1
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Scherger M, Pilger YA, Stickdorn J, Komforth P, Schmitt S, Koynov K, Räder HJ, Nuhn L. Efficient Self-Immolative RAFT End Group Modification for Macromolecular Immunodrug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2380-2391. [PMID: 37093222 PMCID: PMC10170519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization provides access to a broad variety of biocompatible and functional macromolecules for diverse polymer-drug conjugates. Due to thiocarbonylthio groups at the ends of each growing polymer chain, they can straightforwardly be converted into disufilde-containing self-immolative motives for reversible drug conjugation by traceless linkers. This may be relevant for RAFT-polymerized poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (pDMA), which has been demonstrated to provide similar properties as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in terms of improving the drug's poor pharmacokinetic profile or enhancing its bioavailability. For that purpose, we established a highly efficient one-pot reaction procedure for introducing various functionalities including both primary and secondary amines and primary alcohols and demonstrated their reversible conjugation and traceless release from pDMA's polymer chain end. Next, a first polymer-drug conjugate with a Toll-like receptor agonist exhibited significantly increased activity in vitro compared to conventional irreversibly covalently fixed variants. Finally, α-ω-bifunctional dye or drug conjugates could be generated by a cholesterol-modified RAFT chain-transfer agent. It facilitated the polymer-drug conjugate's internalization at the cellular level monitored by flow cytometry and confocal imaging. This approach provides the basis for a variety of potentially impactful polymer-drug conjugates by combining versatile small molecular drugs with a plethora of available RAFT polymers through reductive-responsive self-immolative linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick A Pilger
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Judith Stickdorn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patric Komforth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Bolli E, Scherger M, Arnouk SM, Pombo Antunes AR, Straßburger D, Urschbach M, Stickdorn J, De Vlaminck K, Movahedi K, Räder HJ, Hernot S, Besenius P, Van Ginderachter JA, Nuhn L. Targeted Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages via Imidazoquinoline-Linked Nanobodies. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2004574. [PMID: 34026453 PMCID: PMC8132149 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote the immune suppressive microenvironment inside tumors and are, therefore, considered as a promising target for the next generation of cancer immunotherapies. To repolarize their phenotype into a tumoricidal state, the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist imidazoquinoline IMDQ is site-specifically and quantitatively coupled to single chain antibody fragments, so-called nanobodies, targeting the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) on TAMs. Intravenous injection of these conjugates result in a tumor- and cell-specific delivery of IMDQ into MMRhigh TAMs, causing a significant decline in tumor growth. This is accompanied by a repolarization of TAMs towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype and an increase in anti-tumor T cell responses. Therefore, the therapeutic benefit of such nanobody-drug conjugates may pave the road towards effective macrophage re-educating cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bolli
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | | | - Sana M. Arnouk
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - David Straßburger
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Judith Stickdorn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Karen De Vlaminck
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory of In Vivo Cellular and Molecular ImagingVrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 103Brussels1090Belgium
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzDuesbergweg 10‐14Mainz55128Germany
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular ImmunologyVrije Universiteit BrusselPleinlaan 2Brussels1050Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology LabVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchBrussels1050Belgium
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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3
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Scherger M, Räder HJ, Nuhn L. Self‐Immolative RAFT‐Polymer End Group Modification. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Reversible modifications of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-polymerization derived end groups are usually limited to reductive degradable disulfide conjugates. However, self-immolative linkers can promote ligation and traceless release of primary and secondary amines as well as alcohols via carbonates or carbamates in β-position to disulfides. In this study, these two strategies are combined and the concept of self-immolative RAFT-polymer end group modifications is introduced: As model compounds, benzylamine, dibenzylamine, and benzyl alcohol are first attached as carbamates or carbonates to a symmetrical disulfide, and in a straightforward one-pot reaction these groups are reversibly attached to aminolyzed trithiocarbonate end groups of RAFT-polymerized poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). Quantitative end group modification is confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry, while reversible release of attached compounds under physiological reductive conditions is successfully monitored by diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. Additionally, this concept is further expanded to protein-reactive, self-immolative carbonate species that enable reversible bioconjugation of lysozyme and α-macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) nanobodies as model proteins. Altogether, self-immolative RAFT end group modifications can form the new basis for reversible introduction of various functionalities to polymer chain ends including protein bioconjugates and, thus, opening novel opportunities for stimuli-responsive polymer hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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5
