cells use several mechanisms to maintain intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and overall redox homeostasis to avoid damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Cancer cells, in contrast, exhibit elevated ROS levels and upregulated protective antioxidant pathways. Counterintuitively, such elevated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant defence mechanisms in cancer cells provide a therapeutic opportunity for the development of drugs with different anticancer mechanisms of action (MoA). In this review, oxidative stress and the role of ROS in cells are described. The tumour-suppressive and tumour-promotive functions of ROS are discussed to compare these two different therapeutic strategies (increasing or decreasing ROS to fight cancer). Clinically approved drugs with demonstrated oxidative stress anticancer MoAs are highlighted before describing examples of metal-based anticancer drug candidates causing oxidative stress in cancer cells via novel MoAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azmanova
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, Bradford, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Université Paris-Saclay: Universite Paris-Saclay, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, FRANCE
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168
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Huang Y, Xie Y, Yang D, Xiong M, Chen X, Wu D, Wang Q, Chen H, Zheng L, Huang K. Histone demethylase UTX aggravates acetaminophen overdose induced hepatotoxicity through dual mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106021. [PMID: 34883214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of acute liver failure, while the underlying mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity are not fully understood. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic enzymes play roles in APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we found that Utx (ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome, also known as KDM6A), a X-linked histone demethylase which removes the di- and tri-methyl groups from histone H3K27, was markedly induced in the liver of APAP-overdosed female mice. Hepatic deletion of Utx suppressed APAP overdose-induced hepatotoxicity in female but not male mice. RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that Utx deficiency in female mice upregulated antitoxic phase II conjugating enzymes, including sulfotransferase family 2 A member 1 (Sult2a1), thus reduces the amount of toxic APAP metabolites in injured liver; while Utx deficiency also alleviated ER stress through downregulating transcription of ER stress genes including Atf4, Atf3, and Chop. Mechanistically, Utx promoted transcription of ER stress related genes in a demethylase activity-dependent manner, while repressed Sult2a1 expression through mediating H3K27ac levels independent of its demethylase activity. Moreover, overexpression of Sult2a1 in the liver of female mice rescued APAP-overdose induced liver injury. Together, our results indicated a novel UTX-Sult2a1 axis for the prevention or treatment of APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunhao Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xingrui Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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169
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de Klerk DJ, de Keijzer MJ, Dias LM, Heemskerk J, de Haan LR, Kleijn TG, Franchi LP, Heger M. Strategies for Improving Photodynamic Therapy Through Pharmacological Modulation of the Immediate Early Stress Response. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:405-480. [PMID: 35505025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally to noninvasive treatment modality that has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer treatments. PDT induces hyperoxidative stress and disrupts cellular homeostasis in photosensitized cancer cells, resulting in cell death and ultimately removal of the tumor. However, various survival pathways can be activated in sublethally afflicted cancer cells following PDT. The acute stress response is one of the known survival pathways in PDT, which is activated by reactive oxygen species and signals via ASK-1 (directly) or via TNFR (indirectly). The acute stress response can activate various other survival pathways that may entail antioxidant, pro-inflammatory, angiogenic, and proteotoxic stress responses that culminate in the cancer cell's ability to cope with redox stress and oxidative damage. This review provides an overview of the immediate early stress response in the context of PDT, mechanisms of activation by PDT, and molecular intervention strategies aimed at inhibiting survival signaling and improving PDT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J de Klerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Keijzer
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel M Dias
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jordi Heemskerk
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering-Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lee HJ, Lee JH, Lee SM, Kim NH, Moon YG, Tak TK, Hyun M, Heo JD. Cadmium induces cytotoxicity in normal mouse renal MM55.K cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:131-140. [PMID: 32191530 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1739236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of cadmium (Cd) occurs through accumulation in the environment. The precise mechanism underlying Cd toxicity remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the effects of Cd on MM55.K cells and investigated the mechanisms underlying Cd-induced cell death. CdCl2 significantly elevated apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, and caspase-dependent cell death. Moreover, immunoblotting results revealed that CdCl2 down-regulated the inhibitor of apoptotic protein such as survivin and Bcl-2 which led to the activation of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP in MM55.K cells. Besides, CdCl2 caused the up-regulation of ROS-related proteins such as HO-1 and ER stress-related proteins such as GRP78 and CHOP in MM55.K cells. CdCl2 toxicity resulted in the down-regulation of the AKT pathway that leads to the up-regulation of phosphorylated JNK and p38 in MM55.K cells. Thus, CdCl2 induce toxicity by AKT/MAPK regulation and causing ROS production, ER stress, ΔΨm loss, and apoptotic cell death in normal mouse renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hong Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Lee
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Kim
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Moon
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kil Tak
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjung Hyun
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Biological Resources Research Group, Bioenvironmental Science & Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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171
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Zhu C, Shen S, Zhang S, Huang M, Zhang L, Chen X. Autophagy in Bone Remodeling: A Regulator of Oxidative Stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:898634. [PMID: 35846332 PMCID: PMC9279723 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis involves bone formation and bone resorption, which are processes that maintain skeletal health. Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor, causing the dysfunction of bone homeostasis including osteoblast-induced osteogenesis and osteoclast-induced osteoclastogenesis, thereby leading to bone-related diseases, especially osteoporosis. Autophagy is the main cellular stress response system for the limination of damaged organelles and proteins, and it plays a critical role in the differentiation, apoptosis, and survival of bone cells, including bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. High evels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidative stress induce autophagy to protect against cell damage or even apoptosis. Additionally, pathways such as ROS/FOXO3, ROS/AMPK, ROS/Akt/mTOR, and ROS/JNK/c-Jun are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress-induced autophagy in bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. This review discusses how autophagy regulates bone formation and bone resorption following oxidative stress and summarizes the potential protective mechanisms exerted by autophagy, thereby providing new insights regarding bone remodeling and potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Shen
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Lan Zhang,
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Lan Zhang,
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172
