151
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Bronner C, Durr RA, Rizzo DJ, Lee YL, Marangoni T, Kalayjian AM, Rodriguez H, Zhao W, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Hierarchical On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2193-2200. [PMID: 29381853 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up graphene nanoribbon (GNR) heterojunctions are nanoscale strips of graphene whose electronic structure abruptly changes across a covalently bonded interface. Their rational design offers opportunities for profound technological advancements enabled by their extraordinary structural and electronic properties. Thus far, the most critical aspect of their synthesis, the control over sequence and position of heterojunctions along the length of a ribbon, has been plagued by randomness in monomer sequences emerging from step-growth copolymerization of distinct monomers. All bottom-up GNR heterojunction structures created so far have exhibited random sequences of heterojunctions and, while useful for fundamental scientific studies, are difficult to incorporate into functional nanodevices as a result. In contrast, we describe a hierarchical fabrication strategy that allows the growth of bottom-up GNRs that preferentially exhibit a single heterojunction interface rather than a random statistical sequence of junctions along the ribbon. Such heterojunctions provide a viable platform that could be directly used in functional GNR-based device applications at the molecular scale. Our hierarchical GNR fabrication strategy is based on differences in the dissociation energies of C-Br and C-I bonds that allow control over the growth sequence of the block copolymers from which GNRs are formed and consequently yields a significantly higher proportion of single-junction GNR heterostructures. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirm that hierarchically grown heterojunctions between chevron GNR (cGNR) and binaphthyl-cGNR segments exhibit straddling Type I band alignment in structures that are only one atomic layer thick and 3 nm in width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bronner
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Rebecca A Durr
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yea-Lee Lee
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Kyungbuk 37673 , Korea
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alin Miksi Kalayjian
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William Zhao
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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152
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Dou KP, Kaun CC, Zhang RQ. Selective interface transparency in graphene nanoribbon based molecular junctions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4861-4864. [PMID: 29473924 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08564h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of electrode-molecule interfaces is a prerequisite for the rational engineering of future generations of nanodevices that will rely on single-molecule coupling between components. With a model system, we reveal a peculiar dependence on interfaces in all graphene nanoribbon-based carbon molecular junctions. The effect can be classified into two types depending on the intrinsic feature of the embedded core graphene nanoflake (GNF). For metallic GNFs with |NA - NB| = 1, good/poor contact transparency occurs when the core device aligns with the center/edge of the electrode. The situation is reversed when a semiconducting GNF is the device, where NA = NB. These results may shed light on the design of real connecting components in graphene-based nanocircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Dou
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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153
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Y Gopalakrishna T, Zeng W, Lu X, Wu J. From open-shell singlet diradicaloids to polyradicaloids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2186-2199. [PMID: 29423462 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we highlight our recent efforts toward stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids and polyradicaloids. A brief review on the historical works in the area is introduced first, followed by discussion on the fundamental electronic and physical properties of open-shell singlet diradicaloids. Then, the structure-diradical character relationships based on our recently developed diradicaloids are presented. Next, the challenges and solutions toward stable polyradicaloids and 3D π-conjugated diradicaloids are discussed. Finally, their preliminary material applications are introduced and a perspective view of the area is given.
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154
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Synthesis of armchair graphene nanoribbons from the 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene molecules on Ag(111): the role of organometallic intermediates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3506. [PMID: 29472611 PMCID: PMC5823938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the bottom-up growth of N = 7 armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) from the 10,10′-dibromo-9,9′-bianthracene (DBBA) molecules on Ag(111) with the focus on the role of the organometallic (OM) intermediates. It is demonstrated that DBBA molecules on Ag(111) are partially debrominated at room temperature and lose all bromine atoms at elevated temperatures. Similar to DBBA on Cu(111), debrominated molecules form OM chains on Ag(111). Nevertheless, in contrast with the Cu(111) substrate, formation of polyanthracene chains from OM intermediates via an Ullmann-type reaction is feasible on Ag(111). Cleavage of C–Ag bonds occurs before the thermal threshold for the surface-catalyzed activation of C–H bonds on Ag(111) is reached, while on Cu(111) activation of C–H bonds occurs in parallel with the cleavage of the stronger C–Cu bonds. Consequently, while OM intermediates obstruct the Ullmann reaction between DBBA molecules on the Cu(111) substrate, they are required for the formation of polyanthracene chains on Ag(111). If the Ullmann-type reaction on Ag(111) is inhibited, heating of the OM chains produces nanographenes instead. Heating of the polyanthracene chains produces 7-AGNRs, while heating of nanographenes causes the formation of the disordered structures with the possible admixture of short GNRs.