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Abdulkarim A, Nathusius M, Bäuerle R, Strunk KP, Beck S, Räder HJ, Pucci A, Melzer C, Jänsch D, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Beyond p-Hexaphenylenes: Synthesis of Unsubstituted p-Nonaphenylene by a Precursor Protocol. Chemistry 2021; 27:281-288. [PMID: 32786130 PMCID: PMC7839583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unsubstituted oligo‐para‐phenylenes (OPP) exceeding para‐hexaphenylene—in the literature often referred to as p‐sexiphenyl—has long remained elusive due to their insolubility. We report the first preparation of unsubstituted para‐nonaphenylenes (9PPs) by extending our precursor route to poly‐para‐phenylenes (PPP) to a discrete oligomer. Two geometric isomers of methoxylated syn‐ and anti‐cyclohexadienylenes were synthesized, from which 9PP was obtained via thermal aromatization in thin films. 9PP was characterized via optical, infrared and solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry, and compared to polymeric analogues. Due to the lack of substitution, para‐nonaphenylene, irrespective of the precursor isomer employed, displays pronounced aggregation in the solid state. Intermolecular excitonic coupling leads to formation of H‐type aggregates, red‐shifting emission of the films to greenish. 9PP allows to study the structure–property relationship of para‐phenylene oligomers and polymers, especially since the optical properties of PPP depend on the molecular shape of the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkarim
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Nathusius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Bäuerle
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Philipp Strunk
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Melzer
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Schmüser L, Zhang W, Marx MT, Encinas N, Vollmer D, Gorb S, Baio JE, Räder HJ, Weidner T. Role of Surface Chemistry in the Superhydrophobicity of the Springtail Orchesella cincta (Insecta:Collembola). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:12294-12304. [PMID: 32040287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collembola are ancient arthropods living in soil with extensive exposure to dirt, bacteria, and fungi. To protect from the harsh environmental conditions and to retain a layer of air for breathing when submerged in water, they have evolved a superhydrophobic, liquid-repelling cuticle surface. The nonfouling and self-cleaning properties of springtail cuticle make it an interesting target of biomimetic materials design. Recent research has mainly focused on the intricate microstructures at the cuticle surface. Here we study the role of the cuticle chemistry for the Collembola species Orchesella cincta (Collembola, Entomobryidae). O. cincta uses a relatively simple cuticle structure with primary granules arranged to function as plastrons. In contrast to the Collembolan cuticle featuring structures on multiple length scales that is functional irrespective of surface chemistry, we found that the O. cincta cuticle loses its hydrophobic properties after being rinsed with dichloromethane. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry show that a nanometer thin triacylglycerol-containing wax layer at the cuticle surface is essential for maintaining the antiwetting properties. Removal of the wax layer exposes chitin, terpenes, and lipid layers in the cuticle. With respect to biomimetic applications, the results show that, combined with a carefully chosen surface chemistry, superhydrophobicity may be achieved using a relatively unsophisticated surface structure rather than a complex, re-entrant surface structure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schmüser
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas Marx
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Noemi Encinas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Doris Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joe E Baio
- The School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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7
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Karakus M, Zhang W, Räder HJ, Bonn M, Cánovas E. Electron Transfer from Bi-Isonicotinic Acid Emerges upon Photodegradation of N3-Sensitized TiO 2 Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:35376-35382. [PMID: 28914045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is determined to a large extent by the photodegradation of their sensitizers. Understanding the mechanism of light-induced decomposition of dyes sensitizing a mesoporous oxide matrix may therefore contribute to solutions to increase the life span of DSSCs. Here, we investigate, using ultrafast terahertz photoconductivity measurements, the evolution of interfacial electron-transfer (ET) dynamics in Ru(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine)2(NCS)2 (N3) dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 electrodes upon dye photodegradation. Under inert environment, interfacial ET dynamics do not change over time, indicating that the dye is stable and photodegradation is absent; the associated ET dynamics are characterized by a sub-100 fs rise of the photoconductivity, followed by long-lived (≫1 ns) electrons in the oxide electrode. When the N3-TiO2 sample is exposed to air under identical illumination conditions, dye photodegradation is evident from the disappearance of the optical absorption associated with the dye. Remarkably, approximately half of the sub-100 fs ET is observed to still occur but is followed by very rapid (∼10 ps) electron-hole recombination. Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, and terahertz photoconductivity analyses reveal that the photodegraded ET signal originates from the N3 dye photodegradation product as bi-isonicotinic acid (4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine), which remains bonded to the TiO2 surface via either bidentate chelation or bridging-type geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Karakus