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Ghafouri M, Gauss CB, Fribley AM. HTS Identification of Activators and Inhibitors of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:317-327. [PMID: 34985709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification of small molecules and natural product extracts that enhance or interfere with the productivity of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has the potential to improve a wide variety of human pathologies. Every protein that is destined for a lysosome, integral to the cell membrane, or secreted, is folded, post-translationally modified, and exported to the cytoplasm from the ER-Golgi complex. The following protocols have successfully employed several high-fidelity cell-based luciferase high-throughput screens (HTS) to identify activators and inhibitors of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Ghafouri
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chester B Gauss
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrew M Fribley
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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173
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Zhang J, Xie S, Chen Y, Zhou X, Zheng Z, Yang L, Li Y. Comprehensive analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress and immune infiltration in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1008124. [PMID: 36353576 PMCID: PMC9638134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1008124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a life-threatening, debilitating mental health condition. An important factor in the development of depression is endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). However, their roles in MDD have not yet been established. The goal of this study was to examine ERS and its underlying molecular mechanisms in MDD. METHODS We used data from two microarray datasets (GSE98793 and GSE39653) and the GeneCards database to examine the reticulum stress-related differentially expressed genes (ERSR-DEGs) associated with MDD. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were used to further investigate the function and mechanism of ERS in MDD. Moreover, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to identify hub genes as well as the regulatory network of microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and potential drugs related to ERSR-DEGs. CIBERSORT was then used to evaluate the immune activity of MDD samples and conduct a correlation analysis between the hub genes and immune cells. RESULTS In total, 37 ERSR-DEGs and five hub genes were identified (NCF1, MAPK14, CASP1, CYBA, and TNF). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that ERSR-DEGs were predominantly enriched in inflammation-and immunity-related pathways, such as tumor necrosis factor signaling, NF-κB signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Additionally, 179 miRNAs, 25 TFs, and 15 potential drugs were tested for their interactions with the ERSR-DEGs. CIBERSORT found high proportions of Tregs, monocytes, and macrophages M0 in the MDD samples. Among these, hub genes showed a significant correlation with immune cell infiltration in patients with MDD. CONCLUSIONS NCF1, MAPK14, CASP1, CYBA, and TNF are potential ERS-related biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD. Our research has revealed a significant correlation between immune cells and ERS-related genes with MDD. Not only did our study contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ERS in underlying MDD pathology, but it also established a paradigm for future studies on ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine Teaching and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine Teaching and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuanfang Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Psychological Sleep, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychological Sleep, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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174
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Kolar L, Stupin M, Stupin A, Šušnjara P, Mihaljević Z, Matić A, Jukić I, Kolobarić N, Drenjančević I. Does the Endothelium of Competitive Athletes Benefit from Consumption of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Hen Eggs? Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:388-399. [PMID: 35047435 PMCID: PMC8747964 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.4.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched hen eggs on microvascular vasodilation, microvascular responsiveness to a stress challenge and markers of oxidative stress in competitive athletes. Competitive athletes (n=23) were divided to a control group (n=9), who consumed three regular hens’ eggs daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/d), and n-3 PUFAs group (n=14), who consumed three n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs daily (1,053 g n-3 PUFAs/d) for 3 weeks. Endothelium-dependent responses [post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID)] and endothelium-independent responses [sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation (SNPID)] of skin microvascular blood flow were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in pre- and post-acute exhausting exercise (AEE) sessions. Blood pressure, serum lipid, free fatty acids profiles, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after each dietary protocol. Consumption of serum n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio and enhanced PORH and AChID, but did not affect SNPID at rest. Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in the n-3 PUFAs group but remained unchanged in the control group. In both groups, PORH, AChID, and SNP were significantly reduced post-AEE compared with pre-AEE, both before and after consumption of each diet. Only AChID responsiveness to AEE (ΔAChID) significantly increased following consumption of n-3 PUFAs. Overall, n-3 PUFAs supplementation as n-3 PUFA-enriched hen eggs enhanced microvascular endothelial function at rest and may contribute to adaptation to AEE in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kolar
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Memorial Hospital Vukovar, Vukovar 32000, Croatia.,Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
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175
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Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4963346. [PMID: 34917158 PMCID: PMC8670943 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4963346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is the main cause of increased mortality and disability in cardiovascular diseases. The injury involves many pathological processes, such as oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, and energy metabolism disorders, and these pathological stimuli can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the early stage of ischemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviates the injury as an adaptive survival response, but the long-term stress on endoplasmic reticulum amplifies oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium overload to accelerate cell damage and apoptosis. Therefore, regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a mechanism to improve ischemia/reperfusion injury. Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of clinical application and unique advantages in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. This review focuses on the effect of Chinese herbal medicine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury from the perspective of regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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176