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155
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Way AJ, Jacobberger RM, Arnold MS. Seed-Initiated Anisotropic Growth of Unidirectional Armchair Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays on Germanium. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:898-906. [PMID: 29382200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It was recently discovered that the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of CH4 on Ge(001) can directly yield long, narrow, semiconducting nanoribbons of graphene with smooth armchair edges. These nanoribbons have exceptional charge transport properties compared with nanoribbons grown by other methods. However, the nanoribbons nucleate at random locations and at random times, problematically giving rise to width and bandgap polydispersity, and the mechanisms that drive the anisotropic crystal growth that produces the nanoribbons are not understood. Here, we study and engineer the seed-initiated growth of graphene nanoribbons on Ge(001). The use of seeds decouples nucleation and growth, controls where growth occurs, and allows graphene to grow with lattice orientations that do not spontaneously form without seeds. We discover that when the armchair direction (i.e., parallel to C-C bonds) of the seeds is aligned with the Ge⟨110⟩ family of directions, the growth anisotropy is maximized, resulting in the formation of nanoribbons with high-aspect ratios. In contrast, increasing misorientation from Ge⟨110⟩ yields decreasingly anisotropic crystals. Measured growth rate data are used to generate a construction analogous to a kinetic Wulff plot that quantitatively predicts the shape of graphene crystals on Ge(001). This knowledge is employed to fabricate regularly spaced, unidirectional arrays of nanoribbons and to significantly improve their uniformity. These results show that seed-initiated graphene synthesis on Ge(001) will be a viable route for creating wafer-scale arrays of narrow, semiconducting, armchair nanoribbons with rationally controlled placement and alignment for a wide range of semiconductor electronics technologies, provided that dense arrays of sub-10 nm seeds can be uniformly fabricated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Way
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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156
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Gu C, Su D, Jia C, Ren S, Guo X. Building nanogapped graphene electrode arrays by electroburning. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6814-6819. [PMID: 35540328 PMCID: PMC9078314 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanoelectrodes with nanogap are reliable platforms for achieving ultra-small electronic devices. One of the main challenges in fabricating nanogapped carbon electrodes is precise control of the gap size. Herein, we put forward an electroburning approach for controllable fabrication of graphene nanoelectrodes from preprocessed nanoconstriction arrays. The electroburning behavior was investigated in detail, which revealed a dependence on the size of nanoconstriction units. The electroburnt nanoscale electrodes showed the capacity to build molecular devices. The methodology and mechanism presented in this study provide significant guidance for the fabrication of proper graphene and other carbon nanoelectrodes. An approach for the efficient fabrication of graphene nanoelectrodes through the combination of dash-line lithography and electroburning is demonstrated in detail.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Dingkai Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Shizhao Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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157
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Ribeiro LA, da Silva GG, de Sousa RT, de Almeida Fonseca AL, da Cunha WF, Silva GME. Spin-Orbit Effects on the Dynamical Properties of Polarons in Graphene Nanoribbons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1914. [PMID: 29382862 PMCID: PMC5789834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamical properties of polarons in armchair graphene nanoribbons (GNR) is numerically investigated in the framework of a two-dimensional tight-binding model that considers spin-orbit (SO) coupling and electron-lattice (e-l) interactions. Within this physical picture, novel polaron properties with no counterparts to results obtained from conventional tight-binding models are obtained. Our findings show that, depending on the system’s width, the presence of SO coupling changes the polaron’s charge localization giving rise to different degrees of stability for the charge carrier. For instance, the joint action of SO coupling and e-l interactions could promote a slight increase on the charge concentration in the center of the lattice deformation associated to the polaron. As a straightforward consequence, this process of increasing stability would lead to a depreciation in the polaron’s motion by decreasing its saturation velocity. Our finds are in good agreement with recent experimental investigations for the charge localization in GNR, mostly when it comes to the influence of SO coupling. Moreover, the contributions reported here provide a reliable method for future works to evaluate spin-orbit influence on the performance of graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antônio Ribeiro
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,Institute of Physics, University of Brasίlia, 70.919-970, Brasίlia, Brazil
| | - Gesiel Gomes da Silva
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasίlia, 70.919-970, Brasίlia, Brazil.,Goias Federal Institute of Science and Technology, IFG, Luziânia, 72.811-580, Brazil
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158
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Di Giovannantonio M, Deniz O, Urgel JI, Widmer R, Dienel T, Stolz S, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Muntwiler M, Dumslaff T, Berger R, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. On-Surface Growth Dynamics of Graphene Nanoribbons: The Role of Halogen Functionalization. ACS NANO 2018; 12:74-81. [PMID: 29200262 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful route toward the fabrication of specific graphene-like nanostructures confined in two dimensions. This strategy has been successfully applied to the growth of graphene nanoribbons of diverse width and edge morphology. Here, we investigate the mechanisms driving the growth of 9-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons by using scanning tunneling microscopy, fast X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption techniques. Particular attention is given to the role of halogen functionalization (Br or I) of the molecular precursors. We show that the use of iodine-containing monomers fosters the growth of longer graphene nanoribbons (average length of 45 nm) due to a larger separation of the polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation temperatures. Detailed insight into the growth process is obtained by analysis of kinetic curves extracted from the fast X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. Our study provides fundamental details of relevance to the production of future electronic devices and highlights the importance of not only the rational design of molecular precursors but also the most suitable reaction pathways to achieve the desired final structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Okan Deniz
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dienel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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159
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Wilhelm J, Golze D, Talirz L, Hutter J, Pignedoli CA. Toward GW Calculations on Thousands of Atoms. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:306-312. [PMID: 29280376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The GW approximation of many-body perturbation theory is an accurate method for computing electron addition and removal energies of molecules and solids. In a canonical implementation, however, its computational cost is [Formula: see text] in the system size N, which prohibits its application to many systems of interest. We present a full-frequency GW algorithm in a Gaussian-type basis, whose computational cost scales with N2 to N3. The implementation is optimized for massively parallel execution on state-of-the-art supercomputers and is suitable for nanostructures and molecules in the gas, liquid or condensed phase, using either pseudopotentials or all electrons. We validate the accuracy of the algorithm on the GW100 molecular test set, finding mean absolute deviations of 35 meV for ionization potentials and 27 meV for electron affinities. Furthermore, we study the length-dependence of quasiparticle energies in armchair graphene nanoribbons of up to 1734 atoms in size, and compute the local density of states across a nanoscale heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Golze
