151
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Herrmann IK, Beck-Schimmer B, Schumacher CM, Gschwind S, Kaech A, Ziegler U, Clavien PA, Günther D, Stark WJ, Graf R, Schlegel AA. In vivo risk evaluation of carbon-coated iron carbide nanoparticles based on short- and long-term exposure scenarios. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:783-96. [PMID: 26979124 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While carbon-encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles exhibit strong magnetic properties appealing for biomedical applications, potential side effects of such materials remain comparatively poorly understood. Here, we assess the effects of iron-based nanoparticles in an in vivo long-term study in mice with observation windows between 1 week and 1 year. MATERIALS & METHODS Functionalized (PEG or IgG) carbon-encapsulated platinum-spiked iron carbide nanoparticles were injected intravenously in mice (single or repeated dose administration). RESULTS One week after administration, magnetic nanoparticles were predominantly localized in organs of the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the lung and liver. After 1 year, particles were still present in these organs, however, without any evident tissue alterations, such as inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis or carcinogenesis. Importantly, reticuloendothelial system organs presented with normal function. CONCLUSION This long-term exposure study shows high in vivo compatibility of intravenously applied carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles suggesting continuing investigations on such materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge K Herrmann
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology & Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology & Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Schumacher
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Gschwind
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy & Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy & Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss HPB & Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Günther
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J Stark
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical & Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss HPB & Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea A Schlegel
- Swiss HPB & Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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152
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Nemmar A, Yuvaraju P, Beegam S, Yasin J, Kazzam EE, Ali BH. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in multiple organs of mice acutely exposed to amorphous silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:919-28. [PMID: 27022259 PMCID: PMC4788369 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s92278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of amorphous silica (SiO2) in biopharmaceutical and industrial fields can lead to human exposure by injection, skin penetration, ingestion, or inhalation. However, the in vivo acute toxicity of amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles (SiNPs) on multiple organs and the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. Presently, we investigated the acute (24 hours) effects of intraperitoneally administered 50 nm SiNPs (0.25 mg/kg) on systemic toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in the lung, heart, liver, kidney, and brain of mice. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased by SiNPs in the lung, liver, kidney, and brain, but was not changed in the heart. Similarly, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly affected by SiNPs in all organs studied. While the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α was insignificantly increased in the liver and brain, its increase was statistically significant in the lung, heart, and kidney. SiNPs induced a significant elevation in pulmonary and renal interleukin 6 and interleukin-1 beta in the lung, liver, and brain. Moreover, SiNPs caused a significant increase in DNA damage, assessed by comet assay, in all the organs studied. SiNPs caused leukocytosis and increased the plasma activities of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alanine aminotranferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. These results indicate that acute systemic exposure to SiNPs causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in several major organs, and highlight the need for thorough evaluation of SiNPs before they can be safely used in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Priya Yuvaraju
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sumaya Beegam
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Javed Yasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elsadig E Kazzam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Badreldin H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khoudh, Sultanate of Oman
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153
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Singh SP, Chinde S, Kamal SSK, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Grover P. Genotoxic effects of chromium oxide nanoparticles and microparticles in Wistar rats after 28 days of repeated oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3914-3924. [PMID: 26503004 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nanotechnology industry has advanced rapidly in the last 10 years giving rise to the growth of the nanoparticles (NPs) with great potential in various arenas. However, the same properties that make NPs interesting raise concerns because their toxicity has not been explored. The in vivo toxicology of chromium oxide (Cr2O3)-NPs is not known till date. Therefore, this study investigated the 28-day repeated toxicity after 30, 300 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day oral treatment with Cr2O3-NPs and Cr2O3 microparticles (MPs) in Wistar rats. The mean size of Cr2O3-NPs and Cr2O3-MPs was 34.89 ± 2.65 nm and 3.76 ± 3.41 μm, respectively. Genotoxicity was assessed using comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration (CA) assays. The results revealed a significant increase in DNA damage in peripheral blood leucocytes and liver, micronuclei and CA in bone marrow after exposure of 300 and 1000 mg/kg doses of Cr2O3-NPs and Cr2O3-MPs only at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Cr biodistribution was observed in all the tissues in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum amount of Cr was found in the kidneys and least in the brain of the treated rats. More of the Cr was excreted in the faeces than in the urine. Furthermore, nanotreated rats displayed much higher absorption and tissue accumulation. These findings provide initial data of the probable genotoxicity and biodistribution of NPs and MPs of Cr2O3 generated through repeated oral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Osmania University Main Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | | | - M F Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - M Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
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154
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Parivar K, Malekvand Fard F, Bayat M, Alavian SM, Motavaf M. Evaluation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity on Liver Cells of BALB/c Rats. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e28939. [PMID: 26889399 PMCID: PMC4753026 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.28939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Because of their unique magnetic properties, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) have extensive applications in various biomedical aspects. Investigation of the possible adverse aspects of these particles has lagged far behind their fast growing application. Objectives The current study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Fe3O4-NPs in the liver of mice. Materials and Methods In the present clinical trial, 90 BALB/c mice were randomly divided in 15 groups. Five control groups were fed by usual water and food. Five placebo groups were gavaged with physiological serum in doses of 25, 50, 75, 150, and 300 micrograms per gram of body weight (μg/gr). Five experimental groups were gavaged with Fe3O4-NPs, in doses of 25, 50, 75, 150, and 300 μg/gr. This pattern was repeated every other day, for 3 days. Then, the levels of liver enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] were compared between these groups. The histological alterations of livers were examined, as well. For statistical analysis, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney, with type I Bonferroni correction, as post-hoc, have been used. Results The administration of 150 and 300 μg/gr doses of Fe3O4-NPs were associated with significant elevation in liver enzymes, compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the histopathological effects were observed in the liver tissue of these groups. However, in groups treated with lower doses of Fe3O4-NPs, no significant adverse effect was observed. Conclusions Based on our results, the administration of Fe3O4-NPs causes dose dependent adverse effects on liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Malekvand Fard
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bayat
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahsa Motavaf
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mahsa Motavaf, Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188945186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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155
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156
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Ahmad H, Alam MM, Rahman MA, Minami H, Gafur MA. Epoxide Functional Temperature-Sensitive Semi-IPN Hydrogel Microspheres for Isolating Inorganic Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry; Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemistry; Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - M. A. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry; Rajshahi University; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - H. Minami
- Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - M. A. Gafur
- Pilot Plant and Process Development Centre; BCSIR; Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
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157
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Nallathamby PD, Hopf J, Irimata LE, McGinnity TL, Roeder RK. Preparation of fluorescent Au–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles and nanorods with tunable silica shell thickness and surface modification for immunotargeting. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5418-5428. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scalable methods for preparing and modifying Au–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles provide a platform for engineering size-dependent multifunctional properties for in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash D. Nallathamby
