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Nishimura T, Andoh A, Nishida A, Shioya M, Koizumi Y, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y. FR167653, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, aggravates experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5851-6. [PMID: 18855984 PMCID: PMC2751895 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of FR167653 on the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.
METHODS: BALB/c mice were fed rodent chow containing 3.5% (wt/wt) DSS. The recipient mice underwent intra-peritoneal injection of vehicles or FR167653 (30 mg/kg per day). The mice were sacrificed on day 14, and the degree of colitis was assessed. Immunohistochemical analyses for CD4+ T cell and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration were also performed. Mucosal cytokine expression was analyzed by RT-PCR.
RESULTS: The body weight loss was more apparent in the FR167653-treated DSS mice than in the vehicle-treated DSS mice. The colon length was shorter in the FR167653-treated DSS mice than in the vehicle-treated DSS mice. Disease activity index and histological colitis score were significantly higher in FR167653- than in vehicle-treated DSS animals. Microscopically, mucosal edema, cellular infiltration (CD4 T cells and F4/80 macrophages), and the disruption of the epithelium were much more severe in FR167653-treated mice than in controls. Mucosal mRNA expression for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were found to be markedly reduced in FR167653-treated DSS mice.
CONCLUSION: Treatment with FR167653 aggravated DSS colitis in mice. This effect was accompanied by a reduction of mucosal IL-1β and TNF-α expression, suggesting a role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated proinflammatory cytokine induction in host defense mechanisms.
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152
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Yan Y, Dalmasso G, Nguyen HTT, Obertone TS, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. Nuclear factor-kappaB is a critical mediator of Ste20-like proline-/alanine-rich kinase regulation in intestinal inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1013-28. [PMID: 18787102 PMCID: PMC2543070 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to result from commensal flora, aberrant cellular stress, and genetic factors. Here we show that the expression of colonic Ste20-like proline-/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) that lacks a PAPA box and an F-alpha helix loop is increased in patients with IBD. The same effects were observed in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and in Caco2-BBE cells treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The 5'-flanking region of the SPAK gene contains two transcriptional start sites, three transcription factor Sp1-binding sites, and one transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-binding site, but no TATA elements. The NF-kappaB-binding site was essential for stimulated SPAK promoter activity by TNF-alpha, whereas the Sp1-binding sites were important for basal promoter activity. siRNA-induced knockdown of NF-kappaB, but not of Sp1, reduced TNF-alpha-induced SPAK expression. Nuclear run-on and mRNA decay assays demonstrated that TNF-alpha directly increased SPAK mRNA transcription without affecting SPAK mRNA stability. Furthermore, up-regulation of NF-kappaB expression and demethylation of the CpG islands induced by TNF-alpha also played roles in the up-regulation of SPAK expression. In conclusion, our data indicate that during inflammatory conditions, TNF-alpha is a key regulator of SPAK expression. The development of compounds that can either modulate or disrupt the activity of SPAK-mediated pathways is therefore important for the control and attenuation of downstream pathological responses, particularly in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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153
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Prevention of trabecular bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency by a selective p38alpha inhibitor. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1389-97. [PMID: 18442314 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased bone remodeling with estrogen deficiency is mediated by the production of cytokines such as TNFalpha and interleukin (IL)-1. Recent data have indicated that the p38 pathway mediates cytokines effects on enhanced bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of a selective p38alpha inhibitor, SD-282, on the prevention of bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency in an adult ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Results indicate that oral administration of SD-282 for 8 wk dose-dependently blunted the increase in the bone resorption marker DPD/Cr induced by OVX in adult rats. Associated with this effect, SD-282 did not reduce but significantly enhanced by 2-fold the rise in the bone formation marker serum osteocalcin observed in OVX animals. In addition, SD-282 completely blocked vertebral bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency. Furthermore, a partial preventive effect was observed in long bones with reduction of trabecular bone loss and enhancement of cross-sectional area of the diaphysis. Prevention of trabecular bone loss and increased in cortical bone area were associated with improvement of biomechanical resistances. In conclusion, chronic administration of a selective p38alpha inhibitor effectively prevented trabecular bone loss and alteration of bone microarchitecture induced by estrogen deficiency. Prevention of bone loss was associated with inhibition of bone resorption with uncoupled changes in bone formation. These data strongly suggest that the p38 pathway is important for regulation of bone resorption induced by estrogen deficiency, and selective inhibitors of this pathway have potential for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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154
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Prakash S, Malgorzata Urbanska A. Colon-targeted delivery of live bacterial cell biotherapeutics including microencapsulated live bacterial cells. Biologics 2008; 2:355-78. [PMID: 19707368 PMCID: PMC2721377 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been an ample interest in delivery of therapeutic molecules using live cells. Oral delivery has been stipulated as best way to deliver live cells to humans for therapy. Colon, in particular, is a part of gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been proposed to be an oral targeted site. The main objective of these oral therapy procedures is to deliver live cells not only to treat diseases like colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and other GI tract diseases like intestinal obstruction and gastritis, but also to deliver therapeutic molecules for overall therapy in various diseases such as renal failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and others. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancement in colon targeted live bacterial cell biotherapeutics. Current status of bacterial cell therapy, principles of artificial cells and its potentials in oral delivery of live bacterial cell biotherapeutics for clinical applications as well as biotherapeutic future perspectives are also discussed in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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155
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Yeh SS, Blackwood K, Schuster MW. The cytokine basis of cachexia and its treatment: are they ready for prime time? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9:219-36. [PMID: 18457797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a hypercatabolic condition that is often associated with the terminal stages of many diseases, in which the patient's resting metabolic rate is high and loss of muscle and fat tissue mass occur at an alarming rate. The patient also usually has concurrent anorexia, amplifying the wasting syndrome that is cachexia. The greater the extent of cachexia (regardless of underlying disease), the worse the prognosis. Efforts to treat cachexia over the years have fallen short of satisfactorily reversing the wasting syndrome. This article reviews the pathophysiology of cachexia, enumerating the different pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the syndrome and attempting to illustrate their interwoven pathways. We also review the different treatments that have been explored, as well as the recent literature addressing the use of anti-cytokine therapy to treat cachexia.
