151
|
Steinritz D, Bölck B, Schwarz J, Balszuweit F, Dühr S, Ibrahim M, Bloch W, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine and α-Linolenic Acid on Sulfur Mustard Caused Impairment of In Vitro Endothelial Tube Formation. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:521-9. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
152
|
Yamamoto K, Ando J. Differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into vascular cells in response to fluid mechanical forces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12573-010-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
153
|
Yuan L, Yu Y, Sanders MA, Majumdar APN, Basson MD. Schlafen 3 induction by cyclic strain regulates intestinal epithelial differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G994-G1003. [PMID: 20299602 PMCID: PMC4865113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00517.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is subjected to repetitive deformation during normal gut function by peristalsis and villous motility. In vitro, cyclic strain promotes intestinal epithelial proliferation and induces an absorptive phenotype characterized by increased dipeptidyl dipeptidase (DPPIV) expression. Schlafen 3 is a novel gene recently associated with cellular differentiation. We sought to evaluate whether Schlafen 3 mediates the effects of strain on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6 in the absence or presence of cyclic strain. Strain increased Schlafen 3 mRNA and protein. In cells transfected with a control-nontargeting siRNA, strain increased DPPIV-specific activity. However, Schlafen 3 reduction by siRNA decreased basal DPPIV and prevented any stimulation of DPPIV activity by strain. Schlafen 3 reduction also prevented DPPIV induction by sodium butyrate (1 mM) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (0.1 ng/ml), two unrelated differentiating stimuli. However, Schlafen-3 reduction by siRNA did not prevent the mitogenic effect of strain or that of EGF. Blocking Src and phosphatidyl inositol (PI3)-kinase prevented strain induction of Schlafen 3, but Schlafen 3 induction required activation of p38 but not ERK. These results suggest that cyclic strain induces an absorptive phenotype characterized by increased DPPIV activity via Src-, p38-, and PI3-kinase-dependent induction of Schlafen 3 in rat IEC-6 cells on collagen, whereas Schlafen 3 may also be a key factor in the induction of intestinal epithelial differentiation by other stimuli such as sodium butyrate or TGF-beta. The induction of Schlafen 3 or its human homologs may modulate intestinal epithelial differentiation and preserve the gut mucosa during normal gut function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Yuan
- 1Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing; ,2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,Departments of 3Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Yingjie Yu
- 2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,4Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Adhip P. N. Majumdar
- 2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,4Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Marc D. Basson
- 1Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing; ,2Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and ,Departments of 3Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Zhu DY, Wu JY, Li H, Yan JP, Guo MY, Wo YB, Lou YJ. PPAR-beta facilitating maturation of hepatic-like tissue derived from mouse embryonic stem cells accompanied by mitochondriogenesis and membrane potential retention. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:498-508. [PMID: 19998413 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about mitochondria metabolism in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells. Present research focused on several elements of cellular energy metabolism in hepatic-like tissue derived from mouse ES cells. We demonstrated that mitochondrial location patterns and mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) existed in subsequent differentiation of the tissue. Mitochondriogenesis appeared at the early stage and kept a normal DeltaPsi(m) in differentiated mature hepatocytes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) expression was transitorily increased at the beginning, and kept a relatively low level later, which accompanied by expression of PPAR-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. PPAR-beta expression showed robust up-regulation in the late differentiation course. Enhanced co-expressions of PPAR-beta and albumin with catalysis of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were observed at mature stage. While PPAR-gamma expression changed little before and after differentiation. Mitochondriogenesis could be accelerated by PPAR-alpha specific agonist WY14643 and abolished by its antagonist GW6471 at the early stage. Neither of them affected mitochondrial DeltaPsi(m) and albumin generation in the differentiated hepatocytes. Furthermore, maturation of hepatic-like tissue and mitochondriogenesis in hepatocyte could be efficiently stimulated by PPAR-beta specific agonist L165041 and abolished by PPAR-beta specific antagonist GSK0660, but not affected by PPAR-gamma specific agonist GW1929. In conclusion, the derived hepatic tissue morphologically possessed cellular energy metabolism features. PPAR-alpha seemed only necessary for early mitochondriogenesis, while less important for DeltaPsi(m) retention in the mature tissue derived. The stimulation of PPAR-beta but not -gamma enhanced hepatogenesis, hepatocytes maturation, and mitochondriogenesis. PPAR-beta took an important role in cellular energy metabolism of hepatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yan Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Jacot JG, Kita-Matsuo H, Wei KA, Chen HSV, Omens JH, Mercola M, McCulloch AD. Cardiac myocyte force development during differentiation and maturation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1188:121-7. [PMID: 20201894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of cardiac myocytes during the immediate prenatal period coincides with changes in the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. We investigated the effects of extracellular stiffness on cardiomyocyte maturation in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes grown on collagen-coated gels. Cells on 10-kPa substrates developed aligned sarcomeres, while cells on stiffer substrates had unaligned sarcomeres and stress fibers. Cells generated greater mechanical force on gels with stiffness similar to that of the native myocardium than on stiffer or softer substrates. To investigate the differentiation of myocyte progenitors, we used clonal expansion of engineered human embryonic stem cells. Puromycin-selected cardiomyocytes exhibited a gene expression profile similar to that of adult human cardiomyocytes and generated force and action potentials consistent with normal fetal cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that extracellular stiffness significantly affects maturation and differentiation of immature ventricular myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, and Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Cyclic mechanical strain promotes transforming-growth-factor-β1-mediated cardiomyogenic marker expression in bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellsin vitro. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:191-7. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
