151
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Chen X, Rechavi O. Plant and animal small RNA communications between cells and organisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:185-203. [PMID: 34707241 PMCID: PMC9208737 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of eukaryotic small RNAs as the main effectors of RNA interference in the late 1990s, diverse types of endogenous small RNAs have been characterized, most notably microRNAs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These small RNAs associate with Argonaute proteins and, through sequence-specific gene regulation, affect almost every major biological process. Intriguing features of small RNAs, such as their mechanisms of amplification, rapid evolution and non-cell-autonomous function, bestow upon them the capacity to function as agents of intercellular communications in development, reproduction and immunity, and even in transgenerational inheritance. Although there are many types of extracellular small RNAs, and despite decades of research, the capacity of these molecules to transmit signals between cells and between organisms is still highly controversial. In this Review, we discuss evidence from different plants and animals that small RNAs can act in a non-cell-autonomous manner and even exchange information between species. We also discuss mechanistic insights into small RNA communications, such as the nature of the mobile agents, small RNA signal amplification during transit, signal perception and small RNA activity at the destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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152
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Cong M, Tan S, Li S, Gao L, Huang L, Zhang HG, Qiao H. Technology insight: Plant-derived vesicles-How far from the clinical biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug carriers? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114108. [PMID: 34990792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication in both prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes to regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Besides EVs, exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) derived from plants were also emerging. Comparing to EVs, ELNs are source-widespread, cost-effective and easy to obtain. Their definite activities can be utilized for potential prevention/treatment of an abundance of diseases, including metabolic syndrome, cancer, colitis, alcoholic hepatitis and infectious diseases, which highlights ELNs as promising biotherapeutics. In addition, the potential of ELNs as natural or engineered drug carriers is also attractive. In this review, we tease out the timeline of plant EVs and ELNs, introduce the arising separation, purification and characterization techniques, state the stability and transport manner, discuss the therapeutic opportunities as well as the potential as novel drug carriers. Finally, the challenges and the direction of efforts to realize the clinical transformation of ELNs are also discussed.
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153
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Abraham AM, Wiemann S, Ambreen G, Zhou J, Engelhardt K, Brüßler J, Bakowsky U, Li SM, Mandic R, Pocsfalvi G, Keck CM. Cucumber-Derived Exosome-like Vesicles and PlantCrystals for Improved Dermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:476. [PMID: 35335851 PMCID: PMC8955785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be efficient nanocarriers for improved drug delivery and can be derived from mammalian or plant cells. Cucumber-derived EVs are not yet described in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce and characterize cucumber-derived EVs and to investigate their suitability to improve the dermal penetration efficacy of a lipophilic active ingredient (AI) surrogate. (2) Methods: The EVs were obtained by classical EVs isolation methods and by high pressure homogenization (HPH). They were characterized regarding their physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties. (3) Results: Utilization of classical isolation and purification methods for EVs resulted in cucumber-derived EVs. Their dermal penetration efficacy for the AI surrogate was 2-fold higher when compared to a classical formulation and enabled a pronounced transdermal penetration into the viable dermis. HPH resulted in submicron sized particles composed of a mixture of disrupted plant cells. A successful isolation of pure EVs from this mixture was not possible with classical EVs isolation methods. The presence of EVs was, therefore, proven indirectly. For this, the lipophilic drug surrogate was admixed to the cucumber juice either prior to or after HPH. Admixing of the drug surrogate to the cucumber prior to the HPH resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the dermal penetration efficacy, whereas the addition of the AI surrogate to the cucumber after HPH was not able to improve the penetration efficacy. (4) Conclusions: Results, therefore, indicate that HPH causes the formation of EVs in which AI can be incorporated. The formation of plant EVs by HPH was also indicated by zeta potential analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham M. Abraham
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
- EVs & MS Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy, (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Wiemann
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Ghazala Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Campus Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Jenny Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.Z.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Jana Brüßler
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (J.Z.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Campus Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- EVs & MS Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy, (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (A.M.A.); (S.W.); (G.A.); (K.E.); (J.B.); (U.B.)
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154
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Fang Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tyler BM. Biogenesis and Biological Functions of Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular and Organismal Communication With Microbes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:817844. [PMID: 35250933 PMCID: PMC8895202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.817844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a prominent mechanism of transport and interaction between cells, especially microbes. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs play a key role in the physiological and pathological processes of pathogens and other symbionts. Recent research has focused on the specific functions of these vesicles during pathogen-host interactions, including trans-kingdom delivery of small RNAs, proteins and metabolites. Much current research on the function of EVs is focused on immunity and the interactions of microbes with human cells, while the roles of EVs during plant-microbe interactions have recently emerged in importance. In this review, we summarize recent research on the biogenesis of these vesicles and their functions in biology and pathology. Many key questions remain unclear, including the full structural and functional diversity of EVs, the roles of EVs in communication among microbes within microbiomes, how specific cargoes are targeted to EVs, whether EVs are targeted to specific destinations, and the full scope of EVs' transport of virulence effectors and of RNA and DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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155
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Guo L, Qi Y, Mu Y, Zhou J, Lu W, Tian Z. Potato StLecRK-IV.1 negatively regulates late blight resistance by affecting the stability of a positive regulator StTET8. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac010. [PMID: 35147183 PMCID: PMC9016858 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulate many processes in plants. Many RLKs perform significant roles in plant immunity. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) are a large family of RLKs. However, the function of most of LecRLKs is poorly understood. In this study, we show that a potato LecRLK, StLecRK-IV.1, is involved in plant immunity against Phytophthora infestans. As a negative regulator of immunity, StLecRK-IV.1 is down-regulated by P. infestans and activated by abscisic acid (ABA). The transient expression of StLecRK-IV.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced P. infestans leaf colonization significantly. In contrast, the disease lesion size caused by P. infestans was reduced in Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of StLecRK-IV.1 orthologue in N. benthamiana, NbLecRK-IV.1, as well as in potato plants with stable RNA interference of StLecRK-IV.1. Tetraspanin-8 (StTET8) was identified to be interacting with StLecRK-IV.1 using a membrane yeast-2-hybrid system, which was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation, a luciferase complementation assay, and a bimolecular fluorescence complementary (BiFC) test. StTET8 is a positive immune regulator that restrains P. infestans infection. The co-expression of StLecRK-IV.1 with StTET8 antagonized the positive roles of StTET8 against P. infestans. Moreover, the co-expression of StTET8 with StLecRK-IV.1 affected the stability of StTET8, which was confirmed by a Western blot assay and confocal assay. Taken together, our work firstly revealed that a potato L-type Lectin RLK, StLecRK-IV.1, negatively regulates plant immunity by targeting a positive regulator, StTET8, through affecting its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenhe Lu
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU),Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan, 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center
of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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156
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Molinelli HR, Liu M, O'Connell RJ, Nielsen ME. Plant SYP12 syntaxins mediate an evolutionarily conserved general immunity to filamentous pathogens. eLife 2022; 11:73487. [PMID: 35119361 PMCID: PMC8865848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal and oomycete plant pathogens that invade by direct penetration through the leaf epidermal cell wall cause devastating plant diseases. Plant preinvasive immunity toward nonadapted filamentous pathogens is highly effective and durable. Pre- and postinvasive immunity correlates with the formation of evolutionarily conserved and cell-autonomous cell wall structures, named papillae and encasements, respectively. Yet, it is still unresolved how papillae/encasements are formed and whether these defense structures prevent pathogen ingress. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis the two closely related members of the SYP12 clade of syntaxins (PEN1 and SYP122) are indispensable for the formation of papillae and encasements. Moreover, loss-of-function mutants were hampered in preinvasive immunity toward a range of phylogenetically distant nonadapted filamentous pathogens, underlining the versatility and efficacy of this defense. Complementation studies using SYP12s from the early diverging land plant, Marchantia polymorpha, showed that the SYP12 clade immunity function has survived 470 million years of independent evolution. These results suggest that ancestral land plants evolved the SYP12 clade to provide a broad and durable preinvasive immunity to facilitate their life on land and pave the way to a better understanding of how adapted pathogens overcome this ubiquitous plant defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Eggert Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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157