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156
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Van De Walle J, Romier B, Larondelle Y, Schneider YJ. Influence of deoxynivalenol on NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 secretion in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:205-14. [PMID: 18343055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent trichothecene mycotoxin in crops in Europe and North America. In human intestinal Caco-2 cells, DON activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We hypothesized a link between DON ingestion and intestinal inflammation, and used Caco-2 cells to assess the effects of DON, at plausible intestinal concentrations (250-10,000 ng/ml), on inflammatory mediators acting downstream the MAPKs cascade i.e. activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. In addition, Caco-2 cells were co-exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli in order to mimic an inflamed intestinal epithelium. Dose-dependent increases in NF-kappaB activity and IL-8 secretion were observed, reaching 1.4- and 7.6-fold, respectively using DON at 10 microg/ml. Phosphorylation of inhibitor-kappaB (IkappaB) increased (1.6-fold) at DON levels <0.5 microg/ml. Exposure of Caco-2 cells to pro-inflammatory agents, i.e. 25 ng/ml interleukin-1beta, 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha or 10 microg/ml lipopolysaccharides, activated NF-kappaB and increased IL-8 secretion. Synergistic interactions between these stimuli and DON were observed. These data show that DON induces NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 secretion dose-dependently in Caco-2 cells, and this effect was accentuated upon pro-inflammatory stimulation, suggesting DON exposure could cause or exacerbate intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Van De Walle
- Biochimie Cellulaire, Nutritionnelle & Toxicologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vie & Université catholique de Louvain, B 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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157
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Ma X, Jia YT, Qiu DK. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates experimental autoimmune hepatitis: Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4249-54. [PMID: 17696256 PMCID: PMC4250626 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i31.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in murine experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH).
METHODS: To induce EAH, the syngeneic S-100 antigen emulsified in complete Freud's adjuvant was injected intraperitoneally into adult male C57Bl/6 mice. Liver injury was assessed by serum ALT and liver histology. The expression and activity of p38 MAPK were measured by Western blot and kinase activity assays. In addition, DNA binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The effects of SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, on liver injuries and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-12, IL-1β and TNF-α) were observed.
RESULTS: The activity of p38 MAPK and NF-κB was increased and reached its peak 14 or 21 d after the first syngeneic S-100 administration. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation by SB203580 decreased the activation of NF-κB and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, hepatic injuries were improved significantly after SB203580 administration.
CONCLUSION: p38 MAPK and NF-κB play an important role in an animal model of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) induced by autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Ma
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
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158
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Cuevas BD, Abell AN, Johnson GL. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases in signal integration. Oncogene 2007; 26:3159-71. [PMID: 17496913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are members of a dynamic protein kinase network through which diverse stimuli regulate the spatio-temporal activities of complex biological systems. MAPKs regulate critical cellular functions required for homeostasis such as the expression of cytokines and proteases, cell cycle progression, cell adherence, motility and metabolism. MAPKs therefore influence cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and development. In vertebrates, five MAPK families are regulated by MAPK kinase kinase-MAPK kinase-MAPK (MKKK-MKK-MAPK) phosphorelay systems. There are at least 20 MKKKs that selectively phosphorylate and activate different combinations of the seven MKKs, resulting in a specific activation profile of members within the five MAPK families. MKKKs are differentially activated by upstream stimuli including cytokines, antigens, toxins and stress insults providing a mechanism to integrate the activation of different MAPKs with the cellular response to each stimulus. Thus, MKKKs can be considered as 'signaling hubs' that regulate the specificity of MAPK activation. In this review, we describe how the MKKK 'hub' function regulates the specificity of MAPK activation, highlighting MKKKs as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Cuevas
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
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159
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Davis T, Wyllie FS, Rokicki MJ, Bagley MC, Kipling D. The role of cellular senescence in Werner syndrome: toward therapeutic intervention in human premature aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1100:455-69. [PMID: 17460211 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1395.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder used as a model of normal human aging. WS individuals have several characteristics of normal aging, such as cataracts, hair graying, and skin aging, but manifest these at an early age. Additionally, WS individuals have high levels of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. The in vivo aging in WS is associated with accelerated aging of fibroblasts in culture. The cause of the accelerated senescence is not understood, but may be due to the genomic instability that is a hallmark of WS. Genome instability results in activation of stress kinases, such as p38, and the p38-specific inhibitor SB203580, prevents the accelerated senescence seen in WS fibroblasts. However, oxidative damage plays a role, as low oxygen conditions and antioxidant treatment revert some of the accelerated senescence phenotype. The effects of oxidative stress appear to be suppressible by SB203580; however, it does not appear to be transduced by p38. As SB203580 is known to inhibit other kinases in addition to p38, this suggests that more than one kinase pathway is involved. The recent development of p38 inhibitors with different binding properties, specificities, and oral bioavailability, and of new potent and selective inhibitors of JNK and MK2, will make it possible to dissect the roles of various kinase pathways in the accelerated senescence of WS cells. If this accelerated senescence is reflective of WS aging in vivo, these kinase inhibitors may well form the basis of antiaging therapies for individuals with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Davis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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160