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- Bioengineering Graduate Program
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Juliane Hopf
- Environmental Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Lisa E. Irimata
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- Bioengineering Graduate Program
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Tracie L. McGinnity
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- Bioengineering Graduate Program
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Ryan K. Roeder
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
- Bioengineering Graduate Program
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
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158
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Taghavi F, Saljooghi AS, Gholizadeh M, Ramezani M. Deferasirox-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a potential cytotoxic agent. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two broad strategies for the use of iron chelators in cancer treatment have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Taghavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad
- Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
- Iran
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159
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Catalan-Figueroa J, Palma-Florez S, Alvarez G, Fritz HF, Jara MO, Morales JO. Nanomedicine and nanotoxicology: the pros and cons for neurodegeneration and brain cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11:171-87. [PMID: 26653284 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for brain diseases are mostly symptomatic and noncurative. Nanotechnology has the potential to facilitate the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier and to enhance their pharmacokinetic profile. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. Emerging evidence has also shown that nanoparticles have the ability to alter autophagy, which can induce inflammation and oxidative stress, or vice versa. These effects may increase neurodegenerative processes damage, but on the other hand, they may have benefits for brain cancer therapies. In this review, we emphasize how nanomaterials may induce neurotoxic effects focusing on neurodegeneration, and how these effects could be exploited toward brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Catalan-Figueroa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Laboratory of Neuroplasticity & Neurogenetics, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo Alvarez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Hans F Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Javier O Morales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, School of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
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160
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Arami H, Khandhar A, Liggitt D, Krishnan KM. In vivo delivery, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8576-607. [PMID: 26390044 PMCID: PMC4648695 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used during the last two decades, either as effective bio-imaging contrast agents or as carriers of biomolecules such as drugs, nucleic acids and peptides for controlled delivery to specific organs and tissues. Most of these novel applications require elaborate tuning of the physiochemical and surface properties of the IONPs. As new IONPs designs are envisioned, synergistic consideration of the body's innate biological barriers against the administered nanoparticles and the short and long-term side effects of the IONPs become even more essential. There are several important criteria (e.g. size and size-distribution, charge, coating molecules, and plasma protein adsorption) that can be effectively tuned to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the IONPs. This paper reviews these crucial parameters, in light of biological barriers in the body, and the latest IONPs design strategies used to overcome them. A careful review of the long-term biodistribution and side effects of the IONPs in relation to nanoparticle design is also given. While the discussions presented in this review are specific to IONPs, some of the information can be readily applied to other nanoparticle systems, such as gold, silver, silica, calcium phosphates and various polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Arami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Amit Khandhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Kannan M. Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
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161
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Rosillo-de la Torre A, Zurita-Olvera L, Orozco-Suárez S, Garcia Casillas PE, Salgado-Ceballos H, Luna-Bárcenas G, Rocha L. Phenytoin carried by silica core iron oxide nanoparticles reduces the expression of pharmacoresistant seizures in rats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3563-77. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was focused to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin (PHT) loaded in the silica core of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in an animal model with pharmacoresistant seizures. Materials & methods: PHT-loaded NPs were synthesized and characterized. The anticonvulsant effects of PHT-loaded NPs were investigated in rats with pharmacoresistant seizures associated with brain P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression. Results & conclusion: In P-gp-overexpressing rats, administration of PHT-loaded NPs resulted in reduced prevalence of clonus (40% p < 0.05) and tonic–clonic seizures (20%; p < 0.02). These effects were not evident when animals were treated with PHT not loaded in the NPs. The results obtained support the notion that NPs can be used as drugs carriers to the brain with pharmacoresistant seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Rosillo-de la Torre
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research & Advanced Studies, Calz. de los Tenorios No. 235. Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, Tlalpan, DF Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Zurita-Olvera
- Polymer & Biopolymer Research Group, Center of Research & Advanced Studies, Querétaro Unit, Libramiento Norponiente #2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, National Medical Center, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330. Col. Doctores, 06720, Cuauhtémoc, DF Mexico
| | - Perla E Garcia Casillas
- Institute of Engineer & Technology, Autonomus University of Juarez City, Av. del Charro no. 450 Nte. Col. Partido Romero, 32310, Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, National Medical Center, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330. Col. Doctores, 06720, Cuauhtémoc, DF Mexico
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Polymer & Biopolymer Research Group, Center of Research & Advanced Studies, Querétaro Unit, Libramiento Norponiente #2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research & Advanced Studies, Calz. de los Tenorios No. 235. Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, Tlalpan, DF Mexico
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162
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Hong F, Wang L, Yu X, Zhou Y, Hong J, Sheng L. Toxicological effect of TiO2 nanoparticle-induced myocarditis in mice. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:1029. [PMID: 26269254 PMCID: PMC4534482 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, impacts of exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the cardiovascular system are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TiO2 NPs induce myocarditis and its underlying molecular mechanism in the cardiac inflammation in mice. Mice were exposed to TiO2 NPs for 6 months; biochemical parameters of serum and expression of Th1-related and Th2-related cytokines in the heart were investigated. The results showed that TiO2 NP exposure resulted in cardiac lesions coupling with pulmonary inflammation; increases of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), C-reaction protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels; and a reduction of nitric oxide (NOx) level in the serum. These were associated with increases of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), creatine kinase, CRP, adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1, STAT3, or STAT6, GATA-binding domain-3, GATA-binding domain-4, endothelin-1 expression levels, and T-box expressed in T cells expression level that is the master regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors in the heart. These findings imply that TiO2 NP exposure may increase the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China,
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163
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Kwak M, Han L, Chen JJ, Fan R. Interfacing Inorganic Nanowire Arrays and Living Cells for Cellular Function Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5600-10. [PMID: 26349637 PMCID: PMC4676807 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanowires are among the most attractive functional materials, which have emerged in the past two decades. They have demonstrated applications in information technology and energy conversion, but their utility in biological or biomedical research remains relatively under-explored. Although nanowire-based sensors have been frequently reported for biomolecular detection, interfacing nanowire arrays and living mammalian cells for the direct analysis of cellular functions is a very recent endeavor. Cell-penetrating nanowires enabled effective delivery of biomolecules, electrical and optical stimulation and recording of intracellular signals over a long period of time. Non-penetrating, high-density nanowire arrays display rich interactions between the nanostructured substrate and the micro/nanoscale features of cell surfaces. Such interactions enable efficient capture of rare cells including circulating tumor cells and trafficking leukocytes from complex biospecimens. It also serves as a platform for probing cell traction force and neuronal guidance. The most recent advances in the field that exploits nanowire arrays (both penetrating and non-penetrating) to perform rapid analysis of cellular functions potentially for disease diagnosis and monitoring are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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164
