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Kumar M, Kumar A, Nagpal R, Mohania D, Behare P, Verma V, Kumar P, Poddar D, Aggarwal PK, Henry CJK, Jain S, Yadav H. Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61:473-96. [PMID: 20187714 DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a serious global public health problem. Cancer incidence and mortality have been steadily rising throughout the past century in most places of the world. There are several epidemiological evidences that support a protective role of probiotics against cancer. Lactic acid bacteria and their probioactive cellular substances exert many beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract, and also release various enzymes into the intestinal lumen and exert potential synergistic (LAB) effects on digestion and alleviate symptoms of intestinal malabsorption. Consumption of fermented dairy products with LAB may elicit anti-tumor effects. These effects are attributed to the inhibition of mutagenic activity, the decrease in several enzymes implicated in the generation of carcinogens, mutagens, or tumor-promoting agents, suppression of tumors, and epidemiology correlating dietary regimes and cancer. Specific cellular components in lactic acid bacteria seem to induce strong adjuvant effects including modulation of cell-mediated immune responses, activation of the reticulo-endothelial system, augmentation of cytokine pathways, and regulation of interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. Studies on the effect of probiotic consumption on cancer appear promising, since recent in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that probiotic bacteria might reduce the risk, incidence and number of tumors of the colon, liver and bladder. The protective effect against cancer development may be ascribed to binding of mutagens by intestinal bacteria, may suppress the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens, thereby reducing the amount of carcinogens in the intestine, reduction of the enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase and deconjugation of bile acids, or merely by enhancing the immune system of the host. There are isolated reports citing that administration of LAB results in increased activity of anti-oxidative enzymes or by modulating circulatory oxidative stress that protects cells against carcinogen-induced damage. These include glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. However, there is no direct experimental evidence for cancer suppression in human subjects as a result of the consumption of probiotic cultures in fermented or unfermented dairy products, but there is a wealth of indirect evidence based largely on laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India
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153
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Schuster-Wolff-Bühring R, Fischer L, Hinrichs J. Production and physiological action of the disaccharide lactulose. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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154
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Urbanska AM, Paul A, Bhathena J, Bhahena J, Prakash S. Suppression of tumorigenesis: modulation of inflammatory cytokines by oral administration of microencapsulated probiotic yogurt formulation. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:894972. [PMID: 21188222 PMCID: PMC3004002 DOI: 10.4061/2010/894972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the ability of a novel microencapsulated probiotic yogurt formulation to suppress the intestinal inflammation. We assessed its anticancer activity by screening interleukin-1, 6, and 12 (IL-1, 6, 12), secretory levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and thromboxane B2 in the digesta obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, proximal, and distal segments of the ileum of C57BL/6J-Apc(Min)/J mice. Formulation-receiving animals showed consistently lower proinflammatory cytokines' levels when compared to control group animals receiving empty alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules suspended in saline. The concentrations of IL-12 found in serum in control and treatment group animals were significant: 46.58 ± 16.96 pg/mL and 158.58 ± 28.56 pg/mL for control and treatment animals, respectively. We determined a significant change in plasma C-reactive protein: 81.04 ± 23.73 ng/mL in control group and 64.21 ± 16.64 ng/mL in treatment group. Western blots showed a 71% downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in treatment group animals compared to control. These results point to the possibility of using this yogurt formulation in anticancer therapies, in addition to chronic gut diseases such as Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) thanks to its inflammation lowering properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
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155
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Kim SW, Kim HM, Yang KM, Kim SA, Kim SK, An MJ, Park JJ, Lee SK, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH. Bifidobacterium lactis inhibits NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells and prevents acute colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer in mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1514-25. [PMID: 20310012 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the antiinflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium lactis on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and on experimental acute murine colitis and its tumor prevention effects on colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mice. METHODS Human HT-29 cells were stimulated with IL-1beta, lipopolysaccharides, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha with and without B. lactis, and the effects of B. lactis on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling in IEC were examined. For in vivo study, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice were fed with and without B. lactis. Finally, we induced colonic tumors in mice by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS and evaluated the effects of B. lactis on tumor growth. RESULTS B. lactis significantly suppressed NF-kappaB activation, including NF-kappaB-binding activity and NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed IkappaB-alpha degradation, which correlated with the downregulation of NF-kappaB-dependent gene products. Moreover, B. lactis suppressed the development of acute colitis in mice. Compared with the DSS group, the severity of DSS-induced colitis as assessed by disease activity index, colon length, and histological score was reduced in the B. lactis-treated group. In the CAC model, the mean number and size of tumors in the B. lactis-treated group were significantly lower than those in the AOM group. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that B. lactis inhibits NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated genes in IEC and prevents acute colitis and CAC in mice. These results suggest that B. lactis could be a potential preventive agent for CAC as well as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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156
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Yıldız S. The Metabolism of Fructooligosaccharides and Fructooligosaccharide-Related Compounds in Plants. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.518295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Yıldız