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Yang B, Wang XY, Berger R, Narita A, Barin GB, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Feng X, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Monitoring the On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7485-7492. [PMID: 28613832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a mass spectrometric approach to characterize and monitor the intermediates of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) formation by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on top of Au(111) surfaces. Information regarding the repeating units, lengths, and termini can be obtained directly from the surface sample by a modified matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) method. The mass spectrometric results reveal ample oxidative side reactions under CVD conditions that can be drastically diminished by the introduction of protective H2 gas at ambient pressure. Simultaneously, the addition of hydrogen extends the lengths of the oligophenylenes and thus the final GNRs. Moreover, the prematurely formed cyclodehydrogenation products during the oligomer growth can be assigned by the mass spectrometric technique. The obtained mechanistic insights provide valuable information for optimizing and upscaling the bottom-up fabrication of GNRs. Given the important role of GNRs as semiconductors, the mass spectrometric analysis provides a readily available tool to characterize and improve their structural perfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Chen Z, Wang HI, Teyssandier J, Mali KS, Dumslaff T, Ivanov I, Zhang W, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Räder HJ, Turchinovich D, De Feyter S, Feng X, Kläui M, Narita A, Bonn M, Müllen K. Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Terahertz Photoconductivity of Low-Band-Gap N = 9 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3635-3638. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan Teyssandier
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Dumslaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dmitry Turchinovich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for
Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food
Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Zhang W, Abdulkarim A, Golling FE, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Cycloparaphenylenes and Their Catenanes: Complex Macrocycles Unveiled by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2645-2648. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ali Abdulkarim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian E. Golling
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Present address: Covestro AG; 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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11
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Zhang W, Abdulkarim A, Golling FE, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Cycloparaphenylenes and Their Catenanes: Complex Macrocycles Unveiled by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ali Abdulkarim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Florian E. Golling
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Present address: Covestro AG; 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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12
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Palma CA, Lodi Rizzini A, Liu B, Abbas A, Richter N, Martini L, Wang XY, Cavani N, Lu H, Mishra N, Coletti C, Berger R, Klappenberger F, Kläui M, Candini A, Affronte M, Zhou C, De Renzi V, del Pennino U, Barth JV, Räder HJ, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons by Ambient-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition and Device Integration. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15488-15496. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos-Andres Palma
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alberto Lodi Rizzini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bilu Liu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ahmad Abbas
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah
Sulayman Street, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nils Richter
- Institut
für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonardo Martini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Cavani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Coletti
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institut
für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate
School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Candini
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Affronte
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto del Pennino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze, Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße
4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Zhang W, Quernheim M, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Collision-Induced Dissociation Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for the Elucidation of Unknown Structures in Strained Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Macrocycles. Anal Chem 2015; 88:952-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Quernheim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Abbas AN, Liu B, Narita A, Dössel LF, Yang B, Zhang W, Tang J, Wang KL, Räder HJ, Feng X, Müllen K, Zhou C. Vapor-Phase Transport Deposition, Characterization, and Applications of Large Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4453-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N. Abbas
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Abdullah Sulayman
St, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilu Liu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas F. Dössel
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianshi Tang
- Device
Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kang L. Wang
- Device
Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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15
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Palma CA, Diller K, Berger R, Welle A, Björk J, Cabellos JL, Mowbray DJ, Papageorgiou AC, Ivleva NP, Matich S, Margapoti E, Niessner R, Menges B, Reichert J, Feng X, Räder HJ, Klappenberger F, Rubio A, Müllen K, Barth JV. Photoinduced C–C Reactions on Insulators toward Photolithography of Graphene Nanoarchitectures. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4651-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412868w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Andres Palma
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Diller
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Duncan J. Mowbray
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia P. Ivleva
- Chair
for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sonja Matich
- Walter
Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Emanuela Margapoti
- Walter
Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair
for Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Menges
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC DIPC, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Fritz-Haber-Institut Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Räder HJ, Nguyen TTT, Müllen K. MALDI–TOF Mass Spectrometry of Polyphenylene Dendrimers up to the Megadalton Range. Elucidating Structural Integrity of Macromolecules at Unrivaled High Molecular Weights. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402347y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thi-Thanh-Tam Nguyen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Huesmann D, Birke A, Klinker K, Türk S, Räder HJ, Barz M. Revisiting Secondary Structures in NCA Polymerization: Influences on the Analysis of Protected Polylysines. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Huesmann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Birke
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Klinker
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Türk
- Max Planck
Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck
Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Nguyen TTT, Baumgarten M, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Lieberwirth I, Müllen K. Extending the limits of precision polymer synthesis: giant polyphenylene dendrimers in the megadalton mass range approaching structural perfection. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4183-6. [PMID: 23451994 DOI: 10.1021/ja311430r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The catalyst-free Diels-Alder synthesis of polyphenylene dendrimers with a chromophore core has now been demonstrated to achieve the seventh to ninth generations upon divergent growth. Since standard analytical tools such as size-exclusion chromatography do not provide realistic molecular weights, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the complete series of nine generations. Perfection and monodispersity were thus elucidated at such high masses. Transmission electron microscopy imaging was used to determine the size of these molecularly defined nanosized "particles" with diameters of up to 33 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thanh-Tam Nguyen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Kulkarni SU, Räder HJ, Thies MC. The effects of molecular weight distribution and sample preparation on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of petroleum macromolecules. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:2799-2808. [PMID: 21913258 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To date there have been no systematic, quantitative investigations of the effect of sample preparation on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI) mass spectrometry response for polydisperse systems. To this end, the interrelationships between sample preparation, analyte molecular weight distribution (MWD) and solubility, and signal response were investigated for mixtures of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) oligomers, the constituents of petroleum pitch that serve as precursors for advanced carbon materials. These PAH oligomers served as a useful analyte system for study, as their solvent solubilities decrease significantly with each increasing oligomeric unit. Molecular weight standards consisting of relatively pure dimer and trimer cuts of the starting M-50 petroleum pitch were produced using a dense-gas/supercritical extraction (DGE/SCE) technique and were then used to produce oligomeric mixtures of well-defined composition for study. Both traditional, solvent-based and newer, solvent-free sample preparation methods were evaluated, and their effects on both homogeneity and signal response were determined. While solvent-free sample preparation methods produced homogeneous samples and reproducible results regardless of the MWD of the analyte, solvent-based samples that contained more than one oligomeric cut produced non-homogeneous samples and poor reproducibilities. The differing solubilities of dimer, trimer, and tetramer oligomers in a given solvent (e.g., CS(2) or toluene) were found to be the cause of the inhomogeneities observed in solvent-based sample preparation. A quantitative analysis study performed with dimer/trimer mixtures over a wide range of compositions via solvent-free sample preparation indicates that linear, reproducible calibration curves can be generated and used to calculate the molecular composition of unknown dimer/trimer mixtures with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh U Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0909, USA
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20
