151
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Fusaro AF, Barton DA, Nakasugi K, Jackson C, Kalischuk ML, Kawchuk LM, Vaslin MFS, Correa RL, Waterhouse PM. The Luteovirus P4 Movement Protein Is a Suppressor of Systemic RNA Silencing. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100294. [PMID: 28994713 PMCID: PMC5691645 DOI: 10.3390/v9100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant viral family Luteoviridae is divided into three genera: Luteovirus, Polerovirus and Enamovirus. Without assistance from another virus, members of the family are confined to the cells of the host plant's vascular system. The first open reading frame (ORF) of poleroviruses and enamoviruses encodes P0 proteins which act as silencing suppressor proteins (VSRs) against the plant's viral defense-mediating RNA silencing machinery. Luteoviruses, such as barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), however, have no P0 to carry out the VSR role, so we investigated whether other proteins or RNAs encoded by BYDV-PAV confer protection against the plant's silencing machinery. Deep-sequencing of small RNAs from plants infected with BYDV-PAV revealed that the virus is subjected to RNA silencing in the phloem tissues and there was no evidence of protection afforded by a possible decoy effect of the highly abundant subgenomic RNA3. However, analysis of VSR activity among the BYDV-PAV ORFs revealed systemic silencing suppression by the P4 movement protein, and a similar, but weaker, activity by P6. The closely related BYDV-PAS P4, but not the polerovirus potato leafroll virus P4, also displayed systemic VSR activity. Both luteovirus and the polerovirus P4 proteins also showed transient, weak local silencing suppression. This suggests that systemic silencing suppression is the principal mechanism by which the luteoviruses BYDV-PAV and BYDV-PAS minimize the effects of the plant's anti-viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana F Fusaro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Plant Industry Division, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Department of Virology (M.F.S.V.), Department of Genetics (R.L.C.) and Institute of Medical Biochemistry (A.F.F.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Deborah A Barton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kenlee Nakasugi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Craig Jackson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Melanie L Kalischuk
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Kawchuk
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J4B1, Canada.
| | - Maite F S Vaslin
- Department of Virology (M.F.S.V.), Department of Genetics (R.L.C.) and Institute of Medical Biochemistry (A.F.F.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Regis L Correa
- Plant Industry Division, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Department of Virology (M.F.S.V.), Department of Genetics (R.L.C.) and Institute of Medical Biochemistry (A.F.F.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Plant Industry Division, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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152
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Chen IH, Huang YP, Tseng CH, Ni JT, Tsai CH, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Nicotiana benthamiana Elicitor-Inducible Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Protein Assists Bamboo Mosaic Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1736. [PMID: 29056941 PMCID: PMC5635722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For successful infection, a virus requires various host factors at different stages such as translation, targeting, replication, and spreading. One of the host genes upregulated after Nicotiana benthamiana infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA potexvirus, assists in viral movement. To understand how this host protein is involved in BaMV movement, we cloned its full-length cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The gene has 3199 nt and encodes a 969-amino acid polypeptide. The sequence of the encoded polypeptide is orthologous to that of N. tabacum elicitor-inducible leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein (NtEILP), a plant viral resistance gene, and is designated NbEILP. To reveal how NbEILP is involved in BaMV movement, we fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) to its C-terminus. Unfortunately, the gene's expression in N. benthamiana was beyond our detection limit possibly because of its large size (∼135 kDa). However, NbEILP at such low expression could still enhance BaMV accumulation in inoculated leaves. A short version of NbEILP was constructed to remove the LRR domain, NbEILP/ΔLRR-GFP; the expression of this deletion mutant could still enhance BaMV accumulation to 1.7-fold that of the control. Hence, the LRR domain in NbEILP is not an essential element in BaMV movement. We constructed a few deletion mutants - NbEILP/ΔLRRΔTMD (without the transmembrane domain), NbEILP/ΔLRRΔCD (without the cytoplasmic domain), and NbEILP/ΔLRRΔSP (without the signal peptide) - to examine whether these domains are involved in BaMV movement. For BaMV movement, NbEILP requires the signal peptide to target the endoplasmic reticulum and the transmembrane domain to retain on the membrane.