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Patil US, Adireddy S, Jaiswal A, Mandava S, Lee BR, Chrisey DB. In Vitro/In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation and Quantification of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24417-50. [PMID: 26501258 PMCID: PMC4632758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in academic and commercial settings have alarmed the scientific community about the safety and assessment of toxicity profiles of IONPs. The great amount of diversity found in the cytotoxic measurements of IONPs points toward the necessity of careful characterization and quantification of IONPs. The present document discusses the major developments related to in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment of IONPs and its relationship with the physicochemical parameters of IONPs. Major discussion is included on the current spectrophotometric and imaging based techniques used for quantifying, and studying the clearance and biodistribution of IONPs. Several invasive and non-invasive quantification techniques along with the pitfalls are discussed in detail. Finally, critical guidelines are provided to optimize the design of IONPs to minimize the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwal S Patil
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
| | - Shiva Adireddy
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, 5050 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Ashvin Jaiswal
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Sree Mandava
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane avenue, SL-42, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Lee
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane avenue, SL-42, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Douglas B Chrisey
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, 5050 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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165
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Abstract
Therapeutic peptides represent a largely untapped resource in medicine today, especially in the central nervous system. Despite their ease of design and remarkably high target specificity, it is difficult to deliver them beyond the blood-brain barrier or into the required intracellular compartments. In addition, the instability of these peptides in vivo precludes their use to combat the symptoms of numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. In this review, we aim to characterize recent advances in the delivery of therapeutic peptides to the central nervous system past the blood-brain barrier and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the examined methods as well as explore new potential directions.
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166
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Shetake NG, Kumar A, Gaikwad S, Ray P, Desai S, Ningthoujam RS, Vatsa RK, Pandey BN. Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia therapy induces tumour growth inhibition by apoptosis and Hsp90/AKT modulation. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:909-19. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1075072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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167
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Interaction of SiO2 nanoparticles with neuronal cells: Ionic mechanisms involved in the perturbation of calcium homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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168
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Tracking Transplanted Stem Cells Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Nanoparticle Labeling Method in Urology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:231805. [PMID: 26413510 PMCID: PMC4564577 DOI: 10.1155/2015/231805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A reliable in vivo imaging method to localize transplanted cells and monitor their viability would enable a systematic investigation of cell therapy. Most stem cell transplantation studies have used immunohistological staining, which does not provide information about the migration of transplanted cells in vivo in the same host. Molecular imaging visualizes targeted cells in a living host, which enables determining the biological processes occurring in transplanted stem cells. Molecular imaging with labeled nanoparticles provides the opportunity to monitor transplanted cells noninvasively without sacrifice and to repeatedly evaluate them. Among several molecular imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high resolution and sensitivity of transplanted cells. MRI is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality with excellent image resolution for studying cellular dynamics.
Several types of nanoparticles including superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles have been used to magnetically label stem cells and monitor viability by MRI in the urologic field. This review focuses on the current role and limitations of MRI with labeled nanoparticles for tracking transplanted stem cells in urology.
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169
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Piccinetti CC, Montis C, Bonini M, Laurà R, Guerrera MC, Radaelli G, Vianello F, Santinelli V, Maradonna F, Nozzi V, Miccoli A, Olivotto I. Transfer of silica-coated magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles through food: a molecular and morphological study in zebrafish. Zebrafish 2015; 11:567-79. [PMID: 25372245 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedical applications has prompted extensive investigation of their interactions with biological systems also through animal models. A variety of toxic effects have been detected in NP-exposed fish and fish embryos, including oxidative stress and associated changes, such as lipid oxidation, apoptosis, and gene expression alterations. The main exposure route for fish is through food and the food web. This study was devised to investigate the effects of silica-coated NP administration through food in zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio). Silica-coated magnetic NPs were administered to ZF through feed (zooplankton) from day 1 to 15 posthatching (ph). Larvae were examined 6 and 15 days ph and adults 3 and 6 months ph. A multidisciplinary approach, including morphometric examination; light, transmission electron, and confocal microscopy; inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry; and real-time polymerase chain reaction, was applied to detect NP accumulation, structural and ultrastructural damage, and activation of detoxification processes in larvae and adults. Our findings document that the silica-coated NPs: (1) do not induce toxicity in ZF, (2) are excreted through feces, and (3) do not activate detoxification processes or promote tissue/cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carla Piccinetti
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
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170
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Lee HJ, An J, Doo SW, Kim JH, Choi SS, Lee SR, Park SW, Song YS, Kim SU. Improvement in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Bladder Fibrosis Using Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation into the Bladder Wall. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1253-63. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments on spinal cord injury (SCI) have largely focused on the transplantation of stem cells into injured spinal cords for motor recovery while neglecting to investigate bladder dysfunction. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of B10 human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) directly transplanted into the bladder wall of SCI rats and to determine whether they are capable of inhibiting collagen deposition and improving cystometric parameters in SCI rats. Forty 6-week-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups (group 1: control, group 2: sham operated, group 3: SCI, group 4: SCI rats that received B10 cells). B10 cells were labeled with fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Four weeks after the onset of SCI, MNP-labeled B10 cells were injected to the bladder wall. Serial magnetic resonance (MR) images were taken immediately after MNP-B10 injection and at 4 weeks posttransplantation. Voiding function was assessed at 4 weeks posttransplantation, and the bladder was harvested. Improvements in bladder fibrosis and bladder function were monitored by molecular MR imaging. Transplantation of B10 cells into the SCI rats markedly reduced their weights and collagen deposition. MR images showed a clear hypointense signal induced by the MNP-labeled B10 cells at 4 weeks posttransplantation. Transplanted B10 cells were found to differentiate into smooth muscle cells. The intercontraction interval decreased, and the maximal voiding pressure increased after SCI but recovered after B10 cell transplantation. Survival of B10 cells was found at 4 weeks posttransplantation using anti-human mitochondria antibody staining and MR imaging. The transplanted B10 cells inhibited bladder fibrosis and ameliorated bladder dysfunction in the rat SCI model. MSC-based cell transplantation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for bladder dysfunction in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin An
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Whan Doo
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Korea
| | - Seung Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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171
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Movement of magnetic nanoparticles in brain tissue: mechanisms and impact on normal neuronal function. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1821-9. [PMID: 26115639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used as effective vehicles for targeted delivery of theranostic agents in the brain. The advantage of magnetic targeting lies in the ability to control the concentration and distribution of therapy to a desired target region using external driving magnets. In this study, we investigated the behavior and safety of MNP motion in brain tissue. We found that MNPs move and form nanoparticle chains in the presence of a uniform magnetic field, and that this chaining is influenced by the applied magnetic field intensity and the concentration of MNPs in the tissue. Using electrophysiology recordings, immunohistochemistry and fluorescent imaging we assessed the functional health of neurons and neural circuits and found no adverse effects associated with MNP motion through brain tissue. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Much research has been done to test the use of nanocarriers for gaining access across the blood brain barrier (BBB). In this respect, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the most studied candidates. Nonetheless, the behavior and safety of MNP once inside brain tissue remains unknown. In this article, the authors thus studied this very important subject.