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Zhao JH, Guo HS. RNA silencing: From discovery and elucidation to application and perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:476-498. [PMID: 34964265 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing (or RNA interference, RNAi) is a conserved mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. The discovery of natural trans-kingdom RNAi indicated that small RNAs act as signaling molecules and enable communication between organisms in different kingdoms. The phenomenon and potential mechanisms of trans-kingdom RNAi are among the most exciting research topics. To better understand trans-kingdom RNAi, we review the history of the discovery and elucidation of RNAi mechanisms. Based on canonical RNAi mechanisms, we summarize the major points of divergence around RNAi pathways in the main eukaryotes' kingdoms, including plants, animals, and fungi. We review the representative incidents associated with the mechanisms and applications of trans-kingdom RNAi in crop protection, and discuss the critical factors that should be considered to develop successful trans-kingdom RNAi-based crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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158
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Bayat F, Afshar A, Baghban N. Algal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Review With Special Emphasis on Their Antimicrobial Effects. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785716. [PMID: 35003018 PMCID: PMC8733718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originated from different cells of approximately all kinds of organisms, recently got more attention because of their potential in the treatment of diseases and reconstructive medicine. To date, lots of studies have been performed on mammalian-derived vesicles, but little attention has been paid to algae and marine cells as valuable sources of EVs. Proving the promising role of EVs in medicine requires sufficient resources to produce qualified microvesicles. Algae, same as its other sister groups, such as plants, have stem cells and stem cell niches. Previous studies showed the EVs in plants and marine cells. So, this study was set out to talk about algal extracellular vesicles. EVs play a major role in cell-to-cell communication to convey molecules, such as RNA/DNA, metabolites, proteins, and lipids within. The components of EVs depends on the origin of the primitive cells or tissues and the isolation method. Sufficient resources are needed to produce high-quality, stable, and compatible EVs as a drug or drug delivery system. Plant stem cells have great potential as a new controllable resource for the production of EVs. The EVs secreted from stem cells can easily be extracted from the cell culture medium and evaluated for medicinal uses. In this review, the aim is to introduce algae stem cells as well as EVs derived from algal cells. In the following, the production of the EVs¸ the properties of EVs extracted from these sources and their antimicrobial effects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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159
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plants have emerged as key players in cell-to-cell communication and cross-kingdom RNAi between plants and pathogens by facilitating the exchange of RNA, proteins, and other molecules. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, plant EVs also show promise as potential therapeutics and indicators of plant health. However, plant EVs exhibit significant heterogeneity in their protein markers, size, and biogenesis pathways, strongly influencing their composition and functionality. While mammalian EVs can be generally classified as exosomes that are derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), microvesicles that are shed from the plasma membrane, or as apoptotic bodies that originate from cells undergoing apoptosis, plant EVs remain poorly studied in comparison. At least three subclasses of EVs have been identified in Arabidopsis leaves to date, including Tetraspanin-positive exosomes derived from MVBs, Penetration 1 (PEN1)-positive EVs, and EVs derived from exocyst-positive organelles (EXPO). Differences in the plant starting material and isolation techniques have resulted in different purities, quality, and compositions of the resulting EVs, complicating efforts to better understand the role of these EVs in plants. We performed a comparative analysis on commonly used plant EV isolation methods and have identified an effective protocol for extracting clean apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) and isolating high-quality intact and pure EVs of Arabidopsis thaliana. These EVs can then be used for various applications or studied to assess their cargos and functionality in plants. Furthermore, this process can be easily adapted to other plant species of interest. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of EVs from the apoplastic fluid of Arabidopsis thaliana Basic Protocol 2: Density gradient fractionation of EVs Basic Protocol 3: Immuno-isolation of EVs using Arabidopsis tetraspanin 8 (TET8) antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Hailing Jin
- corresponding author: Hailing Jin, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA;
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160
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Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010191. [PMID: 35008617 PMCID: PMC8745116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian exosomes have emerged as a promising class of functional materials, inspiring novel applications as therapeutic vehicles and nutraceutical compounds. Despite this, their immunogenicity has been an issue of controversy within the scientific community. Although, exosome-like vesicles, innately formed in plants and inherent to eukaryotic cell-derived vesicles, could soothe most of the concerns, they are notably underutilized as therapeutic modalities. This review highlights all efforts published so far, on the use of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as therapeutic delivery systems. A summary of the physicochemical characteristics of plant-derived EVs is provided along with their main biological composition and in vitro/in vivo evidence of their therapeutic efficacy provided where available. Despite only a hand full of clinical trials being underway, concerning these vesicles, they arguably possess significant potential as nanodelivery systems of natural origin.
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161
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Inter-kingdom regulation of human transcriptome by dietary microRNAs: Emerging bioactives from edible plants to treat human diseases? Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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162
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Huang Y, Wang S, Cai Q, Jin H. Effective methods for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles from plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:2020-2030. [PMID: 34668639 PMCID: PMC8972076 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in the cross-kingdom trafficking of molecules from hosts to interacting microbes, most notably in plant defense responses. However, the isolation of pure, intact EVs from plants remains challenging. A variety of methods have been utilized to isolate plant EVs from apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). Here, we compare published plant EV isolation methods, and provide our recommended method for the isolation and purification of plant EVs. This method includes a detailed protocol for clean AWF collection from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, followed by EV isolation via differential centrifugation. To further separate and purify specific subclasses of EVs from heterogeneous vesicle populations, density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity capture are then utilized. We found that immunoaffinity capture is the most precise method for specific EV subclass isolation when suitable specific EV biomarkers and their corresponding antibodies are available. Overall, this study provides a guide for the selection and optimization of EV isolation methods for desired downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA
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163
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De Coninck T, Van Damme EJM. Review: The multiple roles of plant lectins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111096. [PMID: 34763880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the biological roles of plant lectins remained obscure and subject to speculation. With the advent of technological and scientific progress, researchers have compiled a vast amount of information regarding the structure, biological activities and functionality of hundreds of plant lectins. Data mining of genomes and transcriptome sequencing and high-throughput analyses have resulted in new insights. This review aims to provide an overview of what is presently known about plant lectins, highlighting their versatility and the importance of plant lectins for a multitude of biological processes, such as plant development, immunity, stress signaling and regulation of gene expression. Though lectins primarily act as readers of the glycocode, the multiple roles of plant lectins suggest that their functionality goes beyond carbohydrate-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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164
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Castano-Duque L, Gilbert MK, Mack BM, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes CH, Sickler CM, Cary JW, Rajasekaran K. Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761446. [PMID: 34899785 PMCID: PMC8662736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-throughput transcriptomic study in situ using maize kernels infected with A. flavus strain 3357. Three maize lines were evaluated: aflatoxin-contamination resistant line TZAR102, semi-resistant MI82, and susceptible line Va35. A modified genotype-environment association method (GEA) used to detect loci under selection via redundancy analysis (RDA) was used with the transcriptomic data to detect genes significantly influenced by maize line, fungal treatment, and duration of infection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes highly expressed in infected kernels identified molecular pathways associated with defense responses to fungi and other microbes such as production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and lipid bilayer formation. To further identify novel genes of interest, we incorporated genomic and phenotypic field data from a genome wide association analysis with gene expression data, allowing us to detect significantly expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These results identified significant association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and infection by A. flavus. In planta fungal infections showed that the resistant line, TZAR102, has a higher fold increase of the metabolites naringenin and luteolin than the susceptible line, Va35, when comparing untreated and fungal infected plants. These results suggest flavonoids contribute to plant resistance mechanisms against aflatoxin contamination through modulation of toxin accumulation in maize kernels.