157
|
Keung AJ, Healy KE, Kumar S, Schaffer DV. Biophysics and dynamics of natural and engineered stem cell microenvironments. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 2:49-64. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Keung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kevin E. Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Lekli I, Gurusamy N, Ray D, Tosaki A, Das DK. Redox regulation of stem cell mobilizationThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue on Advances in Cardiovascular Research. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:989-95. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the role of redox signaling in the mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and homing. Cytokines and adhesion molecules control stem cell mobilization through a redox-regulated process. The FoxO–SirT network appears to be intimately involved in redox-regulated stem cell homeostasis, whereas the process of stem cell differentiation is regulated by redox effector factor-1 (Ref-1) protein. Lack of oxygen (hypoxia), specifically controlled hypoxia, can stimulate the growth of the stem cells in their niche, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α appears to play a significant role in their maintenance and homing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Lekli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Diptarka Ray
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dipak K. Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
Cardiac cells are under constant, self-generated mechanical stress which can affect the differentiation of stem cells into cardiac myocytes, the development of differentiated cells and the maturation of cells in neonatal mammals. In this article, the effects of direct stretch, electrically induced beating and substrate elasticity on the behavior and development of cardiomyocytes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the effects of substrate stiffness on cardiomyocyte maturation. In order to relate these observations to in vivo mechanical conditions, we isolated the left ventricle of Black Swiss mice from embryonic day 13.5 through post-natal day 14 and measured the elastic modulus of the epicardium using atomic force microscope indentation. We found that the elastic modulus of the epicardium significantly changes at birth, from an embryonic value of 12+/-4kPa to a neonatal value of 39+/-7kPa. This change is in the range shown to significantly affect the development of neonatal cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Jacot
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6100 Main St. MS-142, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Basset O, Deffert C, Foti M, Bedard K, Jaquet V, Ogier-Denis E, Krause KH. NADPH oxidase 1 deficiency alters caveolin phosphorylation and angiotensin II-receptor localization in vascular smooth muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2371-84. [PMID: 19309260 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase NOX1 is thought to be involved in signaling by the angiotensin II-receptor AT1R. However, underlying signaling steps are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of AngII on aortic smooth muscle from wild-type and NOX1-deficient mice. NOX1-deficient cells showed decreased basal ROS generation and did not produce ROS in response to AngII. Unexpectedly, AngII-dependent Ca(2+) signaling was markedly decreased in NOX1-deficient cells. Immunostaining demonstrated that AT1R was localized on the plasma membrane in wild-type, but intracellularly in NOX1-deficient cells. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting showed a decreased expression of AT1R in the aorta of NOX1-deficient mice. To investigate the basis of the abnormal AT1R targeting, we studied caveolin expression and phosphorylation. The amounts of total caveolin and of caveolae were not different in NOX1-deficient mice, but a marked decrease occurred in the phosphorylated form of caveolin. Exogenous H(2)O(2) or transfection of a NOX1 plasmid restored AngII responses in NOX1-deficient cells. Based on these findings, we propose that NOX1-derived reactive oxygen species regulate cell-surface expression of AT1R through mechanisms including caveolin phosphorylation. The lack cell-surface AT1R expression in smooth muscle could be involved in the decreased blood pressure in NOX1-deficient mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/genetics
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/anatomy & histology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Caveolins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/deficiency
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Phosphorylation
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Basset
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Ushio-Fukai M, Urao N. Novel role of NADPH oxidase in angiogenesis and stem/progenitor cell function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2517-33. [PMID: 19309262 PMCID: PMC2821135 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization is involved in normal development and wound repair as well as ischemic heart disease and peripheral artery disease. Both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis [de novo new vessel formation through mobilization of stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow (BM) and their homing to the ischemic sites] contribute to the formation of new blood vessels after tissue ischemia. Angiogenesis is dependent on cell proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation in endothelial cells (ECs). Stem/progenitor cells have been used for cell-based therapy to promote revascularization after peripheral or myocardial ischemia. Excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in senescence and apoptosis of ECs and stem/progenitor cells, causing defective neovascularization. ROS at low levels function as signaling molecules to mediate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. NADPH oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS in ECs and stem/progenitor cells, and is activated by various growth factors, cytokines, hypoxia, and ischemia. ROS derived from NADPH oxidase play an important role in redox signaling linked to angiogenesis ECs, as well as stem/progenitor cell mobilization, homing, and differentiation, thereby promoting neovascularization. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into NADPH oxidase and its mediators as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic heart and limb disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Serena E, Figallo E, Tandon N, Cannizzaro C, Gerecht S, Elvassore N, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Electrical stimulation of human embryonic stem cells: cardiac differentiation and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3611-9. [PMID: 19720058 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous electric fields have been implied in cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we explored the effects of electrical field stimulation on ROS generation and cardiogenesis in embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC, line H13), using a custom-built electrical stimulation bioreactor. Electrical properties of the bioreactor system were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and analysis of electrical currents. The effects of the electrode material (stainless steel, titanium-nitride-coated titanium, titanium), length of stimulus (1 and 90 s) and age of EBs at the onset of electrical stimulation (4 and 8 days) were investigated with respect to ROS generation. The amplitude of the applied electrical field was 1 V/mm. The highest rate of ROS generation was observed for stainless steel electrodes, for signal duration of 90 s and for 4-day-old EBs. Notably, comparable ROS generation was achieved by incubation of EBs with 1 nM H(2)O(2). Cardiac differentiation in these EBs was evidenced by spontaneous contractions, expression of troponin T and its sarcomeric organization. These results imply that electrical stimulation plays a role in cardiac differentiation of hESCs, through mechanisms associated with the intracellular generation of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Serena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members function in a cell context-specific and cell type-specific manner to integrate signals that affect proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Consistent with the importance of these events in tumorigenesis, JNK and p38 MAPK signalling is associated with cancers in humans and mice. Studies in mouse models have been essential to better understand how these MAPKs control cancer development, and these models are expected to provide new strategies for the design of improved therapeutic approaches. In this Review we highlight the recent progress made in defining the functions of the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in different cancers.
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members function in a cell context-specific and cell type-specific manner to integrate signals that affect proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Consistent with the importance of these events in tumorigenesis, JNK and p38 MAPK signalling is associated with cancers in humans and mice. Studies in mouse models have been essential to better understand how these MAPKs control cancer development, and these models are expected to provide new strategies for the design of improved therapeutic approaches. In this Review we highlight the recent progress made in defining the functions of the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin F Wagner
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Yirme G, Amit M, Laevsky I, Osenberg S, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Establishing a dynamic process for the formation, propagation, and differentiation of human embryoid bodies. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1227-41. [PMID: 19006458 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to provide an unlimited supply of cells for cell therapy depends on the availability of a controllable bioprocess for their expansion and differentiation. We describe here a robust and well-defined scale up platform for human embryoid body (EB) formation, propagation, and differentiation. The efficacy of the dynamic process as compared to the static cultivation in Petri dishes was analyzed. Our optimized conditions include specific bioreactor and impeller type, seeding and propagation parameters, and scale up. Quantitative analyses of viable cell concentrations, apoptosis percentages, and EB yield revealed 6.7-fold enhancement in the generation of hESC-derived cells after 10 cultivation days. Other metabolic indices such as glucose consumption, lactic acid production and pH all pointed to efficient cell expansion in the dynamic cultures. The hydrodynamic conditions during seeding and cultivation were found to be crucial for the EB formation and propagation. The EBs' prearrangement in the static system and EB cultivation in the Glass Ball Impeller spinner flask resulted in high EB yield, a round homogenous shape, and the fastest growth rate. The appearance of representative genes of the three germ layers as well as primitive neuronal tube organization and blood vessel formation indicated that the initial developmental events in the human EBs are not interfered by the dynamic system. Furthermore, well developed endothelial networks and contracting EBs with functional cardiac muscle were also obtained after two cultivation weeks. Collectively, our study defines the technological platform for the controlled large-scale generation of hESC-derived cells for clinical and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galia Yirme
- Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H, Vetter H, Kraft K. Synergy research: vitamins and secondary plant components in the maintenance of the redox-homeostasis and in cell signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:2-16. [PMID: 19118991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of the redox-homeostasis is an essential task of antioxidants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during oxidative stress can potentially damage the normal cellular functions and support pathological processes like atherosclerosis in vessels or malignant growth in other tissues, but also the aging process. However, recent findings link ROS also to cell survival and/or proliferation, which revolutionises the age-old dogmatic view of ROS being exclusively involved in cell damage and death. Low concentrations of hydrogenperoxide e.g. are involved in cell signaling and can activate mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) to initiate cell growth. Nutritional antioxidants like vitamin C or E can promote endothelial cell growth, but can also inhibit growth of muscle cells, and influence MAPK. Thus, keeping the redox-homeostasis in a steady state especially in the context of tissue regeneration appears to be more important than previously known and seems to be a controlled synergistic action of antioxidants and ROS. The present review summarizes the properties and functions of ROS and nutritional antioxidants like the vitamins C and E, and polyphenols in redox-homeostasis. Their relevance in the treatment of various diseases is discussed in the context of a multitarget therapy with nutraceuticals and phytotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