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Mavrinskaya N, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Nonlinear behavior during semi-quantitative analysis of thin organic layers by laser desorption mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:2196-2200. [PMID: 21710599 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the surface coverage and thickness of an organic thin film is particularly important in organic electronics and optoelectronics. For surface coverage down to the submonolayer level there is still a need for characterization methods which are easily applicable. In the present work we report on the evaluation of laser desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS) for its use in thickness determination of organic thin films. Whereas LD-MS is well established as a soft ionization method for small molecules, its capability for use in quantitative analysis is nearly unexplored. We carried out experiments with two different molecules, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane and hexabenzocoronene, in a series of experiments with increasing surface coverage. The obtained data were analyzed by plotting the LD signal intensities versus the relative layer thickness and they reveal a nonlinear behavior, which can be classified into regions of different desorption/ionization efficiencies. Visualization by atomic force microscopy reveals that the first efficiency change corresponds to the transition between incomplete and complete coverage of the metal surface by analyte molecules. A second transition is observed at high layer thickness where the signal intensity stays constant, independent of further thickness increments, and this is attributed to the limited penetration depth of the laser beam. The intermediate region between the two transitions shows a linear behavior and can thus be used for semi-quantitative thickness measurements. The efficiency change observed at the point of complete surface coverage is particularly useful for thin layer preparation of organic field effect transistors, where complete surface coverage is a minimum requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mavrinskaya
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Fogel Y, Zhi L, Rouhanipour A, Andrienko D, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Graphitic Nanoribbons with Dibenzo[e,l]pyrene Repeat Units: Synthesis and Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Fogel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Linjie Zhi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao, 11, 100080 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ali Rouhanipour
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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22
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Wurm F, Klos J, Räder HJ, Frey H. Synthesis and Noncovalent Protein Conjugation of Linear-Hyperbranched PEG-Poly(glycerol) α,ωn-Telechelics. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7954-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9019148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wurm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Klos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Schmaltz B, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Pisula W, Müllen K. Filling the Cavity of Conjugated Carbazole Macrocycles with Graphene Molecules: Monolayers Formed by Physisorption Serve as a Surface for Pulsed Laser Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Schmaltz B, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Pisula W, Müllen K. Filling the Cavity of Conjugated Carbazole Macrocycles with Graphene Molecules: Monolayers Formed by Physisorption Serve as a Surface for Pulsed Laser Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The ability of electric fields to align nonpolar semiconducting molecules was demonstrated using hexa(para-n-dodecylphenyl)hexabenzocoronene (HBC-PhC12) as a model compound. A solution of HBC-PhC12 was applied to a glass surface by drop-casting and the molecules were oriented into highly ordered structures by an electric field during solvent evaporation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a long-range alignment where the disclike molecules were organized in columns perpendicular to the direction of the imposed electric field. The high anisotropy of the uniaxially aligned films was characterized by cross-polarized light microscopy. The birefringence of the HBC-PhC12 films was related to the presence of extended domains of unidirectionally aligned columns in which the aromatic cores of the HBC-PhC12 molecules were perpendicular to the columnar axis. The packing and the arrangement of the molecules in the field-force ordered films were proven by electron diffraction and X-ray analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cristadoro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Cristadoro A, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Clustering of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and laser desorption mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2007; 21:2621-8. [PMID: 17639574 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The desorption/ionization behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption (LD) mass spectrometry was studied by the solvent-free sample preparation method. As the understanding of the desorption/ionization mechanism in MALDI is normally hampered by the different ionization and desorption efficiencies of the analytes, this work was focused on the analyses of a homologous series of four hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) possessing virtually the same ionization efficiency: HBC parent, hexamethyl-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C1), hexapropyl-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C3) and hexakis(dodecyl)-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C12). The different signal intensities obtained in their mass spectra can be related to differences in their desorption efficiencies, which are attributed