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Kong X, Pan J, Zhang M, Xing X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Li D, Li D. ZmMKK4, a novel group C mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in maize (Zea mays), confers salt and cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1291-303. [PMID: 21477122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are signalling modules that transduce extracellular signalling to a range of cellular responses. Plant MAPK cascades have been implicated in development and stress response. In this study, we isolated a novel group C MAPKK gene, ZmMKK4, from maize. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the ZmMKK4 transcript expression was up-regulated by cold, high salt and exogenous H(2)O(2,) but down-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Over-expression of ZmMKK4 in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to cold and salt stresses by increased germination rate, lateral root numbers, plant survival rate, chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant enzyme [peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)] activities compared with control plants. Furthermore, ZmMKK4 enhanced a 37 kDa kinase activity after cold and salt stresses. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of stress-responsive transcription factors and functional genes were higher in ZmMKK4-over-expressing plants than in control plants. In addition, ZmMKK4 protein is localized in the nucleus. Taken together, these results indicate that ZmMKK4 is a positive regulator of salt and cold tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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152
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Wang SD, Zhu F, Yuan S, Yang H, Xu F, Shang J, Xu MY, Jia SD, Zhang ZW, Wang JH, Xi DH, Lin HH. The roles of ascorbic acid and glutathione in symptom alleviation to SA-deficient plants infected with RNA viruses. PLANTA 2011; 234:171-81. [PMID: 21394469 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is required for plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to viruses. However, SA-deficient plants adapt to RNA virus infections better, which show a lighter symptom and have less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The virus replication levels are higher in the SA-deficient plants during the first 10 days, but lower than the wild-type seedlings after 20 dpi. The higher level of glutathione and ascorbic acid (AsA) in SA-deficient plants may contribute to their alleviated symptoms. Solo virus-control method for mortal viruses results in necrosis and chlorosis, no matter what level of virus RNAs would accumulate. Contrastingly, early and high-dose AsA treatment alleviates the symptom, and eventually inhibits virus replication after 20 days. ROS eliminators could not imitate the effect of AsA, and could neither alleviate symptom nor inhibit virus replication. It suggests that both symptom alleviation and virus replication control should be considered for plant virus cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Dong Wang
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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153
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Zhang ZW, Yuan S, Feng H, Xu F, Cheng J, Shang J, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Transient accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX regulates expression of PhANGs - New evidence for the signaling role of tetrapyrroles in mature Arabidopsis plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:714-21. [PMID: 21216024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and physiological studies have revealed evidence for multiple signaling pathways by which the plastid exerts retrograde control over photosynthesis associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). It has been proposed that the tetrapyrrole pathway intermediate Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-proto IX) acts as the signaling molecule in the pathways and accumulates in the chloroplasts and cytosol of the cell after treatment with the herbicide Norflurazon (NF). However, the role of Mg-Proto IX in plastid signaling has been challenged by two recent reports. In this paper, new evidence is presented supporting Mg-Proto IX as a plastid-signaling molecule in mature Arabidopsis seedlings. Fluorescence HPLC and confocal microscope observation verified that a short-term (<96h) NF treatment resulted in a large accumulation of Mg-Proto IX accompanying with Lhcb repression, whereas the long-term NF treatments caused marked changes of tetrapyrrole pools, while Lhcb expression was continuously repressed. These results may explain the discrepancies among different reports. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) eliminator treatments only partly reversed the NF-induced repression of Lhcb. Therefore, the NF generates both ROS signals and Mg-Proto IX signals. Furthermore, our data suggested that plastid signal transduction through plastid GUN1 protein is independent of tetrapyrrole export from the plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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154
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Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases and their roles in mediation of signal transduction in abiotic stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11703-011-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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155
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Wu T, Kong XP, Zong XJ, Li DP, Li DQ. Expression analysis of five maize MAP kinase genes in response to various abiotic stresses and signal molecules. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3967-75. [PMID: 21120617 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction modules in eukaryotes. Plant MAPK cascades are complicated networks and play vital roles in signal transduction induced by biotic and abiotic stresses. In this paper, expression patterns of MAPKs in maize roots treated with low-temperature, osmotic stresses, wounding, plant hormones and UV-C irradiation were investigated. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR reveals that the expression of MAPKs in maize roots which treated with low-temperature in light or in low light are inducible. The expression patterns of MAPKs in maize roots with treatments of CaCl2, SA, GA and wounding are approximately the same. A detailed time course experiment shows that the expression patterns of ZmSIMK are different with treatments of PEG and NaCl, respectively. These results suggest that the expression patterns of MAPKs are complicated and the signal pathways are interlaced into a network in maize roots.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osmotic Pressure/drug effects
- Osmotic Pressure/radiation effects
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Roots/drug effects
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/radiation effects
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/radiation effects
- Temperature
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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156
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Liu Y, Li X, Tan H, Liu M, Zhao X, Wang J. Molecular characterization of RsMPK2, a C1 subgroup mitogen-activated protein kinase in the desert plant Reaumuria soongorica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:836-44. [PMID: 20833058 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. is a short woody shrub widely found in semi-arid areas of China, and can survive severe environmental stresses. To understand its potential signaling transduction pathway in stress tolerance, we investigated the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as possible mediators of abiotic stresses. A novel MAP kinase cDNA (RsMPK2) that encodes a 374 amino acid protein was isolated from R. soongorica. RsMPK2 belongs to the C1 subgroup, which is still functionally uncharacterized compared to groups A and B; and contains all 11 of the conserved MAPK subdomains and the TEY phosphorylation motif. RsMPK2 is expressed in vegetative (root, stem, leaf and callus) and reproductive (flower) organs. The transcripts of RsMPK2 were rapidly accumulated at high levels when R. soongorica was subjected to dehydration, salinity conditions and treatment with abscisic acid or hydrogen peroxide. Growth analysis of Escherichia coli (srl::Tn10) cells transformed with pPROEXHT-RsMPK2 showed that the expression products of RsMPK2 do not act as an osmoprotectant. But, the inhibition of RsMPK2 expression by the inhibitor U0126 induced a decrease of antioxidant enzyme activity under stresses, indicating that RsMPK2 is involved in the regulation of the antioxidant defense system in the response to stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- Extreme Stress Resistance and Biotechnology Laboratory, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province 730000, PR China.