- a Süleyman Demirel University, Chemical Engineering Department , Çünür , Isparta , Turkey
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157
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Granato D, Branco GF, Cruz AG, Faria JDAF, Shah NP. Probiotic Dairy Products as Functional Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:455-470. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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158
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Wei H, Dong L, Wang T, Zhang M, Hua W, Zhang C, Pang X, Chen M, Su M, Qiu Y, Zhou M, Yang S, Chen Z, Rantalainen M, Nicholson JK, Jia W, Wu D, Zhao L. Structural shifts of gut microbiota as surrogate endpoints for monitoring host health changes induced by carcinogen exposure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:577-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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159
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Qiu Y, Cai G, Su M, Chen T, Liu Y, Xu Y, Ni Y, Zhao A, Cai S, Xu LX, Jia W. Urinary metabonomic study on colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1627-34. [PMID: 20121166 DOI: 10.1021/pr901081y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After our serum metabonomic study of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients recently published in J. Proteome Res., we profiled urine metabolites from the same group of CRC patients (before and after surgical operation) and 63 age-matched healthy volunteers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in conjunction with a multivariate statistics technique. A parallel metabonomic study on a 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated Sprague-Dawley rat model was also performed to identify significantly altered metabolites associated with chemically induced precancerous colorectal lesion. The orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models of metabonomic results demonstrated good separations between CRC patients or DMH-induced model rats and their healthy counterparts. The significantly increased tryptophan metabolism, and disturbed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the gut microflora metabolism were observed in both the CRC patients and the rat model. The urinary metabolite profile of postoperative CRC subjects altered significantly from that of the preoperative stage. The significantly down-regulated gut microflora metabolism and TCA cycle were observed in postoperative CRC subjects, presumably due to the colon flush involved in the surgical procedure and weakened physical conditions of the patients. The expression of 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly decreased in postsurgery samples, suggesting a recovered tryptophan metabolism toward healthy state. Abnormal histamine metabolism and glutamate metabolism were found only in the urine samples of CRC patients, and the abnormal polyamine metabolism was found only in the rat urine. This study assessed the important metabonomic variations in urine associated with CRC and, therefore, provided baseline information complementary to serum/plasma and tissue metabonomics for the complete elucidation of the underlying metabolic mechanisms of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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160
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Esfahlan AJ, Jamei R, Esfahlan RJ. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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161
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Aranganathan S, Selvam JP, Nalini N. Effect of hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, on bacterial enzymes and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in colon cancer rats: a dose-dependent study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hesperetin, an important bioactive compound in Chinese traditional medicine, has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Hesperetin is found in abundance in orange and grape juices (200–590 mg L−1) consumed in the daily diet. We have investigated the effect of different doses of hesperetin on faecal and colonic mucosal bacterial enzymes and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into six groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for 16 weeks. Group 1 served as control and group 2 received the modified pellet diet along with hesperetin (30 mg kg−1). The rats in groups 3–6 rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of DMH (20 mg kg−1) for the first four weeks. Hesperetin was supplemented orally at different doses (10, 20 or 30 mg kg−1) for a total of 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental period all rats were killed. In DMH-treated rats, the activity of faecal and colonic mucosal bacterial enzymes, such as β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, nitroreductase, sulfatase and mucinase, were significantly elevated, but in rats supplemented hesperetin along with DMH the activity was significantly lowered (P < 0.05). The total number of aberrant crypts was significantly increased in unsupplemented DMH-treated rats, while hesperetin supplementation to DMH-treated rats significantly reduced the total number of crypts. The results demonstrated that hesperetin supplementation at a dose of 20 mg kg−1 played a potent role in suppressing the formation of aberrant crypt foci and reducing the activity of bacterial enzymes in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Aranganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jayabal Panneer Selvam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Namasivayam Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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162
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Bedani R, Pauly-Silveira ND, Roselino MN, de Valdez GF, Rossi EA. Effect of fermented soy product on the fecal microbiota of rats fed on a beef-based animal diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:233-238. [PMID: 20355036 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183, would modify the fecal microbiota of rats fed a diet containing red meat. The rats were placed in groups, distinguished by their diets. For 60 days, group I was given a standard casein-based rodent feed and groups II-VI, the beef-based feed. From the 30th day, groups III-VI also ingested the following products: group III, E. faecium-fermented soy product; group IV, pure suspension of E. faecium; group V, sterilized fermented soy product; and group VI, unfermented soy product. RESULTS Rats that ingested fermented soy product showed a slight increase in the numbers of lactobacilli (0.45 log CFU g(-1)), as did the casein-based diet group (0.47 log CFU g(-1)). The fermented soy product did not cause any reduction in the number of enterobacteria or clostridia, but promoted a slight fall in the viable count of Bacteroides spp. (2.80 +/- 0.20 to 2.34 +/- 0.07 log CFU g(-1)). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the ingestion of this fermented soy product did not lead to significant changes in the fecal microbiota of the rats fed on a beef-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bedani
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara-SP, Brazil.