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165
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Elmore JM, Griffin BD, Walley JW. Advances in functional proteomics to study plant-pathogen interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102061. [PMID: 34102449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection triggers complex signaling networks in plant cells that ultimately result in either susceptibility or resistance. We have made substantial progress in dissecting many of these signaling events, and it is becoming clear that changes in proteome composition and protein activity are major drivers of plant-microbe interactions. Here, we highlight different approaches to analyze the functional proteomes of hosts and pathogens and discuss how they have been used to further our understanding of plant disease. Global proteome profiling can quantify the dynamics of proteins, posttranslational modifications, and biological pathways that contribute to immune-related outcomes. In addition, emerging techniques such as enzyme activity-based profiling, proximity labeling, and kinase-substrate profiling are being used to dissect biochemical events that operate during infection. Finally, we discuss how these functional approaches can be integrated with other profiling data to gain a mechanistic, systems-level view of plant and pathogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
| | - Brianna D Griffin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
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166
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Liu G, Kang G, Wang S, Huang Y, Cai Q. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Players in Plant Defense Against Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757925. [PMID: 34659325 PMCID: PMC8515046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plants and interacting microorganisms requires functional molecule trafficking, which is essential for host defense and pathogen virulence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are single membrane-bound spheres that carry complex cargos, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of molecules between cells. Plant EVs have been isolated from many plant species and play a prominent role in immune system modulation and plant defense response. Recent studies have shown that plant EVs are emerging players in cross-kingdom regulation and contribute to plant immunity by mediating the trafficking of regulatory small RNA into pathogens, leading to the silencing of pathogen virulence-related genes. This review summarizes the current understanding of plant EV isolation technologies, the role of plant EVs in plant immunity, and the mechanism of plant EV biogenesis, as well as approaches for how these findings can be developed into innovative strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangren Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Yifan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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167
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Hou S, Shi J, Hao L, Wang Z, Liao Y, Gu H, Dong J, Dresselhaus T, Zhong S, Qu LJ. VPS18-regulated vesicle trafficking controls the secretion of pectin and its modifying enzyme during pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3042-3056. [PMID: 34125904 PMCID: PMC8462820 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, homotypic fusion and vacuolar protein sorting (HOPS) as well as class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) are evolutionarily conserved membrane tethering complexes that play important roles in lysosomal/vacuolar trafficking. Whether HOPS and CORVET control endomembrane trafficking in pollen tubes, the fastest growing plant cells, remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the four core components shared by the two complexes, Vacuole protein sorting 11 (VPS11), VPS16, VPS33, and VPS18, are all essential for pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and thus for plant reproduction success. We used VPS18 as a representative core component of the complexes to show that the protein is localized to both multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the tonoplast in a growing pollen tube. Mutant vps18 pollen tubes grew more slowly in vivo, resulting in a significant reduction in male transmission efficiency. Additional studies revealed that membrane fusion from MVBs to vacuoles is severely compromised in vps18 pollen tubes, corroborating the function of VPS18 in late endocytic trafficking. Furthermore, vps18 pollen tubes produce excessive exocytic vesicles at the apical zone and excessive amounts of pectin and pectin methylesterases in the cell wall. In conclusion, this study establishes an additional conserved role of HOPS/CORVET in homotypic membrane fusion during vacuole biogenesis in pollen tubes and reveals a feedback regulation of HOPS/CORVET in the secretion of cell wall modification enzymes of rapidly growing plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Author for correspondence: (S.Z.), (L.-J.Q.)
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- Author for correspondence: (S.Z.), (L.-J.Q.)
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168
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The Jacalin-Related Lectin HvHorcH Is Involved in the Physiological Response of Barley Roots to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910248. [PMID: 34638593 PMCID: PMC8549704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress tolerance of crop plants is a trait with increasing value for future food production. In an attempt to identify proteins that participate in the salt stress response of barley, we have used a cDNA library from salt-stressed seedling roots of the relatively salt-stress-tolerant cv. Morex for the transfection of a salt-stress-sensitive yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSH818 Δhog1 mutant). From the retrieved cDNA sequences conferring salt tolerance to the yeast mutant, eleven contained the coding sequence of a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) that shows homology to the previously identified JRL horcolin from barley coleoptiles that we therefore named the gene HvHorcH. The detection of HvHorcH protein in root extracellular fluid suggests a secretion under stress conditions. Furthermore, HvHorcH exhibited specificity towards mannose. Protein abundance of HvHorcH in roots of salt-sensitive or salt-tolerant barley cultivars were not trait-specific to salinity treatment, but protein levels increased in response to the treatment, particularly in the root tip. Expression of HvHorcH in Arabidopsis thaliana root tips increased salt tolerance. Hence, we conclude that this protein is involved in the adaptation of plants to salinity.
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169
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He B, Hamby R, Jin H. Plant extracellular vesicles: Trojan horses of cross-kingdom warfare. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:657-664. [PMID: 34485834 PMCID: PMC8409559 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants communicate with their interacting microorganisms through the exchange of functional molecules. This communication is critical for plant immunity, for pathogen virulence, and for establishing and maintaining symbioses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that are released by both the host and the microbe into the extracellular environment. Emerging evidence has shown that EVs play a prominent role in plant-microbe interactions by safely transporting functional molecules, such as proteins and RNAs to interacting organisms. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs deliver fungal gene-targeting small RNAs into fungal pathogens to suppress infection via cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi). In this review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of plant EVs and their role in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Rachael Hamby
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
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170
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Extracellular Vesicles in Teasing Apart Complex Plant-Microbiota Links: Implications for Microbiome-Based Biotechnology. mSystems 2021; 6:e0073421. [PMID: 34427504 PMCID: PMC8407194 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00734-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are subcellular carriers of bioactive compounds with a complex array of functional effects on target cells. In mammals, circulating bodily fluid microbiota EVs (mbEVs) deliver cargo from source cells and adversely or favorably alter the physiology of the same source, neighboring, and distant recipient cells in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine fashion, respectively. Plant mbEVs may similarly mediate these interactive effects within the holobiont framework. However, the majority of plant EV research has focused on a small number of individual microbes, thus failing to reflect the importance of EVs in a community and consequently leaving a wide gap in scientific knowledge. Addressing this gap should entail a systems-level approach that combines vesicle characterization with microbiome analyses. This would certainly usher in a new age in microbial biotechnology entailing EVs as a microbiome manipulation strategy, a biomarker for stable microbiomes, and a diagnostic tool for plant infectious diseases.
