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Cappuccio FP, Buchanan LA, Ji C, Siani A, Miller MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on the effects of potassium supplements on serum potassium and creatinine. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011716. [PMID: 27566636 PMCID: PMC5013341 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High potassium intake could prevent stroke, but supplementation is considered hazardous. We assessed the effect of oral potassium supplementation on serum or plasma potassium levels and renal function. SETTING We updated a systematic review of the effects of potassium supplementation in randomised clinical trials carried out worldwide, published in 2013, extending it to July 2015. We followed the PRISMA guidelines. PARTICIPANTS Any individual taking part in a potassium supplementation randomised clinical trial. Studies included met the following criteria: randomised clinical trials, potassium supplement given and circulating potassium levels reported. INTERVENTION Oral potassium supplementation. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Serum or plasma potassium and serum or plasma creatinine. RESULTS A total of 20 trials (21 independent groups) were included (1216 participants from 12 different countries). All but 2 were controlled (placebo n=16, control n=2). Of these trials, 15 were crossover, 4 had a parallel group and 1 was sequential. The duration of supplementation varied from 2 to 24 weeks and the amount of potassium given from 22 to 140 mmol/day. In the pooled analysis, potassium supplementation caused a small but significant increase in circulating potassium levels (weighted mean difference (WMD) 0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.19, p<1×10(-5)), not associated with dose or duration of treatment. The average increase in urinary potassium excretion was 45.75 mmol/24 hours, 95% CI 38.81 to 53.69, p<1×10(-5). Potassium supplementation did not cause any change in circulating creatinine levels (WMD 0.30 µmol/L, 95% CI -1.19 to 1.78, p=0.70). CONCLUSIONS In short-term studies of relatively healthy persons, a moderate oral potassium supplement resulted in a small increase in circulating potassium levels and no change in renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Cappuccio
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Laura A Buchanan
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Chen Ji
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfonso Siani
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Michelle A Miller
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
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152
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Graudal N. Con: Reducing salt intake at the population level: is it really a public health priority? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1398-403. [PMID: 27488354 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence to support the recommended salt intake of < 5.8 g/day is virtually non-existingent. There are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the effect of salt reduction (SR) below 5.8 g on health outcomes. The effect of SR on blood pressure (BP) reaches maximal efficacy at 1 week. RCTs in healthy individuals lasting at least 1 week show that the effect of SR on BP is <1 mmHg, but that SR has significant side effects, including increases in renin, aldosterone, noradrenalin, adrenalin, cholesterol and triglyceride. Still, disregarding confounders and side effects, health authorities use BP effects obtained in studies of pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients to recommend SR in the healthy population and use these biased BP effects in statistical models indirectly to project millions of saved lives. These fantasy projections are in contrast to real data from prospective observational population studies directly associating salt intake with mortality, which show that salt intake <5.8 g/day is associated with an increased mortality of ∼15%. The population studies also show that a very high salt intake >12.2 g is associated with increased mortality. However, since <5% of populations consume such high amounts of salt, SR at the population level should not be a public health priority. Consequently, this policy should be abolished, not because any attempt to implement it has failed, and not because it costs taxpayers and food consumers unnecessary billions of dollars, but because-if implemented-it might kill people instead of saving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Graudal
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic VRR4242, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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153