|
167
|
Ding L, Liang XG, Hu Y, Zhu DY, Lou YJ. Involvement of p38MAPK and reactive oxygen species in icariin-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:751-60. [PMID: 18484897 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that treatment of icariin could significantly induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro. In the present study, the exact activity initiated by icariin was further confirmed and the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated. We found that cardiomyocyte differentiation was efficiently stimulated only if icariin was administrated between days 5 and 8 in differentiation course, which indicated with elevated percentage of embryoid bodies (EB) and with beating areas and up- regulated expression of alpha-actinin and troponin T. Exposure of icariin triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of EBs in 3 h, which was abolished in the presence of either NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI or antioxidant Trolox. Meanwhile, expression of NOX4, a membrane combined enzyme responsible for ROS generation, was promoted by icariin in a dose-dependent manner. Although p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) were spontaneously activated in early differentiation, only the phosphorylation of p38MAPK was enhanced and prolonged when icariin was present, whereas both ERK and JNK showed no response to icariin treatment. Moreover, the inducible effect of icariin was blunted by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK. On the contrary, neither UO126 nor SP600125, the specific inhibitor of ERK and JNK, could abolish icariin-stimulated differentiation. Nuclear location of MEF2C, which played a critical role in cardiomyocyte differentiation and could be activated by p38MAPK, was stimulated after icariin exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS generation and the subsequent activation of p38MAPK are essential for the inducible function of icariin on cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- Institute of Pharmacology-Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Lange S, Heger J, Euler G, Wartenberg M, Piper HM, Sauer H. Platelet-derived growth factor BB stimulates vasculogenesis of embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells by calcium-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:159-68. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
169
|
Suter DM, Krause KH. Neural commitment of embryonic stem cells: molecules, pathways and potential for cell therapy. J Pathol 2008; 215:355-68. [PMID: 18566959 DOI: 10.1002/path.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study of neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells has raised major interest over recent years. It allows a better understanding of fundamental aspects of neurogenesis and, at the same time, the generation of neurons as tools for various applications ranging from drug testing to cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Since the first report of human embryonic stem (ES) cells derivation, many studies have shown the possibility of directing their differentiation towards neurons. However, there are still many challenges ahead, including gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and developing techniques to allow the generation of homogeneous neuronal and glial subtypes. We review the current state of knowledge of embryonic neurogenesis which has been acquired from animal models and discuss its translation into in vitro strategies of neuronal differentiation of ES cells. We also highlight several aspects of current protocols which need to be optimized to generate high-quality embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal precursors suitable for clinical applications. Finally, we discuss the potential of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons for cell replacement therapy in several central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Suter
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to differentiate into specified lineages in the appropriate locations is vital to morphogenesis and adult tissue regeneration. Although soluble signals are important regulators of patterned differentiation, here we show that gradients of mechanical forces can also drive patterning of lineages. In the presence of soluble factors permitting osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, human mesenchymal stem cells at the edge of multicellular islands differentiate into the osteogenic lineage, whereas those in the center became adipocytes. Interestingly, changing the shape of the multicellular sheet modulated the locations of osteogenic versus adipogenic differentiation. Measuring traction forces revealed gradients of stress that preceded and mirrored the patterns of differentiation, where regions of high stress resulted in osteogenesis, whereas stem cells in regions of low stress differentiated to adipocytes. Inhibiting cytoskeletal tension suppressed the relative degree of osteogenesis versus adipogenesis, and this spatial patterning of differentiation was also present in three-dimensional multicellular clusters. These findings demonstrate a role for mechanical forces in linking multicellular organization to spatial differentials of cell differentiation, and they represent an important guiding principle in tissue patterning that could be exploited in stem cell-based therapies. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Alom Ruiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Function of reactive oxygen species during animal development: Passive or active? Dev Biol 2008; 320:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
172
|
Wo YB, Zhu DY, Hu Y, Wang ZQ, Liu J, Lou YJ. Reactive oxygen species involved in prenylflavonoids, icariin and icaritin, initiating cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1536-50. [PMID: 17985362 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The significant promoting effects of some prenylflavonoids on cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway were investigated. The most effective differentiation was facilitated by icariin (ICA), followed by icaritin (ICT), while desmethylicaritin (DICT) displayed the weakest but still significant inducible effect. Contrarily, DICT demonstrated the strongest anti-oxidative activity while ICA displayed only little in vitro, which was well matched with the hydroxyl (OH) numbers and the positions in the molecular structures. Therefore, ROS signaling cascades were assumed to be involved in prenylflavonoids induced cardiomyogenesis. Treatment with ICA, intracellular ROS in embryoid bodies was rapidly elevated, which was abolished by the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin; elimination of intracellular ROS by vitamin E or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibited ICA induced cardiomyogenesis; ROS-sensitive extracellular-regulated kinase 1, 2 (ERK1, 2) and p38 activation were further observed, the cardiomyogenesis was significantly inhibited in the presence of ERK1, 2 or p38 inhibitor U0126 or SB203580, indicating the roles of NADPH-ROS-MAPKs signaling cascades in prenylflavonoids induced cardiac differentiation. There was no difference in Nox4 NADPH oxidase expression between ICA and ICT treatments, however, ROS concentration in EBs after ICT administration was lower than that after ICA treatment, followed by less activation of ERK1, 2, and p38. These results revealed that the significant promoting effects of prenylflavonoids on cardiac differentiation was at least partly via ROS signaling cascades, and the facilitating abilities preferentially based on the nature of prenylflavonoids themselves, but anti-oxidative activity determined by the OH numbers and the positions in the structures do influence the cardiomyogenesis in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-bo Wo