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Esfandiarifar A, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Jameie SB. The Effect of Resistance Training and Berberine Chloride on the Apoptosis-related Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus of Diazinon-poisoned Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:373-382. [PMID: 34917296 PMCID: PMC8666922 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2250.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diazinon is one of the most widely-used organophosphate pesticides in the world. This toxin enters the body in various ways and induces oxidative stress in various tissues. It has been proved that activation of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) under oxidative stress is a steady mechanism for maintaining cell function and survival. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the effect of Resistance Training (RT) and Berberine Chloride (BC) on the apoptosis-related UPR signaling pathway in the hippocampus of diazinon-poisoned rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 250 ±50 g were randomly divided into eight groups of five rats of 1) diazinon + 2 mg/kg BC + RT, 2) diazinon + 15 mg/kg BC + RT, 3) diazinon, 4) diazinon + RT, 5) diazinon + 2 mg/kg BC, 6) diazinon + 15 mg/kg BC, 7) healthy control, and 8) sham. The groups were treated for 5 weeks. At the end of the fifth week, ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP gene expression in hippocampus tissue were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Results: Diazinon significantly increased the expression of ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP in the hippocampus tissue of rats. Administrating 15 mg/kg BC with RT significantly decreased these genes, indicating a decrease in the rate of apoptosis in the hippocampus. Conclusion: This study showed that RT and BC have a protective effect against diazinon-induced toxicity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esfandiarifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maghsood Peeri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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177
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Lai AKW, Ng TC, Hung VKL, Tam KC, Cheung CW, Chung SK, Lo ACY. Exacerbated VEGF up-regulation accompanies diabetes-aggravated hemorrhage in mice after experimental cerebral ischemia and delayed reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1566-1575. [PMID: 34916442 PMCID: PMC8771109 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy is the preferred treatment for ischemic stroke, but is hindered by its short treatment window, especially in patients with diabetes whose reperfusion after prolonged ischemia is often accompanied by exacerbated hemorrhage. The mechanisms underlying exacerbated hemorrhage are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify this mechanism by inducing prolonged 2-hour transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice to mimic patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy. The results showed that at as early as 2 hours after reperfusion, Ins2Akita/+ mice exhibited rapid development of neurological deficits, increased infarct and hemorrhagic transformation, together with exacerbated down-regulation of tight-junction protein ZO-1 and up-regulation of blood-brain barrier-disrupting matrix metallopeptidase 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 when compared with normoglycemic Ins2+/+ mice. This indicated that diabetes led to the rapid compromise of vessel integrity immediately after reperfusion, and consequently earlier death and further aggravation of hemorrhagic transformation 22 hours after reperfusion. This observation was associated with earlier and stronger up-regulation of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its downstream phospho-Erk1/2 at 2 hours after reperfusion, which was suggestive of premature angiogenesis induced by early VEGF up-regulation, resulting in rapid vessel disintegration in diabetic stroke. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pro-apoptotic C/EBP homologous protein was overexpressed in challenged Ins2Akita/+ mice, which suggests that the exacerbated VEGF up-regulation may be caused by overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum stress under diabetic conditions. In conclusion, the results mimicked complications in patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy, and diabetes-induced accelerated VEGF up-regulation is likely to underlie exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation. Thus, suppression of the VEGF pathway could be a potential approach to allow reperfusion therapy in patients with diabetic stroke beyond the current treatment window. Experiments were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of the University of Hong Kong [CULATR 3834-15 (approval date January 5, 2016); 3977-16 (approval date April 13, 2016); and 4666-18 (approval date March 29, 2018)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Victor Ka Lok Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Ka Cheung Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau Special Administration Region; School of Biomedical Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
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178
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Baldini F, Khalil M, Serale N, Voci A, Portincasa P, Vergani L. Extent and features of liver steatosis in vitro pave the way to endothelial dysfunction without physical cell-to-cell contact. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3522-3532. [PMID: 34629256 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several chronic multifactorial diseases originate from energy unbalance between food intake and body energy expenditure, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Vascular endothelium plays a central role in body homeostasis, and NAFLD is often associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED), the first step in atherosclerosis. Both sugars and fatty acids (FAs) are fuel sources for energy production, but their excess leads to liver steatosis which may trigger ED through a network of mechanisms which need to be clarified. Here, we investigated the crosstalk pathways between in vitro cultured steatotic hepatocytes (FaO) and endothelial cells (HECV) being mediated by soluble factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed the conditioned medium approach to test how different extent and features of hepatic steatosis distinctively affect endothelium leading to ED. The steatogenic media collected from steatotic hepatocytes were characterized by high triglyceride content and led to lipid accumulation and fat-dependent dysfunction in HECV cells. We found a parallelism between (i) extent of hepatocyte steatosis and level of lipid accumulation in HECV cells; (ii) type of hepatocyte steatosis (with macro- or microvesicular LDs) and extent of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide release and expression of ED markers in HECV cells. CONCLUSIONS The present findings seem to suggest that, in addition to triglycerides, other soluble mediators should be released by steatotic hepatocytes and may influence lipid accumulation and function of HECV cells. Further studies need to depict the exact profile of soluble factors involved in steatotic hepatocyte-endothelium crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baldini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy; Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Nadia Serale
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy; Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Adriana Voci
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy.
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179
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Vilas-Boas EA, Almeida DC, Roma LP, Ortis F, Carpinelli AR. Lipotoxicity and β-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: Oxidative Stress Linked to NADPH Oxidase and ER Stress. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123328. [PMID: 34943836 PMCID: PMC8699655 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high caloric intake, rich in saturated fats, greatly contributes to the development of obesity, which is the leading risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). A persistent caloric surplus increases plasma levels of fatty acids (FAs), especially saturated ones, which were shown to negatively impact pancreatic β-cell function and survival in a process called lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity in β-cells activates different stress pathways, culminating in β-cells dysfunction and death. Among all stresses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress have been shown to be strongly correlated. One main source of oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells appears to be the reactive oxygen species producer NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme, which has a role in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and in the β-cell demise during both T1 and T2D. In this review, we focus on the acute and chronic effects of FAs and the lipotoxicity-induced β-cell failure during T2D development, with special emphasis on the oxidative stress induced by NOX, the ER stress, and the crosstalk between NOX and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Aparecida Vilas-Boas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.A.V.-B.); (A.R.C.); Tel.: +55-(11)-3091-7246 (A.R.C.)
| | - Davidson Correa Almeida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.C.A.); (F.O.)
| | - Leticia Prates Roma
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.C.A.); (F.O.)
| | - Angelo Rafael Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.A.V.-B.); (A.R.C.); Tel.: +55-(11)-3091-7246 (A.R.C.)