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153
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Luna AP, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Morilla G, Wang L, Lozano-Durán R, Castillo AG, Bejarano ER. V2 from a curtovirus is a suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2607-2614. [PMID: 28933688 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of gene silencing is a key mechanism for the success of viral infection in plants. DNA viruses from the Geminiviridae family encode several proteins that suppress transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing (TGS/PTGS). In Begomovirus, the most abundant genus of this family, three out of six genome-encoded proteins, namely C2, C4 and V2, have been shown to suppress PTGS, with V2 being the strongest PTGS suppressor in transient assays. Beet curly top virus (BCTV), the model species for the Curtovirus genus, is able to infect the widest range of plants among geminiviruses. In this genus, only one protein, C2/L2, has been described as inhibiting PTGS. We show here that, despite the lack of sequence homology with its begomoviral counterpart, BCTV V2 acts as a potent PTGS suppressor, possibly by impairing the RDR6 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6)/suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Edgar A Rodríguez-Negrete
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.,Present address: Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-IPN, Unidad Sinaloa, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes No 250. Guasave, Sinaloa CP 81101, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Morilla
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, PR China
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
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154
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Cody WB, Scholthof HB, Mirkov TE. Multiplexed Gene Editing and Protein Overexpression Using a Tobacco mosaic virus Viral Vector. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:23-35. [PMID: 28663331 PMCID: PMC5580747 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of CRISPR/Cas9 transient gene editing screening tools in plant biology has been hindered by difficulty of delivering high quantities of biologically active single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Furthermore, it has been largely accepted that in vivo generated sgRNAs need to be devoid of extraneous nucleotides, which has limited sgRNA expression by delivery vectors. Here, we increased cellular concentrations of sgRNA by transiently delivering sgRNAs using a Tobacco mosaic virus-derived vector (TRBO) designed with 5' and 3' sgRNA proximal nucleotide-processing capabilities. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we used the TRBO-sgRNA delivery platform to target GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana (16c) plants, and gene editing was accompanied by loss of GFP expression. Surprisingly, indel (insertions and deletions) percentages averaged nearly 70% within 7 d postinoculation using the TRBO-sgRNA constructs, which retained 5' nucleotide overhangs. In contrast, and in accordance with current models, in vitro Cas9 cleavage assays only edited DNA when 5' sgRNA nucleotide overhangs were removed, suggesting a novel processing mechanism is occurring in planta. Since the Cas9/TRBO-sgRNA platform demonstrated sgRNA flexibility, we targeted the N. benthamiana NbAGO1 paralogs with one sgRNA and also multiplexed two sgRNAs using a single TRBO construct, resulting in indels in three genes. TRBO-mediated expression of an RNA transcript consisting of an sgRNA adjoining a GFP protein coding region produced indels and viral-based GFP overexpression. In conclusion, multiplexed delivery of sgRNAs using the TRBO system offers flexibility for gene expression and editing and uncovered novel aspects of CRISPR/Cas9 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will B Cody
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840
| | - Herman B Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840
| | - T Erik Mirkov
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840
- Texas A&M AgriLife, Weslaco, Texas 78596
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155
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Zheng Y, Ding B, Fei Z, Wang Y. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses reveal tomato plant responses to tobacco rattle virus-based gene silencing vectors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9771. [PMID: 28852064 PMCID: PMC5575331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a popular tool for functional genomic studies or rapidly assessing individual gene functions. However, molecular details regarding plant responses to viral vectors remain elusive, which may complicate experimental designs and data interpretation. To this end, we documented whole transcriptome changes of tomato elicited by the application of the most widely used tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vectors, using comprehensive genome-wide analyses. Our data illustrated multiple biological processes with functional implications, including (1) the enhanced activity of miR167 in guiding the cleavage of an auxin response factor; (2) reduced accumulation of phased secondary small interfering RNAs from two genomic loci; (3) altered expression of ~500 protein-coding transcripts; and (4) twenty long noncoding RNAs specifically responsive to TRV vectors. Importantly, we unraveled large-scale changes in mRNA alternative splicing patterns. These observations will facilitate future application of VIGS vectors for functional studies benefiting the plant research community and help deepen the understanding of plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Biao Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA.