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163
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Altonsy MO, Andrews SC, Tuohy KM. Differential induction of apoptosis in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2) by Atopobium, and commensal, probiotic and enteropathogenic bacteria: mediation by the mitochondrial pathway. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 137:190-203. [PMID: 20036023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells by bacteria is well reported. This process may assist infection by pathogens whereas for non-pathogens apoptosis induction within carcinoma cells protects against colon cancer. Here, apoptosis induction by a major new gut bacterium, Atopobium minutum, was compared with induction by commensal (Escherichia coli K-12 strains), probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium latis) and pathogenic (E. coli: EPEC and VTEC) gut bacteria within the colon cancer cell line, Caco-2. The results show a major apoptotic effect for the pathogens, mild effects for the probiotic strains and A. minutum, but no effect for commensal E. coli. The mild apoptotic effects observed are consistent with the beneficial roles of probotics in protection against colon cancer and suggest, for the first time, that A. minutum possesses similar advantageous, anti-cancerous activity. Although bacterial infection increased Caco-2 membrane FAS levels, caspase-8 was not activated indicating that apoptosis is FAS independent. Instead, in all cases, apoptosis was induced through the mitochondrial pathway as indicated by BAX translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 and -3 cleavage. This suggests that an intracellular stimulus initiates the observed apoptosis responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O Altonsy
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
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164
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Effect of two strains of Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. bulgaricus on nitric oxide generation and antioxidant status of rat small intestine. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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165
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Capriles VD, Soares RAM, Pinto e Silva MEM, Arêas JAG. Effect of fructans-based fat replacer on chemical composition, starch digestibility and sensory acceptability of corn snacks. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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166
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Courtois J. Oligosaccharides from land plants and algae: production and applications in therapeutics and biotechnology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:261-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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167
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Kaur IP, Kuhad A, Garg A, Chopra K. Probiotics: Delineation of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Benefits. J Med Food 2009; 12:219-35. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Pal Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Division of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Garg
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Division of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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168
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Schmidt F, Fiege T, Hustoft HK, Kneist S, Thiede B. Shotgun mass mapping of Lactobacillus species and subspecies from caries related isolates by MALDI-MS. Proteomics 2009; 9:1994-2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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169
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Effect of lactobacillus fermented beetroot juice on composition and activity of cecal microflora of rats. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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170
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Smith CL, Geier MS, Yazbeck R, Torres DM, Butler RN, Howarth GS. Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 and fructo-oligosaccharide partially reduce jejunal inflammation in a model of intestinal mucositis in rats. Nutr Cancer 2009; 60:757-67. [PMID: 19005975 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802192841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although probiotics are beginning to enter mainstream medicine for disorders of the colon, their effects on the small bowel remain largely unexplored. We investigated the recently identified probiotic, Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) BR11 (BR11) and the prebiotic, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), both individually and in synbiotic combination, for their potential to alleviate intestinal mucositis. From Days 0-9, rats consumed skim milk (SM; saline + SM), low dose (LD-BR11; 1 x 10(6)cfu/ml), high dose (HD-BR11; 1 x 10(9)cfu/ml), LD-FOS (3%), HD-FOS (6%), or synbiotic (HD-BR11/FOS). On Day 7, rats were injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 150 mg/kg). All rats were sacrificed on Day 10. Intestinal tissues were collected for quantitative histology, sucrase, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) determinations. 5-FU decreased sucrase activity, villus height, crypt depth, and crypt cell proliferation compared to controls. Compared to 5-FU + SM, histological damage severity scores were increased for all treatments, although all were effective at reducing jejunal inflammation, indicated by reduced MPO activity (P < 0.05). The combination of BR11 and FOS did not provide additional protection. Moreover, HD-FOS and the synbiotic actually increased clinical mucositis severity (P < 0.05). We conclude that L. fermentum BR11 has the potential to reduce inflammation of the upper small intestine. However, its combination with FOS does not appear to confer any further therapeutic benefit for the alleviation of mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie L Smith
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Gastroenterology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide, South Australia
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171
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Payne CM, Bernstein C, Dvorak K, Bernstein H. Hydrophobic bile acids, genomic instability, Darwinian selection, and colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2008; 1:19-47. [PMID: 21677822 PMCID: PMC3108627 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colon cancer is caused predominantly by dietary factors. We have selected bile acids as a focus of this review since high levels of hydrophobic bile acids accompany a Western-style diet, and play a key role in colon carcinogenesis. We describe how bile acid-induced stresses cause cell death in susceptible cells, contribute to genomic instability in surviving cells, impose Darwinian selection on survivors and enhance initiation and progression to colon cancer. The most likely major mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids induce stresses on cells (DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage) are described. Persistent exposure of colon epithelial cells to hydrophobic bile acids can result in the activation of pro-survival stress-response pathways, and the modulation of numerous genes/proteins associated with chromosome maintenance and mitosis. The multiple mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids contribute to genomic instability are discussed, and include oxidative DNA damage, p53 and other mutations, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy. Since bile acids and oxidative stress decrease DNA repair proteins, an increase in DNA damage and increased genomic instability through this mechanism is also described. This review provides a mechanistic explanation for the important link between a Western-style diet and associated increased levels of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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172