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172
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Kim SW, Khang D. Multiple cues on the physiochemical, mesenchymal, and intracellular trafficking interactions with nanocarriers to maximize tumor target efficiency. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3989-4008. [PMID: 26124658 PMCID: PMC4476429 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, numerous medical strategies have been employed to overcome neoplasms. In fact, with the exception of lung, bronchial, and pancreatic cancers, the 5-year survival rate of most cancers currently exceeds 70%. However, the quality of life of patients during chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory despite the increase in survival rate. The side effects of current chemotherapies stem from poor target efficiency at tumor sites due to the uncontrolled biodistribution of anticancer agents (ie, conventional or current approved nanodrugs). This review discusses the effective physiochemical factors for determining biodistribution of nanocarriers and, ultimately, increasing tumor-targeting probability by avoiding the reticuloendothelial system. Second, stem cell-conjugated nanotherapeutics was addressed to maximize the tumor searching ability and to inhibit tumor growth. Lastly, physicochemical material properties of anticancer nanodrugs were discussed for targeting cellular organelles with modulation of drug-release time. A better understanding of suggested topics will increase the tumor-targeting ability of anticancer drugs and, ultimately, promote the quality of life of cancer patients during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Kim
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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173
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Luo YH, Chang LW, Lin P. Metal-Based Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:143720. [PMID: 26125021 PMCID: PMC4466342 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, including metal-based nanoparticles, are used for various biological and medical applications. However, metals affect immune functions in many animal species including humans. Different physical and chemical properties induce different cellular responses, such as cellular uptake and intracellular biodistribution, leading to the different immune responses. The goals of this review are to summarize and discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses triggered by metal-based nanoparticles in a variety of immune system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsia Luo
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Louis W. Chang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Pinpin Lin
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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174
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Santos GCM, Tiago M, Maria-Engler SS, Pinto TDJA. Three-Dimensional Systems in Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles Safety Evaluation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.1002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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175
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Murali K, Kenesei K, Li Y, Demeter K, Környei Z, Madarász E. Uptake and bio-reactivity of polystyrene nanoparticles is affected by surface modifications, ageing and LPS adsorption: in vitro studies on neural tissue cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4199-210. [PMID: 25673096 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of their capacity of crossing an intact blood-brain barrier and reaching the brain through an injured barrier or via the nasal epithelium, nanoparticles have been considered as vehicles to deliver drugs and as contrast materials for brain imaging. The potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles, however, is not fully explored. Using particles with a biologically inert polystyrene core material, we investigated the role of the chemical composition of particle surfaces in the in vitro interaction with different neural cell types. PS NPs within a size-range of 45-70 nm influenced the metabolic activity of cells depending on the cell-type, but caused toxicity only at extremely high particle concentrations. Neurons did not internalize particles, while microglial cells ingested a large amount of carboxylated but almost no PEGylated NPs. PEGylation reduced the protein adsorption, toxicity and cellular uptake of NPs. After storage (shelf-life >6 months), the toxicity and cellular uptake of NPs increased. The altered biological activity of "aged" NPs was due to particle aggregation and due to the adsorption of bioactive compounds on NP surfaces. Aggregation by increasing the size and sedimentation velocity of NPs results in increased cell-targeted NP doses. The ready endotoxin adsorption which cannot be prevented by PEG coating, can render the particles toxic. The age-dependent changes in otherwise harmless NPs could be the important sources for variability in the effects of NPs, and could explain the contradictory data obtained with "identical" NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarasamy Murali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony u., H-1083-Budapest, Hungary.