- COMP/Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Leopold Talirz
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Theory and Simulation of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hutter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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160
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161
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Deniz O, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Jaafar R, Kharche N, Liang L, Meunier V, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Electronic characterization of silicon intercalated chevron graphene nanoribbons on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1619-1622. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic electronic structure of chevron graphene nanoribbons are revealed through in situ silicon intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Deniz
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - C. Sánchez-Sánchez
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - R. Jaafar
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - N. Kharche
- Department of Physics
- Applied Physics, and Astronomy
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - L. Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - V. Meunier
- Department of Physics
- Applied Physics, and Astronomy
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - X. Feng
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Germany
| | - K. Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - R. Fasel
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - P. Ruffieux
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf
- Switzerland
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162
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Teeter JD, Costa PS, Zahl P, Vo TH, Shekhirev M, Xu W, Zeng XC, Enders A, Sinitskii A. Dense monolayer films of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons on metallic substrates enabled by direct contact transfer of molecular precursors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18835-18844. [PMID: 29177282 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of two types, chevron GNRs and N = 7 straight armchair GNRs (7-AGNRs), have been synthesized through a direct contact transfer (DCT) of molecular precursors on Au(111) and gradual annealing. This method provides an alternative to the conventional approach for the deposition of molecules on surfaces by sublimation and simplifies preparation of dense monolayer films of GNRs. The DCT method allows deposition of molecules on a surface in their original state and then studying their gradual transformation to polymers to GNRs by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) upon annealing. We performed STM characterization of the precursors of chevron GNRs and 7-AGNRs, and demonstrate that the assemblies of the intermediates of the GNR synthesis are stabilized by π-π interactions. This conclusion was supported by the density functional theory calculations. The resulting monolayer films of GNRs have sufficient coverage and density of nanoribbons for ex situ characterization by spectroscopic methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, and may prove useful for the future GNR device studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Teeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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163
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Perkins W, Fischer FR. Inserting Porphyrin Quantum Dots in Bottom‐Up Synthesized Graphene Nanoribbons. Chemistry 2017; 23:17687-17691. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wade Perkins
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
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164
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Merino-Díez N, Garcia-Lekue A, Carbonell-Sanromà E, Li J, Corso M, Colazzo L, Sedona F, Sánchez-Portal D, Pascual JI, de Oteyza DG. Width-Dependent Band Gap in Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons Reveals Fermi Level Pinning on Au(111). ACS NANO 2017; 11:11661-11668. [PMID: 29049879 PMCID: PMC5789393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the energy level alignment evolution of valence and conduction bands of armchair-oriented graphene nanoribbons (aGNR) as their band gap shrinks with increasing width. We use 4,4″-dibromo-para-terphenyl as the molecular precursor on Au(111) to form extended poly-para-phenylene nanowires, which can subsequently be fused sideways to form atomically precise aGNRs of varying widths. We measure the frontier bands by means of scanning tunneling spectroscopy, corroborating that the nanoribbon's band gap is inversely proportional to their width. Interestingly, valence bands are found to show Fermi level pinning as the band gap decreases below a threshold value around 1.7 eV. Such behavior is of critical importance to understand the properties of potential contacts in GNR-based devices. Our measurements further reveal a particularly interesting system for studying Fermi level pinning by modifying an adsorbate's band gap while maintaining an almost unchanged interface chemistry defined by substrate and adsorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Merino-Díez
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Nanoscience
Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Jingcheng Li
- Nanoscience
Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Nanoscience
Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jose I. Pascual
- Nanoscience
Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Nanoscience
Cooperative Research Center, CIC nanoGUNE, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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165
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Abstract
One- and two-dimensional materials are being intensively investigated due to their interesting properties for next-generation optoelectronic devices. Among these, armchair-edged graphene nanoribbons are very promising candidates with optical properties that are dominated by excitons. In the presence of additional charges, trions (i.e., charged excitons) can occur in the optical spectrum. With our recently developed first-principle many-body approach (Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 196804), we predict strongly bound trions in free-standing nanoribbons with large binding energies of 140-660 meV for widths of 14.6-3.6 Å. Both for the trions and for the excitons, we observe an almost linear dependency of their binding energies on the band gap. We observe several trion states with different character derived from the corresponding excitons. Because of the large bindings energies, this opens a route to applications by which optical properties are easily manipulated, for example, by electrical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Deilmann
- Center for Atomic-Scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
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166
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Jordan RS, Li YL, Lin CW, McCurdy RD, Lin JB, Brosmer JL, Marsh KL, Khan SI, Houk KN, Kaner RB, Rubin Y. Synthesis of N = 8 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons from Four Distinct Polydiacetylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15878-15890. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Yolanda L. Li
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Janice B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Brosmer
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Kristofer L. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Saeed I. Khan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Richard B. Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
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167
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168