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Chen K, Wu L, Wang ZZ. Extrinsic regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:119-28. [PMID: 17979183 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of leading causes of death throughout the U.S. and the world. The damage of cardiomyocytes resulting from ischemic injury is irreversible and leads to the development of progressive heart failure, which is characterized by the loss of functional cardiomyocytes. Because cardiomyocytes are unable to regenerate in the adult heart, cell-based therapy of transplantation provides a potential alternative approach to replace damaged myocardial tissue and restore cardiac function. A major roadblock toward this goal is the lack of donor cells; therefore, it is urgent to identify the cardiovascular cells that are necessary for achieving cardiac muscle regeneration. Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells have enormous potential as a source of therapeutic tissues, including cardiovascular cells; however, the regulatory elements mediating ES cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes are largely unknown. In this review, we will focus on extrinsic factors that play a role in regulating different stages of cardiomyocyte differentiation of ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Hirano T. Repair system of 7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine as a defense line against carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:329-340. [PMID: 18596371 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essentially harmful for living organisms, including human beings. It is well known that ROS-induced damage of cellular components may lead to human diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, degenerative diseases, or cancer. In particular, oxidative DNA damage is premutagenic, and thus, the generation of DNA damage and the failure of its removal are critical events for tumorigenesis or carcinogenesis. To prevent this disadvantage, living organisms have defense mechanisms against ROS-induced gene instability. Studies of 8-oxo-Gua and its main repair enzyme, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), are informative and useful, because 8-oxo-Gua is commonly observed in DNA, and OGG1 enzymes exist in a wide variety of living organisms. The importance of OGG1 was confirmed by polymorphism analyses and studies using knockout mice. Moreover, analyses of the influences of environmental factors on DNA damage and repair systems have confirmed the effects of heavy metals on 8-oxo-Gua formation and OGG1 expression. These studies revealed that the 8-oxo-Gua repair system is crucial for the prevention of mutation-related diseases, such as cancer. In this review, the advances in this field during the last two decades are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirano
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abstract
The primary cause of cancer treatment failure is invasion and metastasis, and invading tumor cells utilize many of the motility patterns that have been documented for normal morphogenesis. Recently, the role of mechanical forces in guiding various tissue and cell movements in embryonic development has been systematically analyzed with new experimental and computational methods. The tissue and cellular mechanobiology approach also holds promise for increasing the understanding of tumor invasion. In fact, the mechanical stiffness of tumors has correlated with invasiveness, and manipulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness in vitro has suppressed the cancer phenotype. Several important signaling molecules reside on the cytoskeleton, which is affected by external stress imparted by the ECM, and deformation of the nucleus can trigger the activation of certain genes. All these observations suggest that a synthesis of the biology of cancer cell invasion and cellular mechanobiology may offer new targets for the treatment of malignant disease. Accordingly, sensitive and relevant in vivo models and methods to study cancer mechanobiology are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Makale
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0819, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in icariin promoted cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:59-66. [PMID: 18423597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Icariin has been reported to facilitate the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanism on cardiomyogenic cell lineage differentiation has not been fully elucidated yet. In the present studies, an underlying signaling network including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, 2 (ERK1, 2), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors c-jun and c-fos was assumed in icariin induced cardiomyogenesis. Icariin rapidly activated p38 and ERK1, 2 in embryoid bodies, treatment with p38 antagonist 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) or ERK1, 2 inhibitor 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio] butadiene (U0126) significantly abolished icariin induced cardiac commitment, MEF2C gene expression and nuclear translocation, as well as cardiac-specific protein alpha-actinin expression, indicating that p38 and ERK1, 2 are specifically involved in icariin stimulated cardiomyogenic cell lineage differentiation of ES cells. Further, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NF-kappaB p65 translocation to the nucleus appeared rapidly when embryoid bodies exposed to icariin, and the expression of IkappaBalpha or NF-kappaB p65 in cytoplasm was decreased concomitantly. Moreover, icariin increased c-jun and c-fos mRNA and protein expression. Either SB203580 or U0126 displayed inhibitory effect on icariin induced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. It could be concluded that p38 and ERK1, 2 are activated in a coordinated manner, which in turn contribute to NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in icariin induced cardiomyogenic cell lineage differentiation of mouse ES cells.