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Macdonald-Clarke CJ, Martin BR, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Lachcik PJ, Wastney M, Weaver CM. Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:346-53. [PMID: 27413123 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioavailability of potassium should be considered in setting requirements, but to our knowledge, the bioavailability from individual foods has not been determined. Potatoes provide 19-20% of potassium in the American diet. OBJECTIVE We compared the bioavailability and dose response of potassium from nonfried white potatoes with skin [targeted at 20, 40, and 60 milliequivalents (mEq) K] and French fries (40 mEq K) with potassium gluconate at the same doses when added to a basal diet that contained ∼60 mEq K. DESIGN Thirty-five healthy, normotensive men and women with a mean ± SD age of 29.7 ± 11.2 y and body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 24.3 ± 4.4 were enrolled in a single-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial. Participants were partially randomly assigned to the order of testing for nine 5-d interventions of additional potassium as follows: 0 (control; repeated at phases 1 and 5), 20, 40, and 60 mEq K/d consumed as a potassium gluconate supplement or as unfried potato or 40 mEq K from French fries completed at phase 9. The bioavailability of potassium was determined from the area under the curve (AUC) of serial blood draws and cumulative urinary excretion during a 24-h period and from a kinetic analysis. The effects of the potassium source and dose on the change in blood pressure and augmentation index (AIx) were determined. RESULTS The serum potassium AUC increased with the dose (P < 0.0001) and did not differ because of the source (P = 0.53). Cumulative 24-h urinary potassium also increased with the dose (P < 0.0001) and was greater with the potato than with the supplement (P < 0.0001). The kinetic analysis showed the absorption efficiency was high across all interventions (>94% ± 12%). There were no significant differences in the change in blood pressure or AIx with the treatment source or dose. CONCLUSIONS The bioavailability of potassium is as high from potatoes as from potassium gluconate supplements. Future studies that measure the effect of dietary potassium on blood pressure will need to evaluate the effect of various dietary sources on potassium retention and in both normal and hypertensive populations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01881295.
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154
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Okayama A, Okuda N, Miura K, Okamura T, Hayakawa T, Akasaka H, Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Arai Y, Kiyohara Y, Takashima N, Yoshita K, Fujiyoshi A, Zaid M, Ohkubo T, Ueshima H. Dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio as a risk factor for stroke, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in Japan: the NIPPON DATA80 cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011632. [PMID: 27412107 PMCID: PMC4947715 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of dietary sodium and potassium (Na-K) ratio on mortality from total and subtypes of stroke, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all causes, using 24-year follow-up data of a representative sample of the Japanese population. SETTING Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS In the 1980 National Cardiovascular Survey, participants were followed for 24 years (NIPPON DATA80, National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Disease And its Trends in the Aged). Men and women aged 30-79 years without hypertensive treatment, history of stroke or acute myocardial infarction (n=8283) were divided into quintiles according to dietary Na-K ratio assessed by a 3-day weighing dietary record at baseline. Age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted HRs were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method and Cox proportional hazards model. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality from total and subtypes of stroke, CVD and all causes. RESULTS A total of 1938 deaths from all causes were observed over 176 926 person-years. Na-K ratio was significantly and non-linearly related to mortality from all stroke (p=0.002), CVD (p=0.005) and total mortality (p=0.001). For stroke subtypes, mortality from haemorrhagic stroke was positively related to Na-K ratio (p=0.024). Similar relationships were observed for men and women. The observed relationships remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors. Quadratic non-linear multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) in the highest quintile versus the lowest quintile of Na-K ratio were 1.42 (1.07 to 1.90) for ischaemic stroke, 1.57 (1.05 to 2.34) for haemorrhagic stroke, 1.43 (1.17 to 1.76) for all stroke, 1.39 (1.20 to 1.61) for CVD and 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Dietary Na-K ratio assessed by a 3-day weighing dietary record was a significant risk factor for mortality from haemorrhagic stroke, all stroke, CVD and all causes among a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Okayama
- Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagako Okuda
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Hayakawa
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Division of Medical and Behavioral Subjects, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arai
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yoshita
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
| | - Maryam Zaid
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Otsu, Japan
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155