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157
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Zhang A, Zhang J, Ye N, Cao J, Tan M, Zhang J, Jiang M. ZmMPK5 is required for the NADPH oxidase-mediated self-propagation of apoplastic H2O2 in brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defence in leaves of maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:4399-411. [PMID: 20693409 PMCID: PMC2955750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been shown to induce hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and BR-induced H(2)O(2) up-regulates antioxidant defence systems in plants. However, the mechanisms by which BR-induced H(2)O(2) regulates antioxidant defence systems in plants remain to be determined. In the present study, the role of ZmMPK5, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, in BR-induced anitioxidant defence and the relationship between the activation of ZmMPK5 and H(2)O(2) production in BR signalling were investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants. BR treatment activated ZmMPK5, induced apoplastic and chloroplastic H(2)O(2) accumulation, and enhanced the total activities of antioxidant enzymes. Such enhancements were blocked by pre-treatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) inhibitors and H(2)O(2) inhibitors or scavengers. Pre-treatment with MAPKK inhibitors substantially arrested the BR-induced apoplastic H(2)O(2) production after 6 h of BR treatment, but did not affect the levels of apoplastic H(2)O(2) within 1 h of BR treatment. BR-induced gene expression of NADPH oxidase was also blocked by pre-treatment with MAPKK inhibitors and an apoplastic H(2)O(2) inhibitor or scavenger after 120 min of BR treatment, but was not affected within 30 min of BR treatment. These results suggest that the BR-induced initial apoplastic H(2)O(2) production activates ZmMPK5, which is involved in self-propagation of apoplastic H(2)O(2) via regulation of NADPH oxidase gene expression in BR-induced antioxidant defence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jianmei Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingpu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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158
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Xu S. Abscisic acid activates a Ca2+-calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:646-55. [PMID: 20702465 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a calcium-dependent and calmodulin (CaM)-stimulated protein kinase in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense was determined in leaves of maize (Zea mays). In-gel kinase assays showed that treatments with ABA or H(2)O(2) induced the activation of a 49-kDa protein kinase and a 52-kDa protein kinase significantly. Furthermore, we showed that the 52-kDa protein kinase has the characteristics of CaM-stimulating activity and is sensitive to calcium-CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) inhibitor KN-93 or CaM antagonist W-7. Treatments with ABA or H(2)O(2) not only induced the activation of the 52-kDa protein kinase, but also enhanced the total activities of the antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Such enhancements were blocked by pretreatment with a CaMK inhibitor and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor or scavenger. Pretreatment with the CaMK inhibitor also substantially arrested the ABA-induced H(2)O(2) production. Kinase activity enhancements induced by ABA were attenuated by pretreatment with an ROS inhibitor or scavenger. These results suggest that the 52-kDa CaMK is involved in ABA-induced antioxidant defense and that cross-talk between CaMK and H(2)O(2) plays a pivotal role in ABA signaling. We infer that CaMK acts both upstream and downstream of H(2)O(2), but mainly acts between ABA and H(2)O(2) in ABA-induced antioxidant-defensive signaling.
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159
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Wang P, Du Y, Li Y, Ren D, Song CP. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of MAP kinase 6 modulates nitric oxide biosynthesis and signal transduction in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2981-98. [PMID: 20870959 PMCID: PMC2965546 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule that functions in numerous physiological and developmental processes in plants, including lateral root development. In this study, we used biochemical and genetic approaches to analyze the function of Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) in the regulation of NO synthesis in response to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) during lateral root development. In both mpk6 mutants studied, H₂O₂-induced NO synthesis and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were decreased dramatically. Furthermore, one NR isoform, NIA2, was required for the MPK6-mediated production of NO induced by H₂O₂. Notably, NIA2 interacted physically with MPK6 in vitro and in vivo and also served as a substrate of MPK6. Phosphorylation of NIA2 by MPK6 led to an increase in NR activity, and Ser-627 was identified as the putative phosphorylation site on NIA2. Phenotypical analysis revealed that mpk6-2 and mpk6-3 seedlings produce more and longer lateral roots than wild-type plants did after application of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside or H₂O₂. These data support strongly a function of MPK6 in modulating NO production and signal transduction in response to H₂O₂ during Arabidopsis root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yanyan Du
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
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160
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Wang XJ, Zhu SY, Lu YF, Zhao R, Xin Q, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Two coupled components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MdMPK1 and MdMKK1 from apple function in ABA signal transduction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:754-66. [PMID: 20360020 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in a range of biotic and abiotic stress responses, but many members of the MAPK family involved in signal transduction of the stress-related hormone ABA remain to be identified and how they regulate ABA signaling is still unclear. Here we characterized biochemically an apple MAPK signaling cascade MdMKK1-MdMPK1, which is transiently activated by ABA. Expression of MdMKK1 or MdMPK1 in the reference plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) confers ABA hypersensitivity in both seed germination and seedling growth, showing that MdMKK1 and MdMPK1 are positively involved in ABA signaling. Expression of MdMKK1 or MdMPK1 up-regulates expression of several ABA-responsive transcription factor-encoding genes including ABI5. Furthermore, MdMPK1 phosphorylates the Arabidopsis ABI5 protein through the unique residue Ser314, showing that ABI5 is a potential direct downstream component of MAPK in ABA signaling. These findings indicate that the apple MdMKK1-MdMPK1-coupled signaling cascade may function in ABA signaling by regulating both expression and the phosphorylation status of the important ABA signaling component ABI5 or ABI5-like transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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161
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Wang J, Ding H, Zhang A, Ma F, Cao J, Jiang M. A novel mitogen-activated protein kinase gene in maize (Zea mays), ZmMPK3, is involved in response to diverse environmental cues. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:442-52. [PMID: 20537040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In search for components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in maize (Zea mays) involved in response to abscisic acid (ABA) stimulus, a novel MAPK gene, ZmMPK3, from ABA-treated maize leaves cDNA was isolated and characterized. The full length of the ZmMPK3 gene is 1 520 bp and encodes a 376 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.5 kD and a pI of 5.83. ZmMPK3 contains all 11 MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylation motif TEY. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that ZmMPK3 shared high identity with group-A MAPK in plants. A time course (30-360 min) experiment using a variety of signal molecules and stresses revealed that the transcripts level of ZmMPK3 accumulated markedly and rapidly when maize seedlings were subjected to exogenous signaling molecules: ABA, H2O2, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, various abiotic stimuli such as cold, drought, ultraviolet light, salinity, heavy metal and mechanical wounding. Its transcription was also found to be tissue-specific regulated. Here, we show that ABA and H2O2 induced a significant increase in the ZmMPK3 activity using immunoprecipitation and in-gel kinase assay. Furthermore, the results showed that the ZmMPK3 protein is localized mainly to the nucleus. These results suggest that the ZmMPK3 may play an important role in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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162
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Overexpression of maize mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, ZmSIMK1 in Arabidopsis increases tolerance to salt stress. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:4067-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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163