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Van Craeyveld V, Swennen K, Dornez E, Van de Wiele T, Marzorati M, Verstraete W, Delaedt Y, Onagbesan O, Decuypere E, Buyse J, De Ketelaere B, Broekaert WF, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Structurally different wheat-derived arabinoxylooligosaccharides have different prebiotic and fermentation properties in rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:2348-55. [PMID: 19022956 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.094367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the prebiotic potential and intestinal fermentation products of wheat bran-derived arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) in relation to their structure, 5 preparations with structurally different AXOS were included ( approximately 4% wt:wt) in rat diets that mimicked the average Western human diet composition. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and inulin were used as references. The observed effects mainly depended on the average degree of polymerization (avDP) of the AXOS preparations. The AXOS and XOS preparations with a low avDP (<or=3) resulted in increased colonic acetate and butyrate production and boosted bifidobacteria concentrations in the cecum, but did not significantly lower the concentrations of branched SCFA, which are considered to be markers of protein fermentation by intestinal microbiota. In contrast, an AXOS preparation with a higher avDP (61) effectively suppressed branched SCFA concentrations and thus tipped the balance away from protein fermentation. However, it neither increased colonic butyrate concentrations nor stimulated cecal bifidobacteria development. Two AXOS preparations with a similar avDP (12 and 15) but different average degrees of arabinose substitution (avDAS) (0.69 and 0.27) affected the measured intestinal characteristics similarly, suggesting that the influence of the avDAS was apparently limited and possibly overshadowed by that of the avDP. Among those tested, an AXOS preparation with an avDP of 5 and an avDAS of 0.27 exhibited the best combination of desirable effects on gut health characteristics. Compared with this optimal AXOS preparation, FOS and inulin resulted in similar bifidogenic effects with increased production of colonic acetate (inulin) but not of butyrate. These new insights into the structure-activity relation of AXOS open up new perspectives for the production and application of AXOS preparations with optimized prebiotic and fermentation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Van Craeyveld
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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173
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Basman A, Ozturk S, Kahraman K, Koksel H. Emulsion and Pasting Properties of Resistant Starch with Locust Bean Gum and their Utilization in Low Fat Cookie Formulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910701596686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Basman
- a Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering , Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Ozturk
- a Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering , Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kahraman
- a Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering , Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hamit Koksel
- a Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering , Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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174
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175
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Hatakka K, Holma R, El-Nezami H, Suomalainen T, Kuisma M, Saxelin M, Poussa T, Mykkänen H, Korpela R. The influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 together with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS on potentially carcinogenic bacterial activity in human colon. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 128:406-10. [PMID: 18945506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial enzymes beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and urease may contribute to the development of colon cancer by generating carcinogens. A reduction in the activity of these enzymes by certain lactic acid bacteria is considered to be beneficial. This study examined fecal beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and urease activities during administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 (LC705) together with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii JS (PJS). Thirty-eight healthy men participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study with treatment periods of 4 weeks. Subjects consumed daily bacterial or placebo capsules. Bacterial capsules contained viable LC705 and PJS (2x10(10) CFU of each strain daily). The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase and urease, recovery of LC705 and PJS, and counts of total lactobacilli and propionibacteria were determined from feces. The mean fecal counts of total lactobacilli and propionibacteria as well as strains LC705 and PJS were significantly increased during the administration of bacteria (3.5-, 13-, 80- and 11-fold, respectively). beta-glucosidase activity decreased by 10% (P=0.18) and urease activity by 13% (P=0.16) during bacterial supplementation versus placebo. The change in beta-glucosidase activity was negatively correlated with the change in propionibacteria counts (R=-0.350, P=0.039), being -2.68 versus 0.94 nmol/min/mg protein in subjects with increased and unchanged/decreased propionibacteria, respectively (P=0.003). To conclude, the administration of LC705 and PJS was followed by an increase in the fecal counts of lactobacilli and propionibacteria and a decrease in the activity of beta-glucosidase with increasing counts of propionibacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hatakka
- Valio Ltd, R&D, P.O. Box 30, FIN-00039 Helsinki, Finland
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176
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Moreno Villares JM. [Probiotics in infant formulae. Could we modify the immune response?]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 68:286-94. [PMID: 18358143 DOI: 10.1157/13116712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intestinal microflora of breast-fed infants is an important physiological factor in gut function and the development of the immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine. In the last few years several attempts have been made to establish the presence of similar microbiota in formula-fed infants. One of the approaches to modify the balance of intestinal microflora is to supply the potentially helpful microbiota with selective nutrients (prebiotics). GOAL To review the current scientific evidence related to the addition of prebiotics to infant feeds and their possible role in the immune function. MATERIAL AND METHODS A bibliographic search with Mesh terms: Prebiotics OR oligosaccharides OR intestinal microflora AND infant formula AND results was performed. Special analysis was done on clinical studies. RESULTS Prebiotics are substances that are not absorbed through the small intestine and are fermented by colonic bacteria. A prebiotic mixture from galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides has been used to mimic the effect of human milk oligosaccharides. It has been demonstrated that such a mixture significantly increases the number of bifidobacteria in a dose-related way (maximum effect at 0.8 g/dl) and reduces the number of pathogens in term as well as in preterm infants when compared with a group of infants fed a non-supplemented formula. The effect of oligosaccharides on bacterial metabolism was studied by measuring short chain fatty acid production and fecal pH. More recent studies have been able to show clinical benefits with the use of a prebiotic mixture in infant formulas. Firstly, it has been shown to decrease the risk of developing atopic dermatitis in high risk infants; secondly a reduced incidence of intestinal as well as upper airway infections in the first year of life. It can be hypothesized that prebiotics might play an important role as a new concept in allergy and infection prevention in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Moreno Villares
- Unidad de Nutrición Clínica, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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177
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Balamurugan R, Rajendiran E, George S, Samuel GV, Ramakrishna BS. Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of specific butyrate-producing bacteria, Desulfovibrio and Enterococcus faecalis in the feces of patients with colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1298-303. [PMID: 18624900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Bacterial metabolites produced in the bowel are potentially related to the genesis of colorectal cancer. Butyrate is protective against cancer, whereas hydrogen sulfide and oxygen free radicals can be toxic to the epithelium. The present study was designed to quantitate Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (both butyrate-producing bacteria), Desulfovibrio (sulfate-reducing bacteria), and Enterococcus faecalis (that produces extracellular superoxide) in the feces of patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS DNA was extracted from feces of 20 patients with colorectal cancer, nine patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer and 17 healthy volunteers. Real-time polymerase chain reaction using primers aimed at 16S rDNA was used to quantitate the above bacterial species or genus, and this was expressed relative to amplification of universal sequences conserved among all bacteria. RESULTS Levels of E. rectale and F. prausnitzii were decreased approximately fourfold (P = 0.0088 and 0.0028, respectively) in colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy control volunteers. Levels of Desulfovibrio were not significantly different between the three groups. E. faecalis populations were significantly higher in colorectal cancer patients compared to healthy volunteers (P = 0.0294). CONCLUSIONS Butyrate producers were decreased and E. faecalis increased in the feces of colon cancer patients. These shifts in the colonic bacterial population could potentially lead to epithelial cell damage and increased turnover and may be a factor leading to colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadass Balamurugan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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178