Collapse
|
177
|
Hwang NS, Varghese S, Elisseeff J. Controlled differentiation of stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:199-214. [PMID: 18006108 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment plays a significant role in controlling cellular behavior. Identification of appropriate biomaterials that support cellular attachment, proliferation and, most importantly in the case of human embryonic stem cells, lineage-specific differentiation is critical for tissue engineering and cellular therapy. In addition to growth factors and morphogenetic factors known to induce lineage commitment of stem cells, a number of scaffolding materials, including synthetic and naturally-derived biomaterials, have been utilized in tissue engineering approaches to direct differentiation. This review focuses on recent emerging findings and well-characterized differentiation models of human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we also discuss about various strategies that have been used in stem cell expansion.
Collapse
|
178
|
Shimizu N, Yamamoto K, Obi S, Kumagaya S, Masumura T, Shimano Y, Naruse K, Yamashita JK, Igarashi T, Ando J. Cyclic strain induces mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells by activating PDGF receptor beta. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:766-72. [PMID: 18187612 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00870.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are exposed to fluid-mechanical forces, such as cyclic strain and shear stress, during the process of embryonic development but much remains to be elucidated concerning the role of fluid-mechanical forces in ES cell differentiation. Here, we show that cyclic strain induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation in murine ES cells. Flk-1-positive (Flk-1+) ES cells seeded on flexible silicone membranes were subjected to controlled levels of cyclic strain and examined for changes in cell proliferation and expression of various cell lineage markers. When exposed to cyclic strain (4-12% strain, 1 Hz, 24 h), the Flk-1+ ES cells significantly increased in cell number and became oriented perpendicular to the direction of strain. There were dose-dependent increases in the VSMC markers smooth muscle alpha-actin and smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain at both the protein and gene expression level in response to cyclic strain, whereas expression of the vascular endothelial cell marker Flk-1 decreased, and there were no changes in the other endothelial cell markers (Flt-1, VE-cadherin, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), the blood cell marker CD3, or the epithelial marker keratin. The PDGF receptor beta (PDGFR beta) kinase inhibitor AG-1296 completely blocked the cyclic strain-induced increase in cell number and VSMC marker expression. Cyclic strain immediately caused phosphorylation of PDGFR beta in a dose-dependent manner, but neutralizing antibody against PDGF-BB did not block the PDGFR beta phosphorylation. These results suggest that cyclic strain activates PDGFR beta in a ligand-independent manner and that the activation plays a critical role in VSMC differentiation from Flk-1+ ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Shimizu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Sauer H, Ruhe C, Müller JP, Schmelter M, D'Souza R, Wartenberg M. Reactive oxygen species and upregulation of NADPH oxidases in mechanotransduction of embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 477:397-418. [PMID: 19082963 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-517-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the differentiation pathway of embryonic stem (ES) cells is a challenging task not only for basic research, but also for clinicians who intend to use ES cells for cell transplantation approaches. We have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a primordial role in the differentiation of mouse ES cells toward the cardiovascular cell lineage. During differentiation, ES cells robustly generate ROS, which interfere with signaling pathways that direct cardiac and vascular commitment. Differentiating ES cells expression of Nox-1, Nox-2, and Nox-4 has been demonstrated. We have shown that mechanical strain application to embyoid bodies grown from ES cells initiates the cardiovascular differentiation program. Under these conditions, a burst of ROS generation occurs which is followed by induction of Nox-1 and Nox-4 and a feed-forward upregulation of ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Mechanobiology of adult and stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 271:301-46. [PMID: 19081546 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including gravity, tension, compression, hydrostatic pressure, and fluid shear stress, play a vital role in human physiology and pathology. They particularly influence extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression, ECM protein synthesis, and production of inflammatory mediators of many load-sensitive adult cells such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanical forces generated by cells themselves, known as cell traction forces (CTFs), also influence many biological processes such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, the quantitative characterization of CTFs by qualities such as magnitude and distribution is useful for understanding physiological and pathological events at the tissue and organ levels. Recently, the effects of mechanical loads on embryonic and adult stem cells in terms of self-renewal, differentiation, and matrix protein expression have been investigated. While it seems certain that mechanical loads applied to stem cells regulate their self-renewal and induce controlled cell lineage differentiation, the detailed molecular signaling mechanisms responsible for these mechano-effects remain to be elucidated. Challenges in the fields of both adult- and stem-cell mechanobiology include devising novel experimental and theoretical methodologies to examine mechano-responses more closely to various forms of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction mechanisms of these cells in a more physiologically accurate setting. Such novel methodologies will lead to better understanding of various pathological diseases, their management, and translational applications in the ever expanding field of tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
181
|