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Chromik AM, Müller AM, Körner J, Belyaev O, Holland-Letz T, Schmitz F, Herdegen T, Uhl W, Mittelkötter U. Genetic deletion of JNK1 and JNK2 aggravates the DSS-induced colitis in mice. J INVEST SURG 2007; 20:23-33. [PMID: 17365404 DOI: 10.1080/08941930601126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are considered as novel targets for therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the relevant JNK isoforms have to be elucidated. Here, we analyze the individual contribution of the JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of experimental colitis. JNK1 and JNK2 knockout mice (JNK1 ko, JNK2 ko) and their wild-type controls (WT1, WT2) received three cycles of DSS treatment, each consisting of 1.7% DSS for 5 days, followed by 5 days with water. Animals were daily evaluated by a disease activity index (DAI) comprising measurement of body weight, estimation of stool consistency, and test for occult blood/gross rectal bleeding. After 30 days all animals were sacrificed, and the inflamed intestine was histologically evaluated by a crypt damage score. Unexpectedly, neither JNK1 ko nor JNK2 ko prevented mice from developing a chronic colitis when compared to wild-type controls WT1 and WT2, respectively. On the contrary, DAI and mortality were aggravated in JNK2 ko compared to WT2. DAI and mortality did not differ between JNK1 ko and WT1, but the histological crypt damage score was significantly enhanced in the cecum of JNK1 ko mice. Genetic deletion of JNK2 worsens the disease outcome in an experimental model of murine colitis. We hypothesize that the functional deletion of the otherwise proapoptotic JNK2 prolongs the activity of proinflammatory immune cells with deterioration of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Chromik
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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161
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Gan HT, Pasricha PJ, Chen JDZ. Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ameliorates delayed intestinal transit in burned rats. Am J Surg 2007; 193:530-7. [PMID: 17368305 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn injury has been shown to impair intestinal transit. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been shown to be involved in the production of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, on intestinal transit and to elucidate its possible mechanism. METHODS Burn rats and sham rats were divided into 4 groups: saline, S-methylisothiourea (a selective iNOS inhibitor), nimesulide (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), or SB203580. Intestinal transit was measured using phenol red and assessed using the geometric center. The protein or gene expression of NOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta were measured by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or Western blot analysis. p38 MAPK activity or myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined by using the p38 MAPK assay kit or MPO assay kit. RESULTS Intestinal transit was delayed significantly with burn injury, improved significantly with S-methylisothiourea and nimesulide, but almost completely normalized with SB203580. p38 MAPK activity, MPO activity, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta protein or gene expression increased markedly after burn injury. SB203580 inhibited p38 MAPK and MPO activity, and reduced iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta protein or gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Burn-induced delayed intestinal transit is associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway ameliorates delayed intestinal transit, at least in part, by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1beta expression. Thus, p38 MAPK could represent a novel target for therapy of gut dysmotility after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian Gan
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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162
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Boddupalli CS, Ghosh S, Rahim SS, Nair S, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE, Mukhopadhyay S. Nitric oxide inhibits interleukin-12 p40 through p38 MAPK-mediated regulation of calmodulin and c-rel. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:686-97. [PMID: 17291992 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In activated macrophages, the rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors are known to play important roles in interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 regulation by nitric oxide (NO). However, the relative contributions of these factors are not well understood. Here, we describe a dominant role for c-rel involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and calmodulin (CaM) protein in NO-mediated IL-12 p40 inhibition in activated macrophages. Inhibition of NO production by aminoguanidine increased, whereas sodium nitroprusside (SNP; an exogenous NO generator) reduced, nuclear c-rel levels in LPS + IFN-gamma-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Overexpression of c-rel but not p65 NF-kappaB increased IL-12 p40 during NO treatment. The p38 MAPK phosphorylation is increased by NO, and inhibition of p38 MAPK in SNP-treated macrophages by SB203580 or transient expression of a dominant-negative mutant of p38 MAPK upregulated both nuclear c-rel and IL-12 p40 levels, indicating that NO targeted the p38 MAPK pathway to inhibit c-rel and IL-12 p40. Cytoplasmic CaM level was increased by NO, and SB203580 decreased the CaM level in NO-exposed macrophages. Inhibition of CaM activity by trifluoperazine rescued the inhibitory effect of NO on c-rel and IL-12 p40. Our findings indicate that c-rel plays an important role in NO-mediated inhibition of IL-12 p40 and is regulated by p38 MAPK through CaM protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Boddupalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500076, Andhra Pradesh, India
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163
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McGilligan VE, Wallace JMW, Heavey PM, Ridley DL, Rowland IR. The effect of nicotine in vitro on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1593-8. [PMID: 17399881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is characterised by impairment of the epithelial barrier and tight junction alterations resulting in increased intestinal permeability. UC is less common in smokers with smoking reported to decrease paracellular permeability. The aim of this study was thus to determine the effect of nicotine, the major constituent in cigarettes and its metabolites on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The integrity of Caco-2 tight junctions was analysed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and by tracing the flux of the fluorescent marker fluorescein, after treatment with various concentrations of nicotine or nicotine metabolites over 48 h. TER was significantly higher compared to the control for all concentrations of nicotine 0.01-10 microM at 48 h (p<0.001), and for 0.01 microM (p<0.001) and 0.1 microM and 10 microM nicotine (p < 0.01) at 12 and 24 h. The fluorescein flux results supported those of the TER assay. TER readings for all nicotine metabolites tested were also higher at 24 and 48 h only (p < or = 0.01). Western blot analysis demonstrated that nicotine up-regulated the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 (p < or = 0.01). Overall, it appears that nicotine and its metabolites, at concentrations corresponding to those reported in the blood of smokers, can significantly improve tight junction integrity, and thus, decrease epithelial gut permeability. We have shown that in vitro, nicotine appears more potent than its metabolites in decreasing epithelial gut permeability. We speculate that this enhanced gut barrier may be the result of increased expression of claudin-1 and occludin proteins, which are associated with the formation of tight junctions. These findings may help explain the mechanism of action of nicotine treatment and indeed smoking in reducing epithelial gut permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E McGilligan
