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McCarty MF. Full-spectrum antioxidant therapy featuring astaxanthin coupled with lipoprivic strategies and salsalate for management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:550-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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152
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McCarty MF. Clinical potential of phycocyanobilin for induction of T regulatory cells in the management of inflammatory disorders. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:1031-3. [PMID: 21917385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human mononuclear cells to phycocyanin in vitro is reported to promote generation of Treg cells. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in lymphocytes has a similar effect, and it is not likely to be accidental that a key product of HO-1 activity, biliverdin, is homologous to the structure of phycocyanin's chromophore phycocyanobilin (PhyCB). Moreover, Treg induction is observed in mice injected with bilirubin, biliverdin's chief metabolite. These considerations suggest that bilirubin, generated within lymphocytes by HO-1 activation, may play a physiological role in the promotion of Treg immunomodulation. This effect of bilirubin is likely to be independent of NADPH oxidase inhibition, since the NAPDH oxidase activity of macrophages is necessary for Treg induction, possibly because it contributes to HO-1 induction in lymphocytes. In light of numerous reports that oral phycocyanin is beneficial in various rodent models of autoimmune disorders, it is reasonable to suspect that PhyCB-enriched spirulina extracts may have clinical potential for boosting Treg activity in human autoimmune or allergic syndromes, mimicking the physiological role of HO-1 induction in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, United States.
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153
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Hyperbilirubinemia in infants with Gram-negative sepsis does not affect mortality. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:515-9. [PMID: 21543167 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is associated with an increased production of oxidant species and a decrease in endogenous antioxidant defenses. Mortality is high, especially when endotoxins are involved, e.g., in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. Yet, chronic as well as acute unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been shown to protect against endotoxin-induced shock in vivo in rats and in mice. We hypothesized that hyperbilirubinemia in infants with Gram-negative sepsis improves survival and/or mitigates the inflammatory response. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationships between serum bilirubin concentrations on the one hand, and leukocyte count, C-reactive protein and survival on the other hand, in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. METHODS Retrospectively, we retrieved clinical and biochemical data from infants less than 90 days of age with a blood culture-proven Gram-negative sepsis between January 1998 and December 2005. RESULTS We identified 92 infants with Gram-negative sepsis in the indicated period. Median gestational age was 29 (24-42) weeks. 22 Patients died. Preceding sepsis, median total serum bilirubin concentrations were below 150 μmol/L. Median concentrations of conjugated bilirubin concentrations increased (+63%, p<0.05), and median concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin decreased (-36%, p<0.05) in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. Median total bilirubin concentrations before and during sepsis were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. Changes in bilirubin concentrations were not significantly correlated with changes in either white blood cell count or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Present data do not support the concept that bilirubin positively affects survival or the inflammatory response in infants with Gram-negative sepsis.
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Bak I, Czompa A, Csepanyi E, Juhasz B, Kalantari H, Najm K, Aghel N, Varga B, Haines DD, Tosaki A. Evaluation of systemic and dermal toxicity and dermal photoprotection by sour cherry kernels. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1714-20. [PMID: 21751269 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes outcomes of animal studies conducted to determine the systemic and dermal toxicity of Prunus cerasus (sour cherry) seed kernel contents; and a separate evaluation of the photoprotective capacity of the kernel oil fraction. B6 mice and Hartley guinea-pigs were used for these experiments. Dosage groups of 6-8 animals were administered whole kernel meal in a dose range of 0-3000 mg/kg by gavage for 8 days, following which they were killed. The liver and kidney weights were recorded and histological examination performed on sections of these organs. Kidney function was assessed as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and liver function by measurement of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. Dermal toxicity was evaluated in a Hartley guinea-pig model by comparing UVB-irradiated shaved skin to which the kernel oil had been applied with distilled water controls. In conclusion, no evidence of toxicity was observed to result from the consumption or dermal application of sour cherry seed kernel in the dose range at which it is likely to be used in foods or healthcare. Moreover, it was shown to have a powerful capacity to protect skin from UV damage. These results suggest it will prove to be a highly safe and effective addition to a wide range of products for general use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Bak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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155
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Shin HS, Jung YS, Rim H. Relationship of serum bilirubin concentration to kidney function and 24-hour urine protein in Korean adults. BMC Nephrol 2011; 12:29. [PMID: 21708045 PMCID: PMC3146921 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationships among serum bilirubin concentration, kidney function and proteinuria have yet to be fully elucidated, nor have these relationships been investigated in Korean adults. Method We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of Korean adults who were evaluated at Kosin University Gospel Hospital (Busan, Republic of Korea) during a five-year period from January 2005 to December 2009. We evaluated the relationships among serum bilirubin concentration, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and 24-hour urinary protein excretion in a sample of 1363 Korean adults aged 18 years or older. Results The values of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 24-hour urine albumin ≥150 mg/day were observed in 26.1% (n = 356) and 40.5% (n = 553) of subjects, respectively. Fasting glucose levels ≥126 mg/dL were observed in 44.9% (n = 612) of the total sample. After adjustment for potential confounding factors including demographic characteristics, comorbidities and other laboratory measures, total serum bilirubin was positively associated with eGFR and negatively associated with proteinuria both in the whole cohort and in a subgroup of diabetic individuals. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first hospital-based study specifically aimed at examining the relationships among serum total bilirubin concentration, 24-hour urine protein and kidney function in Korean adults. We demonstrated that serum total bilirubin concentration was negatively correlated with 24-hour urine protein and positively correlated with eGFR in Korean non-diabetic and diabetic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sik Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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156
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Zhu H, Wang J, Jiang H, Ma Y, Pan S, Reddy S, Sun X. Bilirubin protects grafts against nonspecific inflammation-induced injury in syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation. Exp Mol Med 2011; 42:739-48. [PMID: 20881452 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific inflammatory response is the major cause for failure of islet grafts at the early phase of intraportal islet transplantation (IPIT). Bilirubin, a natural product of heme catabolism, has displayed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study has demonstrated that bilirubin protected islet grafts by inhibiting nonspecific inflammatory response in a syngeneic rat model of IPIT. The inflammation-induced cell injury was mimicked by exposing cultured rat insulinoma INS-1 cells to cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) in in vitro assays. At appropriate lower concentrations, bilirubin significantly attenuated the reduced cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis induced by cytokines, and protected the insulin secretory function of INS-1 cells. Diabetic inbred male Lewis rats induced by streptozotocin underwent IPIT at different islet equivalents (IEQs) (optimal dose of 1000, and suboptimal doses of 750 or 500), and bilirubin was administered to the recipients every 12 h, starting from one day before transplantation until 5 days after transplantation. Administration of bilirubin improved glucose control and enhanced glucose tolerance in diabetic recipients, and reduced the serum levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, TNF-α, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and NO, and inhibited the infiltration of Kupffer cells into the islet grafts, and restored insulin-producing ability of transplanted islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, China
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157
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Bonacasa B, Siow RCM, Mann GE. Impact of dietary soy isoflavones in pregnancy on fetal programming of endothelial function in offspring. Microcirculation 2011; 18:270-85. [PMID: 21418378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that soy-based diets containing phytoestrogens (isoflavones) afford protection against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, supplementation trials have largely reported only marginal health benefits. The molecular mechanisms by which the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, and equol afford protection against oxidative stress remain to be investigated in large scale clinical trials. Isoflavones are transferred across the placenta in both rodents and humans, yet there is limited information on their actions in pregnancy and the developmental origins of disease. Our studies established that feeding a soy isoflavone-rich diet during pregnancy, weaning, and postweaning affords cardiovascular protection in aged male rats. Notably, rats exposed to a soy isoflavone-deficient diet throughout pregnancy and adult life exhibited increased oxidative stress, diminished antioxidant enzyme and eNOS levels, endothelial dysfunction, and elevated blood pressure in vivo. The beneficial effects of refeeding isoflavones to isoflavone-deficient rats include an increased production of nitric oxide and EDHF, an upregulation of antioxidant defense enzymes and lowering of blood pressure in vivo. This review focuses on the role that isoflavones in the fetal circulation may play during fetal development in affording protection against CVD in the offspring via their ability to activate eNOS, EDHF, and redox-sensitive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonacasa
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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158