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156
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Tsutsui H, Notaguchi M. The Use of Grafting to Study Systemic Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1291-1301. [PMID: 28961994 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has long been an important technique in agriculture. Nowadays, grafting is a widely used technique also to study systemic long-distance signaling in plants. Plants respond to their surrounding environment, and at that time many aspects of their physiology are regulated systemically; these start from local input signals and are followed by the transmission of information to the rest of the plant. For example, soil nutrient conditions, light/photoperiod, and biotic and abiotic stresses affect plants heterogeneously, and plants perceive such information in specific plant tissues or organs. Such environmental cues are crucial determinants of plant growth and development, and plants drastically change their morphology and physiology to adapt to various events in their life. Hitherto, intensive studies have been conducted to understand systemic signaling in plants, and grafting techniques have permitted advances in this field. The breakthrough technique of micrografting in Arabidopsis thaliana was established in 2002 and led to the development of molecular genetic tools in this field. Thereafter, various phenomena of systemic signaling have been identified at the molecular level, including nutrient fixation, flowering, circadian clock and defense against pathogens. The significance of grafting is that it can clarify the transmission of the stimulus and molecules. At present, many micro- and macromolecules have been identified as mobile signals, which are transported through plant vascular tissues to co-ordinate their physiology and development. In this review, we introduce the various grafting techniques that have been developed, we report on the recent advances in the field of plant systemic signaling where grafting techniques have been applied and provide insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsutsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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157
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Cheng X, Lang I, Adeniji OS, Griffing L. Plasmolysis-deplasmolysis causes changes in endoplasmic reticulum form, movement, flow, and cytoskeletal association. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4075-4087. [PMID: 28922772 PMCID: PMC5853952 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmolysis of hypocotyl cells of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana diminishes the dynamics of the remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the central protoplast, namely that withdrawn from the cell wall, and more persistent cisternae are formed, yet little change in the actin network in the protoplast occurs. Also, protein flow within the ER network in the protoplast, as detected with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), is not affected by plasmolysis. After plasmolysis, another network of strictly tubular ER remains attached to the plasma membrane-wall interface and is contained within the Hechtian strands and reticulum. FRAP studies indicate that protein flow within these ER tubules diminishes. Actin is largely absent from the Hechtian reticulum and the ER becomes primarily associated with altered, branched microtubules. The smaller volume of the central protoplast is accompanied by decreased movement rates of tubules, cisternae, and spheroid organelles, but this reduced movement is not readily reversed by the increase in volume that accompanies deplasmolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lawrence Griffing
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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158
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Kolliopoulou A, Taning CNT, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Viral Delivery of dsRNA for Control of Insect Agricultural Pests and Vectors of Human Disease: Prospects and Challenges. Front Physiol 2017; 8:399. [PMID: 28659820 PMCID: PMC5469917 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi is applied as a new and safe method for pest control in agriculture but efficiency and specificity of delivery of dsRNA trigger remains a critical issue. Various agents have been proposed to augment dsRNA delivery, such as engineered micro-organisms and synthetic nanoparticles, but the use of viruses has received relatively little attention. Here we present a critical view of the potential of the use of recombinant viruses for efficient and specific delivery of dsRNA. First of all, it requires the availability of plasmid-based reverse genetics systems for virus production, of which an overview is presented. For RNA viruses, their application seems to be straightforward since dsRNA is produced as an intermediate molecule during viral replication, but DNA viruses also have potential through the production of RNA hairpins after transcription. However, application of recombinant virus for dsRNA delivery may not be straightforward in many cases, since viruses can encode RNAi suppressors, and virus-induced silencing effects can be determined by the properties of the encoded RNAi suppressor. An alternative is virus-like particles that retain the efficiency and specificity determinants of natural virions but have encapsidated non-replicating RNA. Finally, the use of viruses raises important safety issues which need to be addressed before application can proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos,”Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Clauvis N. T. Taning