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171
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Stotz HU, Brotherton D, Inal J. Communication is key: Extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host-microbe interactions in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6358524. [PMID: 34448857 PMCID: PMC8767456 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik U Stotz
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Dominik Brotherton
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Jameel Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
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172
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Chen F, Wang C, Yue L, Zhu L, Tang J, Yu X, Cao X, Schröder P, Wang Z. Cell Walls Are Remodeled to Alleviate nY 2O 3 Cytotoxicity by Elaborate Regulation of de Novo Synthesis and Vesicular Transport. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13166-13177. [PMID: 34339172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Yttrium oxide nanoparticles (nY2O3), one of the broadly used rare earth nanoparticles, can interact with plants and possibly cause plant health and environmental impacts, but the plant defense response particularly at the nanoparticle-cell interface is largely unknown. To elucidate this, Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension-cultured cells were exposed to 50 mg L-1 nY2O3 (30 nm) for 12 h. Although 42.2% of the nY2O3 remained outside of protoplasts, nY2O3 could still traverse the cell wall and was partially deposited inside the vacuole. In addition to growth inhibition, morphological and compositional changes in cell walls occurred. Together with a locally thickened (7-13-fold) cell wall, increased content (up to 58%) of pectin and reduction in (up to 29%) hemicellulose were observed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in cell wall metabolism and remodeling were highly regulated in response to nY2O3 stress. Expression of genes for pectin synthesis and degradation was up- and down-regulated by 31-78% and 13-42%, respectively, and genes for xyloglucan and pectin modifications were up- and down-regulated by 82% and 81-92%, respectively. Interestingly, vesicle trafficking seemed to be activated, enabling the repair and defense against nY2O3 disturbance. Our findings indicate that, although nY2O3 generated toxicity on BY-2 cells, it is very likely that during the recovery process cell wall remodeling was initiated to gain resistance to nY2O3 stress, demonstrating the plant's cellular regulatory machinery regarding repair and adaptation to nanoparticles like nY2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junfeng Tang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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173
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. Nanovesicles from Organic Agriculture-Derived Fruits and Vegetables: Characterization and Functional Antioxidant Content. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158170. [PMID: 34360936 PMCID: PMC8347793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables is related to a risk reduction in a series of leading human diseases, probably due to the plants' antioxidant content. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have been recently receiving great attention regarding their natural ability to deliver several active biomolecules and antioxidants. To investigate the presence of active antioxidants in fruits, we preliminarily analyzed the differences between nanovesicles from either organic or conventional agriculture-derived fruits, at equal volumes, showing a higher yield of nanovesicles with a smaller size from organic agriculture-derived fruits as compared to conventional ones. PDNVs from organic agriculture also showed a higher antioxidant level compared to nanovesicles from conventional agriculture. Using the PDNVs from fruit mixes, we found comparable levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity, Ascorbic Acid, Catalase, Glutathione and Superoxide Dismutase 1. Finally, we exposed the nanovesicle mixes to either chemical or physical lytic treatments, with no evidence of effects on the number, size and antioxidant capacity of the treated nanovesicles, thus showing a marked resistance of PDNVs to external stimuli and a high capability to preserve their content. Our study provides for the first time a series of data supporting the use of plant-derived nanovesicles in human beings' daily supplementation, for both prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.F.); Tel.: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L.); +39-064-9903-195 (S.F.); Fax: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L. & S.F.)
| | | | | | - Stefano Fais
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.F.); Tel.: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L.); +39-064-9903-195 (S.F.); Fax: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L. & S.F.)
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174
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Kwon S, Rupp O, Brachmann A, Blum CF, Kraege A, Goesmann A, Feldbrügge M. mRNA Inventory of Extracellular Vesicles from Ustilago maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070562. [PMID: 34356940 PMCID: PMC8306574 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular communication. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plant-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, we examined EV-enriched fractions from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs. mRNAs encoding metabolic enzymes are particularly enriched. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were also found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seomun Kwon
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (O.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Biocenter of the LMU Munich, Genetics Section, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Christopher Frederik Blum
- Institute for Mathematical Modelling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Anton Kraege
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (O.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-81-14720
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175
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Schlemmer T, Barth P, Weipert L, Preußer C, Hardt M, Möbus A, Busche T, Koch A. Isolation and Characterization of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) Extracellular Vesicles to Assess Their Role in RNA Spray-Based Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137212. [PMID: 34281265 PMCID: PMC8268707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demonstration that spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) can confer strong disease resistance, bypassing the laborious and time-consuming transgenic expression of double-stranded (ds)RNA to induce the gene silencing of pathogenic targets, was ground-breaking. However, future field applications will require fundamental mechanistic knowledge of dsRNA uptake, processing, and transfer. There is increasing evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate the transfer of transgene-derived small interfering (si)RNAs in host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) applications. In this study, we establish a protocol for barley EV isolation and assess the possibilities for EVs regarding the translocation of sprayed dsRNA from barley (Hordeum vulgare) to its interacting fungal pathogens. We found barley EVs that were 156 nm in size, containing predominantly 21 and 19 nucleotide (nts) siRNAs, starting with a 5′-terminal Adenine. Although a direct comparison of the RNA cargo between HIGS and SIGS EV isolates is improper given their underlying mechanistic differences, we identified sequence-identical siRNAs in both systems. Overall, the number of siRNAs isolated from the EVs of dsRNA-sprayed barley plants with sequence complementarity to the sprayed dsRNA precursor was low. However, whether these few siRNAs are sufficient to induce the SIGS of pathogenic target genes requires further research. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that EVs may not be mandatory for the spray-delivered siRNA uptake and induction of SIGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schlemmer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Strasse 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Barth
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Lisa Weipert
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein Strasse 3, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Möbus
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Tobias Busche
- Centre for Biotechnology—CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Aline Koch
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Strasse 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Correspondence:
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González-López MDC, Jijón-Moreno S, Dautt-Castro M, Ovando-Vázquez C, Ziv T, Horwitz BA, Casas-Flores S. Secretome Analysis of Arabidopsis- Trichoderma atroviride Interaction Unveils New Roles for the Plant Glutamate:Glyoxylate Aminotransferase GGAT1 in Plant Growth Induced by the Fungus and Resistance against Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6804. [PMID: 34202732 PMCID: PMC8268252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of plant-fungus mutualistic interaction requires bidirectional molecular crosstalk. Therefore, the analysis of the interacting organisms secretomes would help to understand how such relationships are established. Here, a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach was used to identify the secreted proteins of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the mutualistic fungus Trichoderma atroviride during their interaction. A total of 126 proteins of Arabidopsis and 1027 of T. atroviride were identified. Among them, 118 and 780 were differentially modulated, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis unveiled that both organisms' secretomes were enriched with enzymes. In T. atroviride, glycosidases, aspartic endopeptidases, and dehydrogenases increased in response to Arabidopsis. Additionally, amidases, protein-serine/threonine kinases, and hydro-lyases showed decreased levels. Furthermore, peroxidases, cysteine endopeptidases, and enzymes related to the catabolism of secondary metabolites increased in the plant secretome. In contrast, pathogenesis-related proteins and protease inhibitors decreased in response to the fungus. Notably, the glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase GGAT1 was secreted by Arabidopsis during its interaction with T. atroviride. Our study showed that GGAT1 is partially required for plant growth stimulation and on the induction of the plant systemic resistance by T. atroviride. Additionally, GGAT1 seems to participate in the negative regulation of the plant systemic resistance against B. cinerea through a mechanism involving H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen González-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Cesaré Ovando-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
- Centro Nacional de Supercómputo, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Protein Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
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177
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Suharta S, Barlian A, Hidajah AC, Notobroto HB, Ana ID, Indariani S, Wungu TDK, Wijaya CH. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles: A concise review on its extraction methods, content, bioactivities, and potential as functional food ingredient. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2838-2850. [PMID: 34151426 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) are small vesicles released by multivesicular bodies mainly to communicate between cells and regulate immunity against pathogen attack. Current studies have reported that PDENs could modulate gene expression in a cross-kingdom fashion. Therefore, PDENs could be a potential future functional food ingredient as their cross-kingdom communication abilities were reported to exert multiple health benefits. Macrophage and other cells have been reported to absorb PDENs in a manner regulated by the membrane lipid and protein profile and the intactness of the PDENs lipid bilayer. PDENs could be extracted from plant materials by various techniques such as ultracentrifugation, immunoaffinity, size-based isolation, and precipitation, though each method has its pros and cons. PDENs mainly contain lipid, protein, and genetic materials, mainly micro RNAs, which could exert multiple health benefits and functionalities when consumed in sufficient amounts. However, most studies on the health functionalities of PDENs were conducted through in-vitro and in-vivo studies, and its potency to be used as a functional ingredient remains a question as PDENs are sensitive to storage and processing condition and requires costly extraction method. This concise review features various exosome extraction methods, contents of PDENs and their roles, the health functionalities of PDENs, and its potency as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigit Suharta
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Anggraini Barlian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Atik Choirul Hidajah
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hari Basuki Notobroto
- Department of Biostatics and Population, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Susi Indariani
- Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Triati Dewi Kencana Wungu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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178
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Cai Q, He B, Wang S, Fletcher S, Niu D, Mitter N, Birch PRJ, Jin H. Message in a Bubble: Shuttling Small RNAs and Proteins Between Cells and Interacting Organisms Using Extracellular Vesicles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:497-524. [PMID: 34143650 PMCID: PMC8369896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is essential for the survival of both plants and their pathogens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that deliver RNA, protein, and metabolite cargos from donor to recipient cells and participate in many cellular processes. Emerging evidencehas shown that both plant and microbial EVs play important roles in cross-kingdom molecular exchange between hosts and interacting microbes to modulate host immunity and pathogen virulence. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs function as a defense system by encasing and delivering small RNAs (sRNAs) into pathogens, thereby mediating cross-species and cross-kingdom RNA interference to silence virulence-related genes. This review focuses on the latest advances in our understanding of plant and microbial EVs and their roles in transporting regulatory molecules, especially sRNAs, between hosts and pathogens. EV biogenesis and secretion are also discussed, as EV function relies on these important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
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179
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Hu XL, Lu H, Hassan MM, Zhang J, Yuan G, Abraham PE, Shrestha HK, Villalobos Solis MI, Chen JG, Tschaplinski TJ, Doktycz MJ, Tuskan GA, Cheng ZMM, Yang X. Advances and perspectives in discovery and functional analysis of small secreted proteins in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:130. [PMID: 34059650 PMCID: PMC8167165 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted proteins (SSPs) are less than 250 amino acids in length and are actively transported out of cells through conventional protein secretion pathways or unconventional protein secretion pathways. In plants, SSPs have been found to play important roles in various processes, including plant growth and development, plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. Over the past 10 years, substantial progress has been made in the identification and functional characterization of SSPs in several plant species relevant to agriculture, bioenergy, and horticulture. Yet, there are potentially a lot of SSPs that have not been discovered in plant genomes, which is largely due to limitations of existing computational algorithms. Recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics research, as well as the development of new computational algorithms based on machine learning, provide unprecedented capabilities for genome-wide discovery of novel SSPs in plants. In this review, we summarize known SSPs and their functions in various plant species. Then we provide an update on the computational and experimental approaches that can be used to discover new SSPs. Finally, we discuss strategies for elucidating the biological functions of SSPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Hu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Him K Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mitchel J Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zong-Ming Max Cheng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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180
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McMillan HM, Rogers N, Wadle A, Hsu-Kim H, Wiesner MR, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO. Microbial vesicle-mediated communication: convergence to understand interactions within and between domains of life. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:664-677. [PMID: 33899070 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). These biological packages contain complex mixtures of molecular cargo and have a variety of functions, including interkingdom communication. Recent discoveries highlight the roles microbial EVs may play in the environment with respect to interactions with plants as well as nutrient cycling. These studies have also identified molecules present within EVs and associated with EV surfaces that contribute to these functions. In parallel, studies of engineered nanomaterials have developed methods to track and model small particle behavior in complex systems and measure the relative importance of various surface features on transport and function. While studies of EV behavior in complex environmental conditions have not yet employed transdisciplinary approaches, it is increasingly clear that expertise from disparate fields will be critical to understand the role of EVs in these systems. Here, we outline how the convergence of biology, soil geochemistry, and colloid science can both develop and address questions surrounding the basic principles governing EV-mediated interkingdom interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Austin Wadle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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181
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Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105366. [PMID: 34065193 PMCID: PMC8160738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific interest in the beneficial properties of natural substances has been recognized for decades, as well as the growing attention in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by different organisms, in particular from animal cells. However, there is increasing interest in the isolation and biological and functional characterization of these lipoproteic structures in the plant kingdom. Similar to animal vesicles, these plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) exhibit a complex content of small RNAs, proteins, lipids, and other metabolites. This sophisticated composition enables PDEVs to be therapeutically attractive. In this review, we report and discuss current knowledge on PDEVs in terms of isolation, characterization of their content, biological properties, and potential use as drug delivery systems. In conclusion, we outline controversial issues on which the scientific community shall focus the attention shortly.