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180
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Li S, Zhao F, Tang Q, Xi C, He J, Wang Y, Zhu MX, Cao Z. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase 2b mediates oxidation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress to regulate neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2016-2036. [PMID: 34811737 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain is a widespread health problem with limited curative treatment. Decreased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) expression has been reported in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of animals suffering from neuropathic pain. We aimed to establish the relationship between SERCA expression and the pain responses and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neuropathic pain was modeled using rat chronic constriction injury (CCI). Ca2+ imaging and current clamp patch-clamp were used to determine cytosolic Ca2+ levels and action potential firing, respectively. Western blots, immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were used to quantitatively assess protein and mRNA expression, respectively. H&E staining and coupled enzyme assay were used to evaluate the nerve injury and SERCA2b activity, respectively. KEY RESULTS SERCA2b is the predominant SERCA isoform in rat DRG and its expression is decreased after CCI at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Whereas inhibiting SERCA with thapsigargin causes neuronal hyperexcitation, nerve injury, ER stress, satellite glial cell activation and mechanical allodynia, activating SERCA by CDN1163 or overexpressing SERCA2b in DRG after CCI produces long-term relief of mechanical and thermal allodynia with accompanied morphological and functional restoration through alleviation of ER stress. Furthermore, the downregulation of DRG SERCA2b in CCI rats is caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Sp1-dependent transcriptional inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings reveal a novel pathway centering around SERCA2b as the key molecule underlying the mechanism of development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and SERCA2b activators have the potential for therapeutic treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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181
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Engevik MA, Herrmann B, Ruan W, Engevik AC, Engevik KA, Ihekweazu F, Shi Z, Luck B, Chang-Graham AL, Esparza M, Venable S, Horvath TD, Haidacher SJ, Hoch KM, Haag AM, Schady DA, Hyser JM, Spinler JK, Versalovic J. Bifidobacterium dentium-derived y-glutamylcysteine suppresses ER-mediated goblet cell stress and reduces TNBS-driven colonic inflammation. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33985416 PMCID: PMC8128206 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1902717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress compromises the secretion of MUC2 from goblet cells and has been linked with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although Bifidobacterium can beneficially modulate mucin production, little work has been done investigating the effects of Bifidobacterium on goblet cell ER stress. We hypothesized that secreted factors from Bifidobacterium dentium downregulate ER stress genes and modulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to promote MUC2 secretion. We identified by mass spectrometry that B. dentium secretes the antioxidant γ-glutamylcysteine, which we speculate dampens ER stress-mediated ROS and minimizes ER stress phenotypes. B. dentium cell-free supernatant and γ-glutamylcysteine were taken up by human colonic T84 cells, increased glutathione levels, and reduced ROS generated by the ER-stressors thapsigargin and tunicamycin. Moreover, B. dentium supernatant and γ-glutamylcysteine were able to suppress NF-kB activation and IL-8 secretion. We found that B. dentium supernatant, γ-glutamylcysteine, and the positive control IL-10 attenuated the induction of UPR genes GRP78, CHOP, and sXBP1. To examine ER stress in vivo, we first examined mono-association of B. dentium in germ-free mice which increased MUC2 and IL-10 levels compared to germ-free controls. However, no changes were observed in ER stress-related genes, indicating that B. dentium can promote mucus secretion without inducing ER stress. In a TNBS-mediated ER stress model, we observed increased levels of UPR genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in TNBS treated mice, which were reduced with addition of live B. dentium or γ-glutamylcysteine. We also observed increased colonic and serum levels of IL-10 in B. dentium- and γ-glutamylcysteine-treated mice compared to vehicle control. Immunostaining revealed retention of goblet cells and mucus secretion in both B. dentium- and γ-glutamylcysteine-treated animals. Collectively, these data demonstrate positive modulation of the UPR and MUC2 production by B. dentium-secreted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA,CONTACT Melinda A. Engevik Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy C. Engevik
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Faith Ihekweazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Berkley Luck
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Esparza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan Venable
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D. Horvath
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sigmund J. Haidacher
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Hoch
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony M. Haag
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Deborah A. Schady
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abu-Elfotuh K, Ragab GM, Salahuddin A, Jamil L, Abd Al Haleem EN. Attenuative Effects of Fluoxetine and Triticum aestivum against Aluminum-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats: The Possible Consequences on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216752. [PMID: 34771159 PMCID: PMC8588015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological illness that causes considerable cognitive impairment. Hepatic and renal dysfunction may worsen AD by disrupting β-amyloid homeostasis at the periphery and by causing metabolic dysfunction. Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work aims to study the effect of aluminum on neuronal cells, its consequences on the liver and kidneys, and the possible role of fluoxetine and wheatgrass juice in attenuating these pathological conditions. METHOD Rats were divided into five groups. Control, AD (AlCl3), Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine and AlCl3), Wheatgrass (Wheatgrass and AlCl3), and combination group (fluoxetine, wheatgrass, and AlCl3). All groups were assigned daily to different treatments for five weeks. CONCLUSIONS AlCl3 elevated liver and kidney enzymes, over-production of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Besides, accumulation of tau protein and Aβ, the elevation of ACHE and GSK-3β, down-regulation of BDNF, and β-catenin expression in the brain. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, and brain confirmed this toxicity, while treating AD groups with fluoxetine, wheatgrass, or a combination alleviates toxic insults. CONCLUSION Fluoxetine and wheatgrass combination demonstrated a more significant neuroprotective impact in treating AD than fluoxetine alone and has protective effects on liver and kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt; (K.A.-E.); (E.N.A.A.H.)
| | - Ghada M. Ragab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Ahmad Salahuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-100-518-2320
| | - Lubna Jamil
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt; (K.A.-E.); (E.N.A.A.H.)
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183
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Hu W, Li Z, Wang W, Song M, Dong R, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang D. Structural characterization of polysaccharide purified from Amanita caesarea and its pharmacological basis for application in Alzheimer's disease: endoplasmic reticulum stress. Food Funct 2021; 12:11009-11023. [PMID: 34657936 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01963e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to progressive declines in memory and learning. This disease may arise from endoplasmic reticulum stress due to protein misfolding, which promotes inflammatory pathway activation and induces neuronal cell apoptosis. Polysaccharide is one of the main active components of the mushroom Amanita caesarea (A. caesarea) and has been proven to act as an antioxidant, immune regulatory and anti-inflammatory agent with neurodevelopmental effects. In this study, polysaccharide isolated from A. caesarea (ACPS2) was subjected to analysis to determine the main components, homogeneity and molecular weight and characterize the structure. Furthermore, APP/PS1 mice were orally treated with ACPS2 for 6 weeks. Structural characterization of ACPS2 revealed a mass average molar mass of 16.6 kDa and a structure containing a main chain and branching. In vivo, treatment with ACPS2 for 6 weeks significantly improved cognition and anxious behavior in APP/PS1 mice using Morris water maze and open-field test. Alleviation of brain injury, amyloid-β deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation were observed in ACPS2-treated AD mice. No changes in other tissues were observed. ACPS2 appeared to alleviate inflammation in vivo, as determined by decreases in the serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β relative to those in non-treated mice. ACPS2 improved cholinergic system function and stabilized oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice. Proteomics and bioinformatics analyses showed that the therapeutic effect of ACPS2 is achieved through regulation of oxidative stress-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, ACPS2 exerted anti-AD effects by regulating nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, thereby inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun,130021, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Minkai Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ruitao Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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184