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Liong MT. Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: Postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:854-863. [PMID: 19325789 PMCID: PMC2635701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9050854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live bacteria that could exert health beneficial effects upon consumption. In additional to their conventional use as gut modulators, probiotics are investigated for their role to prevent cancer. In-vivo and molecular studies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes, mainly attributed to its antimicrobial effects against carcinogen-producing microorganisms, antimutagenic properties, and alteration of the tumor differentiation processes. Prebiotics are indigestible food components that could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria including probiotics. Present studies have suggested that prebiotics also possess protective effect against colon carcinogenesis, mainly attributed to the production of short chain fatty acids upon its fermentation by gut microflora, and alteration of gene-expressions in tumor cells. Synbiotic (combination of probiotic and prebiotic) has been found to exert a synergistic effect in improving colon carcinogenesis compared to when both were used individually. This paper highlights the colon cancer preventive effects by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. In addition, the controversial outcomes on the insignificant effect of these food adjuncts will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tze Liong
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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179
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Increased induction of apoptosis by Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL133 in colonic mucosal crypts of human microbiota-associated rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:1251-9. [PMID: 18466653 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508978284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a food-grade bacterium able to kill colon cancer cell lines in vitro by apoptosis, may exert an anticarcinogenic effect in vivo. To assess this hypothesis, we administered daily 2 x 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of P. freudenreichii TL133 to human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats for 18 d. Either saline or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was also administered on days 13 and 17 and rats were killed on day 19. The levels of apoptosis and proliferation in the mid and distal colon were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabelling, respectively. The administration of P. freudenreichii TL133 significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in DMH-treated rats compared to those given DMH only (P < 0.01). Furthermore, propionibacteria were able to decrease the proliferation index in the distal colon after treatment with DMH (P < 0.01). Conversely, propionibacteria alone did not exert such an effect on healthy colonic mucosa. P. freudenreichii TL133 thus facilitated the elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis in the rat colon after genotoxic insult and may play a protective role against colon cancer.
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180
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Nutritional factors and polyamine metabolism in colorectal cancer. Nutrition 2008; 24:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Parkar SG, Stevenson DE, Skinner MA. The potential influence of fruit polyphenols on colonic microflora and human gut health. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 124:295-8. [PMID: 18456359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of common dietary polyphenols on growth of human gut bacteria and their adhesion to enterocytes was investigated. The influence on the growth of a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus), a commensal (Escherichia coli) and two pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium) was determined, together with effects on adhesion of pathogenic and probiotic bacteria to cultured Caco-2 cells. All polyphenols, except rutin, were found to affect the viability of representative gut flora in vitro, at doses likely to be present in the gastrointestinal tract, but to differing degrees. Naringenin and quercetin were the most active with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations for all the four bacteria tested. The remaining polyphenols had the most marked effect on the Gram positive enteropathogen S. aureus. Naringenin and phloridzin were the most effective inhibitors of S. typhimurium adherence to Caco-2 enterocytes while phloridzin and rutin enhanced the adherence of the probiotic L. rhamnosus. Polyphenols appear to have potential to alter gut microecology and, by affecting the total number of beneficial microflora in the gut, may confer positive gut health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi G Parkar
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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182
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Villarini M, Caldini G, Moretti M, Trotta F, Pasquini R, Cenci G. Modulatory activity of a Lactobacillus casei strain on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced genotoxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:192-199. [PMID: 18213654 DOI: 10.1002/em.20367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the putative antigenotoxic effects of supplementing the diet of rats treated with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) with a Lactobacillus casei strain using an in vivo approach. The antigenotoxic response was evaluated in colon and liver cells using the alkaline comet assay. Since the balance between the bioactivation and detoxification metabolic pathways is crucial for the formation of toxic and genotoxic metabolites, alterations in the level of some xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) were studied in liver preparations. In the challenge group (L. casei + DMH), lactobacilli-supplemented diet, there was a decrease in the extent of DMH-induced DNA damage, especially in colon cells. Compared with control rats, there was less basal DNA damage in colon cells of rats fed on a lactobacilli-supplemented diet. These findings are the first to give clear evidence of DNA-protective effects of lactobacilli against basal DNA damage. Moreover, the chemopreventive effects were accompanied by changes in the activities of several XME. The observed decrease in the concentration of nonenzymatic antioxidants (i.e. GSH) and the reduced activity of enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., GST, GPx, and SOD) in liver could reflect an overall reduction in the level of oxidative stress in rats on a diet supplemented with the L. casei suspension compared with control rats (basal state). Thus, the concentrations of GSH and the activities of GST, GPx, and SOD could be downregulated by supplementing the diet with L. casei as a response to an improved antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Villarini
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
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183
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van den Broek LAM, Hinz SWA, Beldman G, Vincken JP, Voragen AGJ. Bifidobacterium carbohydrases-their role in breakdown and synthesis of (potential) prebiotics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:146-63. [PMID: 18040988 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest to positively influence the human intestinal microbiota through the diet by the use of prebiotics and/or probiotics. It is anticipated that this will balance the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract in favor of health promoting genera such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Carbohydrates like non-digestible oligosaccharides are potential prebiotics. To understand how these bacteria can grow on these carbon sources, knowledge of the carbohydrate-modifying enzymes is needed. Little is known about the carbohydrate-modifying enzymes of bifidobacteria. The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium longum biotype longum has been completed and it was observed that for B. longum biotype longum more than 8% of the annotated genes were involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition more sequence data of individual carbohydrases from other Bifidobacterium spp. became available. Besides the degradation of (potential) prebiotics by bifidobacterial glycoside hydrolases, we will focus in this review on the possibilities to produce new classes of non-digestible oligosaccharides by showing the presence and (transglycosylation) activity of the most important carbohydrate modifying enzymes in bifidobacteria. Approaches to use and improve carbohydrate-modifying enzymes in prebiotic design will be discussed.