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Tan MP. Analysis of DNA methylation of maize in response to osmotic and salt stress based on methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:21-26. [PMID: 19889550 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water stress is known to alter cytosine methylation, which generally represses transcription. However, little is known about the role of methylation alteration in maize under osmotic stress. Here, methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) was used to screen PEG- or NaCl-induced methylation alteration in maize seedlings. The sequences of 25 differentially amplified fragments relevant to stress were successfully obtained. Two stress-specific fragments from leaves, LP166 and LPS911, shown to be homologous to retrotransposon Gag-Pol protein genes, suggested that osmotic stress-induced methylation of retrotransposons. Three MSAP fragments, representing drought-induced or salt-induced methylation in leaves, were homologous to a maize aluminum-induced transporter. Besides these, heat shock protein HSP82, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2, Lipoxygenase, casein kinase (CK2), and dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) factor were also homologs of MSAP sequences from salt-treated roots. One MSAP fragment amplified from salt-treated roots, designated RS39, was homologous to the first intron of maize protein phosphatase 2C (zmPP2C), whereas - LS103, absent from salt-treated leaves, was homologous to maize glutathione S-transferases (zmGST). Expression analysis showed that salt-induced intron methylation of root zmPP2C significantly downregulated its expression, while salt-induced demethylation of leaf zmGST weakly upregulated its expression. The results suggested that salinity-induced methylation downregulated zmPP2C expression, a negative regulator of the stress response, while salinity-induced demethylation upregulated zmGST expression, a positive effecter of the stress response. Altered methylation, in response to stress, might also be involved in stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-pu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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164
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Chen YE, Yuan S, Du JB, Xu MY, Zhang ZW, Lin HH. Phosphorylation of photosynthetic antenna protein CP29 and photosystem II structure changes in monocotyledonous plants under environmental stresses. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9757-63. [PMID: 19764773 DOI: 10.1021/bi901308x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of protein dephosphorylation in thylakoid membranes showed that the minor light-harvesting antenna protein CP29 could be phosphorylated in barley (C3) and maize (C4) seedlings, but not in spinach under water [Liu, W. J., et al. (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1787, 1238-1245], salt, or cold stress [Pursiheimo, S., et al. (2003) Plant Cell Environ. 26, 1995-2003], suggesting that phosphorylation of CP29 is a general phenomenon in monocots, but not in dicots under environmental stresses. Abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), NO, and the scavenger of H(2)O(2) had weak effects on CP29 phosphorylation. However, three protein kinase inhibitors, U0126, W7, and K252a (for mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase, and Ser/Thr protein kinases, respectively), decrease the level of CP29 phosphorylation in barley apparently under environmental stresses. Therefore, these three protein kinases are involved in CP29 phosphorylation. We also found that most CP29 phosphorylation was accompanied by its lateral migration from granum membranes to stroma-exposed thylakoid regions, and the instability of PSII supercomplexes and LHCII trimers under environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Er Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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165
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Ding HD, Zhang XH, Xu SC, Sun LL, Jiang MY, Zhang AY, Jin YG. Induction of protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage by abscisic acid in maize leaves is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:961-972. [PMID: 19778406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade has been shown to be important components in stress signal transduction pathway. In the present study, protection of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) against paraquat-generated oxidative toxicity by abscisic acid (ABA), its association with MAPK and ZmMPK5, a candidate for MAPK were investigated. Treatment of maize leaves with exogenous ABA led to significant decreases in the content of malondialdehyde, the percentage of ion leakage and the level of protein oxidation (in terms of carbonyl groups) under paraquat (PQ) stress. However, such decreases were blocked by the pretreatment with two MAPK kinase inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. The damage caused by PQ was further aggravated by inhibitors. Two inhibitors also suppressed the total activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2). Besides, treatment with PQ stimulated the activation of a 46 kDa MAPK, which was identified as ZmMPK5 by in-gel kinase assay with immunoprecipitation. These results reveal that ABA-induced protection against PQ-generated oxidative damage is mediated through MAPK cascade in maize leaves, in which ZmMPK5, a candidate for MAPK, is demonstrated to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dong Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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166
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Ding H, Zhang A, Wang J, Lu R, Zhang H, Zhang J, Jiang M. Identity of an ABA-activated 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase from Zea mays leaves: partial purification, identification and characterization. PLANTA 2009; 230:239-251. [PMID: 19424717 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been shown to be important components in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction pathway. In this study, a 46 kDa MAPK (p46MAPK) induced by ABA was partially purified from maize (Zea mays) by Q-Sepharose FF, Phenyl-Sepharose FF, Resource Q, Mono QTM 5/50 GL, poly-L-lysine-agarose, and Superdex 75 prep-grade columns, and was identified as ZmMAPK5 (gi|4239889) by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the kinase showed optimal activity at pH 8.0, 30 degrees C, and 10 mM MgCl(2); the K(m) for myelin basic protein (MBP) substrate and ATP were 0.13 microg microl(-1) and 62 microM, respectively. MBP was the preferred substrate, of which the threonine residue was phosphorylated. Finally, the kinase was found to respond to diverse extracellular stimuli. These results enable us to further reveal the function of the ZmMAPK5 in ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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167
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Xu S, Ding H, Su F, Zhang A, Jiang M. Involvement of protein phosphorylation in water stress-induced antioxidant defense in maize leaves. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:654-662. [PMID: 19566644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of protein phosphorylation and the interrelationship between water stress-enhanced kinase activity, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and endogenous abscisic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves were investigated. Water-stress upregulated the activities of total protein phosphorylation and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, and the upregulation was blocked in abscisic acid-deficient vp5 mutant. Furthermore, pretreatments with a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor and a scavenger of H2O2 significantly reduced the increased activities of total protein kinase and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase in maize leaves exposed to water stress. Pretreatments with different protein kinase inhibitors also reduced the water stress-induced H2O2 production and the water stress-enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The data suggest that protein phosphorylation and H2O2 generation are required for water stress-induced antioxidant defense in maize leaves and that crosstalk between protein phosphorylation and H2O2 generation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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168