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182
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Cavaco AR, Matos AR, Figueiredo A. Speaking the language of lipids: the cross-talk between plants and pathogens in defence and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4399-4415. [PMID: 33638652 PMCID: PMC11073031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and fatty acids play crucial roles in plant immunity, which have been highlighted over the past few decades. An increasing number of studies have shown that these molecules are pivotal in the interactions between plants and their diverse pathogens. The roles played by plant lipids fit in a wide spectrum ranging from the first physical barrier encountered by the pathogens, the cuticle, to the signalling pathways that trigger different immune responses and expression of defence-related genes, mediated by several lipid molecules. Moreover, lipids have been arising as candidate biomarkers of resistance or susceptibility to different pathogens. Studies on the apoplast and extracellular vesicles have been highlighting the possible role of lipids in the intercellular communication and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance during plant-pathogen interactions. From the pathogen perspective, lipid metabolism and specific lipid molecules play pivotal roles in the pathogen's life cycle completion, being crucial during recognition by the plant and evasion from the host immune system, therefore potentiating infection. Studies conducted in the last years have contributed to a better understanding of the language of lipids during the cross-talk between plants and pathogens. However, it is essential to continue exploring the knowledge brought up to light by transcriptomics and proteomics studies towards the elucidation of lipid signalling processes during defence and disease. In this review, we present an updated overview on lipids associated to plant-pathogen interactions, exploiting their roles from the two sides of this battle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cavaco
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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183
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Pinedo M, de la Canal L, de Marcos Lousa C. A call for Rigor and standardization in plant extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12048. [PMID: 33936567 PMCID: PMC8077130 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET Funes Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET Funes Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK.,Centre for Plant Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK
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184
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Plant-Derived Nano and Microvesicles for Human Health and Therapeutic Potential in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040498. [PMID: 33917448 PMCID: PMC8067521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce different types of nano and micro-sized vesicles. Observed for the first time in the 60s, plant nano and microvesicles (PDVs) and their biological role have been inexplicably under investigated for a long time. Proteomic and metabolomic approaches revealed that PDVs carry numerous proteins with antifungal and antimicrobial activity, as well as bioactive metabolites with high pharmaceutical interest. PDVs have also been shown to be also involved in the intercellular transfer of small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs, suggesting fascinating mechanisms of long-distance gene regulation and horizontal transfer of regulatory RNAs and inter-kingdom communications. High loading capacity, intrinsic biological activities, biocompatibility, and easy permeabilization in cell compartments make plant-derived vesicles excellent natural or bioengineered nanotools for biomedical applications. Growing evidence indicates that PDVs may exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anticancer activities in different in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, clinical trials are currently in progress to test the effectiveness of plant EVs in reducing insulin resistance and in preventing side effects of chemotherapy treatments. In this review, we concisely introduce PDVs, discuss shortly their most important biological and physiological roles in plants and provide clues on the use and the bioengineering of plant nano and microvesicles to develop innovative therapeutic tools in nanomedicine, able to encompass the current drawbacks in the delivery systems in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical technology. Finally, we predict that the advent of intense research efforts on PDVs may disclose new frontiers in plant biotechnology applied to nanomedicine.
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185
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Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Nanovesicles: Focus on Secondary Metabolites, Proteins and Lipids with Perspectives on Their Potential and Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073719. [PMID: 33918442 PMCID: PMC8038311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While human extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted a big deal of interest and have been extensively characterized over the last years, plant-derived EVs and nanovesicles have earned less attention and have remained poorly investigated. Although a series of investigations already revealed promising beneficial health effects and drug delivery properties, adequate (pre)clinical studies are rare. This fact might be caused by a lack of sources with appropriate qualities. Our study introduces plant cell suspension culture as a new and well controllable source for plant EVs. Plant cells, cultured in vitro, release EVs into the growth medium which could be harvested for pharmaceutical applications. In this investigation we characterized EVs and nanovesicles from distinct sources. Our findings regarding secondary metabolites indicate that these might not be packaged into EVs in an active manner but enriched in the membrane when lipophilic enough, since apparently lipophilic compounds were associated with nanovesicles while more hydrophilic structures were not consistently found. In addition, protein identification revealed a possible explanation for the mechanism of EV cell wall passage in plants, since cell wall hydrolases like 1,3-β-glucosidases, pectinesterases, polygalacturonases, β-galactosidases and β-xylosidase/α-L-arabinofuranosidase 2-like are present in plant EVs and nanovesicles which might facilitate cell wall transition. Further on, the identified proteins indicate that plant cells secrete EVs using similar mechanisms as animal cells to release exosomes and microvesicles.
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186
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Gouguet P, Gronnier J, Legrand A, Perraki A, Jolivet MD, Deroubaix AF, German-Retana S, Boudsocq M, Habenstein B, Mongrand S, Germain V. Connecting the dots: from nanodomains to physiological functions of REMORINs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:632-649. [PMID: 33793872 PMCID: PMC8133660 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
REMORINs (REMs) are a plant-specific protein family, proposed regulators of membrane-associated molecular assemblies and well-established markers of plasma membrane nanodomains. REMs play a diverse set of functions in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts, responses to abiotic stresses, hormone signaling and cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we highlight the established and more putative roles of REMs throughout the literature. We discuss the physiological functions of REMs, the mechanisms underlying their nanodomain-organization and their putative role as regulators of nanodomain-associated molecular assemblies. Furthermore, we discuss how REM phosphorylation may regulate their functional versatility. Overall, through data-mining and comparative analysis of the literature, we suggest how to further study the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of REMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gouguet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- ZMBP, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, A11, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Artemis Perraki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marie-Dominique Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Anne-Flore Deroubaix
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvie German-Retana
- Equipe de Virologie, Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique and Université de Bordeaux, BP81, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d’Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, A11, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Author for communication: (S.M.)
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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187
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Hu S, Yin Y, Chen B, Lin Q, Tian Y, Song X, Peng J, Zheng H, Rao S, Wu G, Mo X, Yan F, Chen J, Lu Y. Identification of viral particles in the apoplast of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected by potato virus X. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:456-464. [PMID: 33629491 PMCID: PMC7938632 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is the extracellular space for signalling, nutrient transport, and plant-microbe interactions, but little is known about how plant viruses use the foliar apoplast. Proteomic analysis of the apoplasts isolated from potato virus X (PVX)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed that the coat protein (CP) is the dominant viral component. The presence of the CP in the apoplast was confirmed by western blot, viral nucleic acid was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and northern blot, and viral particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apoplast from infected leaves was infectious if rubbed onto healthy leaves but not when infiltrated into them. The exosomes were separated from the apoplast fluid by high-speed centrifugation and TEM showed that PVX particles were not associated with the exosomes. These results suggest that PVX virions are released to the N. benthamiana apoplast in a one-way manner and do not share the bidirectional transport of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Hu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yueyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Buyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Qi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yanzhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xijiao Song
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xiaohan Mo
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agriculture UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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188
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Alshehri B. Plant-derived xenomiRs and cancer: Cross-kingdom gene regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2408-2422. [PMID: 33911956 PMCID: PMC8071896 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) critically regulate several major intracellular and metabolic activities, including cancer evolution. Currently, increasing evidence indicates that exosome harbor and transport these miRNAs from donor cells to neighboring and distantly related recipient cells, often in a cross-species manner. Several studies have reported that plant-based miRNAs can be absorbed into the serum of humans, where they hinder the expression of human disease-related genes. Moreover, few recent studies have demonstrated the role of these xenomiRs in cancer development and progression. However, the cross-kingdom gene regulation hypothesis remains highly debatable, and many follow up studies fail to reproduce the same. There are reports that show no effect of plant-derived miRNAs on mammalian cancers. The foremost cause of this controversy remains the lack of reproducibility of the results. Here, we reassess the latest developments in the field of cross-kingdom transference of miRNAs, emphasizing on the role of the diet-based xenomiRs on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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189
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Garaeva L, Kamyshinsky R, Kil Y, Varfolomeeva E, Verlov N, Komarova E, Garmay Y, Landa S, Burdakov V, Myasnikov A, Vinnikov IA, Margulis B, Guzhova I, Kagansky A, Konevega AL, Shtam T. Delivery of functional exogenous proteins by plant-derived vesicles to human cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6489. [PMID: 33753795 PMCID: PMC7985202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) gain more and more attention as promising carriers of exogenous bioactive molecules to the human cells. Derived from various edible sources, these EVs are remarkably biocompatible, biodegradable and highly abundant from plants. In this work, EVs from grapefruit juice were isolated by differential centrifugation followed by characterization of their size, quantity and morphology by nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). In Cryo-EM experiments, we visualized grapefruit EVs with the average size of 41 ± 13 nm, confirmed their round-shaped morphology and estimated the thickness of their lipid bilayer as 5.3 ± 0.8 nm. Further, using cell culture models, we have successfully demonstrated that native grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles (GF-EVs) are highly efficient carriers for the delivery of the exogenous Alexa Fluor 647 labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) into both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and colon cancer cells. Interestingly, loading to plant EVs significantly ameliorated the uptake of exogenous proteins by human cells compared to the same proteins without EVs. Most importantly, we have confirmed the functional activity of human recombinant HSP70 in the colon cancer cell culture upon delivery by GF-EVs. Analysis of the biodistribution of GF-EVs loaded with 125I-labeled BSA in mice demonstrated a significant uptake of the grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles by the majority of organs. The results of our study indicate that native plant EVs might be safe and effective carriers of exogenous proteins into human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Garaeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Kamyshinsky
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre 'Crystallography and Photonics', Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 59, 119333, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky lane 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury Kil
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Genome Center-PNPI, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Varfolomeeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai Verlov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Komarova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Garmay
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Landa
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Burdakov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Myasnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A Vinnikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Margulis
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky lane 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey L Konevega
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politehnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Shtam
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", mkr. Orlova roscha 1, 188300, Gatchina, Russian Federation.