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos,”Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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159
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Tahmasebi AA, Afsharifar A. Cap analog and Potato virus A HC-Pro silencing suppressor improve GFP transient expression using an infectious virus vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 6:45-56. [PMID: 28775990 PMCID: PMC5534519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient expression of proteins in plants has become a choice to facilitate recombinant protein production with its fast and easy application. On the other hand, host defensive mechanisms have been reported to reduce the efficiency of transient expression in plants. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of cap analog and Potato virus A helper component proteinase (PVA HC-Pro) on green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression efficiency. N. benthamiana leaves were inoculated with capped or un-capped RNA transcripts of a Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) construct containing a green fluorescent protein reporter gene (TCV-sGFP) in place of its coat protein (CP) ORF. PVA HC-Pro as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing was infiltrated in trans by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, increased the GFP foci diameter to six and even more cells in both capped and un capped treatments. The expression level of GFP in inoculated plants with TCV-sGFP transcript pre-infiltrated with PVA HC-Pro was 12.97-fold higher than the GFP accumulation level in pre-infiltrated leaves with empty plasmid (EP) control. Also, the yield of GFP in inoculated N. benthamiana plants with capped TCV-sGFP transcript pre-infiltrated with EP and PVA HC-Pro was 1.54 and 1.2-fold respectively, greater than the level of GFP expressed without cap analog application at 5 days post inoculation (dpi). In addition, the movement of TCV-sGFP was increased in some cells of inoculated leaves with capped transcripts. Results of this study indicated that PVA HC-Pro and mRNA capping can increase GFP expression and its cell to cell movement in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin-alah Tahmasebi
- Corresponding Author: Plant Virology Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, Tel: +98-7132286154, Fax: +98-7132287165 ,E. mail:
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160
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Qin C, Li B, Fan Y, Zhang X, Yu Z, Ryabov E, Zhao M, Wang H, Shi N, Zhang P, Jackson S, Tör M, Cheng Q, Liu Y, Gallusci P, Hong Y. Roles of Dicer-Like Proteins 2 and 4 in Intra- and Intercellular Antiviral Silencing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1067-1081. [PMID: 28455401 PMCID: PMC5462052 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is an innate antiviral mechanism conserved in organisms across kingdoms. Such a cellular defense involves DICER or DICER-LIKEs (DCLs) that process plant virus RNAs into viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Plants encode four DCLs that play diverse roles in cell-autonomous intracellular virus-induced RNA silencing (known as VIGS) against viral invasion. VIGS can spread between cells. However, the genetic basis and involvement of vsiRNAs in non-cell-autonomous intercellular VIGS remains poorly understood. Using GFP as a reporter gene together with a suite of DCL RNAi transgenic lines, here we show that despite the well-established activities of DCLs in intracellular VIGS and vsiRNA biogenesis, DCL4 acts to inhibit intercellular VIGS whereas DCL2 is required (likely along with DCL2-processed/dependent vsiRNAs and their precursor RNAs) for efficient intercellular VIGS trafficking from epidermal to adjacent cells. DCL4 imposed an epistatic effect on DCL2 to impede cell-to-cell spread of VIGS. Our results reveal previously unknown functions for DCL2 and DCL4 that may form a dual defensive frontline for intra- and intercellular silencing to double-protect cells from virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Bin Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yaya Fan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Eugene Ryabov
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Mei Zhao
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Mahmut Tör
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Qi Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.)
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.)
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., B.L., Y.F., X.Z., Z.Y., E.R., M.Z., H.W., N.S., P.C., Y.H.);
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signalling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (E.R., S.J., Y.H.);
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (M.T.);
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.);
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- UMR EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (P.G.)