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Banerjee S, Maity S, Guchhait R, Chatterjee A, Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxic effects of cyanotoxins in teleost fish: A comprehensive review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105971. [PMID: 34560410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of eutrophication leads to the global occurrence of algal blooms. Cyanotoxins as produced by many cyanobacterial species can lead to detrimental effects to the biome due to their stability and potential biomagnification along food webs. Therefore, understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to the most susceptible organisms is an important prerequisite for ecological risks assessment of cyanobacteria blooms. Fishes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems that are prone to direct exposure to cyanotoxins. However, relatively few investigations have focused on measuring the toxic potentials of cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. This review comprehensively describes the major toxicological impacts (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive toxicity and cytogenotoxicity) of commonly occurring cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. The present work encompasses recent research progresses with special emphasis on the basic molecular mechanisms by which different cyanotoxins impose their toxicities in teleost fishes. The major research areas, which need to be focused on in future scientific investigations, have also been highlighted. Protein kinase inhibition, transcriptional dysregulation, disruption of redox homeostasis and the induction of apoptotic pathways appear to be the key drivers of the toxicological effects of cyanotoxins in fish. Analyses also showed that the impacts of cyanotoxins on specific reproductive processes are relatively less described in teleosts in comparison to mammalian systems. In fact, as compared to other toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, their reproductive toxicity (such as impacts on oocyte development, maturation and their hormonal regulation) is poorly understood in fish, and thus requires further studies. Furthermore, additonal studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of cyanotoxins need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Garkamalpur, Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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185
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Yang G, Zhang X. TMAO promotes apoptosis and oxidative stress of pancreatic acinar cells by mediating IRE1α-XBP-1 pathway. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:361-369. [PMID: 34755714 PMCID: PMC8656330 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis caused by hyperlipidemia is a severe life-threatening condition. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new therapeutic methods to treat this disease. METHODS Cell viability was determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Western blotting (WB) was used to detect the expression levels of apoptotic and endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) pathway-associated proteins. The induction of cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expression levels of the oxidative stress indicators were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS WB analysis and the CCK-8 assay demonstrated that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) decreased cell viability and facilitated apoptosis of MPC-83 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the induction of oxidative stress was assessed by evaluating the levels of specific markers, including hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and superoxide dismutase. The levels of the aforementioned markers were increased in the TMAO-treated group. Subsequently, the IRE1α/XBP-1 pathway-associated proteins were analyzed by WB analysis and the data demonstrated that the regulatory effects of TMAO on MPC-83 cells were meditated by the IRE1α/XBP-1 signaling pathway. Subsequently, rescue experiments were performed to further assess the effects of TMAO. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence on the application of TMAO as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the therapeutic intervention of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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186
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Increased Post-Hypoxic Oxidative Stress and Activation of the PERK Branch of the UPR in Trap1-Deficient Drosophila melanogaster Is Abrogated by Metformin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111586. [PMID: 34769067 PMCID: PMC8583878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is known to impair mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Post-hypoxic perturbations of the ER proteostasis result in the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to the activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Mitochondrial chaperone TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is reported to preserve mitochondrial membrane potential and to impede reactive oxygen species (ROS) production thereby protecting cells from ER stress as well as oxidative stress. The first-line antidiabetic drug Metformin has been attributed a neuroprotective role after hypoxia. Interestingly, Metformin has been reported to rescue mitochondrial deficits in fibroblasts derived from a patient carrying a homozygous TRAP1 loss-of-function mutation. We sought to investigate a putative link between Metformin, TRAP1, and the UPR after hypoxia. We assessed post-hypoxic/reperfusion longevity, mortality, negative geotaxis, ROS production, metabolic activity, gene expression of antioxidant proteins, and activation of the UPR in Trap1-deficient flies. Following hypoxia, Trap1 deficiency caused higher mortality and greater impairments in negative geotaxis compared to controls. Similarly, post-hypoxic production of ROS and UPR activation was significantly higher in Trap1-deficient compared to control flies. Metformin counteracted the deleterious effects of hypoxia in Trap1-deficient flies but had no protective effect in wild-type flies. We provide evidence that TRAP1 is crucially involved in the post-hypoxic regulation of mitochondrial/ER stress and the activation of the UPR. Metformin appears to rescue Trap1-deficiency after hypoxia mitigating ROS production and downregulating the pro-apoptotic PERK (protein kinase R-like ER kinase) arm of the UPR.
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187
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Gong X, Yan H, Ma J, Zhu Z, Zhang S, Xu W, Huang J, Qiu X. Macrophage-Derived Immunoglobulin M Inhibits Inflammatory Responses via Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112812. [PMID: 34831038 PMCID: PMC8616491 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig), a characteristic marker of B cells, is a multifunctional evolutionary conserved antibody critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and developing fully protective humoral responses to pathogens. Increasing evidence revealed that Ig is widely expressed in non-immune cells; moreover, Ig produced by different lineages cells plays different biological roles. Recently, it has been reported that monocytes or macrophages also express Ig. However, its function remains unclear. In this study, we further identified that Ig, especially Ig mu heavy chain (IgM), was mainly expressed in mice macrophages. We also analyzed the IgM repertoire characteristic in macrophages and found that the VHDJH rearrangements of macrophage-derived IgM showed a restricted and conservative VHDJH pattern, which differed from the diverse VHDJH rearrangement pattern of the B cell-expressed IgM in an individual. Functional investigation showed that IgM knockdown significantly promoted macrophage migration and FAK/Src-Akt axis activation. Furthermore, some inflammatory cytokines such as MCP1 and IL-6 increased after IgM knockdown under LPS stimulation. A mechanism study revealed that the IgM interacted with binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) and inhibited inflammatory response and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in macrophages. Our data elucidate a previously unknown function of IgM in macrophages that explains its ability to act as a novel regulator of Bip to participate in endoplasmic reticulum stress and further regulate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huige Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junfan Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiyan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (X.Q.); Tel.: +86-108-280-2846 (J.H.); +86-108-280-5477 (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.G.); (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (S.Z.); (W.X.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (X.Q.); Tel.: +86-108-280-2846 (J.H.); +86-108-280-5477 (X.Q.)
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188
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OSMI-1 Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through ER Stress and NF-κB Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011073. [PMID: 34681736 PMCID: PMC8539180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation expression levels are associated with cancer pathogenesis. This study aimed to find conditions that maximize the therapeutic effect of cancer and minimize tissue damage by combining an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We found that OSMI-1 treatment in HCT116 human colon cancer cells has a potent synergistic effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis signaling. Interestingly, OSMI-1 significantly increased TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by increasing the expression of the cell surface receptor DR5. ROS-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by OSMI-1 not only upregulated CHOP-DR5 signaling but also activated Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in a decrease in Bcl2 and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. TRAIL induced the activation of NF-κB and played a role in resistance as an antiapoptotic factor. During this process, O-GlcNAcylation of IκB kinase (IKK) and IκBα degradation occurred, followed by translocation of p65 into the nucleus. However, combination treatment with OSMI-1 counteracted the effect of TRAIL-mediated NF-κB signaling, resulting in a more synergistic effect on apoptosis. Therefore, the combined treatment of OSMI-1 and TRAIL synergistically increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis through caspase-8 activation. Conclusively, OSMI-1 potentially sensitizes TRAIL-induced cell death in HCT116 cells through the blockade of NF-κB signaling and activation of apoptosis through ER stress response.