Saretzki G, Walter T, Atkinson S, Passos JF, Bareth B, Keith WN, Stewart R, Hoare S, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, von Zglinicki T, Lako M. Downregulation of multiple stress defense mechanisms during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 26:455-64. [PMID: 18055443 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that cellular maintenance, stress defense, and DNA repair mechanisms should be most active in germ line cells, including embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into germ line cells, whereas it would be energetically unfavorable to keep these up in mortal somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis by examining telomere maintenance, oxidative stress generation, and genes involved in antioxidant defense and DNA repair during spontaneous differentiation of two human embryonic stem cell lines. Telomerase activity was quickly downregulated during differentiation, probably due to deacetylation of histones H3 and H4 at the hTERT promoter and deacetylation of histone H3 at hTR promoter. Telomere length decreased accordingly. Mitochondrial superoxide production and cellular levels of reactive oxygen species increased as result of increased mitochondrial biogenesis. The expression of major antioxidant genes was downregulated despite this increased oxidative stress. DNA damage levels increased during differentiation, whereas expression of genes involved in different types of DNA repair decreased. These results confirm earlier data obtained during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation and are in accordance with evolutionary predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Saretzki
- Crucible Lab, Institute of Human Genetics, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Sharifpanah F, Wartenberg M, Hannig M, Piper HM, Sauer H. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists enhance cardiomyogenesis of mouse ES cells by utilization of a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells 2007; 26:64-71. [PMID: 17951219 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha, -beta and -gamma) are nuclear receptors involved in transcriptional regulation of lipid and energy metabolism. Since the energy demand increases when cardiac progenitor cells are developing rhythmic contractile activity, PPAR activation may play a critical role during cardiomyogenesis of embryonic stem (ES) cells. It is shown that ES cells express PPARalpha, -beta, and -gamma mRNA during differentiation of ES cells towards cardiac cells. Treatment with PPARalpha agonists (WY14643, GW7647, and ciprofibrate) significantly increased cardiomyogenesis and expression of the cardiac genes MLC2a, ANP, MHC-beta, MLC2v, and cardiac alpha-actin. Furthermore, WY14643 increased PPARalpha gene expression and the expression of the cardiogenic transcription factors GATA-4, Nkx2.5, DTEF-1, and MEF 2C. In contrast, the PPARalpha antagonist MK886 decreased cardiomyogenesis, whereas the PPARbeta agonist L-165,041 as well as the PPARgamma agonist GW1929 were without effects. Treatment with PPARalpha, but not PPARbeta, and PPARgamma agonists and MK886, resulted in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was inhibited in the presence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylen iodonium (DPI) and apocynin and the free radical scavengers vitamin E and N-(2-mercapto-propionyl)-glycine (NMPG), whereas the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone was without effects. The effect of PPARalpha agonists on cardiomyogenesis of ES cells was abolished upon preincubation with free radical scavengers and NADPH oxidase inhibitors, indicating involvement of ROS in PPARalpha, mediated cardiac differentiation. In summary, our data indicate that stimulation of PPARalpha but not PPARbeta and -gamma enhances cardiomyogenesis in ES cells using a pathway that involves ROS and NADPH oxidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifpanah
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Zhang Q, Bellotto DJ, Ravikumar P, Moe OW, Hogg RT, Hogg DC, Estrera AS, Johnson RL, Hsia CCW. Postpneumonectomy lung expansion elicits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L497-504. [PMID: 17513452 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We ( 42 ) previously reported differential regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α, -2α, and -3α) mRNA in canine lungs during normal maturation and postpneumonectomy (PNX) compensatory growth in the absence of overt hypoxia. To test the hypothesis that lung expansion activates HIF signaling, we replaced the right lung of six adult foxhounds with inflated custom-shaped silicone prosthesis to keep the mediastinum in the midline and minimize lateral expansion of the remaining lung. After 3 wk of recovery and stabilization of perfusion, the prosthesis was acutely deflated in three animals, causing the remaining lung to expand by 114%. In three other animals, the prosthesis remained inflated. Three days following deflation, we observed significant elevation in the mRNA and nuclear protein levels of HIF-1α (∼60%) as well as activation of its transcriptional regulator, the serine/threonine protein kinase B (phospho-Akt-to-total Akt ratio, 124%), and the mRNA and protein levels of its downstream targets, erythropoietin receptor (71–183%) as well as VEGF (33–58%) compared with the pre-PNX control lung from the same animal. The mRNA of HIF-2α, HIF-3α, and VEGF receptors did not change with acute deflation. We conclude that in vivo lung expansion by post-PNX deflation of space-occupying prosthesis elicits coordinated activation of HIF-1α signaling in adult lungs. This pathway could play an important role in mediating lung growth and remodeling during maturation and post-PNX compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quiyang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9034, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Azzi A. Molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol action. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:16-21. [PMID: 17561089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inability of other antioxidants to substitute for alpha-tocopherol in a number of cellular reactions, the lack of a compensatory antioxidant response in the gene expression under conditions of alpha-tocopherol deficiency, the unique uptake of alpha-tocopherol relative to the other tocopherols and its slower catabolism, and the striking differences in the molecular function of the different tocopherols and tocotrienols, observed in vitro, unrelated to their antioxidant properties, are all data in support of a nonantioxidant molecular function of alpha-tocopherol. Furthermore, in vivo studies have also shown that alpha-tocopherol is not able, at physiological concentrations, to protect against oxidant-induced damage or prevent disease allegedly caused by oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol appears to act as a ligand of not yet identified specific proteins (receptors, transcription factors) capable of regulating signal transduction and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Azzi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Office 622, JM USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:245-313. [PMID: 17237347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4916] [Impact Index Per Article: 289.