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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190
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Santos D, Remans S, Van den Brande S, Vanden Broeck J. RNAs on the Go: Extracellular Transfer in Insects with Promising Prospects for Pest Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:484. [PMID: 33806650 PMCID: PMC8001424 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RNA-mediated pathways form an important regulatory layer of myriad biological processes. In the last decade, the potential of RNA molecules to contribute to the control of agricultural pests has not been disregarded, specifically via the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. In fact, several proofs-of-concept have been made in this scope. Furthermore, a novel research field regarding extracellular RNAs and RNA-based intercellular/interorganismal communication is booming. In this article, we review key discoveries concerning extracellular RNAs in insects, insect RNA-based cell-to-cell communication, and plant-insect transfer of RNA. In addition, we overview the molecular mechanisms implicated in this form of communication and discuss future biotechnological prospects, namely from the insect pest-control perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Santos
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.R.); (S.V.d.B.); (J.V.B.)
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191
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Terry SA, Basarab JA, Guan LL, McAllister TA. Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle production. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, there are approximately one billion beef cattle, and compared with poultry and swine, beef cattle have the poorest conversion efficiency of feed to meat. However, these metrics fail to consider that beef cattle produce high-quality protein from feeds that are unsuitable for other livestock species. Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle are focusing on operational and breeding management, host genetics, functional efficiency of rumen and respiratory microbiomes, and the structure and composition of feed. These strategies must also consider the health and immunity of the herd as well as the need for beef cattle to thrive in a changing environment. Genotyping can identify hybrid vigor with positive consequences for animal health, productivity, and environmental adaptability. The role of microbiome–host interactions is key in efficient nutrient digestion and host health. Microbial markers and gene expression patterns within the rumen microbiome are being used to identify hosts that are efficient at fibre digestion. Plant breeding and processing are optimizing the feed value of both forages and concentrates. Strategies to improve the efficiency of cattle production are a prerequisite for the sustainable intensification needed to satisfy the future demand for beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Terry
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - John A. Basarab
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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192
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He B, Cai Q, Qiao L, Huang CY, Wang S, Miao W, Ha T, Wang Y, Jin H. RNA-binding proteins contribute to small RNA loading in plant extracellular vesicles. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:342-352. [PMID: 33633358 PMCID: PMC7979528 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants use extracellular vesicles (EVs) to transport small RNAs (sRNAs) into their fungal pathogens and silence fungal virulence-related genes through a phenomenon called 'cross-kingdom RNAi'. It remains unknown, however, how sRNAs are selectively loaded into EVs. Here, we identified several RNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis, including Argonaute 1 (AGO1), RNA helicases (RHs) and annexins (ANNs), which are secreted by exosome-like EVs. AGO1, RH11 and RH37 selectively bind to EV-enriched sRNAs but not to non-EV-associated sRNAs, suggesting that they contribute to the selective loading of sRNAs into EVs. Conversely, ANN1 and ANN2 bind to sRNAs non-specifically. The ago1, rh11 rh37 and ann1 ann2 mutants showed reduced secretion of sRNAs in EVs, demonstrating that these RNA-binding proteins play an important role in sRNA loading and/or stabilization in EVs. Furthermore, rh11 rh37 and ann1 ann2 showed increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea, suggesting that RH11, RH37, ANN1 and ANN2 positively regulate plant immunity against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Weili Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tommy Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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193
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Panax ginseng-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate Anti-Senescence Effects in Human Skin Cells: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Way to Use Ginseng Substances. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030486. [PMID: 33668388 PMCID: PMC7996359 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine in eastern Asian countries. Most active constituents in ginseng are prepared via fermentation or organic acid pretreatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and play central roles in intra- and inter-species communications. Plants produce EVs upon exposure to microbes; however, their direct functions and utility for human health are barely known, except for being proposed as delivery vehicles. In this study, we isolated EVs from ginseng roots (GrEVs) or the culture supernatants of ginseng cells (GcEVs) derived from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and investigated their biological effects on human skin cells. GrEV or GcEV treatments improved the replicative senescent or senescence-associated pigmented phenotypes of human dermal fibroblasts or ultraviolet B radiation-treated human melanocytes, respectively, by downregulating senescence-associated molecules and/or melanogenesis-related proteins. Based on comprehensive lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, the lipidomic profile of GrEVs differed from that of the parental root extracts, showing significant increases in 70 of 188 identified lipid species and prominent increases in diacylglycerols, some phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine), and sphingomyelin, revealing their unique vesicular properties. Therefore, our results imply that GEVs represent a novel type of bioactive and sustainable nanomaterials that can be applied to human tissues for improving tissue conditions and targeted delivery of active constituents.