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176
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Migliore L, Uboldi C, Di Bucchianico S, Coppedè F. Nanomaterials and neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:149-170. [PMID: 25627719 DOI: 10.1002/em.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing application of nanotechnology in various industrial, environmental, and human settings raises questions surrounding the potential adverse effects induced by nanosized materials to human health, including the possible neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory properties of those substances and their capability to induce neurodegeneration. In this review, a panel of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), namely titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, iron NPs, and carbon nanotubes have been focused. An overview has been provided of the in vitro and in vivo evidence of adverse effects to the central nervous system. Research indicated that these nanomaterials (NMs) not only reach the brain, but also can cause a certain degree of brain tissue damage, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, induction of oxidative stress, and inflammation, all potentially involved in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Surface chemistry of the NMs may play an important role in their localization and subsequent effects on the brain of rodents. In addition, NM shape differences may induce varying degrees of neurotoxicity. However, one of the potential biomedical applications of NMs is nanodevices for early diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches to counteract age related diseases. In this context, engineered NMs were promising vehicles to carry diagnostic and therapeutic compounds across the blood-brain barrier, thereby representing very timely and attractive theranostic tools in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, a careful assessment of the risk-benefit ratio must be taken into consideration in using nanosized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Migliore
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
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177
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Weitzmann MN, Ha SW, Vikulina T, Roser-Page S, Lee JK, Beck GR. Bioactive silica nanoparticles reverse age-associated bone loss in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:959-967. [PMID: 25680544 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently reported that in vitro, engineered 50nm spherical silica nanoparticles promote the differentiation and activity of bone building osteoblasts but suppress bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Furthermore, these nanoparticles promote bone accretion in young mice in vivo. We have now investigated the capacity of these nanoparticles to reverse bone loss in aged mice, a model of human senile osteoporosis. Aged mice received nanoparticles weekly and bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and bone turnover were quantified. Our data revealed a significant increase in BMD, bone volume, and biochemical markers of bone formation. Biochemical and histological examinations failed to identify any abnormalities caused by nanoparticle administration. Our studies demonstrate that silica nanoparticles effectively blunt and reverse age-associated bone loss in mice by a mechanism involving promotion of bone formation. The data suggest that osteogenic silica nanoparticles may be a safe and effective therapeutic for counteracting age-associated bone loss. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Osteoporosis poses a significant problem in the society. Based on their previous in-vitro findings, the authors' group investigated the effects of spherical silica nanoparticles in reversing bone loss in a mouse model of osteoporosis. The results showed that intra-peritoneal injections of silica nanoparticles could increase bone mineral density, with little observed toxic side effects. This novel method may prove important in future therapy for combating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neale Weitzmann
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.,Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.,The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA 30322, USA
| | - Shin-Woo Ha
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Tatyana Vikulina
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Susanne Roser-Page
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.,Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Jin-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - George R Beck
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.,Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.,The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA 30322, USA
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178
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Yang L, Kuang H, Zhang W, Aguilar ZP, Xiong Y, Lai W, Xu H, Wei H. Size dependent biodistribution and toxicokinetics of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in mice. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:625-636. [PMID: 25423473 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the immense benefits from iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNs), there is scanty information regarding their metabolic activities and toxicity in vivo. In this study, we investigated the size dependent in vivo biodistribution, toxicokinetics, and toxicity and gene expression changes of various sizes of carboxyl coated IOMNs (diameters of 10, 20, 30, and 40 nm). Our findings demonstrated that the various sizes of IOMNs accumulated primarily in the liver and spleen on the first day post-injection. Interestingly, size dependent biodistribution and transport were observed: the smallest IOMNs (10 nm) showed the highest uptake by the liver, whereas the largest IOMNs (40 nm) showed the highest uptake by the spleen. Moreover, the IOMNs with the smallest size (10 nm) were cleared faster from the liver and kidneys, but more readily entered the brain and the uterus. IOMNs with the largest size (40 nm) accumulated more readily but were easily eliminated in the spleen. However, the level of iron in the heart decreased in all IOMN exposed groups. In addition, blood biochemistry, hematological analyses and histological examination demonstrated that there was no apparent acute toxicity caused by IOMNs in mice. However, smaller IOMNs (10 nm and 20 nm) more effectively changed the expression level of sensitive genes related to oxidant stress, iron transport, metabolic process, apoptosis, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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179
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Caltagirone C, Bettoschi A, Garau A, Montis R. Silica-based nanoparticles: a versatile tool for the development of efficient imaging agents. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4645-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review a selection of the most recent examples of imaging techniques applied to silica-based NPs for imaging is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caltagirone
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Alexandre Bettoschi
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Garau
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Montis
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
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180
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Gautam RK, Soni S, Chattopadhyaya MC. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation. HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH ON DIVERSE APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE, CHEMISTRY, AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6363-3.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Water pollution by anthropogenic activities is proving to be of critical concern as the heavy metals affect aquatic organisms and can quickly disperse to large distances. This poses a risk to both human health and the aquatic biota. Hence, there is a need to treat the wastewater containing toxic metals before they are discharged into the water bodies. During recent years, magnetic nanoparticles came to the foreground of scientific interest as a potential adsorbent of novel wastewater treatment processes. Magnetic nanoparticles have received much attention due to their unique properties, such as extremely small size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, surface modifiability, multi functionality, excellent magnetic properties, low-cost synthesis, and great biocompatibility. The multi-functional magnetic nanoparticles have been successfully applied for the reduction of toxic metal ions up to ppb level in waste-treated water. This chapter highlights the potential application of magnetic nanoparticles for the removal of heavy metals.
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181
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Milto IV, Grishanova AY, Klimenteva TK, Suhodolo IV, Vasukov GY, Ivanova VV. Iron metabolism after application of modified magnetite nanoparticles in rats. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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182