to the different strengths of the intermolecular interactions between unsubstituted and alkylated HBCs in the solid state. The influence of the aromatic structure of PAHs on their photoionization/desorption probability was investigated. As a model system, an equimolar mixture composed of HBC-C12 and hexakis(dodecyl)-hexaphenylbenzene (HPB-C12) was chosen. The aromatic structures of both molecules and thus their absorption coefficients at the laser wavelength differ substantially and have a huge influence on their photoionization efficiency. The combined effect of laser light absorption and intermolecular interactions on the desorption/ionization behaviour of giant PAHs was further studied by using an equimolar mixture composed of a larger PAH (C(222)H(42)) and its dendritic precursor (C(222)H(150)). This mixture shows the opposite behaviour to that of the former example, because the balance between desorption and ionization efficiency has changed significantly. The present investigation should be of interest for providing a better understanding of MALDI and LD spectra obtained from natural PAH-containing samples, such as heavy oils, asphaltenes or pitches, for which our artificial mixtures represent suitable model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cristadoro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Jung SH, Pisula W, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Jacob J, Müllen K. Titelbild: Ein konjugierter Polycarbazol-Makrocyclus mit Porphyrin-Kern (Angew. Chem. 28/2006). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jung SH, Pisula W, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Jacob J, Müllen K. Cover Picture: A Conjugated Polycarbazole Ring around a Porphyrin (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 28/2006). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jung SH, Pisula W, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Jacob J, Müllen K. Ein konjugierter Polycarbazol-Makrocyclus mit Porphyrin-Kern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Jung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Trimpin S, Keune S, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Solvent-free MALDI-MS: developmental improvements in the reliability and the potential of MALDI in the analysis of synthetic polymers and giant organic molecules. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2006; 17:661-71. [PMID: 16540340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A dry sample preparation strategy was previously established as a new method for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), so-called solvent-free MALDI-MS. In this contribution, we examine systems that have been shown problematic with conventional solvent-based MALDI approaches. Problems frequently encountered are solubility, miscibility, and segregation effects during crystallization as a result of unfavorable analyte and matrix polarities. In all cases studied, solvent-free MALDI-MS simplified the measurement and improved the analysis. Solvent-free MALDI-MS enables more reliable results in well-known problematic systems such as polydimethylsiloxane with its segregation effects. However, even in highly compatible analyte/matrix systems such as polystyrene and dithranol, there were undesirable suppression effects when employing THF as solvent. Generally, the solvent-free method allows for more homogeneous analyte/matrix mixtures as well as higher shot-to-shot and sample-to-sample reproducibility. As a result, less laser power has to be applied, which yields milder MALDI conditions, reduced background signals, and provides better resolution of the analyte signals. Solvent-free MALDI-MS proved valuable for the characterization of nanosized material, e.g., fullereno-based structures, which indicated having an increased fragmentation-susceptibility. New analyte/matrix combinations (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone/dithranol) are accessible independent of solubility and compatibility in common solvents. An improved quantitation potential is recognized (e.g., insoluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon against soluble dendrite precursor). The rapid and easy measurement of industrial products demonstrates the solvent-free method capable for improved throughput analysis of a variety of compounds (e.g., poly(butylmethacrylate) diol) in routine industrial analysis. Hence, this new MALDI method leads to qualitative and quantitative improvements, making it a powerful tool for analytical purposes, which may also prove to be valuable in future automation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Räder HJ, Rouhanipour A, Talarico AM, Palermo V, Samorì P, Müllen K. Processing of giant graphene molecules by soft-landing mass spectrometry. Nat Mater 2006; 5:276-80. [PMID: 16532002 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The processability of giant (macro)molecules into ultrapure and highly ordered structures at surfaces is of fundamental importance for studying chemical, physical and biological phenomena, as well as their exploitation as active units in the fabrication of hybrid devices. The possibility of handling larger and larger molecules provides access to increasingly complex functions. Unfortunately, larger molecules commonly imply lower processability due to either their low solubility in liquid media or the occurrence of thermal cracking during vacuum sublimation. The search for novel strategies to process and characterize giant building blocks is therefore a crucial goal in materials science. Here we describe a new general route to process, at surfaces, extraordinarily large molecules, that is, synthetic nanographenes, into ultrapure crystalline architectures. Our method relies on the soft-landing of ions generated by solvent-free matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The nanographenes are transferred to the gas phase, purified and adsorbed at surfaces. Scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals the formation of ordered nanoscale semiconducting supramolecular