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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164
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McGilligan VE, Wallace JMW, Heavey PM, Ridley DL, Rowland IR. Hypothesis about mechanisms through which nicotine might exert its effect on the interdependence of inflammation and gut barrier function in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:108-15. [PMID: 17206646 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by impairment of the epithelial barrier and the formation of ulcer-type lesions, which result in local leaks and generalized alterations of mucosal tight junctions. Ultimately, this results in increased basal permeability. Although disruption of the epithelial barrier in the gut is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal infections, it remains unclear whether barrier breakdown is an initiating event of UC or rather a consequence of an underlying inflammation, evidenced by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. UC is less common in smokers, suggesting that the nicotine in cigarettes may ameliorate disease severity. The mechanism behind this therapeutic effect is still not fully understood, and indeed it remains unclear if nicotine is the true protective agent in cigarettes. Nicotine is metabolized in the body into a variety of metabolites and can also be degraded to form various breakdown products. It is possible these metabolites or degradation products may be the true protective or curative agents. A greater understanding of the pharmacodynamics and kinetics of nicotine in relation to the immune system and enhanced knowledge of gut permeability defects in UC are required to establish the exact protective nature of nicotine and its metabolites in UC. This review suggests possible hypotheses for the protective mechanism of nicotine in UC, highlighting the relationship between gut permeability and inflammation, and indicates where in the pathogenesis of the disease nicotine may mediate its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E McGilligan
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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165
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Sans M, Danese S, de la Motte C, de Souza HS, Rivera-Reyes BM, West GA, Phillips M, Katz JA, Fiocchi C. Enhanced recruitment of CX3CR1+ T cells by mucosal endothelial cell-derived fractalkine in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:139-53. [PMID: 17241867 PMCID: PMC2194659 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fractalkine (FKN/CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine combining adhesive and chemotactic properties. We investigated FKN production by the mucosal microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its capacity for leukocyte recruitment into the gut, and the number of CX3CR1+ cells in the circulation and mucosa of IBD patients. METHODS The expression of FKN by human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) and CX3CR1 by circulating cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, and mucosal CX3CR1+ cells were enumerated by immunohistochemistry. The capacity of FKN to mediate leukocyte binding to HIMECs was assessed by immunoblockade, and to induce HIMEC transmigration by a Transwell system. RESULTS The spontaneously low HIMEC FKN expression was enhanced markedly by tumor necrosis factor-alpha plus interferon-gamma stimulation, or direct leukocyte contact. This effect was significantly stronger in IBD than control HIMECs. Up-regulation of HIMEC FKN expression was dependent on p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, as was abrogated by selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Circulating T cells contained significantly higher numbers of CX3CR1+ cells in active IBD than inactive IBD or healthy subjects, and IBD mucosa contained significantly more CX3CR1+ cells than control mucosa. Antibody-blocking experiments showed that FKN was a major contributor to T- and monocytic-cell adhesion to HIMECs. Finally, FKN enhanced the expression of active beta1 integrin on leukocytes and mediated leukocyte HIMEC transmigration. CONCLUSIONS In view of the capacity of FKN to mediate leukocyte adhesion, chemoattraction, and transmigration, its increased production by mucosal microvascular cells and increased numbers of circulating and mucosal CX3CR1+ cells in IBD point to a significant role of FKN in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Sans
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic/IDIBAPS. Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas-IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Milan, Italy
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Heitor S.P. de Souza
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Brenda M. Rivera-Reyes
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gail A. West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Manijeh Phillips
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Jeffry A. Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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166
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Dorsch M, Wang A, Cheng H, Lu C, Bielecki A, Charron K, Clauser K, Ren H, Polakiewicz RD, Parsons T, Li P, Ocain T, Xu Y. Identification of a regulatory autophosphorylation site in the serine–threonine kinase RIP2. Cell Signal 2006; 18:2223-9. [PMID: 16824733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a serine-threonine kinase that mediates signaling for many receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Toll like receptors (TLR) are an important component of the innate immune response. Stimulation of RIP2-deficient cells with ligands for TLR 2, 3 and 4 results in impaired cytokine production and decreased activation of NF-kB and MAP kinases compared to wild-type cells. Stimulation of TLR 4 with its ligand lipopolysaccaride (LPS) leads to the activation of RIP2 kinase activity and its autophosphorylation. Here we identify serine residue 176 as a site of autophosphorylation using a combination of mass spectrometry and mutational analysis. Mutation of S176 to alanine not only abolishes autophosphorylation of RIP2 but also significantly decreases its catalytic activity. A phospho-specific anti-S176 antibody detects wild-type RIP2 but not kinase-dead RIP2 or the RIP2 S176A mutant. Endogenous RIP2 in THP-1 cells and mouse bone marrow derived macrophages can be detected by the phospho-RIP2 (S176) antibody only after stimulation with LPS suggesting that the antibody recognizes activated RIP2. In summary, our results indicate that S176 is a regulatory autophosphorylation site for RIP2 and that S176 phosphorylation can be used to monitor the activation state of RIP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dorsch
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 35 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02130, USA.