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Circulating microparticles from septic shock patients exert differential tissue expression of enzymes related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1739-48. [PMID: 21494101 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182190b4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Septic shock is characterized by hypotension and multiple organ failure after infection of microorganisms. Septic shock patients display high levels of circulating microparticles. These are small vesicles released from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. Here, we have investigated the effects of in vivo injection of microparticles from nonseptic or septic subjects on protein expression in mouse tissues. DESIGN Prospective, controlled experiments. SETTING Animal basic science laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Swiss mice were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 11 animals injected with microparticles isolated from healthy subjects and 15 animals injected with microparticles isolated from septic patients. INTERVENTIONS Microparticles were extracted from whole blood of septic and nonseptic subjects and were intravenously injected in mice. After 24 hrs, mice were killed and heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys were isolated for Western blot assays. Organs were also used for direct measurements of nitric oxide and superoxide anion production by electron paramagnetic resonance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In heart and lungs, microparticles from septic shock patients increased the expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-κB. However, extracellular superoxide dismutase was only increased in the heart. These effects were associated either with a greater oxidative or nitrative stress in heart and lungs, without affecting nitric oxide production. The liver exhibited an increase in oxidative stress linked to decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase and manganese superoxide dismutase expression. However, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and IκBα phosphorylation were decreased. Septic microparticles did not change superoxide anion and nitric oxide productions in kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that microparticles from septic shock patients exert pleiotropic and differential effects depending on target tissues with regard to the expression of proinflammatory proteins related with nitrative and oxidative stresses. Thus, microparticles might participate in organ dysfunction observed in septic shock patients.
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Srisook K, Palachot M, Mongkol N, Srisook E, Sarapusit S. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract from Cissus quadrangularis Linn may be involved with induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of NF-κB activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:1008-1014. [PMID: 21094244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Cissus quadrangularis (family: Vitaceae) has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of hemorrhoids, gastric ulcers and bone healing. In the present study, we determined the anti-inflammatory activity and the molecular mechanism of the ethyl acetate extract of Cissus quadrangularis stem (CQE) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory effect of CQE on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated in conditioned media. Cell viability was monitored by MTT assay. Protein and mRNA expressions were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively. RESULTS CQE potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were suppressed also by CQE as was p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation. Further study demonstrated that CQE by itself induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression at the protein and mRNA levels in dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibitory effects of CQE on NO production were abrogated by a HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that CQE exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages, at least in part, through the induction of HO-1 expression. These findings provide the scientific rationale for anti-inflammatory therapeutic use of Cissus quadrangularis stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaokwan Srisook
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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160
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Wang H, Garvin JL, D'Ambrosio MA, Falck JR, Leung P, Liu R, Ren Y, Carretero OA. Heme oxygenase metabolites inhibit tubuloglomerular feedback in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1320-6. [PMID: 21239629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01118.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a renal autoregulatory mechanism that constricts the afferent arteriole in response to increases in distal NaCl. Heme oxygenases (HO-1 and HO-2) release carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin, which may help control renal function. We showed in vitro that HO products inhibit TGF; however, we do not know whether this also occurs in vivo or the mechanism(s) involved. We hypothesized that in vivo HO-1 and HO-2 in the nephron inhibit TGF via release of CO and biliverdin. We first performed laser capture microdissection followed by real-time PCR and found that both HO-1 and HO-2 are expressed in the macula densa. We next performed micropuncture experiments in vivo on individual rat nephrons, adding different compounds to the perfusate, and found that an HO inhibitor, stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP), potentiated TGF (P < 0.05, SnMP vs. control). The CO-releasing molecule (CORM)-3 partially inhibited TGF at 50 μmol/l (P < 0.01, CORM-3 vs. control) and blocked it completely at higher doses. A soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, LY83583, blocked the inhibitory effect of CORM-3 on TGF. Biliverdin also partially inhibited TGF (P < 0.01, biliverdin vs. control), most likely attributable to decreased superoxide (O(2)(-)) because biliverdin was rendered ineffective by tempol, a O(2)(-) dismutase mimetic. We concluded that HO-1 and HO-2 in the nephron inhibit TGF by releasing CO and biliverdin. The inhibitory effect of CO on TGF is mediated by the sGC/cGMP signaling pathway, whereas biliverdin probably acts by reducing O(2)(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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161
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Takayanagi R, Inoguchi T, Ohnaka K. Clinical and experimental evidence for oxidative stress as an exacerbating factor of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:72-7. [PMID: 21297916 PMCID: PMC3022068 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-014fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of reactive oxygen species in various diseases has been demonstrated almost in vitro or in animal studies and clinical studies supporting the involvement of reactive oxygen species are very few. Bilirubin has been recognized as an important antioxidant and also shown to have an inhibitory effect on the activity of NADPH oxidase, which may be an important source for superoxide production in various tissues. When the prevalence of vascular complcations was compared in diabetic patients with and without a congenital hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert syndrome), the prevalence of retinopathy, macroalbuminuria and coronary artery disease in patients with Gilbert syndrome was about 20% of that in those without Gilbert syndrome. For study of lifestyle-related diseases, the Fukuoka Cohort was constructed from 2003 to 2009 in Kyushu area in Japan, which contains a total of 12,949 persons. Cross-sectional study of the Fukuoka Cohort revealed an inverse relation between serum bilirubin level and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A precursor of bilirubin, biliverdin-treated db/db mice exhibited less albuminuria and nephropathic changes. These effects were paralleled with normalization of oxidative stress markers and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits in kidney. These results suggested that oxidative stress is an exacerbating factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and that antioxidant therapies are of value to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Takayanagi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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162
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Ibuki M, Kovacs-Nolan J, Fukui K, Kanatani H, Mine Y. β 1-4 mannobiose enhances Salmonella-killing activity and activates innate immune responses in chicken macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:289-95. [PMID: 21067819 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the major causes of food-borne illness in humans, and Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection in commercial poultry is a world-wide problem. Here we have investigated the in vitro immune-modulating effects of β 1-4 mannobiose (MNB), which was previously found to prevent SE infection in vivo in chickens, using chicken macrophage (MQ-MCSU) cells. Treatment of MQ-NCSU cells with MNB dose-dependently increased both phagocytic activity and Salmonella-killing activity of macrophages, with the highest reduction in SE viability observed at a concentration of 40 μg/ml at 48 h post-infection. Likewise, both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) production were increased in a dose-dependent manner by MNB. Gene expression analysis of MNB-treated macrophages revealed significant increases in the expression of iNOS, NOX-1, IFN-γ, NRAMP1, and LITAF, genes critical for host defense and antimicrobial activity, when compared to untreated cells. This data confirms that MNB possesses potent innate immune-modulating activities and can up-regulate antibacterial defenses in chicken macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Ibuki
- R&D Institute, Fuji Oil, Ltd., 1 Sumiyoshi-Cho, Izumisano-Shi, Osaka 598-8540, Japan
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163
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Bilirubin and biliverdin protect rodents against diabetic nephropathy by downregulating NAD(P)H oxidase. Kidney Int 2010; 78:905-19. [PMID: 20686447 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We recently found a markedly lower prevalence of vascular complications, including kidney disease, in diabetic patients with Gilbert syndrome, a congenital form of hyperbilirubinemia, suggesting a beneficial effect of bilirubin (BIL) on diabetic nephropathy. To directly examine this, we determined whether hereditary hyperbilirubinemic Gunn j/j rats and biliverdin (BVD)-treated diabetic db/db mice were resistant to the development of renal disease. Both rodent models had less albuminuria and complete protection against the progression of mesangial expansion accompanied by normalization of transforming growth factor-β1 and fibronectin expression. Simultaneously, there was normalization of urinary and renal oxidative stress markers, and the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase subunits in the kidney. In cultured vascular endothelial and mesangial cells, BIL and BVD significantly inhibited NADPH-dependent superoxide production, and both high glucose- and angiotensin II-induced production of reactive oxygen species. Collectively, our findings suggest that BIL and BVD may protect against diabetic nephropathy and may lead to novel antioxidant therapies for diabetic nephropathy.