architectures. The unique flexibility of this approach allows the growth of ultrapure crystalline films of various systems, including organic, inorganic and biological molecules, and therefore it can be of interest for technological applications in the fields of electronics, (bio)catalysis and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Yang X, Räder HJ, Ropuhanipour A, Müllen K. Soft deposition of organic macromolecules with fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2005; 11:287-93. [PMID: 16107743 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the requirements for soft deposition of intact positively charged organic macromolecules, an homogenous series of modal compounds such as polyphenylene dendronized perylenes (PDPs), C(80)H(52), C(200)H(132) and C(320)H(212) and a series of derivatives involving perylene derivative, C(98)H(104)N(8)O(4), terrylene derivative, C(78)H(82)N(6)O(4) and quaterrylene derivative, C(140)H(138)N(10)O(8), were used for soft-landing experiments on a metallic or matrix coated surface using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Soft-landing can be achieved at impact energies below 180 eV with no production of fragments. The deposition rate shows strong energy dependence with similar behavior of the different organic compounds. A single isotope of the molecule was selected and soft-landed at increased resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Cho BK, Jain A, Nieberle J, Mahajan S, Wiesner U, Gruner SM, Türk S, Räder HJ. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers Based on Aliphatic Polyether-Type Dendritic Cores. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sol M. Gruner
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Simpson CD, Mattersteig G, Martin K, Gherghel L, Bauer RE, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Nanosized Molecular Propellers by Cyclodehydrogenation of Polyphenylene Dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3139-47. [PMID: 15012144 DOI: 10.1021/ja036732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a polymer analogous approach, large dendritic oligophenylenes containing benzene and tetraphenylmethane cores are transformed via oxidative cyclodehydrogenation to novel propeller-shaped molecules with large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon units as "blades". Structure analysis is performed by a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, UV/vis, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy using solid-state sample preparation methods. These methods are also utilized to determine the degree of the cyclodehydrogenation reaction.
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Laine O, Trimpin S, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Changes in post-source decay fragmentation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers with increasing molecular weight studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2003; 9:195-201. [PMID: 12939497 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the systematic changes in fragmentation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with increasing molecular weight, alkali-metal cationized PMMA 20-mer, 60-mer and 100-mer were selected for post-source decay (PSD) fragmentation study by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. PMMA polymers were cationized with lithium, potassium and cesium cations to explore the influence of the cation size on the fragmentation behavior of the polymers. All PMMA polymers could be fragmented by MALDI-PSD and fragmentation of the MALDI ionized synthetic polymer of molecular weight 10 kDa is reported here for the first time. It was shown that an increasing molecular weight of the PMMA chain required an increase in the size of the cation to improve the intensity and the number of the fragments in the PSD spectrum. Some instrumental parameters had to be optimized prior to a successful PSD analysis of the largest PMMA polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Laine
- University of Joensuu, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Trimpin S, Grimsdale AC, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Characterization of an insoluble poly(9,9-diphenyl-2,7-fluorene) by solvent-free sample preparation for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3777-82. [PMID: 12175166 DOI: 10.1021/ac0111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of solvent-free sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowed the characterization of an insoluble fraction of poly(9,9-diphenylfluorene) that was previously hindered by the lack of suitable characterization methods. The MALDI mass spectrometric analysis gives valuable mechanistic information about the heterogeneous polymerization process of the insoluble high molecular weight fraction of the polymer. The fragmentation appearing even under moderate desorption and ionization conditions of this rigid backbone analyte is identified as a multiple loss of the bulky phenyl side groups and can be avoided by applying the new MALDI matrix 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. A specialized fragmentation study by postsource decay MALDI-TOF MS reveals a molecular weight dependent change in fragmentation mechanism from an exclusive cleavage of side groups from long polymer chains to an additional cleavage of the polymer backbone of short polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
In this paper we present the synthesis and characterization of the so far largest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), containing 222 carbon atoms or 37 separate benzene units. First a suitable three-dimensional oligophenylene precursor molecule is built up by a sequence of Diels-Alder and cyclotrimerization reactions and then planarized in the final step by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation to the corresponding hexagonal PAH. Structural proof is based on isotopically resolved MALDI-TOF mass spectra and electronic characteristics are studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy.