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184
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Koksel H, Masatcioglu T, Kahraman K, Ozturk S, Basman A. Improving effect of lyophilization on functional properties of resistant starch preparations formed by acid hydrolysis and heat treatment. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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185
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Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D. Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: Fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts. Nutrition 2008; 24:366-74. [PMID: 18262392 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Butyrate plays a major role among the short-chained fatty acids formed by the microbial flora of the colon. It is considered to be an important nutrient of the colon mucosa and has been shown to trigger differentiation and apoptosis of colon-derived cells in culture. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) seems to play a central role in these effects. Butyrate was thus suggested to act as a chemopreventive metabolite that can prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer, one of the most abundant types of cancer in Western industrialized countries. Some polymeric carbohydrates such as pectin, resistant to digestion in the small intestine, have been shown to serve as substrates for butyrate formation by the microflora of the colon. METHODS In this study we investigated fermentation supernatants (FSs) from incubations of human fecal slurry with apple pectin and with polyphenol-rich apple juice extracts (AJEs). RESULTS We found that FSs from fermentations with pectin were rich in butyrate and very active in HDAC inhibition in nuclear extracts prepared from the colon tumor cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 and in intact HeLa Mad 38 cells bearing a reporter gene driven by HDAC inhibition. The butyrate levels explained most of the HDAC-inhibitory potency in FSs from pectin-rich fermentations. FSs from fermentations with AJEs showed lower butyrate yields but comparable HDAC inhibition. Combined incubations of pectin with AJEs led to effects similar to those with FSs from incubations with pectin as the only substrate added. These effects could not be explained by a direct HDAC-inhibitory potency of AJEs. Furthermore, the FSs were not cytotoxic at the HDAC-inhibitory concentrations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that butyrate is the most relevant HDAC inhibitor formed in fermentations of human fecal slurry with apple pectin, whereas addition of AJEs leads to the formation of butyrate and other, yet unknown, HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldecker
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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186
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Cenci G, Caldini G, Trotta F, Bosi P. In vitro inhibitory activity of probiotic spore-forming bacilli against genotoxins. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:331-7. [PMID: 18194161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the ability of bacilli of various species (Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus pumilus. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus sp.) and origins (probiotic and collection strains) to counteract the activity of some representative DNA-reactive agents. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibitory effect of 21 bacilli strains, previously characterized by tDNA-PCR, on four genotoxins, was examined in vitro using the short-term assay SOS-Chromotest. All strains had a high inhibitory activity against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (direct agents), whereas the inhibitory activity was high or moderate against 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and aflatoxin B1 (indirect agents). Antigenotoxicity was observed in vegetative cells, but not heat-treated cells or spore suspensions. The spectroscopic properties of compounds were modified after cell co-incubation and all the strains maintained high viability after exposure to the genotoxins. CONCLUSIONS No relevant differences in antigenotoxicity were evidenced among strains of the examined species or between probiotic and collection strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although derived from an in vitro model, the results suggest that Bacillus-based probiotics could be useful for reducing the gastrointestinal risk originating from genotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cenci
- Dipartimento Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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187
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Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Busch C, Schrenk D. Inhibition of histone-deacetylase activity by short-chain fatty acids and some polyphenol metabolites formed in the colon. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 19:587-93. [PMID: 18061431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the most abundant cause of cancer mortality in the Western world. Nutrition and the microbial flora are considered to have a marked influence on the risk of colorectal cancer, the formation of butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) possibly playing a major role as chemopreventive products of microbial fermentation in the colon. In this study, we investigated the effects of butyrate, other SCFAs, and of a number of phenolic SCFA and trans-cinnamic acid derivatives formed during the intestinal degradation of polyphenolic constituents of fruits and vegetables on global histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in nuclear extracts from colon carcinoma cell cultures using tert-butoxycarbonyl-lysine (acetylated)-4-amino-7-methylcoumarin (Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC) as substrate. Inhibition of HDAC activity, e.g., by butyrate, is related to a suppression of malignant transformation and a stimulation of apoptosis of precancerous colonic cells. In nuclear extracts from HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells, butyrate was found to be the most potent HDAC inhibitor (IC50=0.09 mM), while other SCFAs such as propionate were less potent. In the same assay, p-coumaric acid (IC50=0.19 mM), 3-(4-OH-phenyl)-propionate (IC50=0.62 mM) and caffeic acid (IC50=0.85 mM) were the most potent HDAC inhibitors among the polyphenol metabolites tested. Interestingly, butyrate was also the most potent HDAC inhibitor in a whole-cell HeLa Mad 38-based reporter gene assay, while all polyphenol metabolites and all other SCFAs tested were much less potent; some were completely inactive. The findings suggest that butyrate plays an outstanding role as endogenous HDAC inhibitor in the colon, and that other SCFAs and HDAC-inhibitory polyphenol metabolites present in the colon seem to play a much smaller role, probably because of their limited levels, their marked cytotoxicity and/or their limited intracellular availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldecker
- Food Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Koller VJ, Marian B, Stidl R, Nersesyan A, Winter H, Simić T, Sontag G, Knasmüller S. Impact of lactic acid bacteria on oxidative DNA damage in human derived colon cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:1221-9. [PMID: 17942208 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer and a number of studies indicate that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possess antioxidant properties and may prevent these diseases. In the present study, we developed a model which allowed us to investigate the prevention of oxidative DNA damage in human derived colon (HT29) cells by LAB. Furthermore, we investigated if these effects correlate with superoxide (O2(-)) resistance of the strains. The protective properties of 55 strains were monitored in single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays. After preincubation of the cells with LAB (60 min), oxidative damage was induced by exposure to plumbagin (5.0 microM, 120 min) which releases O2(-) or by hydrogen peroxide (50 microM, 10 min); O2(-) resistance was monitored in plate growth inhibition assays. 