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Shim KH, Jeong KH, Bae SO, Kang MO, Maeng EH, Choi CS, Kim YR, Hulme J, Lee EK, Kim MK, An SSA. Assessment of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticle permeability through and toxicity to the blood-brain barrier using Evans blue and TEM. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:225-33. [PMID: 25565840 PMCID: PMC4279764 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As increasing variants of nanoparticles (NPs) are being used in various products, it has become apparent that size alone can no longer adequately explain the variety of generated toxic profiles. Recent studies with NPs have suggested that various sizes of NPs could determine in vitro toxicity. In an attempt to address concerns regarding neurotoxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silica (SiO2) NPs, these were examined after exposing them via oral, dermal, and intravenous administrations of NPs and their toxicological effects on the brain over a prescribed period of time were assessed. After 28 days of repeated oral administrations of ZnO or SiO2 independently, possibly due to damages to the blood brain barrier (BBB), neurotoxicity, were investigated by Evans blue technique. Next, in order to assess whether ZnO NPs could compromise the BBB, ZnO NPs were intravenously injected on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 no further treatment was administered for 62 days. Deposition of SiO2 in brain from repeated dermal and oral administrations for 90 days were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy coupled with scanning energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Physiochemical profiles were principally determined on particle size at the beginning of the current toxicity investigations on ZnO and SiO2 NPs. The BBB was found to be intact after independent repeated oral administrations of ZnO or SiO2 NPs for 28 days, suggesting no significant damage. Neuronal death was also not observed after the intravenous administrations of ZnO NPs. After 90 days of repeated dermal and oral administration of SiO2 NPs, no deposition of NPs was observed in hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum regions using transmission electron microscope analyses. These observations suggest that the BBB was not compromised and was able to block penetration of ZnO and SiO2 NPs, resulting in significant neurotoxic effects. Moreover, absence of SiO2 in three regions of brain after dermal and oral administrations for 90 days suggested that brain was protected from SiO2. No behavior change was observed in all studies, suggesting that 90 days may not be long enough to assess full neurotoxicity of NPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee GilYa Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Oh Bae
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Min O Kang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ho Maeng
- Department of Analysis, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), Gimpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee GilYa Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University Medical School and College, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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183
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Ryu HJ, Seong NW, So BJ, Seo HS, Kim JH, Hong JS, Park MK, Kim MS, Kim YR, Cho KB, Seo MY, Kim MK, Maeng EH, Son SW. Evaluation of silica nanoparticle toxicity after topical exposure for 90 days. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:127-36. [PMID: 25565831 PMCID: PMC4279761 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica is a very common material that can be found in both crystalline and amorphous forms. Well-known toxicities of the lung can occur after exposure to the crystalline form of silica. However, the toxicities of the amorphous form of silica have not been thoroughly studied. The majority of in vivo studies of amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs) were performed using an inhalation exposure method. Since silica NPs can be commonly administered through the skin, a study of dermal silica toxicity was necessary to determine any harmful effects from dermal exposures. The present study focused on the results of systemic toxicity after applying 20 nm colloidal silica NPs on rat skin for 90 days, in accordance with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guideline 411 with a good laboratory practice system. Unlike the inhalation route or gastrointestinal route, the contact of silica NPs through skin did not result in any toxicity or any change in internal organs up to a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nak-won Seong
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Byoung Joon So
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-sik Seo
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jun-ho Kim
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sup Hong
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Myeong-kyu Park
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Cho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinheung College, Uijeongbu, South Korea
| | - Mu Yeb Seo
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Meyoung-Kon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ho Maeng
- Korea Testing and Research Institute, Gyunggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Sang Wook Son
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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184
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Lin Z, Monteiro‐Riviere NA, Riviere JE. Pharmacokinetics of metallic nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:189-217. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Nancy A. Monteiro‐Riviere
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
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185
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Angelstorf JS, Ahlf W, von der Kammer F, Heise S. Impact of particle size and light exposure on the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2288-2296. [PMID: 24943878 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles in industrial and consumer products leads to a release of the anthropogenic contaminants to the aquatic environment. To obtain a better understanding of the environmental effects of these particles, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to investigate the organism-level effects and in vivo molecular responses. Toxicity of bulk-scale (∼160 nm) and nanoscale (21 nm) titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) was tested under dark and light conditions, following ISO 10872. The expression of sod-3, a mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, was quantified as an indicator for oxidative stress induced by the photocatalytically active material. Particle sizes were estimated using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Although both materials agglomerated to a comparable secondary particle size of 300 nm to 1500 nm and were ingested into the intestine, only nanoscale-TiO2 significantly inhibited reproduction (lowest-observed-effect-concentration [LOEC]: 10 mg/L). Light exposure induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nanoscale-TiO2 and increased toxicity of the nanomaterial from a median effect concentration of more than 100 mg/L to 53 mg/L. No evidence was found for inner cellular photocatalytic activity of nanoscale-TiO2 . Therefore, oxidative damage of the membranes of intestinal cells is suggested as a potential mode of action. Results highlight the importance of primary particle size and environmental parameters on the toxicity of TiO2 .
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186
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When neurons encounter nanoobjects: spotlight on calcium signalling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9621-37. [PMID: 25229698 PMCID: PMC4199039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized objects are increasingly present in everyday life and in specialized technological applications. In recent years, as a consequence of concern about their potential adverse effects, intense research effort has led to a better understanding of the physicochemical properties that underlie their biocompatibility or potential toxicity, setting the basis for a rational approach to their use in the different fields of application. Among the functional parameters that can be perturbed by interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and living structures, calcium homeostasis is one of the key players and has been actively investigated. One of the most relevant biological targets is represented by the nervous system (NS), since it has been shown that these objects can access the NS through several pathways; moreover, engineered nanoparticles are increasingly developed to be used for imaging and drug delivery in the NS. In neurons, calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through a complex set of mechanisms controlling both calcium increases and recovery to the basal levels, and even minor perturbations can have severe consequences on neuronal viability and function, such as excitability and synaptic transmission. In this review, we will focus on the available knowledge about the effects of NPs on the mechanisms controlling calcium signalling and homeostasis in neurons. We have taken into account the data related to environmental NPs, and, in more detail, studies employing engineered NPs, since their more strictly controlled chemical and physical properties allow a better understanding of the relevant parameters that determine the biological responses they elicit. The literature on this specific subject is all quite recent, and we have based the review on the data present in papers dealing strictly with nanoparticles and calcium signals in neuronal cells; while they presently amount to about 20 papers, and no related review is available, the field is rapidly growing and some relevant information is already available. A few general findings can be summarized: most NPs interfere with neuronal calcium homeostasis by interactions at the plasmamembrane, and not following their internalization; influx from the extracellular medium is the main mechanism involved; the effects are dependent in a complex way from concentration, size and surface properties.