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165
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Vítek L, Muchová L, Jančová E, Pešičková S, Tegzová D, Peterová V, Pavelka K, Tesař V, Schwertner HA. Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with low serum bilirubin levels. Scand J Rheumatol 2010; 39:480-4. [DOI: 10.3109/03009741003742748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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166
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Boutten A, Goven D, Boczkowski J, Bonay M. Oxidative stress targets in pulmonary emphysema: focus on the Nrf2 pathway. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:329-46. [PMID: 20148719 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003629750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) a major antioxidant transcription factor could play a protective role in pulmonary emphysema. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Nrf2 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the lung, but is predominantly found in epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Evidence suggests that Nrf2 and several Nrf2 downstream genes have an essential protective role in the lung against oxidative stress from environmental pollutants and toxicants such as cigarette smoke, a major causative factor for the development and progression of pulmonary emphysema. Application of Nrf2-deficient mice identified an extensive range of protective roles for Nrf2 against the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Therefore, Nrf2 promises to be an attractive therapeutic target for intervention and prevention strategies. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review, we discuss recent findings on the association of oxidative stress with pulmonary emphysema. We also address the mechanisms of Nrf2 lung protection against oxidative stress based on emerging evidence from experimental oxidative disease models and human studie. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The current literature suggests that among oxidative stress targets, Nrf2 is a valuable therapeutic target in pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutten
- Inserm, U700, Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot-site Bichat, BP416, 75870 Paris Cedex 18, France
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167
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Ohnaka K, Kono S, Inoguchi T, Yin G, Morita M, Adachi M, Kawate H, Takayanagi R. Inverse associations of serum bilirubin with high sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88:103-10. [PMID: 20083320 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to examine the association of serum bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant, with serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, HbA(1c), and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women (n=12,400). METHODS Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analysis were used to estimate geometric means of hs-CRP and HbA(1c) and odds ratios of prevalent diabetes according to bilirubin concentrations, respectively, with statistical adjustment for behavioral factors and liver enzymes. RESULTS Geometric means of hs-CRP and HbA(1c) were progressively lower with increasing concentrations of serum bilirubin in men and women each. An inverse association between serum bilirubin and HbA(1c) was slightly attenuated after adjustment for hs-CRP, but still remained highly significant (trend P=0.0004 in men and trend P=10(-5) in women). Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of prevalent diabetes for the lowest to highest quintiles of serum total bilirubin were 1.00, 1.00, 0.73, 0.80, and 0.73 (trend P=0.002), without adjustment for hs-CRP, and 1.00, 1.04, 0.76, 0.86, and 0.79 (trend P=0.01), with adjustment for hs-CRP. CONCLUSIONS Higher concentrations of serum bilirubin probably confer protection against the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Ohnaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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168
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NAPDH oxidase mediates glucolipotoxicity-induced beta cell dysfunction – Clinical implications. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:596-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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169
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Oral phycocyanobilin may diminish the pathogenicity of activated brain microglia in neurodegenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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170
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Potential utility of full-spectrum antioxidant therapy, citrulline, and dietary nitrate in the management of sickle cell disease. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:1055-8. [PMID: 20089363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that oxidative stress and a loss of nitric oxide bioactivity are key mediators of the vasculopathies associated with sickle cell disease. A comprehensive nutraceutical strategy for mitigating the contribution of oxidative stress to pathogenesis - dubbed "full-spectrum antioxidant therapy" - may have utility in this syndrome. This strategy entails concurrent administration of phycocyanobilin - a phytochemical richly supplied by spirulina, shown to inhibit NADPH oxidase in a manner analogous to its chemical relatives biliverdin and bilirubin; high-dose folate - recently shown to quench peroxynitrite-derived radicals and restore coupling of NO synthase; N-acetylcysteine - for boosting intracellular glutathione levels; and a phase 2 inducer such as lipoic acid - to further promote glutathione synthesis while increasing expression of antioxidant enzymes. Suboptimal endothelial arginine levels, reflecting increased plasma arginase activity and elevated ADMA, contribute to the loss of NO bioactivity in sickle cell disease; supplementation with the arginine precursor citrulline may ameliorate this defect. Increased intakes of plant-derived nitrate have the potential to diminish the quenching of NO by plasma hemoglobin in sickle cell patients, while boosting systemic NO production independent of NO synthase activity. In addition to the well-documented utility of hydroxyurea - possibly a suboptimal strategy for life-long therapy owing to its mutagenic activity - rational pharmaceutical options for managing sickle cell disease include pentoxifylline and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as sildenafil.
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171
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McCarty MF. Practical prevention of cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation with full-spectrum antioxidant therapy and ancillary strategies. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:141-7. [PMID: 20083360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of research data points to increased oxidative stress as a key driver of the cardiac remodeling triggered by chronic pressure overload, loss of functional myocardial tissue, or atrial fibrillation. Oxidative stress is a mediator of the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, the cardiac fibrosis, and the deficits in cardiac function which typify this syndrome, and may play a role in initiating and sustaining atrial fibrillation. Nox2- and Nox4-dependent NADPH oxidase activity appears to be a major source of this oxidative stress, and oxidants can induce conformational changes in xanthine dehydrogenase, nitric oxide synthase, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain which increase their capacity to generate superoxide as well. Consistent with these insights, various synthetic antioxidants have been shown to suppress cardiac remodeling in rodents subjected to myocardial infarction, aortic constriction, or rapid atrial pacing. It may prove feasible to achieve comparable benefits in humans through use of a "full-spectrum antioxidant therapy" (FSAT) that features a complementary array of natural antioxidants. Spirulina is a rich source of phycocyanobilin, a derivative and homolog of biliverdin that appears to mimic the potent inhibitory impact of biliverdin and free bilirubin on NADPH oxidase activity. Mega-doses of folate can markedly increase intracellular levels of tetrahydrofolates which have potent and versatile radical-scavenging activities - including efficient quenching of peroxynitrite-derived radicals Supplemental coenzyme Q10, already shown to improve heart function in clinical congestive failure, can provide important antioxidant protection to mitochondria. Phase 2 inducer nutraceuticals such as lipoic acid, administered in conjunction with N-acetylcysteine, have the potential to blunt the impact of oxidative stress by boosting myocardial levels of glutathione. While taurine can function as an antioxidant for myeloperoxidase-derived radicals, its positive inotropic effect on the failing heart seems more likely to reflect an effect on intracellular calcium dynamics. These measures could aid control of cardiac modeling less directly by lowering elevated blood pressure, or by aiding the perfusion of ischemic cardiac regions through an improvement in coronary endothelial function. Since nitric oxide functions physiologically to oppose cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, and is also a key regulator of blood pressure and endothelial function, cocoa flavanols - which provoke endothelial release of nitric oxide - might usefully complement the antioxidant measures recommended here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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172
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Endogenous antioxidants and radical scavengers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:52-67. [PMID: 21520703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All living organisms are constantly exposed to oxidant agents deriving from both endogenous and exogenous sources capable to modify biomolecules and induce damages. Free radicals generated by oxidative stress exert an important role in the development of tissue damage and aging. Reactive species (RS) derived from oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) pertain to free radicals family and are constituted by various forms of activated oxygen or nitrogen. RS are continuosly produced during normal physiological events but can be removed by antioxidant defence mechanism: the imbalance between RS and antioxidant defence mechanism leads to modifications in cellular membrane or intracellular molecules. In this chapter only endogenous antioxidant molecules will be critically discussed, such as Glutathione, Alpha-lipoic acid, Coenzyme Q, Ferritin, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Metallothioneine, L-carnitine and Melatonin.