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Fan XW, Li FM, Song L, Xiong YC, An LZ, Jia Y, Fang XW. Defense strategy of old and modern spring wheat varieties during soil drying. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 136:310-23. [PMID: 19453498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Different defense mechanisms of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties were studied by withholding watering in well-watered pots to gradually increase water deficit of plants grown in containers. The strategies of plant adaptation were divided into three phases according to the severity of drought: first, a positive defense phase that started from commencement of non-hydraulic root-sourced signals (nHRS) and ended at onset of hydraulic root-sourced signals (HRS)--the plant responded to imminent drought by decreasing stomatal aperture to lessen water loss and no membrane injury occurred. The second defense phase occurred between the onset of HRS and temporary wilting (TW), characterized by enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), marked enzyme activity and increased MDA content. Mild lipid membrane peroxidation came mainly from a dynamic imbalance between free radical production and enzymatic defense reaction, which indicated that injury by ROS had not been completely repaired by increasing enzymatic activity. The third defense phase was from TW to permanent wilting (PW), the synthesis of SOD and CAT during TW could not deal with the collapse of antioxidant enzymes, and SOD and CAT activities began to decrease, which caused the excessive ROS production and thus serious membrane lipid peroxidation. The defense strategies to drought are similar among the varieties, but modern varieties LC8275 and GY602 bred after 1975 had relatively higher defense levels at all three defense phases, which suggest that modern varieties are more resistant than old ones, and artificial selection would lead to a different direction in evolution from natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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169
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Zhang Y, Tan J, Guo Z, Lu S, He S, Shu W, Zhou B. Increased abscisic acid levels in transgenic tobacco over-expressing 9 cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase influence H2O2 and NO production and antioxidant defences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:509-19. [PMID: 19183289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates the plant's adaptive responses to abiotic stresses. Over-expression of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (SgNCED1) in the transgenic tobaccos increased ABA content and tolerance to drought and salt stresses. H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) contents were enhanced in guard cells and mesophyll cells of the transgenic plants, accompanied with increased transcripts and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). The enhancements of H2O2 and NO and transcripts and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the transgenic plants were blocked by pre-treatments with inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, scavengers of H2O2 and NO, and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and NO synthase-like (NOS-like). The elevated production of NO in the transgenic plants was blocked by scavenger of H2O2 and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, whereas H2O2 level was not affected by scavenger of NO and inhibitor of NOS-like, indicating that H2O2 is essential for the elevated production of NO. The results demonstrate that the increased drought and salt tolerance in the transgenic plants is associated with ABA-induced production of H2O2 via NADPH oxidase and NO via NOS-like, which sequentially induce transcripts and activities of SOD, CAT, APX and GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Biotechnology Laboratory for Forages and Turfgrass, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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170
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Lin CW, Lin CY, Chang CC, Lee RH, Tsai TM, Chen PY, Chi WC, Huang HJ. Early signalling pathways in rice roots under vanadate stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:369-376. [PMID: 19250836 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vanadate is beneficial to plant growth at low concentration. However, plant exposure to high concentrations of vanadate has been shown to arrest cell growth and lead to cell death. We are interested in understanding the signalling pathways of rice roots in response to vanadate stress. In this study, we demonstrated that vanadate induced rice root cell death and suppressed root growth. In addition, we found that vanadate induced ROS accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation and elicited a remarkable increase of MAPKs and CDPKs activities in rice roots. In contrast, pre-treatment of rice roots with ROS scavenger (sodium benzoate), serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor (endothall), and CDPK antagonist (W7), reduced the vanadate-induced MAPKs activation. Furthermore, the expression of a MAPK gene (OsMPK3) and four tyrosine phosphatase genes (OsDSP3, OsDSP5, OsDSP6, and OsDSP10) were regulated by vanadate in rice roots. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that ROS, protein phosphatase, and CDPK may function in the vanadate-triggered MAPK signalling pathway cause cell death and retarded growth in rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wen Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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171
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Wan X, Tan J, Lu S, Lin C, Hu Y, Guo Z. Increased tolerance to oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase gene via induction of antioxidant enzymes is mediated by H2O2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 136:30-44. [PMID: 19508366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays a key role in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental stresses and modulates the expression of related genes including those encoding antioxidant enzymes. A wheat oxalate oxidase (OxO) gene was transformed and expressed in tobacco for production of H(2)O(2). The transgenic plants exhibited enhanced OxO activities and H(2)O(2) concentrations, which was blocked by inhibitors of OxO. The transgenic plants showed increased tolerance to methyl viologen (MV) or high light-induced oxidative stress in both short-time and long-time tests by measuring their maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (F(v)/F(m)), ion leakage and malondialdehyde. Higher activities and transcripts of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were observed in the transgenic plants compared to their wild-type controls under normal growth conditions. Pretreatments with inhibitors of OxO and scavenger of H(2)O(2) blocked the increase of tolerance to MV-induced or high light-induced oxidative stress, as well as the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities. Pretreatments with H(2)O(2) increased tolerance to oxidative stresses and antioxidant enzyme activities. It is suggested that H(2)O(2) produced by OxO in the transgenic tobacco plants triggers the signaling pathways to upregulate expressions of antioxidant enzyme genes, which in turn results in the increase of tolerance to MV-induced and high light-induced oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wan
- Biotechnology Laboratory for Forages and Turfgrass, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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172
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Xue B, Zhang A, Jiang M. Involvement of polyamine oxidase in abscisic acid-induced cytosolic antioxidant defense in leaves of maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:225-34. [PMID: 19261065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of maize polyamine oxidase (MPAO) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated. Exogenous ABA treatment enhanced the expression of the MPAO gene and the activities of apoplastic MPAO. Pretreatment with two different inhibitors for apoplastic MPAO partly reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation induced by ABA and blocked the ABA-induced expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase and the activities of the cytosolic antioxidant enzymes. Treatment with spermidine, the optimum substrate of MPAO, also induced the expression and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, and the upregulation of the antioxidant enzymes was prevented by two inhibitors of MPAO and two scavengers of H2O2. These results suggest that MPAO contributes to ABA-induced cytosolic antioxidant defense through H2O2, a Spd catabolic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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173
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Lin F, Zhang Y, Jiang MY. Alternative splicing and differential expression of two transcripts of nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase B gene from Zea mays. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:287-98. [PMID: 19261072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of rice, little is known about the existence of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (rboh) gene in cereals. The present study reports the cloning and analysis of a novel rboh gene, termed ZmrbohB, from maize (Zea mays L.). The full-length cDNA of ZmrbohB encodes a 942 amino acid protein containing all of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog catalytically critical motifs. Alternative splicing of ZmrbohB has generated two transcript isoforms, ZmrbohB-alpha and -beta. Spliced transcript ZmrbohB-beta retains an unspliced intron 11 that carries a premature termination codon and probably leads to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Expression analysis showed that two splice isoforms were differentially expressed in various tissues and at different developmental stages, and the major product was ZmrbohB-alpha. The transcripts of ZmrbohB-alpha accumulated markedly when the maize seedlings were subjected to various abiotic stimuli, such as wounding, cold (4 degrees C), heat (40 degrees C), UV and salinity stress. In addition, several abiotic stimuli also affected the alternative splicing pattern of ZmrbohB except wounding. These results provide new insight into roles in the expression regulation of plant rboh genes and suggest that ZmrbohB gene may play a role in response to environmental stresses.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing/drug effects