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161
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Qin C, Chen W, Shen J, Cheng L, Akande F, Zhang K, Yuan C, Li C, Zhang P, Shi N, Cheng Q, Liu Y, Jackson S, Hong Y. A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:875-885. [PMID: 28400493 PMCID: PMC5462034 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced flowering (VIF) uses virus vectors to express Flowering Locus T (FT) to induce flowering in plants. This approach has recently attracted wide interest for its practical applications in accelerating breeding in crops and woody fruit trees. However, the insight into VIF and its potential as a powerful tool for dissecting florigenic proteins remained to be elucidated. Here, we describe the mechanism and further applications of Potato virus X (PVX)-based VIF in the short-day Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Maryland Mammoth. Ectopic delivery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtFT by PVX/AtFT did not induce the expression of the endogenous FT ortholog NtFT4; however, it was sufficient to trigger flowering in Maryland Mammoth plants grown under noninductive long-day conditions. Infected tobacco plants developed no systemic symptoms, and the PVX-based VIF did not cause transgenerational flowering. We showed that the PVX-based VIF is a much more rapid method to examine the impacts of single amino acid mutations on AtFT for floral induction than making individual transgenic Arabidopsis lines for each mutation. We also used the PVX-based VIF to demonstrate that adding a His- or FLAG-tag to the N or C terminus of AtFT could affect its florigenic activity and that this system can be applied to assay the function of FT genes from heterologous species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SFT and rice (Oryza sativa) Hd3a Thus, the PVX-based VIF represents a simple and efficient system to identify individual amino acids that are essential for FT-mediated floral induction and to test the ability of mono- and dicotyledonous FT genes and FT fusion proteins to induce flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Linming Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Femi Akande
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Chen Yuan
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Chunyang Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Nongnong Shi
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Qi Cheng
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.)
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (C.Q., W.C., J.S., L.C., K.Z., C.Y., P.Z., N.S., Y.H.);
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Q.C.);
- Centre for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (Y.L.); and
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (F.A, C.L., S.J., Y.H.)
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162
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Robles Luna G, Reyes CA, Peña EJ, Ocolotobiche E, Baeza C, Borniego MB, Kormelink R, García ML. Identification and characterization of two RNA silencing suppressors encoded by ophioviruses. Virus Res 2017; 235:96-105. [PMID: 28428007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus psorosis virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus are two members of the genus Ophiovirus, family Ophioviridae. So far, how these viruses can interfere in the antiviral RNA silencing pathway is not known. In this study, using a local GFP silencing assay on Nicotiana benthamiana, the 24K-25K and the movement protein (MP) of both viruses were identified as RNA silencing suppressor proteins. Upon their co-expression with GFP in N. benthamiana 16c plants, the proteins also showed to suppress systemic RNA (GFP) silencing. The MPCPsV and 24KCPsV proteins bind long (114 nucleotides) but not short-interfering (21 nt) dsRNA, and upon transgenic expression, plants showed developmental abnormalities that coincided with an altered miRNA accumulation pattern. Furthermore, both proteins were able to suppress miRNA-induced silencing of a GFP-sensor construct and the co-expression of MPCPsV and 24KCPsV exhibited a stronger effect, suggesting they act at different stages of the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Robles Luna
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina A Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo J Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ocolotobiche
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Baeza
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Belén Borniego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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163
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Widana Gamage SMK, Dietzgen RG. Intracellular Localization, Interactions and Functions of Capsicum Chlorosis Virus Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28443083 PMCID: PMC5387057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most devastating viruses of horticultural and field crops. Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) has emerged as an important pathogen of capsicum and tomato in Australia and South-east Asia. Present knowledge about CaCV protein functions in host cells is lacking. We determined intracellular localization and interactions of CaCV proteins by live plant cell imaging to gain insight into the associations of viral proteins during infection. Proteins were transiently expressed as fusions to autofluorescent proteins in leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and capsicum. All viral proteins localized at least partially in the cell periphery suggestive of cytoplasmic replication and assembly of CaCV. Nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural movement (NSm) proteins localized exclusively in the cell periphery, while non-structural suppressor of silencing (NSs) protein and Gc and Gn glycoproteins accumulated in both the cell periphery and the nucleus. Nuclear localization of CaCV Gn and NSs is unique among tospoviruses. We validated nuclear localization of NSs by immunofluorescence in protoplasts. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed self-interactions of CaCV N, NSs and NSm, and heterotypic interactions of N with NSs and Gn. All interactions occurred in the cytoplasm, except NSs self-interaction was exclusively nuclear. Interactions of a tospoviral NSs protein with itself and with N had not been reported previously. Functionally, CaCV NSs showed strong local and systemic RNA silencing suppressor activity and appears to delay short-distance spread of silencing signal. Cell-to-cell movement activity of NSm was demonstrated by trans-complementation of a movement-defective tobamovirus replicon. CaCV NSm localized at plasmodesmata and its transient expression led to the formation of tubular structures that protruded from protoplasts. The D155 residue in the 30K-like movement protein-specific LxD/N50-70G motif of NSm was critical for plasmodesmata localization and movement activity. Compared to other tospoviruses, CaCV proteins have both conserved and unique properties in terms of in planta localization, interactions and protein functions which will effect viral multiplication and movement in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St LuciaQLD, Australia
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164
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Yang B, Wang Q, Jing M, Guo B, Wu J, Wang H, Wang Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y. Distinct regions of the Phytophthora essential effector Avh238 determine its function in cell death activation and plant immunity suppression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:361-375. [PMID: 28134441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate host innate immunity, thus facilitating infection. Among the RXLR effectors highly induced during Phytophthora sojae infection, Avh238 not only contributes to pathogen virulence but also triggers plant cell death. However, the detailed molecular basis of Avh238 functions remains largely unknown. We mapped the regions responsible for Avh238 functions in pathogen virulence and plant cell death induction using a strategy that combines investigation of natural variation and large-scale mutagenesis assays. The correlation between cellular localization and Avh238 functions was also evaluated. We found that the 79th residue (histidine or leucine) of Avh238 determined its cell death-inducing activity, and that the 53 amino acids in its C-terminal region are responsible for promoting Phytophthora infection. Transient expression of Avh238 in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is essential for triggering cell death, while Avh238-mediated suppression of INF1-triggered cell death requires cytoplasmic localization. Our results demonstrate that a representative example of an essential Phytophthora RXLR effector can evolve to escape recognition by the host by mutating one nucleotide site, and can also retain plant immunosuppressive activity to enhance pathogen virulence in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
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165
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Huang YP, Chen IH, Tsai CH. Host Factors in the Infection Cycle of Bamboo mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:437. [PMID: 28360904 PMCID: PMC5350103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete the infection cycle efficiently, the virus must hijack the host systems in order to benefit for all the steps and has to face all the defense mechanisms from the host. This review involves a discussion of how these positive and negative factors regulate the viral RNA accumulation identified for the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded RNA virus. The genome of BaMV is approximately 6.4 kb in length, encoding five functional polypeptides. To reveal the host factors involved in the infection cycle of BaMV, a few different approaches were taken to screen the candidates. One of the approaches is isolating the viral replicase-associated proteins by co-immunoprecipitation with the transiently expressed tagged viral replicase in plants. Another approach is using the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism technique to screen the differentially expressed genes derived from N. benthamiana plants after infection. The candidates are examined by knocking down the expression in plants using the Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing technique following BaMV inoculation. The positive or negative regulators could be described as reducing or enhancing the accumulation of BaMV in plants when the expression levels of these proteins are knocked down. The possible roles of these host factors acting on the accumulation of BaMV will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
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166
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Kushwaha NK, Chakraborty S. Chilli leaf curl virus-based vector for phloem-specific silencing of endogenous genes and overexpression of foreign genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2121-2129. [PMID: 27878582 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest and most devastating group of plant viruses which contain ssDNA as a genetic material. Geminivirus-derived virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vectors have emerged as an efficient and simple tool to study functional genomics in various plants. However, previously developed VIGS vectors have certain limitations, owing to their inability to be used in tissue-specific functional study. In the present study, we developed a Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV)-based VIGS vector for its tissue-specific utilization by replacing the coat protein gene (open reading frame (ORF) AV1) with the gene of interest for phytoene desaturase (PDS) of Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional validation of ChiLCV-based VIGS in N. benthamiana resulted in systemic silencing of PDS exclusively in the phloem region of inoculated plants. Furthermore, expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) using the same ChiLCV vector was verified in the phloem region of the inoculated plants. Our results also suggested that, during the early phase of infection, ChiLCV was associated with the phloem region, but at later stage of pathogenesis, it can spread into the adjoining non-vascular tissues. Taken together, the newly developed ChiLCV-based vector provides an efficient and versatile tool, which can be exploited to unveil the unknown functions of several phloem-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirbhay Kumar Kushwaha