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167
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Frey MR, Dise RS, Edelblum KL, Polk DB. p38 kinase regulates epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation and cellular migration. EMBO J 2006; 25:5683-92. [PMID: 17139251 PMCID: PMC1698902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Internalization and proteolytic degradation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (R) following ligand binding is an important mechanism for regulating EGF-stimulated signals. Using pharmacological and RNA interference inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, we show that p38 is required for efficient EGF-induced EGFR destruction but not internalization. In the absence of p38 activity, EGF fails to stimulate the ubiquitin ligase Cbl or ubiquitinylation of EGFR, and internalized EGFR accumulates in intracellular vesicles containing caveolin-1. These effects are accompanied by loss of EGFR phosphorylation on Y1045, a phosphorylation site required for Cbl activation. Furthermore, similar to cells treated with p38 inhibitors, intestinal epithelial cells expressing Y1045F EGFR mutants show increased proliferation but not migration in response to EGF, thus uncoupling these biological responses. Together these data position p38 as a modulator of ligand-stimulated EGFR processing and demonstrate that this processing has a profound impact on the cellular outcome of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Frey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca S Dise
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Brent Polk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MRB IV Room 1025, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0696, USA. Tel.: +1 615 322 7449; Fax: +1 615 343 5323; E-mail:
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168
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Fantini MC, Becker C, Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Drug insight: novel small molecules and drugs for immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:633-44. [PMID: 17068501 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases can result from the inadequate or excessive response of the immune system to self or innocuous antigens. Moreover, the physiologic activation of the immune system against non-self antigens is a major clinical problem in liver organ transplantation. At present, many drugs are available that suppress the activation of the immune system, although most of the currently used immunosuppressive drugs lack specificity in terms of their molecular targets and, therefore, have the potential to generate numerous side effects. The advances that have been made in understanding the molecular events that underlie the activation of the immune system have led to the development of a new generation of 'small molecules' that are endowed with immunosuppressive properties and can serve as immunomodulatory agents. Among these new small molecules, inhibitors of Janus kinase 3, p21-Rac1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase represent the most innovative approach to immunosuppression, and could be a promising alternative to current immunosuppressive therapies. Here, we report on the progress that has been made in the development of small molecules in the field of gastroenterology.
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169
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Davis T, Kipling D. Werner Syndrome as an Example of Inflamm-aging: Possible Therapeutic Opportunities for a Progeroid Syndrome? Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:402-7. [PMID: 16859481 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder that is widely used as a model for some aspects of the normal human aging process. Individuals with WS have several of the characteristics of normal aging, such as cataracts, hair graying, and skin aging, but manifest these at an early age. In addition, WS is associated with high levels of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and type II diabetes. Recent data have indicated that fibroblasts derived from individuals with WS have activated a major molecular pathway involved in inflammation. This observation ties in with the presence of high plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines in individuals with WS. In this paper, the authors discuss the possibility that WS is an example of "inflamm-aging," in that many of the phenotypic manifestations may result from an increased inflammatory state. Moreover, drugs that specifically block this inflammation pathway may be possible candidates for therapeutic intervention in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Davis
- Department of Pathology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, United Kingdom.
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170
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Malamut G, Cabane C, Dubuquoy L, Malapel M, Dérijard B, Gay J, Tamboli C, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P. No evidence for an involvement of the p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1443-53. [PMID: 16838116 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains enigmatic. We sought to evaluate the expression and activity of p38 and JNK MAPK in IBD and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis; and the effects of a p38 inhibitor, SB203580, in TNBS colitis. P38 and JNK were quantified in colonic mucosa of 28 IBD patients and 19 controls and in 77 TNBS or control mice treated or not with SB203580. Colitis severity was assessed by survival, macroscopic and microscopic scoring, and molecular markers. Expression and activity of p38 and JNK were similar in IBD patients and controls and not modified by inflammation. In mice, p38 and JNK expression or activity did not increase following the induction of colitis. SB203580 decreased the p38 activity but displayed no clinical nor biological therapeutic effect. In conclusion, these results minimize the role of p38 and JNK in inflammatory colitis and the interest of p38 as a therapeutic target in IBD.