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Mehdi Pour M, Lashkov A, Radocea A, Liu X, Sun T, Lipatov A, Korlacki RA, Shekhirev M, Aluru NR, Lyding JW, Sysoev V, Sinitskii A. Laterally extended atomically precise graphene nanoribbons with improved electrical conductivity for efficient gas sensing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:820. [PMID: 29018185 PMCID: PMC5635063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow atomically precise graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for electronic and optoelectronic applications, but the previously demonstrated nanoribbon-based devices typically suffer from low currents and mobilities. In this study, we explored the idea of lateral extension of graphene nanoribbons for improving their electrical conductivity. We started with a conventional chevron graphene nanoribbon, and designed its laterally extended variant. We synthesized these new graphene nanoribbons in solution and found that the lateral extension results in decrease of their electronic bandgap and improvement in the electrical conductivity of nanoribbon-based thin films. These films were employed in gas sensors and an electronic nose system, which showed improved responsivities to low molecular weight alcohols compared to similar sensors based on benchmark graphitic materials, such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide, and a reliable analyte recognition. This study shows the methodology for designing new atomically precise graphene nanoribbons with improved properties, their bottom-up synthesis, characterization, processing and implementation in electronic devices. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons are a promising platform for tailored electron transport, yet they suffer from low conductivity. Here, the authors devise a strategy to laterally extend conventional chevron nanoribbons, thus achieving increased electrical conductivity and improved chemical sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Pour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Andrey Lashkov
- Department of Physics, Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, 410054, Russia
| | - Adrian Radocea
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Ximeng Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Alexey Lipatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Rafal A Korlacki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Mikhail Shekhirev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph W Lyding
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Victor Sysoev
- Department of Physics, Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, 410054, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA. .,Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
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169
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Chen Z, Berger R, Müllen K, Narita A. On-surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons through Solution-processing of Monomers. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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170
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Song S, Huang G, Kojima T, Nakae T, Uno H, Sakaguchi H. Interchain-linked Graphene Nanoribbons from Dibenzo[ g, p]chrysene via Two-zone Chemical Vapor Deposition. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaotang Song
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011
| | - Guanbo Huang
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyocho Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
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171
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Ma Y, Cen Y, Sohail M, Xu G, Wei F, Shi M, Xu X, Song Y, Ma Y, Hu Q. A Ratiometric Fluorescence Universal Platform Based on N, Cu Codoped Carbon Dots to Detect Metabolites Participating in H 2O 2-Generation Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33011-33019. [PMID: 28876887 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new kind of N, Cu codoped carbon dots (N/Cu-CDs) was prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method by using citric acid monohydrate, copper acetate monohydrate and diethylenetriamine. The prepared N/Cu-CDs with a high quantum yield (50.1%) showed excitation-independent emission at 460 nm. The structure and fluorescence properties of N/Cu-CDs were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectrofluorometer, FT-IR spectrometer, UV-visible spectrophotometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. N/Cu-CDs were applied to establishing a ratiometric fluorescence probe toward H2O2 based on the inner filter effect (IFE) between N/Cu-CDs and DAP (2,3-diaminophenazine, the oxidative product of o-phenylenediamine (OPD)), and provided a ratiometric fluorescence universal platform for detection of the metabolites participating in H2O2-generation reactions (cholesterol and xanthine). The proposed method was demonstrated to be ultrasensitive and highly selective for cholesterol and xanthine assay with detection limits of 0.03 and 0.10 μM, respectively. The fluorescence probe built was applied to the determination of cholesterol and xanthine in human serum with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Yao Cen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Guanhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Fangdi Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Menglan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Xiaoman Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Yueyue Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Yujie Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Qin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
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172
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Jacobberger RM, Arnold MS. High-Performance Charge Transport in Semiconducting Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons Grown Directly on Germanium. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8924-8929. [PMID: 28880526 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth of graphene on Ge(001) via chemical vapor deposition can be highly anisotropic, affording the facile synthesis of crystallographically controlled, narrow, long, oriented nanoribbons of graphene that are semiconducting, whereas unpatterned continuous graphene is semimetallic. This bottom-up growth overcomes long-standing challenges that have limited top-down ribbon fabrication (e.g., inadequate resolution and disordered edges) and yields ribbons with long segments of smooth armchair edges. The charge transport characteristics of sub-10 nm ribbons synthesized by this technique (which are expected to have band gaps sufficiently large for semiconductor electronics applications) have not yet been characterized. Here, we show that sub-10 nm nanoribbons grown on Ge(001) can simultaneously achieve a high on/off conductance ratio of 2 × 104 and a high on-state conductance of 5 μS in field-effect transistors, favorably comparing to or exceeding the performance of nanoribbons fabricated by other methods. These promising results demonstrate that the direct synthesis of nanoribbons on Ge(001) could provide a scalable pathway toward the practical realization of high-performance semiconducting graphene electronics, provided that the width uniformity and positioning of the nanoribbons are improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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173
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Bond length pattern associated with charge carriers in armchair graphene nanoribbons. J Mol Model 2017; 23:293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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174