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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167
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Cui H, Wang A. An efficient viral vector for functional genomic studies of Prunus fruit trees and its induced resistance to Plum pox virus via silencing of a host factor gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:344-356. [PMID: 27565765 PMCID: PMC5316922 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a powerful technology for molecular characterization of gene functions in plants. A commonly used approach to the induction of RNA silencing is through genetic transformation. A potent alternative is to use a modified viral vector for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to degrade RNA molecules sharing similar nucleotide sequence. Unfortunately, genomic studies in many allogamous woody perennials such as peach are severely hindered because they have a long juvenile period and are recalcitrant to genetic transformation. Here, we report the development of a viral vector derived from Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), a widespread fruit tree virus that is endemic in all Prunus fruit production countries and regions in the world. We show that the modified PNRSV vector, harbouring the sense-orientated target gene sequence of 100-200 bp in length in genomic RNA3, could efficiently trigger the silencing of a transgene or an endogenous gene in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We further demonstrate that the PNRSV-based vector could be manipulated to silence endogenous genes in peach such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform (eIF(iso)4E), a host factor of many potyviruses including Plum pox virus (PPV). Moreover, the eIF(iso)4E-knocked down peach plants were resistant to PPV. This work opens a potential avenue for the control of virus diseases in perennial trees via viral vector-mediated silencing of host factors, and the PNRSV vector may serve as a powerful molecular tool for functional genomic studies of Prunus fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Cui
- London Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC)LondonONCanada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC)LondonONCanada
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168
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Philips JG, Naim F, Lorenc MT, Dudley KJ, Hellens RP, Waterhouse PM. The widely used Nicotiana benthamiana 16c line has an unusual T-DNA integration pattern including a transposon sequence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171311. [PMID: 28231340 PMCID: PMC5322946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is employed around the world for many types of research and one transgenic line has been used more extensively than any other. This line, 16c, expresses the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP), highly and constitutively, and has been a major resource for visualising the mobility and actions of small RNAs. Insights into the mechanisms studied at a molecular level in N. benthamiana 16c are likely to be deeper and more accurate with a greater knowledge of the GFP gene integration site. Therefore, using next generation sequencing, genome mapping and local alignment, we identified the location and characteristics of the integrated T-DNA. As suggested from previous molecular hybridisation and inheritance data, the transgenic line contains a single GFP-expressing locus. However, the GFP coding sequence differs from that originally reported. Furthermore, a 3.2 kb portion of a transposon, appears to have co-integrated with the T-DNA. The location of the integration mapped to a region of the genome represented by Nbv0.5scaffold4905 in the www.benthgenome.com assembly, and with less integrity to Niben101Scf03641 in the www.solgenomics.net assembly. The transposon is not endogenous to laboratory strains of N. benthamiana or Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (MP90), which was reportedly used in the generation of line 16c. However, it is present in the popular LBA4404 strain. The integrated transposon sequence includes its 5' terminal repeat and a transposase gene, and is immediately adjacent to the GFP gene. This unexpected genetic arrangement may contribute to the characteristics that have made the 16c line such a popular research tool and alerts researchers, taking transgenic plants to commercial release, to be aware of this genomic hitchhiker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Philips
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatima Naim
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michał T. Lorenc
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Dudley
- Institute for Future Environments, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roger P. Hellens
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M. Waterhouse
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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169