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171
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Vergarajauregui S, Miguel AS, Puertollano R. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase promotes epidermal growth factor receptor internalization. Traffic 2006; 7:686-98. [PMID: 16683917 PMCID: PMC1479226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking plays an important role in the regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To address if cellular kinases regulate EGFR internalization, we used anisomycin, a potent activator of kinase cascades in mammalian cells, especially the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase subtypes. Here, we report that activation of p38 MAP kinase by anisomycin is sufficient to induce internalization of EGFR. Anisomycin and EGF employ different mechanisms to promote EGFR endocytosis as anisomycin-induced internalization does not require tyrosine kinase activity or ubiquitination of the receptor. In addition, anisomycin treatment did not result in delivery and degradation of EGFR at lysosomes. Incubation with a specific inhibitor of p38, or depletion of endogenous p38 by small interfering RNAs, abolished anisomycin-induced internalization of EGFR while having no effect on transferrin endocytosis, indicating that the effect of p38 activation on EGFR endocytosis is specific. Interestingly, inhibition of p38 activation also abolished endocytosis of EGFR induced by UV radiation. Our results reveal a novel role for p38 in the regulation of EGFR endocytosis and suggest that stimulation of EGFR internalization by p38 might represent a general mechanism to prevent generation of proliferative or anti-apoptotic signals under stress conditions.
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172
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Assi K, Pillai R, Gómez-Muñoz A, Owen D, Salh B. The specific JNK inhibitor SP600125 targets tumour necrosis factor-alpha production and epithelial cell apoptosis in acute murine colitis. Immunology 2006; 118:112-21. [PMID: 16630028 PMCID: PMC1782268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) are activated in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently it has been demonstrated that p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibition using SB203580 is effective in reducing disease in both dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced murine colitides, underscoring the importance of this pathway in gastrointestinal inflammation. However, the contribution of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in intestinal inflammation is unknown. Based on the known involvement of JNK in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression and in mediating the effects of oxidant stress, we hypothesized that JNK inhibition would also affect colitis. Our studies in mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with the JNK inhibitor SP600125, indicate that there is a significant reduction in wasting as well as a significant reduction in histological damage scores. Both total colonic and mesenteric lymphocyte CD3/CD28-stimulated TNF-alpha levels were dramatically reduced under the same circumstances. This was associated with a reduction in JNK protein expression and activity, as well as a reduction in AP-1 DNA binding with SP600125. Interestingly, there were no apparent changes in either p38MAPK or p42/44ERKs. Immunofluorescence of the colon for the active form of JNK revealed a prominent signal arising from the infiltrating inflammatory cells. SP600125 reduced this as well as, specifically, macrophage infiltration. Strikingly, we also demonstrate reduced epithelial cell apoptosis in response to treatment with SP600125. We conclude that specific inhibition of JNK is beneficial in the DSS model of colitis, and may be of value in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Assi
- The Jack Bell Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rex Pillai
- The Jack Bell Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- The Department of Pathology, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Owen
- The Department of Pathology, Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
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173
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Karrasch T, Steinbrecher KA, Allard B, Baldwin AS, Jobin C. Wound-induced p38MAPK-dependent histone H3 phosphorylation correlates with increased COX-2 expression in enterocytes. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:809-15. [PMID: 16508963 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal epithelial cell damage triggers an important biological response called restitution, a process aimed at re-epithelializing the wounded areas. Unfortunately, little is known about the intrinsic molecular signaling events implicated in this host response. We hypothesized that wounding intestinal epithelial cells activates signaling pathways leading to chromatin modification and COX-2 upregulation during restitution. Confluent rat IEC18 cells were mechanically wounded by multiple parallel scratches using a pipet tip. NF-kappaB(Ser536), p38, and histone H3(Ser10) (H3S10) phosphorylation were determined by Western blot using specific phospho-antibodies. COX-2 gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western Blot, and ELISA. Association of phosphorylated H3, RelA (NF-kappaB), and RNA polymerase II to the COX-2 gene promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The specific inhibitors Bay11-7082 and SB239063 as well as Ad5IkappaB-superrepressor (Ad5IkappaBAA) and Ad5dnp38 were used to block NF-kappaB- and p38-signaling pathways, respectively. Wounding induced a rapid and sustained (24 h) phosphorylation of RelAS536, H3S10, and p38MAPK in enterocytes. ChIP analysis of the COX-2 gene promoter demonstrated the presence of phospho-H3S10 and recruitment of RelA and RNA polymerase II, a process blocked by SB239063. Finally, molecular blockade of NF-kappaB (Ad5IkappaBAA) or p38MAPK (Ad5dnp38) signaling strongly inhibited enterocyte restitution. p38MAPK-dependent histone 3 phosphorylation is an important component of the intestinal wound-healing response. Targeting-signaling pathways selectively involved in healing/restitution may provide a novel means to maintain or re-establish host intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Medicine and Center for GI Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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174
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Pan Q, Kravchenko V, Katz A, Huang S, Ii M, Mathison JC, Kobayashi K, Flavell RA, Schreiber RD, Goeddel D, Ulevitch RJ. NF-kappa B-inducing kinase regulates selected gene expression in the Nod2 signaling pathway. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2121-7. [PMID: 16552041 PMCID: PMC1418900 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2121-2127.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system surveys the extra- and intracellular environment for the presence of microbes. Among the intracellular sensors is a protein known as Nod2, a cytosolic protein containing a leucine-rich repeat domain. Nod2 is believed to play a role in determining host responses to invasive bacteria. A key element in upregulating host defense involves activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. It has been suggested through indirect studies that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, or NIK, may be involved in Nod2 signaling. Here we have used macrophages derived from primary explants of bone marrow from wild-type mice and mice that either bear a mutation in NIK, rendering it inactive, or are derived from NIK-/- mice, in which the NIK gene has been deleted. We show that NIK binds to Nod2 and mediates induction of specific changes induced by the specific Nod2 activator, muramyl dipeptide, and that the role of NIK occurs in settings where both the Nod2 and TLR4 pathways are activated by their respective agonists. Specifically, we have linked NIK to the induction of the B-cell chemoattractant known as BLC and suggest that this chemokine may play a role in processes initiated by Nod2 activation that lead to improved host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Pan