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173
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Kim J, Surh YJ. The Role of Nrf2 in Cellular Innate Immune Response to Inflammatory Injury. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:159-173. [PMID: 32038834 PMCID: PMC7006253 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.4.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a master transcription regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective proteins that mediate cellular defense against oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Disruption of cellular stress response by Nrf2 deficiency causes enhanced susceptibility to infection and related inflammatory diseases as a consequence of exacerbated immuneediated hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. The cellular defense capacity potentiated by Nrf2 activation appears to balance the population of CD4+ and CD8+ of lymph node cells for proper innate immune responses. Nrf2 can negatively regulate the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules such as p38 MAPK, NF-KB, and AP-1. Nrf2 subsequently functions to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, matrix metalloprotein-ases, COX-2 and iNOS. Although not clearly elucidated, the antioxidative function of genes targeted by Nrf2 may cooperatively regulate the innate immune response and also repress the expression of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Kwanak-ro, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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174
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. High-dose folate and dietary purines promote scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals – Clinical potential in inflammatory disorders. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:824-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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175
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Complement activation and disease: protective effects of hyperbilirubinaemia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 118:99-113. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20080540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement, an important effector mechanism of the immune system, is an enzymatic cascade of approx. 30 serum proteins leading to the amplification of a specific humoral response. It can be activated through the classical or alternative pathways, or through the mannose-binding lectin pathway. The activation of the classical pathway is initiated by the binding of the C1 component to antigen-bound antibodies, known as immunocomplexes. C1 is a complex of one molecule of C1q, two molecules of C1r and two molecules of C1s. C1q contains three copies of a Y-shaped fundamental unit with globular heads included in its structure, which play a major role in the interaction with the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. Deficient or exacerbated activation of the complement system leads to diseases of variable severity, and pharmacological inhibition of the complement system is considered as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the inflammatory effects of exacerbated complement activation. Bilirubin is a product of haem degradation by the concerted action of haem oxygenase, which converts haem into biliverdin, and biliverdin reductase, which reduces biliverdin to UCB (unconjugated bilirubin). UCB exerts both cytoprotective and cytotoxic effects in a variety of tissues and cells, acting either as an antioxidant at low concentrations or as an oxidant at high concentrations. In the present review, we describe in detail the anti-complement properties of bilirubin, occurring at levels above the UCB concentrations found in normal human serum, as a beneficial effect of potential clinical relevance. We provide evidence that UCB interferes with the interaction between C1q and immunoglobulins, thus inhibiting the initial step in the activation of complement through the classical pathway. A molecular model is proposed for the interaction between UCB and C1q.
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176
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Kim J, Cha YN, Surh YJ. A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders. Mutat Res 2009; 690:12-23. [PMID: 19799917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that plays a central role in cellular defense against oxidative and electrophilic insults by timely induction of antioxidative and phase-2 detoxifying enzymes and related stress-response proteins. The 5'-flanking regions of genes encoding these cytoprotective proteins contain a specific consensus sequence termed antioxidant response element (ARE) to which Nrf2 binds. Recent studies have demonstrated that Nrf2-ARE signaling is also involved in attenuating inflammation-associated pathogenesis, such as autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, emphysema, gastritis, colitis and atherosclerosis. Thus, disruption or loss of Nrf2 signaling causes enhanced susceptibility not only to oxidative and electrophilic stresses but also to inflammatory tissue injuries. During the early-phase of inflammation-mediated tissue damage, activation of Nrf2-ARE might inhibit the production or expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. It is likely that the cytoprotective function of genes targeted by Nrf2 may cooperatively regulate the innate immune response and also repress the induction of pro-inflammatory genes. This review highlights the protective role of Nrf2 in inflammation-mediated disorders with special focus on the inflammatory signaling modulated by this redox-regulated transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- National Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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177
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Young SC, Storm MV, Speed JS, Kelsen S, Tiller CV, Vera T, Drummond HA, Stec DE. Inhibition of biliverdin reductase increases ANG II-dependent superoxide levels in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1546-53. [PMID: 19759334 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90933.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the renal medulla increases carbon monoxide and bilirubin production and decreases ANG II-mediated superoxide production. The goal of this study was to determine the importance of increases in bilirubin to the antioxidant effects of HO-1 induction in cultured mouse thick ascending loop of Henle (TALH) and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD3) cells. Bilirubin levels were decreased by using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted to biliverdin reductase (BVR), which is the cellular enzyme responsible for the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin. Treatment of cultured TALH or IMCD-3 cells with BVR siRNA (50 or 100 nM) resulted in an 80% decrease in the level of BVR protein and decreased cellular bilirubin levels from 46 +/- 5 to 23 +/- 4 nM (n = 4). We then determined the effects of inhibition of BVR on ANG II-mediated superoxide production. Superoxide production induced by ANG II (10(-9) M) significantly increased in both TALH and IMCD-3 cells. Treatment of TALH cells with BVR siRNA resulted in a significant increase in ouabain-sensitive rubidium uptake from 95 +/- 6 to 122 +/- 5% control (n = 4, P < 0.05). Lastly, inhibition of BVR with siRNA did not prevent the decrease in superoxide levels observed in cells pretreated with the HO-1 inducer, hemin. We conclude that decreased levels of cellular bilirubin increase ANG II-mediated superoxide production and sodium transport; however, increases in bilirubin are not necessary for HO-1 induction to attenuate ANG II-mediated superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby C Young
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. Potential complementarity of high-flavanol cocoa powder and spirulina for health protection. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:370-3. [PMID: 19577379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that ingestion of flavanol-rich cocoa powder provokes increased endothelial production of nitric oxide - an effect likely mediated by epicatchin - and thus may have considerable potential for promoting vascular health. The Kuna Indians of Panama, who regularly consume large amounts of flavanol-rich cocoa, are virtually free of hypertension and stroke, even though they salt their food. Of potentially complementary merit is the cyanobacterium spirulina, which has been used as a food in certain cultures. Spirulina is exceptionally rich in phycocyanobilin (PCB), which recently has been shown to act as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase; this effect likely rationalizes the broad range of anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anti-atherosclerotic effects which orally administered spirulina has achieved in rodent studies. In light of the central pathogenic role which NADPH oxidase-derived oxidant stress plays in a vast range of disorders, spirulina or PCB-enriched spirulina extracts may have remarkable potential for preserving and restoring health. Joint administration of flavanol-rich cocoa powder and spirulina may have particular merit, inasmuch as cocoa can mask the somewhat disagreeable flavor and odor of spirulina, whereas the antioxidant impact of spirulina could be expected to amplify the bioactivity of the nitric oxide evoked by cocoa flavanols in inflamed endothelium. Moreover, there is reason to suspect that, by optimizing cerebrovascular perfusion while quelling cerebral oxidant stress, cocoa powder and spirulina could collaborate in prevention of senile dementia. Thus, food products featuring ample amounts of both high-flavanol cocoa powder and spirulina may have considerable potential for health promotion, and merit evaluation in rodent studies and clinical trials.