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Llinas JP, Fairbrother A, Borin Barin G, Shi W, Lee K, Wu S, Yong Choi B, Braganza R, Lear J, Kau N, Choi W, Chen C, Pedramrazi Z, Dumslaff T, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K, Fischer F, Zettl A, Ruffieux P, Yablonovitch E, Crommie M, Fasel R, Bokor J. Short-channel field-effect transistors with 9-atom and 13-atom wide graphene nanoribbons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:633. [PMID: 28935943 PMCID: PMC5608806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesized graphene nanoribbons and graphene nanoribbon heterostructures have promising electronic properties for high-performance field-effect transistors and ultra-low power devices such as tunneling field-effect transistors. However, the short length and wide band gap of these graphene nanoribbons have prevented the fabrication of devices with the desired performance and switching behavior. Here, by fabricating short channel (Lch ~ 20 nm) devices with a thin, high-κ gate dielectric and a 9-atom wide (0.95 nm) armchair graphene nanoribbon as the channel material, we demonstrate field-effect transistors with high on-current (Ion > 1 μA at Vd = −1 V) and high Ion/Ioff ~ 105 at room temperature. We find that the performance of these devices is limited by tunneling through the Schottky barrier at the contacts and we observe an increase in the transparency of the barrier by increasing the gate field near the contacts. Our results thus demonstrate successful fabrication of high-performance short-channel field-effect transistors with bottom-up synthesized armchair graphene nanoribbons. Graphene nanoribbons show promise for high-performance field-effect transistors, however they often suffer from short lengths and wide band gaps. Here, the authors use a bottom-up synthesis approach to fabricate 9- and 13-atom wide ribbons, enabling short-channel transistors with 105 on-off current ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Llinas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Fairbrother
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Wu Shi
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Byung Yong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Flash PA Team, Semiconductor Memory Business, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Rohit Braganza
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jordan Lear
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Kau
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wonwoo Choi
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Felix Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Eli Yablonovitch
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Crommie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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175
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Cao T, Zhao F, Louie SG. Topological Phases in Graphene Nanoribbons: Junction States, Spin Centers, and Quantum Spin Chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:076401. [PMID: 28949674 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.076401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We show that semiconducting graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of different width, edge, and end termination (synthesizable from molecular precursors with atomic precision) belong to different electronic topological classes. The topological phase of GNRs is protected by spatial symmetries and dictated by the terminating unit cell. We have derived explicit formulas for their topological invariants and shown that localized junction states developed between two GNRs of distinct topology may be tuned by lateral junction geometry. The topology of a GNR can be further modified by dopants, such as a periodic array of boron atoms. In a superlattice consisting of segments of doped and pristine GNRs, the junction states are stable spin centers, forming a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin 1/2 chain with tunable exchange interaction. The discoveries here not only are of scientific interest for studies of quasi-one-dimensional systems, but also open a new path for design principles of future GNR-based devices through their topological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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176
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Senkovskiy BV, Pfeiffer M, Alavi SK, Bliesener A, Zhu J, Michel S, Fedorov AV, German R, Hertel D, Haberer D, Petaccia L, Fischer FR, Meerholz K, van Loosdrecht PHM, Lindfors K, Grüneis A. Making Graphene Nanoribbons Photoluminescent. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4029-4037. [PMID: 28358214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the alignment-preserving transfer of parallel graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto insulating substrates. The photophysics of such samples is characterized by polarized Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The Raman scattered light and the PL are polarized along the GNR axis. The Raman cross section as a function of excitation energy has distinct excitonic peaks associated with transitions between the one-dimensional parabolic subbands. We find that the PL of GNRs is intrinsically low but can be strongly enhanced by blue laser irradiation in ambient conditions or hydrogenation in ultrahigh vacuum. These functionalization routes cause the formation of sp3 defects in GNRs. We demonstrate the laser writing of luminescent patterns in GNR films for maskless lithography by the controlled generation of defects. Our findings set the stage for further exploration of the optical properties of GNRs on insulating substrates and in device geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M Pfeiffer
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - S K Alavi
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik der Universität Bonn , Wegeler Strasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Bliesener
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - J Zhu
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Michel
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - A V Fedorov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
- St. Petersburg State University , Ulianovskaya 1, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - R German
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - D Hertel
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - D Haberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - L Petaccia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste , Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K Meerholz
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - P H M van Loosdrecht
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - K Lindfors
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - A Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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177
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Wang S, Kharche N, Costa Girão E, Feng X, Müllen K, Meunier V, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Quantum Dots in Graphene Nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4277-4283. [PMID: 28603996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hold great promise for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and bioelectronics, but the fabrication of widely tunable GQDs has remained elusive. Here, we report the fabrication of atomically precise GQDs consisting of low-bandgap N = 14 armchair graphene nanoribbon (AGNR) segments that are achieved through edge fusion of N = 7 AGNRs. The so-formed intraribbon GQDs reveal deterministically defined, atomically sharp interfaces between wide and narrow AGNR segments and host a pair of low-lying interface states. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy measurements complemented by extensive simulations reveal that their energy splitting depends exponentially on the length of the central narrow bandgap segment. This allows tuning of the fundamental gap of the GQDs over 1 order of magnitude within a few nanometers length range. These results are expected to pave the way for the development of widely tunable intraribbon GQD-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Wang
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Neerav Kharche
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, 12180 New York, United States
| | - Eduardo Costa Girão
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piauí , CEP 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí Brazil
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, 12180 New York, United States
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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178
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Chen Z, Wang HI, Bilbao N, Teyssandier J, Prechtl T, Cavani N, Tries A, Biagi R, De Renzi V, Feng X, Kläui M, De Feyter S, Bonn M, Narita A, Müllen K. Lateral Fusion of Chemical Vapor Deposited N = 5 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28650622 PMCID: PMC5860786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bottom-up
synthesis of low-bandgap graphene nanoribbons with various
widths is of great importance for their applications in electronic
and optoelectronic devices. Here we demonstrate a synthesis of N = 5 armchair graphene nanoribbons (5-AGNRs) and their
lateral fusion into wider AGNRs, by a chemical vapor deposition method.