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Zacchia M, Abategiovanni ML, Stratigis S, Capasso G. Potassium: From Physiology to Clinical Implications. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:72-9. [PMID: 27536695 DOI: 10.1159/000446268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium (K(+)) is the major intracellular cation, with 98% of the total pool being located in the cells at a concentration of 140-150 mmol/l, and only 2% in the extracellular fluid, where it ranges between 3.5 and 5 mmol/l. A fine regulation of the intracellular-extracellular gradient is crucial for life, as it is the main determinant of membrane voltage; in fact, acute changes of K(+) plasma levels may have fatal consequences. SUMMARY An integrated system including an 'internal' and 'external' control prevents significant fluctuations of plasma levels in conditions of K(+) loading and depletion. The internal control regulates the intra-extracellular shift, a temporary mechanism able to maintain a constant K(+) plasma concentration without changing the total amount of body K(+). The external control is responsible for the excretion of the ingested K(+), and it has the kidney as the major player. The kidney excretes nearly 90% of the daily intake. Along the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb on Henle's loop, the amount of K(+) reabsorption is quite fixed (about 80-90%); conversely, the distal nephron has the ability to adjust K(+) excretion in accordance with homeostatic needs. The present review analyzes: (1) the main molecular mechanisms mediating K(+) reabsorption and secretion along the nephron; (2) the pathophysiology of the principal K(+) derangements due to renal dysfunction, and (3) the effect of ingested K(+) on blood pressure and renal electrolyte handling. KEY MESSAGES Maintaining plasma K(+) levels in a tight range is crucial for life; thus, multiple factors are implicated in K(+) homeostasis, including kidney function. Recent studies have suggested that K(+) plasma levels, in turn, affect renal salt absorption in animal models; this effect may underlie the reduction of blood pressure observed in hypertensive subjects under K(+) supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zacchia
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Luisa Abategiovanni
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Spiros Stratigis
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, Heraklion, Greece
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156
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Dietary Impact of Adding Potassium Chloride to Foods as a Sodium Reduction Technique. Nutrients 2016; 8:235. [PMID: 27110818 PMCID: PMC4848703 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium chloride is a leading reformulation technology for reducing sodium in food products. As, globally, sodium intake exceeds guidelines, this technology is beneficial; however, its potential impact on potassium intake is unknown. Therefore, a modeling study was conducted using Dutch National Food Survey data to examine the dietary impact of reformulation (n = 2106). Product-specific sodium criteria, to enable a maximum daily sodium chloride intake of 5 grams/day, were applied to all foods consumed in the survey. The impact of replacing 20%, 50% and 100% of sodium chloride from each product with potassium chloride was modeled. At baseline median, potassium intake was 3334 mg/day. An increase in the median intake of potassium of 453 mg/day was seen when a 20% replacement was applied, 674 mg/day with a 50% replacement scenario and 733 mg/day with a 100% replacement scenario. Reformulation had the largest impact on: bread, processed fruit and vegetables, snacks and processed meat. Replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride, particularly in key contributing product groups, would result in better compliance to potassium intake guidelines (3510 mg/day). Moreover, it could be considered safe for the general adult population, as intake remains compliant with EFSA guidelines. Based on current modeling potassium chloride presents as a valuable, safe replacer for sodium chloride in food products.
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157
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Cai X, Li X, Fan W, Yu W, Wang S, Li Z, Scott EM, Li X. Potassium and Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence. Nutrients 2016; 8:183. [PMID: 27023597 PMCID: PMC4848652 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between potassium and obesity/metabolic syndrome. We identified eight relevant studies and applied meta-analysis, and nonlinear dose-response analysis to obtain the available evidence. The results of the pooled analysis and systematic review indicated that high potassium intake could not reduce the risk of obesity (pooled OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.61–1.01), while serum potassium and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio was associated with obesity. Potassium intake was associated with metabolic syndrome (pooled OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.50–0.97). Nonlinear analysis also demonstrated a protective effect of adequate potassium intake on obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables, which were the major sources of potassium, was highly recommended. However, additional pertinent studies are needed to examine the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlei Cai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China.
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Clinic Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wenjie Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhenhong Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Ethel Marian Scott
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, UK.