- Alternative Splicing/radiation effects
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/chemistry
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/radiation effects
- Temperature
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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174
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Tossi V, Lamattina L, Cassia R. An increase in the concentration of abscisic acid is critical for nitric oxide-mediated plant adaptive responses to UV-B irradiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:871-879. [PMID: 19140950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, the link between UV-B stimulus and the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced nitricoxide (NO) synthesis pathway was studied in leaves of maize (Zea mays).The ABA concentration increased by 100% in UV-B irradiated leaves. Leaves of viviparous 14 (vp14), a mutant defective in ABA synthesis, were more sensitive to UV-B-induced damage than those of the wild type (wt). ABA supplementation attenuated UV-B-induced damage in both the wt and vp14. The hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) concentration increased in the irradiated wt, but changed only slightly in vp14. This increase was prevented by diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (pNOX).NO was detected using the fluorophore 4,5-diamino-fluorescein diacetate(DAF-2DA). DAF-2DA fluorescence increased twofold in UV-B-irradiated wt leaves but not in vp14 leaves. H2O2 and NO production was restored in vp14 plants supplied with 100 μM ABA. Catalase, DPI and the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) partially blocked UV-B-induced NO accumulation, suggesting that H2O2 as well as NOS-like activity is required for a full plant response to UV-B. NO protects against UV-B-induced cell damage.Our results suggest that UV-B perception triggers an increase in ABA concentration,which activates pNOX and H2O2 generation, and that an NOS-like-dependent mechanism increases NO production to maintain cell homeostasis and attenuate UV-B-derived cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Tossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Raúl Cassia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC1245 (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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175
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Cerium elicitor-induced phosphatidic acid triggers apoptotic signaling development in Taxus cuspidata cell suspension cultures. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:13-20. [PMID: 19428358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of membrane phospholipids is associated with apoptotic responses, but the signaling development of this degradation is not well understood. Cerium (Ce(4+)), an important rare earth element, induces cellular apoptosis and taxol biosynthesis in Taxus cuspidata suspension cultures. Here, using mass spectrometry and biochemical technique, we demonstrated that the phospholipase D (PLD) was rapidly activated by Ce(4+) and hydrolyzed structural phospholipids to generate lipid signal molecule, phosphatidic acid (PA). 1-Butanol, an antagonist of PLD-dependent PA production, blocked the biphasic burst of superoxide anions (O2(*-)) and thus mitigated cellular apoptosis. The time-course analysis of PA accumulation and ERK-like mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation indicated PA generation preceded MAPK activation, suggesting that the rapid accumulation of PA might be required for the initial MAPK activity. After 2h of Ce(4+) elicitation, however, PA-induced O2(*-) burst, forming a negative regulation to MAPK activity, which in turn led to apoptotic signaling development.
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176
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Lu S, Su W, Li H, Guo Z. Abscisic acid improves drought tolerance of triploid bermudagrass and involves H2O2- and NO-induced antioxidant enzyme activities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:132-8. [PMID: 19042137 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major limiting factor for turfgrass growth. Protection of triploid bermudagrass against drought stress by abscisic acid (ABA) and its association with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) were investigated. ABA treatment increased relative water content, decreased ion leakage and the percentage of dead plants significantly under drought stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased in both ABA-treated and control plants, but more in ABA-treated plants, under drought stress. Malondialdehyde, an indicator of plant lipid peroxidation, was lower in ABA-treated plants than in control plants, indicating that ABA alleviated drought-induced oxidative injury. ABA treatment increased H(2)O(2) and NO contents. ABA-induced SOD and CAT activities could be blocked by scavengers of H(2)O(2) and NO, and inhibitors of H(2)O(2) and NO generation. The results indicated that H(2)O(2) and NO were essential for ABA-induced SOD and CAT activities. Both H(2)O(2) and NO could induce SOD and CAT activities individually. SOD and CAT induced by H(2)O(2) could be blocked by scavenger of NO and inhibitors of NO generation, while SOD and CAT induced by NO could not be blocked by scavenger of H(2)O(2) and inhibitor of H(2)O(2). The results revealed that ABA-induced SOD and CAT activities were mediated sequentially by H(2)O(2) and NO, and NO acted downstream of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Lu
- Biotechnology Laboratory for Forages and Turfgrass, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Wu Shan Street, Guangzhou 510642, China
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177
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Zong XJ, Li DP, Gu LK, Li DQ, Liu LX, Hu XL. Abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide induce a novel maize group C MAP kinase gene, ZmMPK7, which is responsible for the removal of reactive oxygen species. PLANTA 2009; 229:485-95. [PMID: 19002491 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. In plants, MAPKs are classified into four groups, designated A-D. Information about group C MAPKs is limited, and, in particular, no data from maize are available. In this article, we isolated a novel group C MAPK gene, ZmMPK7, from Zea mays. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced calcium-dependant transcription of ZmMPK7. Induction of this gene in response to ABA was blocked by several reactive oxygen species (ROS) manipulators such as imidazole, Tiron, and dimethylthiourea (DMTU). This result indicates that endogenous H(2)O(2) may be required for ZmMPK7-mediated ABA signaling. Expression of ZmMPK7 in Nicotonia tobaccum caused less H(2)O(2) to accumulate and alleviated ROS-mediated injuries following submission of the plants to osmotic stress. The enhanced total peroxidase (POD) activity in transgenic tobacco plants may contribute to removal of ROS. Finally, we have shown that the ZmMPK7 protein localizes in the nucleus. These results broaden our knowledge regarding plant group C MAPK activity in response to stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-juan Zong
- Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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178
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Lin F, Ding H, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Tan M, Dong W, Jiang M. Positive feedback regulation of maize NADPH oxidase by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in abscisic acid signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3221-38. [PMID: 19592501 PMCID: PMC2718220 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays), abscisic acid (ABA)-induced H(2)O(2) production activates a 46 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (p46MAPK), and the activation of p46MAPK also regulates the production of H(2)O(2). However, the mechanism for the regulation of H(2)O(2) production by MAPK in ABA signalling remains to be elucidated. In this study, four reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing NADPH oxidase (rboh) genes (ZmrbohA-D) were isolated and characterized in maize leaves. ABA treatment induced a biphasic response (phase I and phase II) in the expression of ZmrbohA-D and the activity of NADPH oxidase. Phase II induced by ABA was blocked by pretreatments with two MAPK kinase (MPKKK) inhibitors and two H(2)O(2) scavengers, but phase I was not affected by these inhibitors or scavengers. Treatment with H(2)O(2) alone also only induced phase II, and the induction was arrested by the MAPKK inhibitors. Furthermore, the ABA-activated p46MAPK was partially purified. Using primers corresponding to the sequences of internal tryptic peptides, the p46MAPK gene was cloned. Analysis of the tryptic peptides and the p46MAPK sequence indicate it is the known ZmMPK5. Treatments with ABA and H(2)O(2) led to a significant increase in the activity of ZmMPK5, although ABA treatment only induced a slight increase in the expression of ZmMPK5. The data indicate that H(2)O(2)-activated ZmMPK5 is involved in the activation of phase II in ABA signalling, but not in phase I. The results suggest that there is a positive feedback loop involving NADPH oxidase, H(2)O(2), and ZmMPK5 in ABA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingpu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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179