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194
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Junková P, Neubergerová M, Kalachova T, Valentová O, Janda M. Regulation of the microsomal proteome by salicylic acid and deficiency of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinases β1 and β2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000223. [PMID: 33463038 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinases β1 and β2 (PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2), which are responsible for phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, have important roles in plant vesicular trafficking. Moreover, PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 negatively regulates biosynthesis of phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), a key player in plant immune responses. The study focused on the effect of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 deficiency and SA level on the proteome of microsomal fraction. For that purpose we used four Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes: wild type; double mutant with impaired function of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 (pi4kβ1/pi4kβ2) exhibiting high SA level; sid2 mutant with impaired SA biosynthesis depending on the isochorismate synthase 1 and triple mutant sid2/pi4kβ1/pi4kβ2. We identified 1797 proteins whose levels were changed between genotypes. We showed that increased SA concentration affected the levels of 473 proteins. This includes typical SA pathway markers but also points to connections between SA pathway and clathrin-independent endocytosis (flotillins) and exocytosis/protein secretion (syntaxins, tetraspanin) to be investigated in future. In contrast to SA, the absence of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 itself affected only 27 proteins. Among them we identified CERK1, a receptor for chitin. Although PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 deficiency itself did not have a substantial impact on the proteome of the microsomal fraction, our data clearly show that it enhances proteome changes when SA pathway is modulated in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Junková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Neubergerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
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195
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Ves-Urai P, Krobthong S, Thongsuk K, Roytrakul S, Yokthongwattana C. Comparative secretome analysis between salinity-tolerant and control Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains. PLANTA 2021; 253:68. [PMID: 33594587 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secretome analysis of a salt-tolerant and control Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed 514 differentially expressed proteins. Membrane transport and trafficking, signal transduction and channel proteins were up-regulated in the ST secretome. Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits crop production worldwide. Multiple adverse effects have been reported in many living organisms exposed to high-saline concentrations. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is known for secreting proteins in response to many environmental stresses. A salinity-tolerant (ST) strain of Chlamydomonas has been developed, whose cells were able to grow at 300 mM NaCl. The current study analyzed the secretomes of ST grown in TAP medium supplemented with 300 mM NaCl and the laboratory strain CC-503 grown in TAP medium without NaCl supplement. In total, 514 secreted proteins were identified of which 203 were up-regulated and 110 were down-regulated. Bioinformatic analysis predicted 168 proteins to be secreted or in the conventional secretory pathway. Out of these, 70 were up-regulated, while 51 proteins were down-regulated. Proteins involved in membrane transport and trafficking, signal transduction and channel proteins were altered in their expression in the ST secretome, suggesting the response of saline stress acts toward not only the intracellular pool of proteins but also the extracellular proteins. This also suggested that the secreted proteins might have roles in the extracellular space. Signal peptide (SP) prediction revealed that almost 40% of the predicted secreted proteins contained a signal peptide; however, a high proportion of proteins lacked an SP, suggesting that these proteins might be secreted through an unconventional protein secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthompong Ves-Urai
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Karnpitcha Thongsuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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196
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Fang Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Peng Q, Liu X. Characterization and proteome analysis of the extracellular vesicles of Phytophthora capsici. J Proteomics 2021; 238:104137. [PMID: 33548507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for the transport of biomolecular materials and intercellular communication in eukaryotes. Recent research has revealed that they are involved in plant-pathogen interaction and pathogenesis of infected cells. Phytophthora capsici is a highly devastating oomycete pathogen with a broad host range. To increase infection and facilitate colonization, it secretes effector proteins during interaction with plants. In this study, we characterize for the first time the EVs from pathogen P. capsici through transmission electron microscopy. For the biological study of EVs, results showed that mixing high concentrations of EVs with zoospores could enhance the virulence of P. capsici. By sequencing the protein composition of EVs by liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry we found that there are many proteins related to metabolism, oxidation/reduction, and transport in EVs, indicating that they have important roles in pathogenesis and immunological processes within the host. SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important both at normal physiological processes as well as pathological progression during pathogen and host interaction. In this paper we first establish the extraction method of EVs from the important oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Bioinformatics analysis of EV proteomics revealed a variety of pathogenic-related proteins, like oxidation/reduction-related proteins, stress response proteins as well as elicitors. Our results will help better understanding the biological function of the EVs during plant and P. capsici interaction and providing the evidence for the role of EVs in pathogenesis of the P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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197
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Harnessing the full potential of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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González-Hourcade M, Del Campo EM, Casano LM. The Under-explored Extracellular Proteome of Aero-Terrestrial Microalgae Provides Clues on Different Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Non-Model Organisms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:437-453. [PMID: 32989484 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trebouxia sp. (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) are desiccation-tolerant lichen microalgae with different adaptive strategies in accordance with the prevailing conditions of their habitats. The remodelling of cell wall and extracellular polysaccharides depending on water availability are key elements in the tolerance to desiccation of both microalgae. Currently, there is no information about the extracellular proteins of these algae and other aero-terrestrial microalgae in response to limited water availability. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins associated with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of aero-terrestrial microalgae subjected to cyclic desiccation/rehydration. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analyses of the EPS-associated proteins in the two lichen microalgae submitted to four desiccation/rehydration cycles allowed the compilation of 111 and 121 identified proteins for TR9 and Csol, respectively. Both sets of EPS-associated proteins shared a variety of predicted biological functions but showed a constitutive expression in Csol and partially inducible in TR9. In both algae, the EPS-associated proteins included a number of proteins of unknown functions, some of which could be considered as small intrinsically disordered proteins related with desiccation-tolerant organisms. Differences in the composition and the expression pattern between the studied EPS-associated proteins would be oriented to preserve the biochemical and biophysical properties of the extracellular structures under the different conditions of water availability in which each alga thrives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva M Del Campo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leonardo M Casano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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199
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Plant Roots Release Small Extracellular Vesicles with Antifungal Activity. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121777. [PMID: 33333782 PMCID: PMC7765200 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) play pivotal roles in cell-to-cell and inter-kingdom communication. Despite their relevant biological implications, the existence and role of plant EVs released into the environment has been unexplored. Herein, we purified round-shaped small vesicles (EVs) by differential ultracentrifugation of a sampling solution containing root exudates of hydroponically grown tomato plants. Biophysical analyses, by means of dynamic light scattering, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing and scanning electron microscopy, showed that the size of root-released EVs range in the nanometric scale (50-100 nm). Shot-gun proteomics of tomato EVs identified 179 unique proteins, several of which are known to be involved in plant-microbe interactions. In addition, the application of root-released EVs induced a significant inhibition of spore germination and of germination tube development of the plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. Interestingly, these EVs contain several proteins involved in plant defense, suggesting that they could be new components of the plant innate immune system.
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200
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Ekine-Afolabi BA, Njan AA, Rotimi SO, R. I. A, Elbehi AM, Cash E, Adeyeye A. The Impact of Diet on the Involvement of Non-Coding RNAs, Extracellular Vesicles, and Gut Microbiome-Virome in Colorectal Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583372. [PMID: 33381452 PMCID: PMC7769005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. The third most common cancer and which is most diet related is colorectal cancer (CRC). Although there is complexity and limited understanding in the link between diet and CRC, the advancement in research methods have demonstrated the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which are a class of ncRNAs are key players in cancer related pathways in the context of dietary modulation. The involvement of ncRNA in cancer progression has recently been clarified throughout the last decade. ncRNAs are involved in biological processes relating to tumor onset and progression. The advances in research have given insights into cell to cell communication, by highlighting the pivotal involvement of extracellular vesicle (EV) associated-ncRNAs in tumorigenesis. The abundance and stability of EV associated ncRNAs act as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer. The understanding of the deranging of these molecules in cancer can give access to modulating the expression of the ncRNAs, thereby influencing the cancer phenotype. Food derived exosomes/vesicles (FDE) are gaining interest in the implication of exosomes in cell-cell communication with little or no understanding to date on the role FDE plays. There are resident microbiota in the colon; to which the imbalance in the normal intestinal occurrence leads to chronic inflammation and the production of carcinogenic metabolites that lead to neoplasm. Limited studies have shown the implication of various types of microbiome in CRC incidence, without particular emphasis on fungi and protozoa. This review discusses important dietary factors in relation to the expression of EV-associated ncRNAs in CRC, the impact of diet on the colon ecosystem with particular emphasis on molecular mechanisms of interactions in the ecosystem, the influence of homeostasis regulators such as glutathione, and its conjugating enzyme-glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism on intestinal ecosystem, oxidative stress response, and its relationship to DNA adduct fighting enzyme-0-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and interaction in the intestinal ecosystem will inform on the diagnostic, preventive and prognosis as well as treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bene A. Ekine-Afolabi
- ZEAB Therapeutic, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anoka A. Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Anu R. I.
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, India
| | - Attia M. Elbehi
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Care and Health Sciences, University of South Wales, Cardif, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Cash
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ademola Adeyeye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
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