- Department of Immunology, IMM-12, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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175
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Daddaoua A, Puerta V, Requena P, Martínez-Férez A, Guadix E, de Medina FS, Zarzuelo A, Suárez MD, Boza JJ, Martínez-Augustin O. Goat milk oligosaccharides are anti-inflammatory in rats with hapten-induced colitis. J Nutr 2006; 136:672-6. [PMID: 16484541 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are included among the anti-inflammatory components of milk because of their prebiotic properties and their capacity to act as receptors of microorganisms. Here the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of goat milk oligosaccharides (O) was assessed in trinitrobenzenesulfonic (T) acid-induced colitis in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to three different groups. Two groups (T and OS) of colitic rats and a control group (C) were studied. Group OS received 500 mg/(kg.d) of goat milk oligosaccharides orally, starting 2 d before the colitis induction until d 6, and groups T and C received the vehicle. When compared with the T group, the OS group showed decreased anorexia and body weight loss; reduced bowel wall thickening and longitudinal extension of necrotic lesions; downregulated colonic expression of interleukin 1beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and mucin 3; and increased trefoil factor 3. Thus, goat milk oligosaccharides have anti-inflammatory effects in rats with experimental colitis and may be useful in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Spain
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176
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177
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mark Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Resource Centre, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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178
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Yomogida S, Hua J, Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Sakamoto K, Nagaoka I. Effect of glucosamine on Interleukin-8 production from human colonic epithelial cell line. Inflamm Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.26.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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179
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Löwenberg M, Verhaar A, van den Blink B, ten Kate F, van Deventer S, Peppelenbosch M, Hommes D. Specific inhibition of c-Raf activity by semapimod induces clinical remission in severe Crohn's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2293-300. [PMID: 16081798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a substantial need for novel treatment strategies in Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the gut. In an earlier study, we reported clinical efficacy of a 2-wk treatment with semapimod (CNI-1493) in 12 patients with therapy resistant CD. The aim of this study was to identify the cellular target underlying semapimod action. In vitro experiments with murine macrophages showed impaired MAPK signaling and decreased cytokine production due to semapimod treatment. In vitro kinase assays revealed c-Raf as a direct molecular target of semapimod, and semapimod did not affect b-Raf enzymatic activity. Immunohistochemistry performed on paired colon biopsies obtained from CD patients (n = 6) demonstrated increased expression of phospho-MEK, the substrate of Raf. Strikingly, phospho-MEK levels were significantly decreased in patients with a good clinical response to semapimod, but no decrease in phospho-MEK expression was observed in a clinically nonresponsive patient. In conclusion, this study identifies c-Raf as a molecular target of semapimod action and suggests that decreased c-Raf activity correlates with clinical benefit in CD. Our observations indicate that c-Raf inhibitors are prime candidates for the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Löwenberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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180
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Oh HM, Lee HJ, Seo GS, Choi EY, Kweon SH, Chun CH, Han WC, Lee KM, Lee MS, Choi SC, Jun CD. Induction and localization of NOD2 protein in human endothelial cells. Cell Immunol 2005; 237:37-44. [PMID: 16288731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NOD2 is mainly expressed in human monocytes/macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells and has been speculated to play in gut physiology. However, whether NOD2 is expressed in vascular endothelium is not currently determined. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) minimally expressed NOD2 gene, whereas stimulation of HUVEC with bacterial LPS, IL-1beta, or TNF-alpha resulted in significant up-regulation of NOD2. NOD2 protein was mostly localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of wild-type NOD2 (WT-NOD2) gene induced NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity and this activity was further increased by muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Otherwise, down-regulation of WT-NOD2 gene by antisense NOD2 abolished NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity mediated by either WT-NOD2 itself or MDP. Since vascular endothelial cells, like macrophages and epithelial cells, are critical targets for the circulating bacterial molecules such as MDP, collectively, the results presented here suggest that NOD2 may play an important role in recognizing structural patterns of bacterial pathogen in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Oh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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181
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Døhlen G, Carlsen H, Blomhoff R, Thaulow E, Saugstad OD. Reoxygenation of hypoxic mice with 100% oxygen induces brain nuclear factor-kappa B. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:941-5. [PMID: 16183808 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000182595.62545.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely related to inflammation, a pathologic process characterized by activation of the transcriptional factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). We have used transgenic NF-kappaB luciferase reporter mice to assess brain NF-kappaB activity noninvasively in living mice. We have studied NF-kappaB activation in hypoxic mice reoxygenated with either 21% O2 (room air) or 100% O2. Forty-one mice exposed for 2 h to 4% oxygen and then randomized to reoxygenation with pure oxygen or room air were investigated. A control mouse was dedicated to every mouse exposed to hypoxia. In vivo luminescence originated from brain was measured from mice 2 d before hypoxia, and 3 h after reoxygenation. A change in luminescence between the mouse exposed to hypoxia and its control demonstrates an alteration in NF-kappaB activity. Because of high mortality among males, only females were included. Six female mice died. Nineteen female mice were reoxygenated with room air, 16 with pure oxygen. We observed a significantly higher luminescence in the brain of the 100% O2 group versus the 21% O2 group. Our data indicate that brain NF-kappaB activity is increased in mice subjected to 4% oxygen followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen. However, when reoxygenation occurs with 21% O2 (room air), no elevation in NF-kappaB activity is observed. Thus, reoxygenation with room air may induce less brain inflammation than reoxygenation with pure oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaute Døhlen