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Jubany-Marí T, Munné-Bosch S, López-Carbonell M, Alegre L. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in the acclimation of the Mediterranean shrub, Cistus albidus L., to summer drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 60:107-20. [PMID: 19043066 PMCID: PMC3071765 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the possible role of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the acclimation of a Mediterranean shrub, Cistus albidus L., to summer drought growing under Mediterranean field conditions. For this purpose, changes in H(2)O(2) concentrations and localization throughout a year were analysed. H(2)O(2) changes in response to environmental conditions in parallel with changes in abscisic acid (ABA) and oxidative stress markers, together with lignin accumulation, xylem and sclerenchyma differentiation, and leaf area were also investigated. During the summer drought, leaf H(2)O(2) concentrations increased 11-fold, reaching values of 10 micromol g(-1) dry weight (DW). This increase occurred mainly in mesophyll cell walls, xylem vessels, and sclerenchyma cells in the differentiation stage. An increase in ABA levels preceded that of H(2)O(2), but both peaked at the same time in conditions of prolonged stress. C. albidus plants tolerated high concentrations of H(2)O(2) because of its localization in the apoplast of mesophyll cells, xylem vessels, and in differentiating sclerenchyma cells. The increase in ABA, and consequently of H(2)O(2), in plants subjected to drought stress might induce a 3.5-fold increase in ascorbic acid (AA), which maintained and even decreased its oxidative status, thus protecting plants from oxidative damage. After recovery from drought following late-summer and autumn rainfall, a decrease in ABA, H(2)O(2), and AA to their basal levels (approximately 60 pmol g(-1) DW, approximately 1 micromol g(-1) DW, and approximately 20 micromol g(-1) DW) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Jubany-Marí
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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180
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Jiang J, Song CP. MEK1/2 and p38-like MAP kinase successively mediate H(2)O(2) signaling in Vicia guard cell. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:996-8. [PMID: 19704432 PMCID: PMC2633755 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a second messenger, H(2)O(2) generation and signal transduction is subtly controlled and involves various signal elements, among which are the members of MAP kinase family. The increasing evidences indicate that both MEK1/2 and p38-like MAP protein kinase mediate ABA-induced H(2)O(2) signaling in plant cells. Here we analyze the mechanisms of similarity and difference between MEK1/2 and p38-like MAP protein kinase in mediating ABA-induced H(2)O(2) generation, inhibition of inward K(+) currents, and stomatal closure. These data suggest that activation of MEK1/2 is prior to p38-like protein kinase in Vicia guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and College of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng, Henan People's Republic of China
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181
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Xing Y, Jia W, Zhang J. AtMKK1 mediates ABA-induced CAT1 expression and H2O2 production via AtMPK6-coupled signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:440-51. [PMID: 18248592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalase controls cellular H(2)O(2) and plays important roles in the adaptation of plants to various stresses, but little is known about the signaling events that lead to the expression of CAT1 and the production of H(2)O(2). Here we report the dependence of CAT1 expression and H(2)O(2) production on a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. CAT1 transcript was induced in an ABA-dependent way and the induction was abolished in the T-DNA insertion mutant mkk1 (SALK_015914), while AtMKK1 overexpression significantly enhanced the ABA-induced CAT1 expression and H(2)O(2) production. AtMPK6, another component in the MAPK cascade, was also involved: mpk6 mutant blocked and overexpressing AtMPK6 enhanced the ABA-dependent expression of CAT1 and H(2)O(2) production. The activity of AtMPK6 was increased by ABA in an AtMKK1-dependent manner. These data clearly suggest an ABA-dependent signaling pathway connecting CAT1 expression through a phosphorelay including AtMKK1 and AtMPK6. In further support of this view, mkk1 mutant reduced both the sensitivity to ABA during germination and the drought tolerance of seedlings, whereas the AtMKK1 overexpression line showed the opposite responses when compared with the wild type. The data suggest AtMKK1-AtMPK6 to be a key module in an ABA-dependent signaling cascade causing H(2)O(2) production and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xing
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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182
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Cross-talk between calcium-calmodulin and nitric oxide in abscisic acid signaling in leaves of maize plants. Cell Res 2008; 18:577-88. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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183
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Sang J, Jiang M, Lin F, Xu S, Zhang A, Tan M. Nitric oxide reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation involved in water stress-induced subcellular anti-oxidant defense in maize plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:231-43. [PMID: 18713446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule involved in many biological events, and has been reported as pro-oxidant as well as anti-oxidant in plants. In the present study, the sources of NO production under water stress, the role of NO in water stress-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and subcellular activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants were investigated. Water stress induced defense increases in the generation of NO in maize mesphyll cells and the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of maize leaves. Water stress-induced defense increases in the production of NO were blocked by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and nitrate reductase (NR), suggesting that NO is produced from NOS and NR in leaves of maize plants exposed to water stress. Water stress also induced increases in the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the increases in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes were reduced by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and NR. Exogenous NO increases the activities of water stress-induced subcellular anti-oxidant enzymes, which decreases accumulation of H2O2. Our results suggest that NOS and NR are involved in water stress-induced NO production and NOS is the major source of NO. The potential ability of NO to scavenge H2O2 is, at least in part, due to the induction of a subcellular anti-oxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Sang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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184
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Jiang J, Wang P, An G, Wang P, Song CP. The involvement of a P38-like MAP kinase in ABA-induced and H2O2-mediated stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:377-85. [PMID: 19704432 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SB203580 is a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and has been widely used to investigate the physiological roles of p38 in animal and yeast cells. Here by using an epidermal strip bioassay, laser-scanning confocal microscopy and whole-cell patch clamp analysis, we assess the effects of pyridinyl imidazoles-like SB203580 on the H(2)O(2) signaling in guard cells of Vicia faba L. The results indicated that SB203580 blocks H(2)O(2)- or ABA-induced stomatal closure, ABA-induced H(2)O(2) generation, and decrease in K(+) fluxing across plasma membrane of Vicia guard cells by application of ABA and H(2)O(2), whereas its analog SB202474 had no effect on these events. Thus, these results suggest that activation of p38-like MAP kinase modulates guard cell ROS signaling in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology and College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, People's Republic of China.