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187
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Nuñez-Anita RE, Acosta-Torres LS, Vilar-Pineda J, Martínez-Espinosa JC, de la Fuente-Hernández J, Castaño VM. Toxicology of antimicrobial nanoparticles for prosthetic devices. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3999-4006. [PMID: 25187703 PMCID: PMC4149446 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s63064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology are producing an accelerated proliferation of new nanomaterial composites that are likely to become an important source of engineered health-related products. Nanoparticles with antifungal effects are of great interest in the formulation of microbicidal materials. Fungi are found as innocuous commensals and colonize various habitats in and on humans, especially the skin and mucosa. As growth on surfaces is a natural part of the Candida spp. lifestyle, one can expect that Candida organisms colonize prosthetic devices, such as dentures. Macromolecular systems, due to their properties, allow efficient use of these materials in various fields, including the creation of reinforced nanoparticle polymers with antimicrobial activity. This review briefly summarizes the results of studies conducted during the past decade and especially in the last few years focused on the toxicity of different antimicrobial polymers and factors influencing their activities, as well as the main applications of antimicrobial polymers in dentistry. The present study addresses aspects that are often overlooked in nanotoxicology studies, such as careful time-dependent characterization of agglomeration and ion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarìmbaro Municipio de Morelia, Michoacán, Meóxico
| | - Laura Susana Acosta-Torres
- Escuela Nacionalde Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autoónoma de Meóxico, Unidad Leoón, Leòn Guanajuato, Meóxico
| | - Jorge Vilar-Pineda
- Escuela Nacionalde Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autoónoma de Meóxico, Unidad Leoón, Leòn Guanajuato, Meóxico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Espinosa
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenieria Campus Guanajuato, Instituto Politeócnico Nacional, Leòn Guanajuato, Meóxico
| | - Javier de la Fuente-Hernández
- Escuela Nacionalde Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autoónoma de Meóxico, Unidad Leoón, Leòn Guanajuato, Meóxico
| | - Víctor Manuel Castaño
- Departamento de Materiales Moleculares, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autoónoma de Meóxico, Campus Juriquilla, Querètaro, Meóxico
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188
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Heger Z, Cernei N, Blazkova I, Kopel P, Masarik M, Zitka O, Adam V, Kizek R. γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Covered with Glutathione-Modified Quantum Dots as a Fluorescent Nanotransporter. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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189
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Xu B, Chen M, Ji X, Mao Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Xia Y. Metabolomic profiles delineate the potential role of glycine in gold nanorod-induced disruption of mitochondria and blood-testis barrier factors in TM-4 cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8265-8273. [PMID: 24931221 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are commonly used nanomaterials with potential harmful effects on male reproduction. However, the mechanism by which GNRs affect male reproduction remains largely undetermined. In this study, the metabolic changes in spermatocyte-derived cells GC-2 and Sertoli cell line TM-4 were analyzed after GNR treatment for 24 h. Metabolomic analysis revealed that glycine was highly decreased in TM-4 cells after GNR-10 nM treatment while there was no significant change in GC-2 cells. RT-PCR showed that the mRNA levels of glycine synthases in the mitochondrial pathway decreased after GNR treatment, while there was no significant difference in mRNA levels of glycine synthases in the cytoplasmic pathway. High content screening (HCS) showed that GNRs decreased membrane permeability and mitochondrial membrane potential of TM-4 cells, which was also confirmed by JC-1 staining. In addition, RT-PCR and Western blot indicated that the mRNA and protein levels of blood-testis barrier (BTB) factors (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5, and connexin-43) in TM-4 cells were also disrupted by GNRs. After glycine was added into the medium, the GNR-induced harmful effects on mitochondria and BTB factors were recovered in TM-4 cells. Our results showed that even low doses of GNRs could induce significant toxic effects on mitochondria and BTB factors in TM-4 cells. Furthermore, we revealed that glycine was a potentially important metabolic intermediary for the changes of membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential and BTB factors after GNR treatment in TM-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, China.
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190
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Petters C, Irrsack E, Koch M, Dringen R. Uptake and metabolism of iron oxide nanoparticles in brain cells. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1648-60. [PMID: 25011394 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used for various applications in biomedicine, for example as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, for cell tracking and for anti-tumor treatment. However, IONPs are also known for their toxic effects on cells and tissues which are at least in part caused by iron-mediated radical formation and oxidative stress. The potential toxicity of IONPs is especially important concerning the use of IONPs for neurobiological applications as alterations in brain iron homeostasis are strongly connected with human neurodegenerative diseases. Since IONPs are able to enter the brain, potential adverse consequences of an exposure of brain cells to IONPs have to be considered. This article describes the pathways that allow IONPs to enter the brain and summarizes the current knowledge on the uptake, the metabolism and the toxicity of IONPs for the different types of brain cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Petters
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
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191
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Zhang D, Gao A, Xu Y, Yin XB, He XW, Zhang YK. Gd–Al co-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with Ru(bpy)32+as a dual-modality probe for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Analyst 2014; 139:4613-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00816b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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192
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In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Bovine Serum Albumin and Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/ijb.16858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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193
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Borisova T, Krisanova N, Borуsov A, Sivko R, Ostapchenko L, Babic M, Horak D. Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:778-88. [PMID: 24991515 PMCID: PMC4077395 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field promises breakthroughs in nano-neurotechnology. D-Mannose-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts followed by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite and addition of D-mannose. Effects of D-mannose-coated superparamagnetic maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles on key characteristics of the glutamatergic neurotransmission were analysed. Using radiolabeled L-[(14)C]glutamate, it was shown that D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles did not affect high-affinity Na(+)-dependent uptake, tonic release and the extracellular level of L-[(14)C]glutamate in isolated rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Also, the membrane potential of synaptosomes and acidification of synaptic vesicles was not changed as a result of the application of D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. This was demonstrated with the potential-sensitive fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G and the pH-sensitive dye acridine orange. The study also focused on the analysis of the potential use of these nanoparticles for manipulation of nerve terminals by an external magnetic field. It was shown that more than 84.3 ± 5.0% of L-[(14)C]glutamate-loaded synaptosomes (1 mg of protein/mL) incubated for 5 min with D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (250 µg/mL) moved to an area, in which the magnet (250 mT, gradient 5.5 Т/m) was applied compared to 33.5 ± 3.0% of the control and 48.6 ± 3.0% of samples that were treated with uncoated nanoparticles. Therefore, isolated brain nerve terminals can be easily manipulated by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, while the key characteristics of glutamatergic neurotransmission are not affected. In other words, functionally active synaptosomes labeled with D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Arsenii Borуsov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
- The Biological Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska Str, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Roman Sivko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Ludmila Ostapchenko
- The Biological Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska Str, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Michal Babic
- The Department of Polymer Particles, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horak
- The Department of Polymer Particles, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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194