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Cadena Sandoval M, Heberle AM, Rehbein U, Barile C, Ramos Pittol JM, Thedieck K. mTORC1 Crosstalk With Stress Granules in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:761333. [PMID: 35822040 PMCID: PMC9261333 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.761333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase is a master regulator of metabolism and aging. A complex signaling network converges on mTORC1 and integrates growth factor, nutrient and stress signals. Aging is a dynamic process characterized by declining cellular survival, renewal, and fertility. Stressors elicited by aging hallmarks such as mitochondrial malfunction, loss of proteostasis, genomic instability and telomere shortening impinge on mTORC1 thereby contributing to age-related processes. Stress granules (SGs) constitute a cytoplasmic non-membranous compartment formed by RNA-protein aggregates, which control RNA metabolism, signaling, and survival under stress. Increasing evidence reveals complex crosstalk between the mTORC1 network and SGs. In this review, we cover stressors elicited by aging hallmarks that impinge on mTORC1 and SGs. We discuss their interplay, and we highlight possible links in the context of aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cadena Sandoval
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Martin Heberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Rehbein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cecilia Barile
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José Miguel Ramos Pittol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Thedieck, , ,
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190
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Averbeck D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C. Role of Mitochondria in Radiation Responses: Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Signaling Impacts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011047. [PMID: 34681703 PMCID: PMC8541263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, radiation effects have been considered to be mainly due to nuclear DNA damage and their management by repair mechanisms. However, molecular biology studies reveal that the outcomes of exposures to ionizing radiation (IR) highly depend on activation and regulation through other molecular components of organelles that determine cell survival and proliferation capacities. As typical epigenetic-regulated organelles and central power stations of cells, mitochondria play an important pivotal role in those responses. They direct cellular metabolism, energy supply and homeostasis as well as radiation-induced signaling, cell death, and immunological responses. This review is focused on how energy, dose and quality of IR affect mitochondria-dependent epigenetic and functional control at the cellular and tissue level. Low-dose radiation effects on mitochondria appear to be associated with epigenetic and non-targeted effects involved in genomic instability and adaptive responses, whereas high-dose radiation effects (>1 Gy) concern therapeutic effects of radiation and long-term outcomes involving mitochondria-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses. Both effects depend on radiation quality. For example, the increased efficacy of high linear energy transfer particle radiotherapy, e.g., C-ion radiotherapy, relies on the reduction of anastasis, enhanced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and immunogenic (antitumor) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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Cetinkaya-Un B, Un B, Akpolat M, Andic F, Yazir Y. Human Amnion Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Conditioned Medium Can Ameliorate X-Irradiation-Induced Testicular Injury by Reducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:944-954. [PMID: 34642916 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, infertility affects 15% of couples and half of this rate is due to reproductive problems in men. Radiation-induced damage to the testicles causes sterility depending on the dose. Radiation causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress induces apoptosis. In this study, the effect of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) and conditioned medium (hAMSCs-CM) on testicular damage induced by ionizing radiation is aimed to be elucidated through ER stress and apoptosis mechanisms. Six gray scrotal irradiation was used to create a testicular injury model. hAMSCs isolated and characterized with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, while 2.5 × 105 hAMSCs were transplanted into testis and hAMSCs-CM was applied. Fertility assessment was performed. Expressions of ER stress markers GRP78, Ire1, Chop and Caspase-12, and Caspase-3 were determined. TUNEL was performed. Serum FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. After hAMSC transplantation and administration of hAMSCs-CM, offsprings were obtained. Seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelial height increased. The expression of GRP78, IRE1α, CHOP, Caspase-12, and Caspase-3 decreased. Percentages of tunel positive cells decreased. While FSH and LH levels decreased, testosterone increased. After irradiation, both hAMSCs transplantation and paracrine activity of hAMSCs may have a role in reducing ER stress by suppressing the UPR response. Decrease in FSH and LH and increase in testosterone level after MSCs transplantation may have contributed to the improvement of spermatogenesis. Thus, it can be said that MSCs derived from human amniotic membrane can improve ionized radiation-induced testicular damage by reducing ER stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Cetinkaya-Un
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Burak Un
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Meryem Akpolat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Fundagul Andic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medicine Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Yazir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Abstract
Significance: During aging, excessive production of reactive species in the liver leads to redox imbalance with consequent oxidative damage and impaired organ homeostasis. Nevertheless, slight amounts of reactive species may modulate several transcription factors, acting as second messengers and regulating specific signaling pathways. These redox-dependent alterations may impact the age-associated decline in liver regeneration. Recent Advances: In the last few decades, relevant findings related to redox alterations in the aging liver were investigated. Consistently, recent research broadened understanding of redox modifications and signaling related to liver regeneration. Other than reporting the effect of oxidative stress, epigenetic and post-translational modifications, as well as modulation of specific redox-sensitive cellular signaling, were described. Among them, the present review focuses on Wnt/β-catenin, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), members of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family, and the p53 tumor suppressor. Critical Issues: Even though alteration in redox homeostasis occurs both in aging and in impaired liver regeneration, the associative mechanisms are not clearly defined. Of note, antioxidants are not effective in slowing hepatic senescence, and do not clearly improve liver repopulation after hepatectomy or transplant in humans. Future Directions: Further investigations are needed to define mutual redox-dependent molecular pathways involved both in aging and in the decline of liver regeneration. Preclinical studies aimed at the characterization of these pathways would define possible therapeutic targets for human trials. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 832-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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193
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Chaudhary P, Sharma S, Singh R, Arya R. Elucidation of ER stress and UPR pathway in sialic acid-deficient cells: Pathological relevance to GNEM. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1886-1902. [PMID: 34555215 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generates a stress condition in the cell. The cell combats ER stress by activating unfolded protein response (UPR) and ERAD (ER stress-associated degradation) pathway. Failure to restore favorable folding environment results in cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Various neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded protein, protein aggregates, and ER stress. GNE myopathy (GNEM) is a neuromuscular disorder pathologically characterized by rimmed vacuole formation due to the accumulation of protein aggregates. More than 200 mutations in key sialic acid biosynthetic enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) have been identified worldwide in the muscle biopsies of GNE myopathy patients. However, the cellular and molecular pathomechanism leading to the disease ar poorly understood. In the present study, the phenomenon of ER stress has been elucidated in GNE mutant cells overexpressing GNE mutations of Indian origin. The effect of GNE mutations on activation of UPR signaling via inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE-1), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) were deciphered to understand the effect of GNE mutations on these proteins. GRP78 was upregulated with increased X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1) splicing and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) upregulation leading to increased apoptosis of GNE mutant cells. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ligand rescued the cells from apoptotic phenotype by supporting cell survival mechanism. Our study indicates a balance of cell death and survival that decides cell fate and offers potential therapeutic targets to combat ER stress in diseases associated with dysfunctional UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Reema Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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194