The efficient formation of 10- and 15-AGNRs is revealed by a combination
of different spectroscopic methods, including Raman and UV–vis-near-infrared
spectroscopy as well as by scanning tunneling microscopy. The degree
of fusion and thus the optical and electronic properties of the resulting
GNRs can be controlled by the annealing temperature, providing GNR
films with optical absorptions up to ∼2250 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nerea Bilbao
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Prechtl
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Cavani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexander Tries
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roberto Biagi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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179
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Pavliček N, Mistry A, Majzik Z, Moll N, Meyer G, Fox DJ, Gross L. Synthesis and characterization of triangulene. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:308-311. [PMID: 28192389 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Triangulene, the smallest triplet-ground-state polybenzenoid (also known as Clar's hydrocarbon), has been an enigmatic molecule ever since its existence was first hypothesized. Despite containing an even number of carbons (22, in six fused benzene rings), it is not possible to draw Kekulé-style resonant structures for the whole molecule: any attempt results in two unpaired valence electrons. Synthesis and characterization of unsubstituted triangulene has not been achieved because of its extreme reactivity, although the addition of substituents has allowed the stabilization and synthesis of the triangulene core and verification of the triplet ground state via electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. Here we show the on-surface generation of unsubstituted triangulene that consists of six fused benzene rings. The tip of a combined scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscope (STM/AFM) was used to dehydrogenate precursor molecules. STM measurements in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that triangulene keeps its free-molecule properties on the surface, whereas AFM measurements resolved its planar, threefold symmetric molecular structure. The unique topology of such non-Kekulé hydrocarbons results in open-shell π-conjugated graphene fragments that give rise to high-spin ground states, potentially useful in organic spintronic devices. Our generation method renders manifold experiments possible to investigate triangulene and related open-shell fragments at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Zsolt Majzik
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaj Moll
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - David J Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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180
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Deniz O, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Dumslaff T, Feng X, Narita A, Müllen K, Kharche N, Meunier V, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Revealing the Electronic Structure of Silicon Intercalated Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2197-2203. [PMID: 28301723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons grown on metal substrates are significantly masked by the ones of the supporting metal surface. Here, we introduce a novel approach to access the frontier states of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs). The in situ intercalation of Si at the AGNR/Au(111) interface through surface alloying suppresses the strong contribution of the Au(111) surface state and allows for an unambiguous determination of the frontier electronic states of both wide and narrow band gap AGNRs. First-principles calculations provide insight into substrate induced screening effects, which result in a width-dependent band gap reduction for substrate-supported AGNRs. The strategy reported here provides a unique opportunity to elucidate the electronic properties of various kinds of graphene nanomaterials supported on metal substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Deniz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Neerav Kharche
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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181
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Ma C, Xiao Z, Zhang H, Liang L, Huang J, Lu W, Sumpter BG, Hong K, Bernholc J, Li AP. Controllable conversion of quasi-freestanding polymer chains to graphene nanoribbons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14815. [PMID: 28287090 PMCID: PMC5355836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) from self-assembled linear polymer intermediates, surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenations usually take place on catalytic metal surfaces. Here we demonstrate the formation of GNRs from quasi-freestanding polymers assisted by hole injections from a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) tip. While catalytic cyclodehydrogenations typically occur in a domino-like conversion process during the thermal annealing, the hole-injection-assisted reactions happen at selective molecular sites controlled by the STM tip. The charge injections lower the cyclodehydrogenation barrier in the catalyst-free formation of graphitic lattices, and the orbital symmetry conservation rules favour hole rather than electron injections for the GNR formation. The created polymer–GNR intraribbon heterostructures have a type-I energy level alignment and strongly localized interfacial states. This finding points to a new route towards controllable synthesis of freestanding graphitic layers, facilitating the design of on-surface reactions for GNR-based structures. A key step in the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons is thermal annealing of polymer precursors on a metal substrate. Here, Ma et al. decouple the cyclodehydrogenation reaction from the catalytic metal substrate and grow graphene nanoribbons by injecting charges at molecular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Zhongcan Xiao
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Wenchang Lu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.,Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Bernholc
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.,Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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182
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Oriented graphene nanoribbons embedded in hexagonal boron nitride trenches. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14703. [PMID: 28276532 PMCID: PMC5347129 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are ultra-narrow strips of graphene that have the potential to be used in high-performance graphene-based semiconductor electronics. However, controlled growth of GNRs on dielectric substrates remains a challenge. Here, we report the successful growth of GNRs directly on hexagonal boron nitride substrates with smooth edges and controllable widths using chemical vapour deposition. The approach is based on a type of template growth that allows for the in-plane epitaxy of mono-layered GNRs in nano-trenches on hexagonal boron nitride with edges following a zigzag direction. The embedded GNR channels show excellent electronic properties, even at room temperature. Such in-plane hetero-integration of GNRs, which is compatible with integrated circuit processing, creates a gapped channel with a width of a few benzene rings, enabling the development of digital integrated circuitry based on GNRs.
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183
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Brandimarte P, Engelund M, Papior N, Garcia-Lekue A, Frederiksen T, Sánchez-Portal D. A tunable electronic beam splitter realized with crossed graphene nanoribbons. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandimarte
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mads Engelund
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nick Papior
- Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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184
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Chen Z, Wang HI, Teyssandier J, Mali KS, Dumslaff T, Ivanov I, Zhang W, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Räder HJ, Turchinovich D, De Feyter S, Feng X, Kläui M, Narita A, Bonn M, Müllen K. Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Terahertz Photoconductivity of Low-Band-Gap N = 9 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3635-3638. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dmitry Turchinovich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for
Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food
Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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185