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Garcia TX, Costa GMJ, França LR, Hofmann MC. Sub-acute intravenous administration of silver nanoparticles in male mice alters Leydig cell function and testosterone levels. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 45:59-70. [PMID: 24447867 PMCID: PMC4309383 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether short-term, in vivo exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could be toxic to male reproduction. Low dose (1mg/kg/dose) AgNPs were intravenously injected into male CD1 mice over 12 days. Treatment resulted in no changes in body and testis weights, sperm concentration and motility, fertility indices, or follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone serum concentrations; however, serum and intratesticular testosterone concentrations were significantly increased 15 days after initial treatment. Histologic evaluation revealed significant changes in epithelium morphology, germ cell apoptosis, and Leydig cell size. Additionally, gene expression analysis revealed Cyp11a1 and Hsd3b1 mRNA significantly upregulated in treated animals. These data suggest that AgNPs do not impair spermatogonial stem cells in vivo since treatment did not result in significant decreases in testis weight and sperm concentrations. However, AgNPs appear to affect Leydig cell function, yielding increasing testicular and serum testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X Garcia
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guilherme M J Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz R França
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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195
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Borysov A, Krisanova N, Chunihin O, Ostapchenko L, Pozdnyakova N, Borisova T. A comparative study of neurotoxic potential of synthesized polysaccharide-coated and native ferritin-based magnetic nanoparticles. Croat Med J 2014; 55:195-205. [PMID: 24891278 PMCID: PMC4049204 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the neurotoxic potential of synthesized magnetite nanoparticles coated by dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, oxidized hydroxyethyl starch, and chitosan, and magnetic nanoparticles combined with ferritin as a native protein. METHODS The size of nanoparticles was analyzed using photon correlation spectroscopy, their effects on the conductance of planar lipid membrane by planar lipid bilayer technique, membrane potential and acidification of synaptic vesicles by spectrofluorimetry, and glutamate uptake and ambient level of glutamate in isolated rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes) by radiolabeled assay. RESULTS Uncoated synthesized magnetite nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated by different polysaccharides had no significant effect on synaptic vesicle acidification, the initial velocity of L-[(14)C]glutamate uptake, ambient level of L-[(14)C]glutamate and the potential of the plasma membrane of synaptosomes, and conductance of planar lipid membrane. Native ferritin-based magnetic nanoparticles had no effect on the membrane potential but significantly reduced L-[(14)C]glutamate transport in synaptosomes and acidification of synaptic vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that synthesized magnetite nanoparticles in contrast to ferritin have no effects on the functional state and glutamate transport of nerve terminals, and so ferritin cannot be used as a prototype, analogue, or model of polysaccharide-coated magnetic nanoparticle in toxicity risk assessment and manipulation of nerve terminals by external magnetic fields. Still, the ability of ferritin to change the functional state of nerve terminals in combination with its magnetic properties suggests its biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana Borisova
- Tatiana Borisova, Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine,
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196
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Taylor U, Garrels W, Barchanski A, Peterson S, Sajti L, Lucas-Hahn A, Gamrad L, Baulain U, Klein S, Kues WA, Barcikowski S, Rath D. Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:677-88. [PMID: 24991505 PMCID: PMC4077524 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intended exposure to gold and silver nanoparticles has increased exponentially over the last decade and will continue to rise due to their use in biomedical applications. In particular, reprotoxicological aspects of these particles still need to be addressed so that the potential impacts of this development on human health can be reliably estimated. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles on mammalian preimplantation development was assessed by injecting nanoparticles into one blastomere of murine 2 cell-embryos, while the sister blastomere served as an internal control. After treatment, embryos were cultured and embryo development up to the blastocyst stage was assessed. Development rates did not differ between microinjected and control groups (gold nanoparticles: 67.3%, silver nanoparticles: 61.5%, sham: 66.2%, handling control: 79.4%). Real-time PCR analysis of six developmentally important genes (BAX, BCL2L2, TP53, OCT4, NANOG, DNMT3A) did not reveal an influence on gene expression in blastocysts. Contrary to silver nanoparticles, exposure to comparable Ag(+)-ion concentrations resulted in an immediate arrest of embryo development. In conclusion, the results do not indicate any detrimental effect of colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles on the development of murine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Taylor
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Annette Barchanski
- Nanotechnology Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svea Peterson
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Rostock, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 4, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Laszlo Sajti
- Nanotechnology Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Lisa Gamrad
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Detlef Rath
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
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197
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Fouriki A, Dobson J. Oscillating magnet array-based nanomagnetic gene transfection of human mesenchymal stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:989-97. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this work, the potential of nanomagnetic transfection of primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the effects of a novel nonviral oscillating magnet array system in enhancing transfection efficiency were investigated. Materials & methods: Green fluorescent protein plasmids coupled to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were introduced onto hMSCs in culture. Magnetic fields generated by arrays of neodymium iron boron magnets positioned below the culture plates direct the MNP/DNA complexes into contact with the cells. The magnet arrays were oscillated, promoting more efficient endocytosis via mechanical stimulation. Green fluorescent protein expression, cell viability and stem cell surface markers were assayed. Results: MNP/DNA complexes were delivered into hMSCs, and the oscillating magnet array system appears to improve transfection efficiency as well as cell viability. The expression of hMSC-specific cell surface markers was unaffected. Conclusion: Nonviral transfection using MNPs and oscillating magnet arrays offers a more efficient and ‘cell-friendly’ method of transfecting hMSCs than other nonviral techniques, while preserving their stem cell characteristics. Original submitted 8 March 2012; Revised submitted 12 February 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Fouriki
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Jon Dobson
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, & the Institute for Cell Engineering & Regenerative Medicine University of Florida, PO Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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198
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Ha SW, Sikorski JA, Weitzmann MN, Beck GR. Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective concentration, and cytotoxicity profile in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:354-64. [PMID: 24333519 PMCID: PMC3926416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety profiling of ∼ 50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal concentration (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective concentration at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woo Ha
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James A Sikorski
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, 421 Shetland Valley Ct., Chesterfield, MO 63005, USA
| | - M Neale Weitzmann
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - George R Beck
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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199
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Fabrication and neuron cytocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with silk-fibroin peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:465-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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200
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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Jia J, Gao N, Li Y, Zhang R, Jiang G, Yan B. Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3762-809. [PMID: 24647382 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is having a tremendous impact on our society. However, societal concerns about human safety under nanoparticle exposure may derail the broad application of this promising technology. Nanoparticles may enter the human body via various routes, including respiratory pathways, the digestive tract, skin contact, intravenous injection, and implantation. After absorption, nanoparticles are carried to distal organs by the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. During this process, they interact with biological molecules and perturb physiological systems. Although some ingested or absorbed nanoparticles are eliminated, others remain in the body for a long time. The human body is composed of multiple systems that work together to maintain physiological homeostasis. The unexpected invasion of these systems by nanoparticles disturbs normal cell signaling, impairs cell and organ functions, and may even cause pathological disorders. This review examines the comprehensive health risks of exposure to nanoparticles by discussing how nanoparticles perturb various physiological systems as revealed by animal studies. The potential toxicity of nanoparticles to each physiological system and the implications of disrupting the balance among systems are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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