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Azarova I, Klyosova E, Polonikov A. The Link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Polymorphisms of Glutathione-Metabolizing Genes Suggests a New Hypothesis Explaining Disease Initiation and Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090886. [PMID: 34575035 PMCID: PMC8466482 DOI: 10.3390/life11090886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with polymorphisms of genes encoding glutathione-metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione synthetase (GSS) and gamma-glutamyl transferase 7 (GGT7). A total of 3198 unrelated Russian subjects including 1572 T2D patients and 1626 healthy subjects were enrolled. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GSS and GGT7 genes were genotyped using the MassArray-4 system. We found that the GSS and GGT7 gene polymorphisms alone and in combinations are associated with T2D risk regardless of sex, age, and body mass index, as well as correlated with plasma glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and fasting blood glucose levels. Polymorphisms of GSS (rs13041792) and GGT7 (rs6119534 and rs11546155) genes were associated with the tissue-specific expression of genes involved in unfolded protein response and the regulation of proteostasis. Transcriptome-wide association analysis has shown that the pancreatic expression of some of these genes such as EDEM2, MYH7B, MAP1LC3A, and CPNE1 is linked to the genetic risk of T2D. A comprehensive analysis of the data allowed proposing a new hypothesis for the etiology of type 2 diabetes that endogenous glutathione deficiency might be a key condition responsible for the impaired folding of proinsulin which triggered an unfolded protein response, ultimately leading to beta-cell apoptosis and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia;
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., 305041 Kursk, Russia;
| | - Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., 305041 Kursk, Russia;
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-471-258-8147
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195
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Ye H, Meng Y. Honokiol regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting the activation of the sirtuin 1-mediated protein kinase B pathway and ameliorates high glucose/high fat-induced dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endocr J 2021; 68:981-992. [PMID: 33952780 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol plays an important role in anti-oxidation, but its role in diabetic vascular complications is unclear. In this study, the effects of honokiol in high glucose/high fat (HG/HF)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were explored. After pre-treatment with honokiol, the cells were transferred to an HG/HF medium, and cell viability and apoptosis were respectively measured by methyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry. Moreover, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated-protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), phosphorylated-inositol requiring enzyme-1α (p-IRE1α), cleaved caspase-3 and SIRT1 were determined by Western blot or quantitative reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Finally, the viability, apoptosis, and the contents of ROS, MDA, and SOD, as well as the expressions of CHOP, GRP78, p-PERK, p-IRE1α, cleaved caspase-3, Akt, p-Akt, and SIRT1 in the cells transfected with small interfering RNA SIRT1 (siSIRT1) were detected by the previously mentioned methods. Honokiol reversed the effect of HG/HF on promoting cell apoptosis, ROS and MDA contents, and the expressions of CHOP, GRP78, p-PERK, p-IRE1α and cleaved caspase-3, and also reversed the inhibitory effect of HG/HF on cell viability, SOD content and SIRT1 expression. However, siSIRT1 reversed the above effects caused by honokiol. Honokiol activated SIRT1 promoter. SIRT1 interacted with Akt, consequently promoting the activity of Akt. Therefore, honokiol activates the Akt pathway by regulating SIRT1 expression to regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes cell viability and inhibits the apoptosis of HG/HF-induced HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230000, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230011, China
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196
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Shehu AI, Zhu J, Li J, Lu J, McMahon D, Xie W, Gonzalez FJ, Ma X. Targeting Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR to Prevent Cobicistat Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:58-67. [PMID: 33629115 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-related diseases including drug-induced liver injury are becoming increasingly prominent in AIDS patients. Cobicistat (COBI) is the backbone of multiple regimens for antiretroviral therapy. The current work investigated the mechanisms of adverse drug-drug interactions associated with COBI that lead to liver damage. For individuals co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organization recommends the initiation of TB treatment followed by antiretroviral therapy. Rifampicin (RIF), a first line anti-TB drug, is a human specific activator of pregnane X receptor (PXR). Using PXR-humanized mice, we found that RIF-mediated PXR activation potentiates COBI hepatotoxicity. In contrast, rifabutin, a PXR-neutral analog of RIF, has no impact on COBI hepatotoxicity. Because of the crosstalk between PXR and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the role of CAR in COBI hepatotoxicity was also investigated. Similar to PXR, ligand-dependent activation of CAR also potentiates COBI hepatotoxicity. Our further studies illustrated that PXR and CAR modulate COBI hepatotoxicity through the CYP3A4-dependent pathways. In summary, the current work determined PXR and CAR as key modulators of COBI hepatotoxicity. Given the fact that many prescription drugs and herbal supplements can activate PXR and CAR, these two receptors should be considered as targets to prevent COBI hepatotoxicity in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina I Shehu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Jianhua Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Deborah McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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197
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Strawberry tree honey in combination with 5-fluorouracil enhances chemosensitivity in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112484. [PMID: 34389368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains a challenging health burden worldwide. This study aimed to assess the potentiality of Strawberry tree honey (STH), a polyphenol-enriched food, to increase the effectiveness of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) and metastatic (LoVo) colon cancer cell lines. The combined treatment reduced cell viability and caused oxidative stress, by increasing oxidative biomarkers and decreasing antioxidant defence, in a more potent way compared to 5-FU alone. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ATF-6, XBP-1) and MAPK (p-p38 MAPK, p-ERK1/2) markers were also elevated after the combined treatment, enhancing the cell cycle arrest through the modulation of regulatory genes (i.e., cyclins and CDKs). Apoptotic gene (i.e., caspases) expressions were also increased after the combined treatment, while those of proliferation (i.e., EGFR), cell migration, invasion (i.e., matrix metallopeptidase) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (N-cadherin, β-catenin) were suppressed. Finally, the combined treatment led cell metabolism towards a quiescent stage, by reducing mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. In conclusion, this work represents an initial step to highlight the possibility to use STH in combination with 5-FU in the treatment of colon cancer, even if further in vitro an in vivo studies are strongly needed to confirm the possible chemo-sensitizing effects of STH.