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Talirz L, Söde H, Dumslaff T, Wang S, Sanchez-Valencia JR, Liu J, Shinde P, Pignedoli CA, Liang L, Meunier V, Plumb NC, Shi M, Feng X, Narita A, Müllen K, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of 9-Atom Wide Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1380-1388. [PMID: 28129507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up approach to synthesize graphene nanoribbons strives not only to introduce a band gap into the electronic structure of graphene but also to accurately tune its value by designing both the width and edge structure of the ribbons with atomic precision. We report the synthesis of an armchair graphene nanoribbon with a width of nine carbon atoms on Au(111) through surface-assisted aryl-aryl coupling and subsequent cyclodehydrogenation of a properly chosen molecular precursor. By combining high-resolution atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the atomic structure of the fabricated ribbons is exactly as designed. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and Fourier-transformed scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveal an electronic band gap of 1.4 eV and effective masses of ≈0.1 me for both electrons and holes, constituting a substantial improvement over previous efforts toward the development of transistor applications. We use ab initio calculations to gain insight into the dependence of the Raman spectra on excitation wavelength as well as to rationalize the symmetry-dependent contribution of the ribbons' electronic states to the tunneling current. We propose a simple rule for the visibility of frontier electronic bands of armchair graphene nanoribbons in scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liangbo Liang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, 12180 New York, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, 37831 Tennessee, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, 12180 New York, United States
| | - Nicholas C Plumb
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ming Shi
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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186
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Fairbrother A, Sanchez-Valencia JR, Lauber B, Shorubalko I, Ruffieux P, Hintermann T, Fasel R. High vacuum synthesis and ambient stability of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2785-2792. [PMID: 28155928 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08975e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene are at a crucial point in application development, and their promising potential, which has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, must be translated to an industrial setting for commercialization. Graphene nanoribbons in particular overcome one limitation of graphene in some electronic applications because they exhibit a sizeable bandgap. However, synthesis of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons is most commonly performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions, which are costly and difficult to maintain in a manufacturing environment. Additionally, little is known about the stability of graphene nanoribbons under ambient conditions or during transfer to technologically relevant substrates and subsequent device processing. This work addresses some of these challenges, first by synthesizing bottom-up graphene nanoribbons under easily obtained high vacuum conditions and identifying water and oxygen as the residual gases responsible for interfering with proper coupling during the polymerization step. And second, by using Raman spectroscopy to probe the stability of nanoribbons during storage under ambient conditions, after transfer to arbitrary substrates, and after fabrication of field-effect transistor devices, which shows structurally intact nanoribbons even several months after synthesis. These findings demonstrate the potential of graphene nanoribbon technologies by addressing some limitations which might arise in their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fairbrother
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Juan-Ramon Sanchez-Valencia
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Lauber
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory for Reliability Science and Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | | | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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187
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Vacacela Gomez C, Pisarra M, Gravina M, Sindona A. Tunable plasmons in regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag-shaped edges. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:172-182. [PMID: 28243554 PMCID: PMC5301920 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence for and the theoretical confirmation of tunable edge plasmons and surface plasmons in graphene nanoribbons have opened up new opportunities to scrutinize the main geometric and conformation factors, which can be used to modulate these collective modes in the infrared-to-terahertz frequency band. Here, we show how the extrinsic plasmon structure of regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons, with perfectly symmetric edges, is influenced by the width, chirality and unit-cell length of each ribbon, as well as the in-plane vacuum distance between two contiguous ribbons. Our predictions, based on time-dependent density functional theory, in the random phase approximation, are expected to be of immediate help for measurements of plasmonic features in nanoscale architectures of nanoribbon devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vacacela Gomez
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, sezione LNF, Gruppo collegato di Cosenza, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 31C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Michele Pisarra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 (Módulo 13), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Gravina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, sezione LNF, Gruppo collegato di Cosenza, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 31C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonello Sindona
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, sezione LNF, Gruppo collegato di Cosenza, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 31C, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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188
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Zhang Y, Sheng W, Li Y. Dark excitons and tunable optical gap in graphene nanodots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23131-23137. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By using a configuration interaction approach with up to the fifth excitations taken into account, we study the excitonic effect in the optical absorption in graphene nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Weidong Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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189
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190
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Zhang J, Deng Y, Nshimiyimana JP, Hou G, Chi X, Hu X, Zhang Z, Wu P, Liu S, Chu W, Sun L. Wettability of graphene nanoribbons films with different surface density. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the dependence of wettability on the surface density of graphene nanoribbons prepared by unzipping SWNTs.
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191
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192
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Sun K, Ji P, Zhang H, Niu K, Li L, Chen A, Li Q, Müllen K, Chi L. A new on-surface synthetic pathway to 5-armchair graphene nanoribbons on Cu(111) surfaces. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:297-305. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a new pathway to fabricate armchair graphene nanoribbons with five carbon atoms in the cross section (5-AGNRs) on Cu(111) surfaces. Instead of using haloaromatics as precursors, the 5-AGNRs are synthesized via a surface assisted decarboxylation reaction of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). The on-surface decarboxylation of PTCDA can produce extended copper–perylene chains on Cu(111) that are able to transform into graphene nanoribbons after annealing at higher temperatures (ca. 630 K). Due to the low yield (ca. 20%) of GNRs upon copper extrusion, various gases are introduced to assist the transformation of the copper–perylene chains into the GNRs. Typical reducing gases (H2 and CO) and oxidizing gas (O2) are evaluated for their performance in breaking aryl–Cu bonds. This method enriches on-surface protocols for the synthesis of AGNRs using non-halogen containing precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Penghui Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Aixi Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials &devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
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193
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Rezapour MR, Yun J, Lee G, Kim KS. Lower Electric Field-Driven Magnetic Phase Transition and Perfect Spin Filtering in Graphene Nanoribbons by Edge Functionalization. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:5049-5055. [PMID: 27973868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfect spin filtering is an important issue in spintronics. Although such spin filtering showing giant magnetoresistance was suggested using graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) on both ends of which strong magnetic fields were applied, electric field controlled spin filtering is more interesting due to much easier precise control with much less energy consumption. Here we study the magnetic/nonmagnetic behaviors of zigzag GNRs (zGNRs) under a transverse electric field and by edge functionalization. Employing density functional theory (DFT), we show that the threshold electric field to attain either a half-metallic or nonmagnetic feature is drastically reduced by introducing proper functional groups to the edges of the zGNR. From the current-voltage characteristics of the edge-modified zGNR under an in-plane transverse electric field, we find a remarkable perfect spin filtering feature, which can be utilized for a molecular spintronic device. Alteration of magnetic properties by tuning the transverse electric field would be a promising way to construct magnetic/nonmagnetic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Rezapour