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179
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. Practical strategies for targeting NF-kappaB and NADPH oxidase may improve survival during lethal influenza epidemics. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:18-20. [PMID: 19573997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The most foolproof way to promote survival in epidemics of potentially lethal influenza is to target, not highly mutable viral proteins, but rather intracellular signaling pathways which promote viral propagation or lung inflammation. NF-kappaB, activated in influenza-infected lung epithelial cells and macrophages, is one likely target in this regard, as it plays a role both in viral replication and in the excessive lung inflammation often evoked by influenza infection. Indeed, salicylates, which suppress NF-kappaB activation, have been shown to reduce the lethality of H5N1 avian-type influenza in mice. Another potential target is NADPH oxidase, as this may be a major source of influenza-evoked oxidant stress in lung epithelial cells as well as in phagocytes attracted to lung parenchyma. A number of studies demonstrate that oxidant stress contributes to overexuberant lung inflammation and lethality in influenza-infected mice. The documented utility of N-acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor, for promoting survival in influenza-infected mice, and diminishing the severity of influenza-like infections in elderly humans, presumably reflects a key role for oxidative stress in influenza. The lethality of influenza is also reduced in mice pretreated with adenovirus carrying the gene for heme oxygenase-1; this benefit may be mediated, at least in part, by the ability of bilirubin to inhibit NADPH oxidase. It may be feasible to replicate this benefit clinically by administering biliverdin or its homolog phycocyanobilin, richly supplied by spirulina. If this latter speculation can be confirmed in rodent studies, a practical and inexpensive regimen consisting of high-dose salicylates, spirulina, and N-acetylcysteine, initiated at the earliest feasible time, may prove to have life-saving efficacy when the next killer influenza pandemic strikes.
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180
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Bilirubin impairs intestinal regrowth following massive small bowel resection in a rat model. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49:16-22. [PMID: 19465868 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31819a4dff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous bilirubin on structural intestinal adaptation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 experimental groups: Sham rats underwent bowel transection and reanastomosis, sham multiple doses of bilirubin (MDB) rats underwent bowel transection and were treated with bilirubin, SBS rats underwent a 75% small bowel resection, SBS-SDB (single dose bilirubin) rats underwent a bowel resection and were treated with a single dose of bilirubin, and SBS-MDB underwent a bowel resection and were treated with 3 doses of bilirubin. Bilirubin was administered intraperitoneally from the 7th day through the 14th day postoperatively. Serum total bilirubin concentration over time was evaluated in 5 SBS-SDB rats following a single intraperitoneal dose. Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation, and enterocyte apoptosis were determined on day 15. RESULTS SBS-SDB and SBS-MDB animals demonstrated lower ileal bowel and mucosal weights, jejunal mucosal DNA and ileal mucosal protein, and jejunal and ileal villus height and crypt depth (vs SBS animals). Bilirubin-treated rats showed a lower apoptotic index in jejunum and ileum and a trend toward an increase in cell proliferation in jejunum and ileum (vs SBS group). CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of SBS, exogenous bilirubin inhibits structural intestinal adaptation. Increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis may be considered adaptive mechanisms that maintain cell mass.
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181
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Zinc protoporphyrin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-, lipoteichoic acid-, and peptidoglycan-induced nitric oxide production through stimulating iNOS protein ubiquitination. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:357-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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182
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Park PH, Kim HS, Jin XY, Jin F, Hur J, Ko G, Sohn DH. KB-34, a newly synthesized chalcone derivative, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages via heme oxygenase-1 induction and blockade of activator protein-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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183
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Cobalt protoporphyrin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid-induced nitric oxide production via blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and nitric oxide enzyme activity. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:202-10. [PMID: 19497418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, low doses (0.5, 1, and 2 microM) of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), but not ferric protoporphyrin (FePP) or tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production with an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein in RAW264.7 macrophages under serum-free conditions. IC(50) values of CoPP inhibition of NO and iNOS protein individually induced by LPS and LTA were around 0.25 and 1.7 microM, respectively. This suggests that CoPP is more sensitive at inhibiting NO production than iNOS protein in response to separate LPS and LTA stimulation. NO inhibition and HO-1 induction by CoPP were blocked by the separate addition of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Decreasing iNOS/NO production and increasing HO-1 protein by CoPP were observed with CoPP pretreatment, CoPP co-treatment, and CoPP post-treatment with LPS and LTA stimulation. LPS- and LTA-induced NOS/NO productions were significantly suppressed by the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, but not by the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, through a reduction in JNK protein phosphorylation. Transfection of a dominant negative JNK plasmid inhibited LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and JNK protein phosphorylation, suggesting that JNK activation is involved in LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production. Additionally, CoPP inhibition of LPS- and LTA-induced JNK, but not ERK, protein phosphorylation was identified in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, CoPP significantly reduced NO production in a cell-mediated, but not cell-free, iNOS enzyme activity assay accompanied by HO-1 induction. However, attenuation of HO-1 protein stimulated by CoPP via transfection of HO-1 siRNA did not affect NO's inhibition of CoPP against LPS stimulation. CoPP effectively suppressing LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production through blocking JNK activation and iNOS enzyme activity via a HO-1 independent manner is first demonstrated herein.