25 strains (45%) reduced plumbagin induced DNA migration while only few of them (20%) were protective towards hydrogen peroxide induced damage. The strongest effects (up to 60% reduction of O2(-) induced DNA migration) were observed with representatives of the species Streptococcus thermophilus. The prevention of DNA damage in the colon cells by the bacteria did not correlate with their O2(-) resistance. Additional experiments indicate that the reduction of oxidative damage is only seen with viable bacteria but not with heat inactivated cells and that it takes also place when the colon cells are separated from the LAB by permeable filter membranes indicating that the bacteria release ROS protective factors into the medium. Dose response experiments showed that the protection depends on the concentration of the bacteria; significant effects were observed with titers 3 x 10(6-7)cells/ml. Unexpectedly, we found that a substantial fraction of the strains (13%) induced DNA damage in untreated cells, some of them increased also the effects of the ROS generating chemicals. Preliminary experiments with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) agar indicate that this phenomenon may be due to release of hydrogen peroxide by the bacteria. Overall, our study shows that the impact of LAB on DNA damage in human derived colon cells is ambivalent; while the majority of strains was protective against oxidative damage some of them induced per se pronounced DNA migration. Since the effects were seen with bacterial concentrations which may be reached in the intestinal tract after consumption of fermented milk products, it is likely that the effects we observed in the present study are relevant for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Juliana Koller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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191
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Abstract
AbstractProbiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the mucosal immune system constitute the gastrointestinal ecosystem. All three components are essential for complete functional and developmental maturity of the system. The viability of intestinal microflora (including probiotic strains) requires the availability of nutritional substrates (prebiotics), i.e. various types of fiber and oligosaccharides. Prebiotics are cleaved by microbial enzymes to numerous substances (short-chain fatty acids, aminoacids, polyamines, growth factors, vitamins and antioxidants) indispensable for metabolic and functional activities of the intestinal mucosa. The principal probiotics in use include lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, some nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces boulardii. These microbiota display favourable effects which qualify them for therapeutic use. For this purpose, probiotics have to fulfill a series of requirements verifying their efficacy and safety. Experimental and clinical studies examine the prerequisites for the administration of probiotics in digestive diseases, allergic and atopic affections, as well as in some extraintestinal conditions. Future goals of probiotic application include genomic analysis, controlled postnatal colonisation of the digestive tract, the use of probiotics as carriers of peroral vaccines, and recombinant probiotics with in-situ production and targeted application of therapeutic molecules.
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Finney M, Smullen J, Foster HA, Brokx S, Storey DM. Effects of low doses of lactitol on faecal microflora, pH, short chain fatty acids and gastrointestinal symptomology. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:307-14. [PMID: 17623227 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-007-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactitol (4-beta-D: -galactopyranosyl-D: -glucitol) is a sugar alcohol used as a sweetener. Previous studies have shown that it has a beneficial effect on intestinal microflora. AIMS OF THE STUDY To determine whether low doses of lactitol had beneficial effects without eliciting adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS Faecal bacterial populations (total anaerobes, total aerobes, enterobacteria, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli), faecal pH and faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were studied in a randomized longitudinal study of 75 non-adapted healthy adults before and after consumption of low doses of lactitol. Subjects consumed 25 g tablets of milk chocolate containing 10 g sweetener as sucrose:lactitol in ratios of 10:0, 5:5 or 0:10 daily for 7 d. RESULTS No significant changes in faecal bacterial counts occurred in the 10:0 or 5:5 sucrose:lactitol groups. There were no significant changes in faecal anaerobes, aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae or lactobacilli during the study period in subjects consuming 0:10 sucrose:lactitol but there was a significant increase (P = 0.017) in bifidobacteria. There were no significant changes in faecal pH and SCFA for the 10:0 or 5:5 sucrose:lactitol groups but a significant decrease (P = 0.02) in faecal pH and significant increases (P = 0.001) in concentrations of propionic and butyric acids were observed in the 0:10 sucrose:lactitol group. There were few adverse symptoms of gastrointestinal intolerance to the daily consumption of 10 g lactitol. CONCLUSIONS The results show that low doses of lactitol can beneficially affect the faecal flora without eliciting gross symptoms of intolerance and that lactitol can be classified as a prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Finney
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
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Schauber J, Weiler F, Gostner A, Melcher R, Kudlich T, Lührs H, Scheppach W. Human rectal mucosal gene expression after consumption of digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 50:1006-12. [PMID: 17039460 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of regular consumption of the low-digestible and prebiotic isomalt versus the digestible sucrose on gene expression in rectal mucosa was examined in a randomized double-blind crossover trial. Nineteen healthy volunteers received 30 g isomalt per day or 30 g sucrose as part of a controlled diet over two 4-week test periods with a 4-week washout period in between. At the end of each test phase rectal biopsies were obtained. After RNA extraction mucosal gene expression was assayed using GeneChip microarrays. In addition, expression of cathelicidin hCap18/LL37, cellular detoxification enzymes GSTpi, UGT1A1 and CYP3A4, cyclooxygenase 2 and barrier factors MUC2 and ZO-1 were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Microbiological analyses of fecal samples revealed a shift of the gut flora towards an increase of bifidobacteria following consumption of the diet containing isomalt. Isomalt consumption did not affect rectal mucosal gene expression in microarray analyses as compared to sucrose. In addition, the expression of cathelicidin LL37, GSTpi, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, COX-2, MUC2 and ZO-1 was not changed in rectal biopsies. We conclude that gene expression of the human rectal mucosa can reliably be measured in biopsy material taken at endoscopy. Dietary intervention with the low digestible isomalt compared with the digestible sucrose did not affect gene expression in the lining rectal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schauber
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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196
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Abstract
The potential ‘nutritional advantages’ of probiotics and prebiotics consist of preventive, and sometimes curative, effects against certain diseases. The evidence supporting such advantages, which requires randomised controlled trials and consistency of results from study to study, is rapidly increasing. This article summarizes the effects against diseases of intestinal origin. There is a high level of evidence for positive effects of some prebiotics to alleviate constipation and treat hepatic encephalopathy. Interesting aspects, but with a lower level of evidence at the present time, include prevention of colon cancer, intestinal infection, and recurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. There is a high level of evidence for positive effects of some probiotics in the alleviation of lactose intolerance, antibiotic-associated intestinal disorders and gastroenteritis. Evidence is rapidly growing regarding the prevention of recurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases. Positive trials have suggested preventive effects against intestinal colonization with specific gut pathogens includingClostridium difficileandHelicobacter pylori.