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Kubo M, Li TS, Suzuki R, Ohshima M, Qin SL, Hamano K. Short-term pretreatment with low-dose hydrogen peroxide enhances the efficacy of bone marrow cells for therapeutic angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2582-8. [PMID: 17277028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00786.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis can be induced by the implantation of bone marrow cells (BMCs). Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) has been shown to increase VEGF expression and to be involved in angiogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with H(2)O(2) enhances the efficacy of BMCs for neovascularization. H(2)O(2) pretreatment was done by incubating mouse BMCs in 5 microM H(2)O(2) for 30 min, followed by washing twice with PBS. The H(2)O(2)-pretreated and untreated BMCs were then studied in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR analysis showed that expression of VEGF and Flk-1 mRNA was significantly higher in H(2)O(2)-pretreated BMCs than in untreated BMCs after 12 and 24 h of culture (P<0.01). Pretreatment with H(2)O(2) also effectively enhanced the VEGF production and endothelial differentiation from BMCs after 1 and 7 days of culture (P<0.05). To estimate the angiogenic potency in vivo, H(2)O(2)-pretreated or untreated BMCs were intramuscularly implanted into the ischemic hindlimbs of mice. After 14 days of treatment, many of the H(2)O(2)-pretreated BMCs were viable, showed endothelial differentiation, and were incorporated in microvessels. Conversely, the survival and incorporation of the untreated BMCs were relatively poor. Microvessel density and blood flow in the ischemic hindlimbs were significantly greater in the mice implanted with H(2)O(2)-pretreated BMCs than in those implanted with untreated BMCs (P<0.05). These results show that the short-term pretreatment of BMCs with low-dose H(2)O(2) is a novel, simple, and feasible method of enhancing their angiogenic potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kubo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Guzzo RM, Foley AC, Ibarra YM, Mercola M. Signaling Pathways in Embryonic Heart Induction. CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(07)18005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
188
|
Goswami SK, Maulik N, Das DK. Ischemia-reperfusion and cardioprotection: a delicate balance between reactive oxygen species generation and redox homeostasis. Ann Med 2007; 39:275-89. [PMID: 17558599 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701374677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the myocardium has long been a subject of intense research. Cardiac preconditioning, an associated phenomenon, has also been critically investigated over the past two decades. Although the biochemistry of ischemia-reperfusion and its association with oxidative metabolism has long been established, recent studies have further revealed a more intricate role of a number of reactive oxygen-nitrogen species in those processes. Emerging evidence suggests that an elaborate network of enzymes (and other biomolecules) dedicated to the generation, utilization, and diminution of reactive oxygen-nitrogen species maintains the redox homeostasis in the myocardium, and any perturbation of its status has distinctive effects. It thus appears that while excessive generation of reactive species leads to cellular injury, their regulated generation may cause transient and reversible modifications of cellular proteins leading the transmission of intracellular signals with specific effects. Taken together, generation of reactive oxygen-nitrogen species in the myocardium plays a nodal role in mediating both ischemic injury and cardioprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal K Goswami
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Danalache BA, Paquin J, Donghao W, Grygorczyk R, Moore JC, Mummery CL, Gutkowska J, Jankowski M. Nitric oxide signaling in oxytocin-mediated cardiomyogenesis. Stem Cells 2006; 25:679-88. [PMID: 17138963 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT), a hormone recently identified in the heart, induces embryonic and cardiac somatic stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CM), possibly through nitric oxide (NO). We verified this hypothesis using P19 cells and P19 Clone 6 derivatives expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter linked to cardiac myosin light chain-2v promoter. OT treatment of these cells induced beating cell colonies that were fully inhibited by N,G-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthases (NOS), partially reduced by 1400W, an inhibitor of inducible NOS, and ODQ, an inhibitor of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclases. The NO generator S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reversed the L-NAME inhibition of cell beating and GFP expression. In OT-induced cells, L-NAME significantly decreased transcripts of the cardiac markers Nkx2.5, MEF2c, alpha-myosin heavy chain, and less, GATA4, endothelial NOS, and atrial natriuretic peptide, as well as the skeletal myocyte (SM) marker myogenin. Image analysis of OT-induced P19Cl6-GFP cells revealed ventricular CM coexpressing sarcomeric alpha-actinin and GFP, with some cells exclusively expressing alpha-actinin, most likely of the SM phenotype. The OT-mediated production of CM, but not SM, was diminished by L-NAME. In P19 cells, exogenously added OT stimulated the expression of its own transcript, which was reduced in the presence of L-NAME. Surprisingly, L-NAME alone decreased the expression of anti-stage specific embryonic antigen-1 marker of the undifferentiated state and induced some beating colonies as well as GFP in P19Cl6-GFP cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the pleiotropic action of NO is involved in the initiation of CM differentiation of P19 cells and maintenance of their undifferentiated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A Danalache
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Développementale, Département de Chimie et de Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|