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184
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Chin HJ, Song YR, Kim HS, Park M, Yoon HJ, Na KY, Kim Y, Chae DW, Kim S. The bilirubin level is negatively correlated with the incidence of hypertension in normotensive Korean population. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24 Suppl:S50-6. [PMID: 19194562 PMCID: PMC2633203 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.s1.s50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been known to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Bilirubin, one of the metabolites of heme degraded by heme oxygenase, is a potent anti-oxidant. We verified the effect of serum bilirubin level on the incidence of hypertension in normotensive subjects. We grouped 1,208 normotensive subjects by the criterion of the highest quintile value of serum bilirubin, 1.1 mg/dL. The incidence of hypertension was higher in group 1 with bilirubin less than 1.1 mg/dL than in group 2 with bilirubin 1.1 mg/dL or more (186/908 vs. 43/300, p=0.018). The relative risk for hypertension was 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.99), p=0.048 in group 2 compared to group 1 by Cox's proportional hazard model. Among the groups stratified by gender, smoking, and liver function status, the group 2 showed a lower risk of hypertension in females and in non-smokers. In conclusion, a mild increase within the physiological range of serum bilirubin concentration was negatively correlated with the incidence of hypertension. The effect of bilirubin on the development of hypertension was more evident in females and in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jun Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hosptial, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Rim Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Yoon
- Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hosptial, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yonsu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hosptial, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Suhnggwon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univeristy College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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185
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Chin HJ, Cho HJ, Lee TW, Na KY, Oh KH, Joo KW, Yoon HJ, Kim YS, Ahn C, Han JS, Kim S, Jeon ES, Jin DC, Kim YL, Park SH, Kim CD, Song YR, Kim SG, Kim YG, Lee JE, Oh YK, Lim CS, Lee SK, Chae DW, Cho WY, Kim HK, Jo SK. The mildly elevated serum bilirubin level is negatively associated with the incidence of end stage renal disease in patients with IgA nephropathy. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24 Suppl:S22-9. [PMID: 19194557 PMCID: PMC2633177 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.s1.s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays various roles in the development and progression of IgA nephropathy, while bilirubin is known as a potent antioxidant. We therefore hypothesized that serum bilirubin would be associated with renal prognosis in IgA nephropathy. The study subjects comprised 1,458 adult patients with primary IgA nephropathy in Korea. We grouped patients according to the following quartile levels of bilirubin: <0.4 mg/dL (Q1), 0.4-0.5 mg/dL (Q2), 0.6-0.7 mg/dL (Q3), and >0.8 mg/dL (Q4). The outcome data were obtained from the Korean Registry of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Eighty patients (5.5%) contracted ESRD during a mean follow-up period of 44.9 months. The ESRD incidences were 10.7% in Q1, 8.2% in Q2, 2.8% in Q3, and 2.8% in Q4 (p<0.001). The relative risk of ESRD compared to that in Q1 was 0.307 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.126-0.751) in Q3 and 0.315 (95% CI, 0.130-0.765) in Q4. The differences of ESRD incidence were greater in subgroups of males and of patients aged 35 yr or more, with serum albumin 4.0 g/dL or more, with normotension, with eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or more, and with proteinuria less then 3+ by dipstick test. In conclusion, higher bilirubin level was negatively associated with ESRD incidence in IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jun Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Lee
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook Hwan Oh
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Yoon
- Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon-Su Kim
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Suk Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhnggwon Kim
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - En Sil Jeon
- Biotechnology Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Dong Chan Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Rim Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seong Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Goo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyu Oh
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Koo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Renal Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Yong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Renal Disease, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Renal Disease, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyung Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Renal Disease, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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186
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Selemidis S, Sobey CG, Wingler K, Schmidt HH, Drummond GR. NADPH oxidases in the vasculature: Molecular features, roles in disease and pharmacological inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:254-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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187
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. Genistein and phycocyanobilin may prevent hepatic fibrosis by suppressing proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Med Hypotheses 2008; 72:330-2. [PMID: 18789597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis reflects hepatotoxin-mediated activation of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in their proliferation and transformation to myofibroblasts that secrete collagen. This activation is suppressed by estrogen, an effect which explains the decreased risk for hepatic fibrosis enjoyed by premenopausal women and by postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Since stellate cells have been found to express the beta but not the alpha isoform of the estrogen receptor, it can be predicted that nutritional intakes of the soy isoflavone genistein - a selective agonist for ERbeta in the low nanomolar plasma concentrations achievable with these intakes - have potential for suppressing hepatic fibrosis, in both men and women. The antiproliferative impact of estrogen on stellate cells is mediated at least in part by suppression of NADPH oxidase activity; oxidant production by this enzyme complex plays a crucial role in stellate cell activation. Alternatively, it may be feasible to inhibit NADPH oxidase with phycocyanobilin (PCB), a biliverdin homolog found in spirulina that has recently been shown to inhibit the NADPH oxidase activity of human cell cultures in low micromolar concentrations. Joint administration of soy isoflavones and PCB in appropriate doses might have considerable potential for prevention of hepatic fibrosis in at-risk subjects.
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188
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Almolki A, Guenegou A, Golda S, Boyer L, Benallaoua M, Amara N, Bachoual R, Martin C, Rannou F, Lanone S, Dulak J, Burgel PR, El-Benna J, Leynaert B, Leynaert AB, Aubier M, Boczkowski J. Heme oxygenase-1 prevents airway mucus hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in rodents and humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:981-92. [PMID: 18787101 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant enzyme, in modulating cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mucus secretion. In both rats and mice, 5-day CS exposure increased HO-1 expression and activity, mucus secretion, MUCIN 5AC (MUC5AC) gene and protein expression, and local inflammation, along with up-regulation of dual oxidase 1 gene expression and both the activity and phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is involved in MUC5AC induction. Pharmacological induction of HO-1 prevented these actions and inhibition of HO-1 expression by a specific siRNA potentiated them. In French participants to the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (n = 210, 30 to 53 years of age, 50% males) exposed to CS, a significant increase in the percentage of participants with chronic sputum was observed in those harboring at least one allele with a long (GT)(n) in the HO-1 promoter gene (>33 repeats), which is associated with a low level of HO-1 protein expression, compared with those with a short number of (GT)n repeats (21.7% versus 8.6%, P = 0.047). No such results were observed in those who had never smoked (n = 297). We conclude that HO-1 has a significant protective effect against airway mucus hypersecretion in animals and humans exposed to CS.
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189