- Department of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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182
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Fichtner-Feigl S, Fuss IJ, Preiss JC, Strober W, Kitani A. Treatment of murine Th1- and Th2-mediated inflammatory bowel disease with NF-kappa B decoy oligonucleotides. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3057-71. [PMID: 16239967 PMCID: PMC1257534 DOI: 10.1172/jci24792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th1 and Th2 T cell responses that underlie inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are likely to depend on NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. We explored this possibility in studies in which we determined the capacity of NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (decoy ODNs) to treat various murine models of IBD. In initial studies, we showed that i.r. (intrarectal) or i.p. administration of decoy ODNs encapsulated in a viral envelope prevented and treated a model of acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced (TNBS-induced) colitis, as assessed by clinical course and effect on Th1 cytokine production. In further studies, we showed that NF-kappaB decoy ODNs were also an effective treatment of a model of chronic TNBS-colitis, inhibiting both the production of IL-23/IL-17 and the development of fibrosis that characterizes this model. Treatment of TNBS-induced inflammation by i.r. administration of NF-kappaB decoy ODNs did not inhibit NF-kappaB in extraintestinal organs and resulted in CD4+ T cell apoptosis, suggesting that such treatment is highly focused and durable. Finally, we showed that NF-kappaB decoy ODNs also prevented and treated oxazolone-colitis and thus affect a Th2-mediated inflammatory process. In each case, decoy administration led to inflammation-clearing effects, suggesting a therapeutic potency applicable to human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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183
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Kaminska B. MAPK signalling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy--from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1754:253-62. [PMID: 16198162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive inflammation is becoming accepted as a critical factor in many human diseases, including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by a marked inflammatory reaction that is initiated by expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other inflammatory mediators, including prostanoids and nitric oxide. This review discusses recent advances regarding the detrimental effects of inflammation, the regulation of inflammatory signalling pathways in various diseases, and the potential molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that mediate fundamental biological processes and cellular responses to external stress signals. Increased activity of MAPK, in particular p38 MAPK, and their involvement in the regulation of the synthesis of inflammation mediators at the level of transcription and translation, make them potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Inhibitors targeting p38 MAPK and JNK pathways have been developed, and preclinical data suggest that they exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. This review discusses how these novel drugs modulate the activity of the p38 MAPK and JNK signalling cascades, and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical disease models, primarily through the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory mediators. Use of MAPK inhibitors emerges as an attractive strategy because they are capable of reducing both the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their signalling. Moreover, many of these drugs are small molecules that can be administered orally, and initial results of clinical trials have shown clinical benefits in patients with chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Kaminska
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Daddaoua A, Puerta V, Zarzuelo A, Suárez MD, Sánchez de Medina F, Martínez-Augustin O. Bovine glycomacropeptide is anti-inflammatory in rats with hapten-induced colitis. J Nutr 2005; 135:1164-70. [PMID: 15867298 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk kappa-casein-derived glycomacropeptide has immunomodulatory and bacterial toxin binding effects. The intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of glycomacropeptide was assessed in trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Rats were administered glycomacropeptide daily starting either 2 d before (pretreatment) or 3 h after (post-treatment) colitis induction. Pretreatment with glycomacropeptide had a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect, characterized by lower body weight loss, decreased anorexia (57%), colonic damage (65%), and weight to length ratio (32%), as well as a reduction in colonic alkaline phosphatase activity (42%) and interleukin 1, trefoil factor 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The mechanism of action of glycomacropeptide is unknown but is consistent with an inhibition of the activation of immune cells. The magnitude of the anti-inflammatory effect was generally comparable to that of sulfasalazine, an established drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Bovine glycomacropeptide may play a role in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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185
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Abstract
The family members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate a wide variety of cellular behaviors in response to extracellular stimuli. One of the four main sub-groups, the p38 group of MAP kinases, serve as a nexus for signal transduction and play a vital role in numerous biological processes. In this review, we highlight the known characteristics and components of the p38 pathway along with the mechanism and consequences of p38 activation. We focus on the role of p38 as a signal transduction mediator and examine the evidence linking p38 to inflammation, cell cycle, cell death, development, cell differentiation, senescence and tumorigenesis in specific cell types. Upstream and downstream components of p38 are described and questions remaining to be answered are posed. Finally, we propose several directions for future research on p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Zarubin
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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186
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the first member ten years ago, the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) family kinases have emerged as essential sensors of cellular stress. The different members integrate both extracellular stress signals transmitted by various cell-surface receptors and signals emanating from intracellular stress. The cascades of events initiated by activated RIPs are complex. Not only are pro-survival, inflammatory and immune responses triggered by RIP kinases via the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and AP-1, but opposing, death-inducing programs can also be initiated by the RIP kinases. Hence, RIP kinases are crucial regulators of cell survival and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Meylan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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