- Center for Superfunctional Materials and ‡Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yun
- Center for Superfunctional Materials and ‡Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Geunsik Lee
- Center for Superfunctional Materials and ‡Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials and ‡Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
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194
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Wang Y, Andersen DR. Third-order terahertz response of gapped, nearly-metallic armchair graphene nanoribbons. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:475301. [PMID: 27633050 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/47/475301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use time dependent perturbation theory to study the terahertz nonlinear response of gapped intrinsic and extrinsic nearly-metallic armchair graphene nanoribbons of finite length under an applied electric field. Generally, the nonlinear conductances exhibit contributions due to single-photon, two-photon, and three-photon processes. The interference between each of these processes results in remarkably complex behavior for the third-order conductances, including quantum dot signatures that should be measurable with a relatively simple experimental configuration. Notably, we observe sharp resonances in the isotropic third-order response due to the Van Hove singularities in the density of states at one-, two-, and three-photon resonances. However, these resonances are absent in the anisotropic third-order response; a result of the overall symmetry of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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195
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Palma CA, Lodi Rizzini A, Liu B, Abbas A, Richter N, Martini L, Wang XY, Cavani N, Lu H, Mishra N, Coletti C, Berger R, Klappenberger F, Kläui M, Candini A, Affronte M, Zhou C, De Renzi V, del Pennino U, Barth JV, Räder HJ, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons by Ambient-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition and Device Integration. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15488-15496. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alberto Lodi Rizzini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bilu Liu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ahmad Abbas
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah
Sulayman Street, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nils Richter
- Institut
für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Cavani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institut
für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Candini
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Affronte
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto del Pennino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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196
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Abstract
The binding energy of an exciton in a semiconductor or an insulator is known to scale linearly with εr-2, where εr is its dielectric constant. In graphene however, since the kinetic energy scales linearly with the wave number instead of its square, the exciton binding energy is thus expected to scale with εr-1. In this work we make use of the configuration interaction approach to study the properties of excitons in graphene nanodots embedded in various dielectric environments. With tens of million configurations taken into account in the calculation, we find that the exciton binding energy can be well described by a single scaling rule in which the scaling factor is found to vary with the dimension of the nanodots as well as with the on-site interaction parameter, which agrees well with a recent experiment. The linear relation of the exciton binding energy found with the quasi-particle gap also agrees with the previous work on bulk graphene and other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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197
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Bandura AV, Shur VA, Evarestov RA. Simulation of structure and stability of carbon nanoribbons. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216080016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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198
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de Oteyza DG, García-Lekue A, Vilas-Varela M, Merino-Díez N, Carbonell-Sanromà E, Corso M, Vasseur G, Rogero C, Guitián E, Pascual JI, Ortega JE, Wakayama Y, Peña D. Substrate-Independent Growth of Atomically Precise Chiral Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9000-8. [PMID: 27548516 PMCID: PMC5043421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contributing to the need for new graphene nanoribbon (GNR) structures that can be synthesized with atomic precision, we have designed a reactant that renders chiral (3,1)-GNRs after a multistep reaction including Ullmann coupling and cyclodehydrogenation. The nanoribbon synthesis has been successfully proven on different coinage metals, and the formation process, together with the fingerprints associated with each reaction step, has been studied by combining scanning tunneling microscopy, core-level spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. In addition to the GNR's chiral edge structure, the substantial GNR lengths achieved and the low processing temperature required to complete the reaction grant this reactant extremely interesting properties for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aran García-Lekue
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Néstor Merino-Díez
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Avenida de
Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Martina Corso
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Avenida de
Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guillaume Vasseur
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Celia Rogero
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Enrique Guitián
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Pascual
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- CIC
nanoGUNE, Avenida de
Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J. Enrique Ortega
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Materials
Physics Center, Centro de Física
de Materiales (CSIC/UPV-EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada I, Universidad
del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yutaka Wakayama
- International
Center of Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais
Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
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199
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Sakaguchi H, Song S, Kojima T, Nakae T. Homochiral polymerization-driven selective growth of graphene nanoribbons. Nat Chem 2016; 9:57-63. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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200
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Vacacela Gomez C, Pisarra M, Gravina M, Pitarke JM, Sindona A. Plasmon Modes of Graphene Nanoribbons with Periodic Planar Arrangements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:116801. [PMID: 27661709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among their amazing properties, graphene and related low-dimensional materials show quantized charge-density fluctuations-known as plasmons-when exposed to photons or electrons of suitable energies. Graphene nanoribbons offer an enhanced tunability of these resonant modes, due to their geometrically controllable band gaps. The formidable effort made over recent years in developing graphene-based technologies is however weakened by a lack of predictive modeling approaches that draw upon available ab initio methods. An example of such a framework is presented here, focusing on narrow-width graphene nanoribbons, organized in periodic planar arrays. Time-dependent density-functional calculations reveal unprecedented plasmon modes of different nature at visible to infrared energies. Specifically, semimetallic (zigzag) nanoribbons display an intraband plasmon following the energy-momentum dispersion of a two-dimensional electron gas. Semiconducting (armchair) nanoribbons are instead characterized by two distinct intraband and interband plasmons, whose fascinating interplay is extremely responsive to either injection of charge carriers or increase in electronic temperature. These oscillations share some common trends with recent nanoinfrared imaging of confined edge and surface plasmon modes detected in graphene nanoribbons of 100-500 nm width.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vacacela Gomez
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - M Pisarra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 (Módulo 13), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gravina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - J M Pitarke
- CIC nanoGUNE, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
- Materia Kondentsatuaren Fisika Saila, DIPC, and Centro Fisica Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 644 Posta Kutxatila, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Sindona
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 30C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, Sezione LNF, Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Cubo 31C, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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