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Wu F, Tyml K, Wilson JX. iNOS expression requires NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:207-14. [PMID: 18481258 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was investigated in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (LPS + IFNgamma)-stimulated microvascular endothelial cells from mouse skeletal muscle. Unstimulated endothelial cells produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive to inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin and DPI), mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and NOS (L-NAME). LPS + IFNgamma caused a marked increase in ROS production; this increase was abolished by inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency). LPS + IFNgamma induced substantial expression of iNOS protein. iNOS expression was prevented by the antioxidant ascorbate and by NADPH oxidase inhibition (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency), but not by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and xanthine oxidase (allopurinol). iNOS expression also was prevented by selective antagonists of ERK, JNK, Jak2, and NFkappaB activation. LPS + IFNgamma stimulated activation/phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and Jak2 and activation/degradation of IkappaB, but only the activation of JNK and Jak2 was sensitive to ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency. Ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency also inhibited the LPS + IFNgamma-induced DNA binding activity of transcription factors IRF1 and AP1 but not NFkappaB. In conclusion, LPS + IFNgamma-induced NFkappaB activation is necessary for iNOS induction but is not dependent on ROS signaling. LPS + IFNgamma-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity produces ROS that activate the JNK-AP1 and Jak2-IRF1 signaling pathways required for iNOS induction. Since blocking either NFkappaB activation or NADPH oxidase activity is sufficient to prevent iNOS expression, they are separate targets for therapeutic interventions that aim to modulate iNOS expression in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14121-8028, USA
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190
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Kelsen S, Patel BJ, Parker LB, Vera T, Rimoldi JM, Gadepalli RSV, Drummond HA, Stec DE. Heme oxygenase attenuates angiotensin II-mediated superoxide production in cultured mouse thick ascending loop of Henle cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1158-65. [PMID: 18701634 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 induction can attenuate the development of angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent hypertension. However, the mechanism by which HO-1 lowers blood pressure is not clear. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that induction of HO-1 can reduce the ANG II-mediated increase in superoxide production in cultured thick ascending loop of Henle (TALH) cells. Studies were performed on an immortalized cell line of mouse TALH (mTALH) cells. HO-1 was induced in cultured mTALH cells by treatment with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, 10 microM) or hemin (50 microM) or by transfection with a plasmid containing the human HO-1 isoform. Treatment of mTALH cells with 10(-9) M ANG II increased dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence (an index of superoxide levels) from 35.5+/-5 to 136+/-18 relative fluorescence units (RFU)/microm2. Induction of HO-1 via CoPP, hemin, or overexpression of the human HO-1 isoform significantly reduced ANG II-induced DHE fluorescence to 64+/-5, 64+/-8, and 41+/-4 RFU/microm2, respectively. To determine which metabolite of HO-1 is responsible for reducing ANG II-mediated increases in superoxide production in mTALH cells, cells were preincubated with bilirubin or carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecule (CORM)-A1 (each at 100 microM) before exposure to ANG II. DHE fluorescence averaged 80+/-7 RFU/microm2 after incubation with ANG II and was significantly decreased to 55+/-7 and 53+/-4 RFU/microm2 after pretreatment with bilirubin and CORM-A1. These results demonstrate that induction of HO-1 in mTALH cells reduces the levels of ANG II-mediated superoxide production through the production of both bilirubin and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kelsen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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191
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Vera T, Kelsen S, Stec DE. Kidney-specific induction of heme oxygenase-1 prevents angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension 2008; 52:660-5. [PMID: 18695146 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to determine whether kidney-specific induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can prevent the development of angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent hypertension. To test this hypothesis, intrarenal medullary interstitial catheters were implanted into the left kidney of uninephrectomized mice. Infusion of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP; 250 microg/mL; at 50 microL/h for 48 hours) resulted in significant induction of HO-1 in the renal medulla when examined 2 weeks after the infusion with no induction observed in other organs, such as the heart or liver. Next, we examined the effect of renal-specific induction of HO-1 on the development of Ang II-dependent hypertension. CoPP or vehicle (0.1 mol/L NaOH [pH 8.3]) was infused as indicated above 2 days before implantation of an osmotic minipump, which delivered Ang II or saline vehicle at a rate of 1 microg/kg per minute. Mean arterial pressure was measured in conscious, unrestrained mice for 3 consecutive days starting on day 7 after implantation of the minipumps. Mean arterial pressure averaged 114+/-5, 122+/-4, 162+/-2, and 125+/-6 mm Hg in vehicle-, intrarenal medullary interstitial CoPP-, Ang II-, and Ang II + intrarenal medullary interstitial CoPP-treated mice, respectively (n=6 or 7). These results demonstrate that kidney-specific induction of HO-1 prevents the development of Ang II-dependent hypertension and that induction of HO-1 in the kidney may be the mechanism by which systemic delivery of CoPP lowers blood pressure in Ang II-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity Vera
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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192
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Botros FT, Prieto-Carrasquero MC, Martin VL, Navar LG. Heme oxygenase induction attenuates afferent arteriolar autoregulatory responses. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F904-11. [PMID: 18632790 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90377.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenases (HO-1, HO-2) catalyze conversion of heme to iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin/bilirubin. We studied the effects of renal HO-1 induction on afferent arteriole (Aff-Art) autoregulatory responses to increases in renal perfusion pressure (RPP). Rats were treated with hemin and SnCl2 to induce HO-1, and Aff-Art autoregulatory responses were evaluated using the rat blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation. Renal HO-1 expression was significantly increased in hemin- and SnCl2-treated rats, while HO-2 was not altered. Aff-Art autoregulatory constrictor responses to increases in RPP from 100 to 150 mmHg were attenuated in hemin- and SnCl2-treated rats compared with control rats (+1.1+/-3.3, n=9 and +4.4+/-5.3, n=9 vs. -14.2+/-1.5%, n=10, respectively) (P<0.05). Acute HO inhibition with chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP; 15 micromol/l) restored Aff-Art autoregulatory responses in hemin- and SnCl2-treated rats. Superfusing Aff-Arts from control rats with 100 micromol/l biliverdin did not alter autoregulatory responses; however, superfusion with 1 mmol/l CO significantly attenuated autoregulatory responses to increases in RPP from 100 to 150 mmHg (+3.3+/-5.4 vs. -16.6+/-3.8%, n=6) (P<0.05). Acute soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition with 10 micromol/l ODQ restored Aff-Art autoregulatory responses in hemin-treated rats. Immunohistochemistry shows HO-2 to be expressed mainly in epithelial cells with weak staining in proximal tubules, interlobular arteries, and Aff-Arts. In hemin- and SnCl2-treated rats, HO-1 was induced in tubular epithelial cells but not interlobular arteries and Aff-Arts. We conclude that induction of renal HO-1 attenuates Aff-Art constrictor responses to increases in RPP via increasing CO production from tubular epithelial cells, suggesting that an augmented HO system in pathophysiological conditions modulates renal autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady T Botros
- Department of Physiology, Hypertension and Renal Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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193
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Abstract
Recent research reveals that free bilirubin functions physiologically as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activity. The chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB), found in blue-green algae and cyanobacteria such as Spirulina, also has been found to be a potent inhibitor of this enzyme complex, likely because in mammalian cells it is rapidly reduced to phycocyanorubin, a close homolog of bilirubin. In light of the protean roles of NADPH oxidase activation in pathology, it thus appears likely that PCB supplementation may have versatile potential in prevention and therapy -- particularly in light of rodent studies demonstrating that orally administered Spirulina or phycocyanin (the Spirulina holoprotein that contains PCB) can exert a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects. Until PCB-enriched Spirulina extracts or synthetically produced PCB are commercially available, the most feasible and least expensive way to administer PCB is by ingestion of whole Spirulina. A heaping tablespoon (about 15 g) of Spirulina can be expected to provide about 100 mg of PCB. By extrapolating from rodent studies, it can be concluded that an intake of 2 heaping tablespoons daily would be likely to have important antioxidant activity in humans -- assuming that humans and rodents digest and absorb Spirulina-bound PCB in a comparable manner. An intake of this magnitude can be clinically feasible if Spirulina is incorporated into "smoothies" featuring such ingredients as soy milk, fruit juices, and whole fruits. Such a regimen should be evaluated in clinical syndromes characterized and in part mediated by NADPH oxidase overactivity in affected tissues.