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198
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Levings DC, Lacher SE, Palacios-Moreno J, Slattery M. Transcriptional reprogramming by oxidative stress occurs within a predefined chromatin accessibility landscape. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:319-331. [PMID: 33992677 PMCID: PMC8608001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in many physiological processes, yet excess ROS leads to cell damage and can lead to pathology. Accordingly, cells need to maintain tight regulation of ROS levels, and ROS-responsive transcriptional reprogramming is central to this process. Although it has long been recognized that oxidative stress leads to rapid, significant changes in gene expression, the impact of oxidative stress on the underlying chromatin accessibility landscape remained unclear. Here, we asked whether ROS-responsive transcriptional reprogramming is accompanied by reprogramming of the chromatin environment in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Using a time-course exposure to multiple inducers of oxidative stress, we determined that the widespread ROS-responsive changes in gene expression induced by ROS occur with minimal changes to the chromatin environment. While we did observe changes in chromatin accessibility, these changes were: (1) far less numerous than gene expression changes after oxidative stress, and (2) occur within pre-existing regions of accessible chromatin. Transcription factor (TF) footprinting analysis of our ATAC-seq experiments identified 5 TFs or TF families with evidence for ROS-responsive changes in DNA binding: NRF2, AP-1, p53, NFY, and SP/KLF. Importantly, several of these (AP-1, NF-Y, and SP/KLF factors) have not been previously implicated as widespread regulators in the response to ROS. In summary, we have characterized genome-wide changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in response to ROS treatment of MCF7 cells, and we have found that regulation of the large-scale transcriptional response to excess ROS is primarily constrained by the cell's pre-existing chromatin landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Levings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Sarah E Lacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Juan Palacios-Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
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199
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Lee AP, Kok YJ, Lakshmanan M, Leong D, Zheng L, Lim HL, Chen S, Mak SY, Ang KS, Templeton N, Salim T, Wei X, Gifford E, Tan AHM, Bi X, Ng SK, Lee DY, Ling WLW, Ho YS. Multi-omics profiling of a CHO cell culture system unravels the effect of culture pH on cell growth, antibody titer, and product quality. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4305-4316. [PMID: 34289087 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A robust monoclonal antibody (mAb) bioprocess requires physiological parameters such as temperature, pH, or dissolved oxygen to be well-controlled as even small variations in them could potentially impact the final product quality. For instance, pH substantially affects N-glycosylation, protein aggregation, and charge variant profiles, as well as mAb productivity. However, relatively less is known about how pH jointly influences product quality and titer. In this study, we investigated the effect of pH on culture performance, product titer, and quality profiles by applying longitudinal multi-omics profiling, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, at three different culture pH set points. The subsequent systematic analysis of multi-omics data showed that pH set points differentially regulated various intracellular pathways including intracellular vesicular trafficking, cell cycle, and apoptosis, thereby resulting in differences in specific productivity, product titer, and quality profiles. In addition, a time-dependent variation in mAb N-glycosylation profiles, independent of pH, was identified to be mainly due to the accumulation of mAb proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum disrupting cellular homeostasis over culture time. Overall, this multi-omics-based study provides an in-depth understanding of the intracellular processes in mAb-producing CHO cell line under varied pH conditions, and could serve as a baseline for enabling the quality optimization and control of mAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Jiun Kok
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meiyappan Lakshmanan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dawn Leong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Zheng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hsueh Lee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Ya Mak
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Siong Ang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neil Templeton
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taha Salim
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Scientific Informatics, MSD International GmbH (Singapore Branch), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Gifford
- Scientific Informatics, MSD International GmbH (Singapore Branch), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wai Lam W Ling
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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200
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Porcine circovirus 2 manipulates PERK-ERO1α axis of endoplasmic reticulum in favor of its replication by derepressing viral DNA from HMGB1 sequestration within nuclei. J Virol 2021; 95:e0100921. [PMID: 34287039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01009-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes several disease syndromes in grower pigs. PCV2 infection triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy and oxidative stress, all of which support PCV2 replication. We have recently reported that nuclear HMGB1 is an anti-PCV2 factor by binding to viral genomic DNA. However, how PCV2 manipulates host cell responses to favor its replication has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that PCV2 infection increased expression of ERO1α, generation of ROS and nucleocytoplasmic migration of HMGB1 via PERK activation in PK-15 cells. Inhibition of PERK or ERO1α repressed ROS production in PCV2-infected cells and increased HMGB1 retention within nuclei. These findings indicate that PCV2-induced activation of the PERK-ERO1α axis would lead to enhanced generation of ROS sufficient to decrease HMGB1 retention in the nuclei, thus derepressing viral DNA from HMGB1 sequestration. The viral Rep and Cap proteins were able to induce PERK-ERO1α-mediated ROS accumulation. Cysteine residues 107 and 305 of Rep or 108 of Cap played important roles in PCV2-induced PERK activation and distribution of HMGB1. Of the mutant viruses, only the mutant PCV2 with substitution of all three cysteine residues failed to activate PERK with reduced ROS generation and decreased nucleocytoplasmic migration of HMGB1. Collectively, this study offers novel insight into the mechanism of enhanced viral replication in which PCV2 manipulates ER to perturb its redox homeostasis via the PERK-ERO1α axis and the ER-sourced ROS from oxidative folding is sufficient to reduce HMGB1 retention in the nuclei, hence the release of HMGB1-bound viral DNA for replication. IMPORTANCE Considering the fact that clinical PCVAD mostly results from activation of latent PCV2 infection by confounding factors such as co-infection or environmental stresses, we propose that such confounding factors might impose oxidative stress to the animals where PCV2 in infected cells might utilize the elevated ROS to promote HMGB1 migration out of nuclei in favor of its replication. An animal infection model with a particular stressor could be approached with or without antioxidant treatment to examine the relationship among the stressor, ROS level, HMGB1 distribution in target tissues, virus replication and severity of PCVAD. This will help decide the use of antioxidants in the feeding regime on pig farms that suffer from PCVAD. Further investigation could examine if similar strategies are employed by DNA viruses, such as PCV3 and BFDV and if there is cross-talk among ER stress, autophagy/mitophagy and mitochondria-sourced ROS in favor of PCV2 replication.
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