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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158
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Miller R, Spiro A, Stanner S. Micronutrient status and intake in the UK - where might we be in 10 years' time? NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Miller
- British Nutrition Foundation; London UK
| | - A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation; London UK
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159
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Gee LC, Ahluwalia A. Dietary Nitrate Lowers Blood Pressure: Epidemiological, Pre-clinical Experimental and Clinical Trial Evidence. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18:17. [PMID: 26815004 PMCID: PMC4729801 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator critical in maintaining vascular homeostasis, can reduce blood pressure in vivo. Loss of constitutive NO generation, for example as a result of endothelial dysfunction, occurs in many pathological conditions, including hypertension, and contributes to disease pathology. Attempts to therapeutically deliver NO via organic nitrates (e.g. glyceryl trinitrate, GTN) to reduce blood pressure in hypertensives have been largely unsuccessful. However, in recent years inorganic (or 'dietary') nitrate has been identified as a potential solution for NO delivery through its sequential chemical reduction via the enterosalivary circuit. With dietary nitrate found in abundance in vegetables this review discusses epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the idea that dietary nitrate could represent a cheap and effective dietary intervention capable of reducing blood pressure and thereby improving cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna C Gee
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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160
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Abstract
Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of poor health. Nutrition and policy science have advanced rapidly, creating confusion yet also providing powerful opportunities to reduce the adverse health and economic impacts of poor diets. This review considers the history, new evidence, controversies, and corresponding lessons for modern dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Major identified themes include the importance of evaluating the full diversity of diet-related risk pathways, not only blood lipids or obesity; focusing on foods and overall diet patterns, rather than single isolated nutrients; recognizing the complex influences of different foods on long-term weight regulation, rather than simply counting calories; and characterizing and implementing evidence-based strategies, including policy approaches, for lifestyle change. Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (eg, sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat. More investigation is needed on the cardiometabolic effects of phenolics, dairy fat, probiotics, fermentation, coffee, tea, cocoa, eggs, specific vegetable and tropical oils, vitamin D, individual fatty acids, and diet-microbiome interactions. Little evidence to date supports the cardiometabolic relevance of other popular priorities: eg, local, organic, grass-fed, farmed/wild, or non-genetically modified. Evidence-based personalized nutrition appears to depend more on nongenetic characteristics (eg, physical activity, abdominal adiposity, gender, socioeconomic status, culture) than genetic factors. Food choices must be strongly supported by clinical behavior change efforts, health systems reforms, novel technologies, and robust policy strategies targeting economic incentives, schools and workplaces, neighborhood environments, and the food system. Scientific advances provide crucial new insights on optimal targets and best practices to reduce the burdens of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- From Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
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161
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Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Després JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Rosamond W, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015; 133:e38-360. [PMID: 26673558 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3735] [Impact Index Per Article: 415.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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162
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Cisternas P, Lindsay CB, Salazar P, Silva-Alvarez C, Retamales RM, Serrano FG, Vio CP, Inestrosa NC. The increased potassium intake improves cognitive performance and attenuates histopathological markers in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2630-44. [PMID: 26391254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hallmarks that include an accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), inflammation, oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction, which lead to a decrease in cognitive function. To date, the onset and progression of AD have been associated with pathologies such as hypertension and diabetes. Hypertension, a disease with a high incidence worldwide, is characterized by a chronic increase in blood pressure. Interestingly, this disease has a close relationship to the eating behavior of patients because high Na(+) intake is a significant risk factor for hypertension. In fact, a decrease in Na(+) consumption, along with an increase in K(+) intake, is a primary non-pharmacological approach to preventing hypertension. In the present work, we examined whether an increase in K(+) intake affects the expression of certain neuropathological markers or the cognitive performance of a murine model of AD. We observed that an increase in K(+) intake leads to a change in the aggregation pattern of the Aβ peptide, a partial decrease in some epitopes of tau phosphorylation and improvement in the cognitive performance. The recovery in cognitive performance was correlated with a significant improvement in the generation of long-term potentiation. We also observed a decrease in markers related to inflammation and oxidative stress such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Together, our data support the idea that changes in diet, such as an increase in K(+) intake, may be important in the prevention of AD onset as a non-pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina B Lindsay
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Salazar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Silva-Alvarez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rocio M Retamales
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe G Serrano
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos P Vio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Bioloía Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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