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194
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Up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression through the Rac1/NADPH oxidase/ROS/p38 signaling cascade mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14
-prostaglandin J2
in murine macrophages. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:861-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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195
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Resistance towards calcium induced bilirubin dependent hemolysis in porcine erythrocytes. Indian J Clin Biochem 2008; 23:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12291-008-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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196
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Kadl A, Pontiller J, Exner M, Leitinger N. Single bolus injection of bilirubin improves the clinical outcome in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Shock 2007; 28:582-8. [PMID: 17577133 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31804d41dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing serum levels of biliverdin and bilirubin was shown to be beneficial in settings of inflammation. Bilirubin was shown to be protective in LPS-induced lung injury in rats; however, the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated whether a single bolus injection of bilirubin would exert anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Mice were challenged with sublethal doses (2 mg/kg body weight) of LPS, and the effects of intravenously administered bilirubin (40 mg/kg body weight) were assessed. In contrast to control animals, bilirubin-treated animals fully recovered from endotoxin shock within 24 h. Bilirubin treatment improved the clinical score significantly at all time points assessed, attenuated weight loss, and improved LPS-induced anorexia. Furthermore, bilirubin treatment inhibited LPS-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions and leukocyte accumulation in various tissues. Expression of inflammatory genes, including endothelial adhesion molecules, but also IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, was significantly reduced in bilirubin-treated animals. Moreover, bilirubin inhibited LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes in isolated cultured aortic endothelial cells and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. These data show that single-dose administration of bilirubin attenuates tissue injury induced by endotoxin, and that bilirubin, in addition to its antioxidant effects, also exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kadl
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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197
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Desmard M, Boczkowski J, Poderoso J, Motterlini R. Mitochondrial and cellular heme-dependent proteins as targets for the bioactive function of the heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:2139-55. [PMID: 17854278 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effect of high concentrations of CO gas in living organisms is coherently typified at biochemical levels by the high affinity of CO for hemoglobin and cytochromes, heme-dependent proteins that are indispensable for oxygen transport and mitochondrial respiration. However, the basal production of CO during heme degradation and the ability of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to increase CO availability pose the question of how this gaseous molecule interacts with metal centers within the intracellular milieu to serve as one of the most unconventional signaling mediators. Emerging evidence indicates that the diverse and multifaceted beneficial effects exerted by "low concentrations" of CO cannot be explained solely by the activation of classic prototypic targets (i.e., guanylate cyclase/potassium channels) but entails the dynamic and concerted activation/inhibition of a group of CO-responsive proteins. As the complexity of the temporal and spatial action of CO is progressively being appreciated, this review aims to (a) highlight the current knowledge on certain metal-containing proteins that interact directly with CO; (b) analyze the latest notions on their functional role in response to CO; and finally (c) propose a rational view on the mode these CO targets may interrelate with and be regulated by the HO/CO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Desmard
- Inserm, U700; Université Paris 7, Faculté de Medicine, site Xavier Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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198
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McCarty MF. ''Iatrogenic Gilbert syndrome''--a strategy for reducing vascular and cancer risk by increasing plasma unconjugated bilirubin. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:974-94. [PMID: 17825497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The catabolism of heme, generating biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron, is mediated by heme oxygenase (HO). One form of this of this enzyme, heme oxygenase-1, is inducible by numerous agents which promote oxidative stress, and is now known to provide important antioxidant protection, as demonstrated in many rodent models of free radical-mediated pathogenesis, and suggested by epidemiology observing favorable health outcomes in individuals carrying high-expression alleles of the HO-1 gene. The antioxidant impact of HO-1 appears to be mediated by bilirubin, generated rapidly from biliverdin by ubiquitously expressed biliverdin reductase. Bilirubin efficiently scavenges a wide range of physiological oxidants by electron donation. In the process, it is often reconverted to biliverdin, but biliverdin reductase quickly regenerates bilirubin, thereby greatly boosting its antioxidant potential. There is also suggestive evidence that bilirubin inhibits the activity or activation of NADPH oxidase. Increased serum bilirubin is associated with reduced risk for atherogenic disease in epidemiological studies, and more limited data show an inverse correlation between serum bilirubin and cancer risk. Gilbert syndrome, a genetic variant characterized by moderate hyperbilirubinemia attributable to reduced hepatic expression of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase which conjugates bilirubin, has been associated with a greatly reduced risk for ischemic heart disease and hypertension in a recent study. Feasible strategies for boosting serum bilirubin levels may include administration of HO-1 inducers, supplementation with bilirubin or biliverdin, and administration of drugs which decrease the efficiency of hepatic bilirubin conjugation. The well-tolerated uricosuric drug probenecid achieves non-competitive inhibition of hepatic glucuronidation reactions by inhibiting the transport of UDP-glucuronic acid into endoplasmic reticulum; probenecid therapy is included in the differential diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia, and presumably could be used to induce an ''iatrogenic Gilbert syndrome''. Other drugs, such as rifampin, can raise serum bilirubin through competitive inhibition of hepatocyte bilirubin uptake--although unfortunately rifampin is not as safe as probenecid. Measures which can safely achieve moderate serum elevations of bilirubin may prove to have value in the prevention and/or treatment of a wide range of disorders in which oxidants play a prominent pathogenic role, including many vascular diseases, cancer, and inflammatory syndromes. Phycobilins, algal biliverdin metabolites that are good substrates for biliverdin reductase, may prove to have clinical antioxidant potential comparable to that of bilirubin.
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199
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Lin HY, Shen SC, Lin CW, Yang LY, Chen YC. Baicalein inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via ROS-dependent heme oxygenase 1 gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1073-86. [PMID: 17532486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, baicalein (BE) but not its glycoside, baicalin (BI), induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and the BE-induced HO-1 protein was blocked by adding cycloheximide (CHX) or actinomycin D (Act D). Activation of ERK, but not JNK or p38, proteins via induction of phosphorylation in accordance with increasing intracellular peroxide levels was detected in BE-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. The addition of the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, (but not the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, or the JNK inhibitor, SP600125) and the chemical antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), significantly reduced BE-induced HO-1 protein expression by respectively blocking ERK protein phosphorylation and intracellular peroxide production. Additionally, BE but not BI effectively protected RAW264.7 cells from hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cytotoxicity, and the preventive effect was attenuated by the addition of the HO inhibitor, SnPP, and the ERK inhibitor, PD98059. H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic events including hypodiploid cells, DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase 3 enzyme activity, and a loss in the mitochondrial membrane potential with the concomitant release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol were suppressed by the addition of BE but not BI. Blocking HO-1 protein expression by the HO-1 antisense oligonucleotide attenuated the protective effect of BE against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis by suppressing HO-1 gene expression in macrophages. Overexpression of the HO-1 protein inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic events such as DNA fragmentation and hypodiploid cells by reducing intracellular peroxide production induced by H(2)O(2), compared with those events in neo-control (neo-RAW264.7) cells. In addition, CO, but not bilirubin and biliverdin, addition inhibits H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. It suggests that CO can be responsible for the protective effect associated with HO-1 overexpression. The notion of induction of HO-1 gene expression through a ROS-dependent manner suppressing H(2)O(2)-induced cell death is identified in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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200
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McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. A two-phase strategy for treatment of oxidant-dependent cancers. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:489-96. [PMID: 17502128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In many cancers, a chronic increase in oxidant stress - associated with elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide - contributes to the increased proliferative rate, diminished apoptosis, increased angiogenic and metastatic capacity, and chemoresistance that often characterize advanced malignancies. This oxidant stress often reflects up-regulation of expression and activity of NADPH oxidase, and/or decreased activity of catalase, which functions as suppressor gene in oxidant-dependent cancers. These characteristics of oxidant-dependent cancers suggest a dual strategy for treatment of these cancers. Since ascorbate can react spontaneously with molecular oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide, high-dose intravenous ascorbate should be selectively toxic to tumors that are low in catalase activity - as suggested by numerous cell culture studies. Measures which concurrently improve the oxygenation of hypoxic tumor regions would be expected to boost the efficacy of such therapy; calcitriol and high-dose selenium might also be useful in this regard. Secondly, during the intervals between sessions of ascorbate therapy, administration of agents which can safely inhibit NADPH oxidase would be expected to slow the proliferation and spread of surviving tumor cells - while providing selection pressure for a further decline in catalase activity. In effect, cancers treated in this way would be whipsawed between lethally excessive and inadequately low oxidant stress. An additional possibility is that ascorbate-induced oxidant stress in tumors might potentiate the cell kill achieved with concurrently administered cytotoxic drugs, inasmuch as oxidant mechanisms appear to play a mediating role in the apoptosis induced by many such drugs, largely via activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase; cell culture studies would be useful for evaluating this possibility.
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