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197
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Mofredj A, Bahloul H, Chanut C. [Lactococcus lactis: an opportunistic bacterium?]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37:200-7. [PMID: 17336016 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactic bacteria have been used for centuries to ferment food and thus, to better preserve them. Considered as inoffensive for man, its use has largely spread in food industry. Some species are even being considered for the treatment of human diseases. Indeed, the development of new cellular biology technologies opens opportunities for the use of these bacteria as biotherapeutic agents. These species would produce heterogeneous proteins such as enzymes (lipase, lactase, esterase), chemical mediators (hormones and interleukins), and molecules able to stimulate local immune responses. However, rare cases of human infection, sometimes severe, were reported recently. They generally occured in patients with comorbidities with consumption of unpasteurized dairy products reported for some. The scarcity of these cases and their favorable outcome should not hinder the industrial and medical use of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mofredj
- Service de Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Général de Salon-de-Provence, 207, avenue Julien-Fabre, BP 321, 13658 Salon-de-Provence cedex, France.
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198
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Blaut M, Clavel T. Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J Nutr 2007; 137:751S-5S. [PMID: 17311972 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.751s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria colonizing the human intestinal tract exhibit a high phylogenetic diversity that reflects their immense metabolic potential. By virtue of their catalytic activity, the human gut micro-organisms have an impact on gastrointestinal function and host health. All dietary components that escape digestion in the small intestine are potential substrates of the bacteria in the colon. The bacterial conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and nonnutritive compounds such as polyphenolic substances leads to the formation of a large number of compounds that may have beneficial or adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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199
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Nabarlatz D, Montané D, Kardosová A, Bekesová S, Hríbalová V, Ebringerová A. Almond shell xylo-oligosaccharides exhibiting immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1122-8. [PMID: 17362891 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Partially O-acetylated xylo-oligosaccharides (DXO) isolated from almond shells by autohydrolysis as well as their de-acetylated form (DeXO) were subjected to chemical, molecular, and structural analyses. They represent a mixture of neutral and acidic oligomers and low-molecular weight polymers related to (4-O-methyl-D-glucurono)-D-xylan. DXO and DeXO showed direct mitogenic activity and enhancement of the T-mitogen-induced proliferation of rat thymocytes, indicating the immunostimulatory potential of the almond shell xylo-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Nabarlatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Rovira i Virgili University, Avinguda dels Països Catalans 26, E-43007 Tarragona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Szilagyi A, Nathwani U, Vinokuroff C, Correa JA, Shrier I. Evaluation of relationships among national colorectal cancer mortality rates, genetic lactase non-persistence status, and per capita yearly milk and milk product consumption. Nutr Cancer 2007; 55:151-6. [PMID: 17044769 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5502_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality in Western countries. Its putative pathogenesis revolves around genetic and environmental factors, particularly diet. One of the most studied dietary factors, dairy product intake, is still debated as a protective agent. The role of lactose as a candidate prebiotic (stimulating lactic acid bacteria) and its relation to genetic lactase non-persistence (LNP) status has not been evaluated. We undertook a review and analysis of national per capita dairy product consumption, national LNP prevalence, and national CRC mortality rates (CRCM) to determine whether relationships existed among these variables. Data on these three items were obtained from the available literature. A negative binomial regression model was used to compare national LNP status with national CRCM rates for three time periods. Pearson correlation was used to compare national per capita dairy food intake with national CRCM rates for the approximate midpoint time period of reviewed articles. We found that there was a significant positive correlation between per capita dairy food intake and CRCM rates. However, there was also a significant negative correlation between national LNP prevalence and CRCM rates. Population-based studies supported the suggestion that in both homogeneous high and homogeneous low prevalence LNP countries characterized by low and high dairy food intake respectively, dairy food consumption exerted a protective effect against CRC and CRCM rate. Because some population studies contradict the hypotheses that dairy food intake promotes CRC or that LNP status protects against CRC, we hypothesize that dairy food consumption may operate by two distinct mechanisms--one that operates at low doses in LNP subjects and another in high doses in non-LNP subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Canada.
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