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185
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Abstract
Guard cells can integrate and process multiple complex signals from the environment and respond by opening and closing stomata in order to adapt to the environmental signal. Over the past several years, considerable research progress has been made in our understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as essential signal molecules that mediate abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. In this review, we discuss hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and signalling, H2O2-induced gene expression, crosstalk and the specificity between ABA and H2O2 signalling, and the cellular mechanism for ROS sensing in guard cells. This review focuses especially on the points of connection between ABA and H2O2 signalling in guard cells. The fundamental progress in understanding the role of ABA and ROS in guard cells will continue to provide a rational basis for biotechnological improvements in the development of drought-tolerant crop plants with improved water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
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186
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Hirayama T, Shinozaki K. Perception and transduction of abscisic acid signals: keys to the function of the versatile plant hormone ABA. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:343-51. [PMID: 17629540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms underlying plant hormone activity, from perception to nuclear events. However, the signaling mechanisms for abscisic acid (ABA) have remained largely obscure. Recent breakthroughs identifying FCA, which is an RNA-binding protein, the Mg-chelatase H subunit, and a G protein-coupled receptor as receptors for ABA provide a major leap forward in understanding the initial steps of ABA signaling mechanisms. Recent studies have also revealed the molecular mechanisms of second messenger production, protein modifications such as phosphorylation, and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in the ABA response. Therefore, the connections between these events are also beginning to be determined. Here, we review recent progress and discuss the overall scheme of the ABA response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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187
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Magbanua ZV, De Moraes CM, Brooks TD, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Is catalase activity one of the factors associated with maize resistance to Aspergillus flavus? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:697-706. [PMID: 17555277 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-6-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses are usually accompanied by the release of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide plays a direct role in defense and is involved in many signal transduction pathways that lead to the proliferation of other defenses. Because catalase helps to maintain reactive oxygen homeostasis during biotic and abiotic stress, its activity was measured in various cob tissues during maize ear development. Catalase activity was determined in immature and mature embryos, pericarp, and rachis tissues of maize lines that are resistant and susceptible to Aspergillus flavus infection. The effect of fungal inoculation on catalase activity was also measured. Over two years of field experimentation, a correlation was observed between resistance and the level of catalase-specific activity in immature embryos, which was significantly higher in resistant lines (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, catalase activity in the resistant lines was significantly higher in immature embryos from inoculated ears (P = 0.0199). No correlation was observed between resistance and catalase activity in other ear tissues. Levels of hydrogen peroxide, the catalase substrate, and salicylic acid in the embryo were also determined. The resistant lines showed lower levels of H2O2 (P < 0.0001) and higher levels of salicylic acid (P < 0.0001) as compared with the susceptible lines. Catalase 3 was sequenced from the aflatoxin-resistant (Mp313E) and susceptible (SC212m) inbreds. The predicted amino acid sequence indicated that there was a 20-aa deletion in the resistant inbred that might affect enzymatic activity. Unlike many plant-pathogen interactions, it appears that lowering H2O2 levels helps to prevent A. flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenaida V Magbanua
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Box 9555, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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188
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Abbasi AR, Hajirezaei M, Hofius D, Sonnewald U, Voll LM. Specific roles of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in abiotic stress responses of transgenic tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1720-38. [PMID: 17293434 PMCID: PMC1851823 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants that are synthesized exclusively in photosynthetic organisms. In most higher plants, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol are predominant with their ratio being under spatial and temporal control. While alpha-tocopherol accumulates predominantly in photosynthetic tissue, seeds are rich in gamma-tocopherol. To date, little is known about the specific roles of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in different plant tissues. To study the impact of tocopherol composition and content on stress tolerance, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively silenced for homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (gamma-TMT) activity were created. Silencing of HPT lead to an up to 98% reduction of total tocopherol accumulation compared to wild type. Knockdown of gamma-TMT resulted in an up to 95% reduction of alpha-tocopherol in leaves of the transgenics, which was almost quantitatively compensated for by an increase in gamma-tocopherol. The response of HPT and gamma-TMT transgenics to salt and sorbitol stress and methyl viologen treatments in comparison to wild type was studied. Each stress condition imposes oxidative stress along with additional challenges like perturbing ion homeostasis, desiccation, or disturbing photochemistry, respectively. Decreased total tocopherol content increased the sensitivity of HPT:RNAi transgenics toward all tested stress conditions, whereas gamma-TMT-silenced plants showed an improved performance when challenged with sorbitol or methyl viologen. However, salt tolerance of gamma-TMT transgenics was strongly decreased. Membrane damage in gamma-TMT transgenic plants was reduced after sorbitol and methyl viologen-mediated stress, as evident by less lipid peroxidation and/or electrolyte leakage. Therefore, our results suggest specific roles for alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Abbasi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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189
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Torney F, Moeller L, Scarpa A, Wang K. Genetic engineering approaches to improve bioethanol production from maize. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:193-9. [PMID: 17399975 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels such as bioethanol are becoming a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Utilizing agricultural biomass for the production of biofuel has drawn much interest in many science and engineering disciplines. As one of the major crops, maize offers promise in this regard. Compared to other crops with biofuel potential, maize can provide both starch (seed) and cellulosic (stover) material for bioethanol production. However, the combination of food, feed and fuel in one crop, although appealing, raises concerns related to the land delineation and distribution of maize grown for energy versus food and feed. To avoid this dilemma, the conversion of maize biomass into bioethanol must be improved. Conventional breeding, molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering have already had, and will continue to have, important roles in maize improvement. The rapidly expanding information from genomics and genetics combined with improved genetic engineering technologies offer a wide range of possibilities for enhanced bioethanol production from maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Torney
- Center for Plant Transformation, Plant Science Institute and Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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190