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Trimpin S, Eichhorn P, Räder HJ, Müllen K, Knepper TP. Recalcitrance of poly(vinylpyrrolidone): evidence through matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 938:67-77. [PMID: 11771848 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aerobic biodegradability of an extensively used synthetic polymer was monitored the first time on a laboratory-scale fixed-bed bioreactor (FBBR) applying matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Polymeric poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was spiked at concentrations of 10 mg l(-1) onto the FBBR run with river water and the biodegradation monitored after lyophilization of aliquots of the test liquor applying MALDI-TOF-MS. The latter proved to be a powerful tool for qualitative screening purposes of PVP in a molecular mass range <20 kDa in particularly yielding a high sensitivity and shot-to-shot reproducibility. The sample-to-sample reproducibility was enhanced applying the anchor target device. Post-source decay-MALDI-TOF-MS fragmentation investigations determined the unknown end groups of PVP unambiguously. Poor biodegradability of PVP can be assumed, since even after 30 days, no oxidation of the terminal groups and no difference in the repeating units was observed. A decrease in the molecular mass distribution can be drawn back rather to adsorption of PVP in the FBBR other than to biodegradation. This was further investigated performing an adsorption experiment with sewage sludge as solid matrix and analyses of the aqueous phase and sludge samples. Extrapolating these results to the situation in wastewater treatment plants, it is highly likely that PVP is eliminated from the dissolved phase by adsorption onto sludge particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Jordan R, Martin K, Räder HJ, Unger KK. Lipopolymers for Surface Functionalizations. 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Terminal Functionalized Poly(N-propionylethylenimine)s. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Jordan
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Lichtenbergstr. 12, TU München, 85747 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and NSF-MRSEC “Polymers at Engineered Interfaces”; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; and Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Martin
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Lichtenbergstr. 12, TU München, 85747 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and NSF-MRSEC “Polymers at Engineered Interfaces”; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; and Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Lichtenbergstr. 12, TU München, 85747 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and NSF-MRSEC “Polymers at Engineered Interfaces”; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; and Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus K. Unger
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Lichtenbergstr. 12, TU München, 85747 Garching, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Polytechnic University, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and NSF-MRSEC “Polymers at Engineered Interfaces”; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; and Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55124 Mainz, Germany
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Przybilla L, Francke V, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Block Length Determination of a Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) Diblock Copolymer by Means of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Combined with Fragment-Ion Analysis. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Przybilla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Francke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Yoshimura K, Przybilla L, Ito S, Brand JD, Wehmeir M, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Characterization of Large Synthetic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by MALDI- and LD-TOF Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3935(20010101)202:2<215::aid-macp215>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trimpin S, Rouhanipour A, Az R, Räder HJ, Müllen K. New aspects in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a universal solvent-free sample preparation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15:1364-1373. [PMID: 11466797 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of solvent-free sample preparation is shown to be of universal applicability for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Results obtained were compared with those of traditional solvent-based sample preparation for MALDI-MS in order to demonstrate their similarities with respect to accuracy, sensitivity and resolution for polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) in a mass range from 2 to 100 kDa. The results revealed that there is fundamentally no difference in the quality of the obtained mass spectra, and we conclude that the mechanism of desorption and ionization remains unchanged. However, the solvent-free sample preparation turned out to have some advantages over the traditional method in certain cases: quick and easy applicability is shown for polyetherimide avoiding time-consuming optimization procedures. In particular, industrial pigments that are insoluble in common solvents were characterized without interfering signals from fragments. The method even showed improvements with respect to reproducibility and mass discrimination effects in comparison to traditional sample preparation. Additionally, this contribution provides new insight regarding the analyte/matrix preorganization for the desorption step which now appears to be independent of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Weidmann JL, Kern JM, Sauvage JP, Muscat D, Mullins S, Köhler W, Rosenauer C, Räder HJ, Martin K, Geerts Y. Poly[2]catenanes and Cyclic Oligo[2]catenanes Containing Alternating Topological and Covalent Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization. Chemistry 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3765(19990604)5:6<1841::aid-chem1841>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Muscat D, Köhler W, Räder HJ, Martin K, Mullins S, Müller B, Müllen K, Geerts Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[2]-catenanes Containing Rigid Catenane Segments. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981077z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Muscat
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Köhler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Martin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Mullins
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Müller
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yves Geerts
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Höger S, Spickermann J, Morrison DL, Dziezok P, Räder HJ. Aggregates of Shape Persistent Macrocyclic Amphiphiles Detected by MALDI-TOF Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960895t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Höger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Spickermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Donald L. Morrison
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Dziezok
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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