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Kaschani F, van der Hoorn R. Small molecule approaches in plants. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:88-98. [PMID: 17208036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules offer exciting opportunities for plant science. So far, bioactive small molecules have been identified as plant hormones, herbicides, growth regulators, or taken from animal research. Recently, plant scientists have started to explore further the chemical space for novel modulators of plant hormone signalling, and have followed up this work with exciting discoveries illustrating the potential of small molecules such as brassinazole and sirtinol. New chemical genetic screens have been designed to generate chemical tools for the investigation of membrane trafficking, gravitropism and plant immunity. Further novel 'chemetic' tools to identify targets and modes of action are currently generated through an intimate interdisciplinary collaboration between biologists and small molecule chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnusch Kaschani
- Plant Chemetics Group, Chemical Genomics Centre, Dortmund, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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191
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Hu X, Jiang M, Zhang J, Zhang A, Lin F, Tan M. Calcium-calmodulin is required for abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense and functions both upstream and downstream of H2O2 production in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:27-38. [PMID: 17176391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
* Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of calmodulin (CaM) and the relationship between CaM and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants were investigated. * Treatment with ABA or H(2)O(2) led to significant increases in the concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+) in the protoplasts of mesophyll cells and in the expression of the calmodulin 1 (CaM1) gene and the content of CaM in leaves of maize plants, and enhanced the expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 (SOD4), cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX), and glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) and the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes. The up-regulation of the antioxidant enzymes was almost completely blocked by pretreatments with two CaM antagonists. * Pretreatments with CaM antagonists almost completely inhibited ABA-induced H(2)O(2) production throughout ABA treatment, but pretreatment with an inhibitor or scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) did not affect the initial increase in the contents of CaM induced by ABA. * Our results suggest that Ca(2+)-CaM is involved in ABA-induced antioxidant defense, and that cross-talk between Ca(2+)-CaM and H(2)O(2) plays a pivotal role in ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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192
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Zhang A, Jiang M, Zhang J, Ding H, Xu S, Hu X, Tan M. Nitric oxide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates abscisic acid-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:36-50. [PMID: 17547665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
* The role of nitric oxide (NO) and the relationship between NO, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants were investigated. * Both ABA and H(2)O(2) induced increases in the generation of NO in mesophyll cells of maize leaves, and H(2)O(2) was required for the ABA-induced generation of NO. Pretreatment with NO scavenger and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor substantially reduced the ABA-induced production of NO, and partly blocked the activation of a 46 kDa MAPK and the expression and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes induced by ABA. Treatment with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) also induced the activation of the MAPK, and enhanced the antioxidant defense systems. * Conversely, SNP treatment did not induce the production of H(2)O(2), and pretreatments with NO scavenger and NOS inhibitor did not affect ABA-induced H(2)O(2) production. * Our results suggest that ABA-induced H(2)O(2) production mediates NO generation, which, in turn, activates MAPK and results in the upregulation in the expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shucheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingpu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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193
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Zhang ZC, Qiu BS. Reactive oxygen species metabolism during the cadmium hyperaccumulation of a new hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii (Crassulaceae). J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:1311-7. [PMID: 18232224 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sedum alfredii Hance, a newly discovered hyperaccumulator, could serve as a good material for phytoremediation of Cd polluted sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidases (catalase (CAT); superoxide dismutase (SOD); peroxidase (POD)) in the leaf were determined when S. alfredii was treated for 15 d with various CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 micromol/L. The results showed that the production rate of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which is an indicator of ROS level, reached up to the maximum at 400 micromol/L CdCl2 and then declined with the increase of CdCl2 concentration, while MDA accumulation tended to increase. CAT activity was significantly inhibited at all tested CdCl2 concentrations and SOD activity was sharply suppressed at 800 micromol/L CdCl2. However, the enhancement of POD activity was observed when CdCl2 concentration was higher than 400 micromol/L. In addition, its activity increased when treated with 600 micromol/L CdCl2 for more than 5 d. When sodium benzoate, a free radical scavenger, was added, S. alfredii was a little more sensitive to Cd toxicity than that exposed to Cd alone, and the Cd accumulation tended to decline with the increase of sodium benzoate concentration. It came to the conclusions that POD played an important role during Cd hyperaccumulation, and the accumulation of ROS induced by Cd treatment might be involved in Cd hyperaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-chun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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194
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Neill S. Interactions between abscisic acid, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide mediate survival responses during water stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:4-6. [PMID: 17547661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Neill
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK (tel +44 1173282149; email )
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195
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Torres GA, Gimenes MA, Rosa Jr. VED, Quecini V. Identifying water stress-response mechanisms in citrus by in silico transcriptome analysis. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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196
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Hu X, Zhang A, Zhang J, Jiang M. Abscisic Acid is a Key Inducer of Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Leaves of Maize Plants Exposed to Water Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:1484-95. [PMID: 16990290 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcl014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The histochemical and cytochemical localization of water stress-induced H(2)O(2) production in the leaves of ABA-deficient vp5 mutant and wild-type maize (Zea mays L.) plants were examined, using 3,3-diaminobenzidine and CeCl(3) staining, respectively, and the roles of endogenous ABA in the production of H(2)O(2) induced by water stress were assessed. Water stress induced by polyethylene glycol resulted in the accumulation of H(2)O(2) in mesophyll cells, bundle-sheath cells and vascular bundles of wild-type maize leaves, and the accumulation was substantially blocked in the mutant maize leaves exposed to water stress. Pre-treatments with several apoplastic H(2)O(2) manipulators abolished the majority of H(2)O(2) accumulation induced by water stress in the wild-type leaves. The subcellular localization of H(2)O(2) production was demonstrated in the cell walls, xylem vessels, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes in the leaves of wild-type maize plants exposed to water stress, and the accumulation of H(2)O(2) induced by water stress in the cell walls and xylem vessels, but not in the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes, was arrested in the leaves of the ABA mutant or the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor (tungstate)-pre-treated maize plants. Pre-treatments with the apoplastic H(2)O(2) manipulators also blocked the apoplastic but not the intracellular H(2)O(2) accumulation induced by water stress in the leaves of wild-type plants. These data indicate that under water stress, the apoplast is the major source of H(2)O(2) production and ABA is a key inducer of apoplastic H(2)O(2) production. These data also suggest that H(2)O(2) generated in the apoplast could not diffuse freely into subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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