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Fultz D, Slotkin RK. Exogenous Transposable Elements Circumvent Identity-Based Silencing, Permitting the Dissection of Expression-Dependent Silencing. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:360-376. [PMID: 28193737 PMCID: PMC5354191 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of epigenetic marks has received a great deal of attention, yet the initiation of epigenetic silencing of a new transgene, virus, or transposable element (TE) remains enigmatic. The overlapping and simultaneous function of multiple silencing mechanisms has obscured this area of investigation. Here, we revealed two broad mechanisms that can initiate silencing independently: identity-based and expression-dependent silencing. We found that identity-based silencing is targeted by 21- to 22-nucleotide or 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated from previously silenced regions of the genome. By transforming exogenous TEs into Arabidopsis thaliana, we circumvented identity-based silencing, allowing us to isolate and investigate the molecular mechanism of expression-dependent silencing. We found that several siRNA-generating mechanisms all trigger de novo expression-dependent RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) through RNA Polymerase V. In addition, while full-length TEs quickly progress beyond RdDM to heterochromatin formation and the final maintenance methylation state, TE fragments stall at the RdDM phase. Lastly, we found that transformation into a mutant genotype followed by introgression into the wild type does not result in the same level of silencing as direct transformation into the wild type. This demonstrates that the plant genotype during a narrow window of time at TE insertion (or transgene transformation) is key for establishing the transgenerational extent of epigenetic silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalen Fultz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - R Keith Slotkin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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170
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Kim J, Park M, Jeong ES, Lee JM, Choi D. Harnessing anthocyanin-rich fruit: a visible reporter for tracing virus-induced gene silencing in pepper fruit. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:3. [PMID: 28053648 PMCID: PMC5209810 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has become a powerful tool for post-genomic technology in plant species. This is important, especially in select plants, such as the pepper plant, that are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Although VIGS in plants has been widely employed as a powerful tool for functional genomics, scattering phenotypic effects by uneven gene silencing has been implemented in order to overcome challenges in experiments with fruit tissues. RESULTS We improved the VIGS system based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) containing the An2 MYB transcription factor, which is the genetic determinant of purple colored- or anthocyanin-rich pepper. Silencing of endogenous An2 in the anthocyanin-rich pepper with the modified TRV vector for ligation-independent cloning (LIC) lacked purple pigment in its leaves, flowers, and fruits. Infection with TRV-LIC containing a tandem construct of An2 and phytoene desaturase (PDS) resulted in a typical photobleaching event in leaves without the purple pigment, whereas silencing of PDS led to the presence of photobleached and purple-colored leaves. Cosilencing of endogenous An2 and capsaicin synthase in fruits resulted in decreased levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin as assessed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis coupled with the absence of the purple pigment in fruits. CONCLUSIONS VIGS with tandem constructs harboring An2 as a visible reporter in anthocyanin-rich pepper plants can facilitate the application of functional genomics in the study of metabolic pathways and fruit biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7223 USA
| | - Eun Soo Jeong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Korea
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171
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Mann KS, Dietzgen RG. Functional analysis of a weak viral RNA silencing suppressor using two GFP variants as silencing inducers. J Virol Methods 2017; 239:50-57. [PMID: 27836657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA silencing in plants can be triggered by the introduction of an exogenous gene. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely used as a visual reporter to study RNA silencing and viral-mediated suppression of RNA silencing in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. In transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing an endoplasmic reticulum targeted GFP variant (16c) known as mGFP5, RNA silencing can be induced by ectopic over-expression of mGFP5. However, other GFP variants can also be used to induce GFP silencing in these plants. We compared the efficiency to induce local and systemic silencing of two commonly used GFP variants: enhanced GFP (eGFP) and mGFP5. Using lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) P protein to suppress GFP silencing, we demonstrate that eGFP gene, which is 76% identical at the nucleotide level to the endogenously expressed mGFP5 in 16c plants, triggers silencing more slowly and concurrently prolongs detectable silencing suppressor activity of the weak LNYV P suppressor, compared to the homologous mGFP5 gene. The use of eGFP as RNA silencing inducer in wild type or 16c plants appears to be a useful tool in identifying and analysing weak viral RNA silencing suppressor proteins whose activity might otherwise have been masked when challenged by a stronger RNA silencing response. We also show that reducing the dosage of strong dsRNA silencing inducers in conjunction with their homologous GFP targets facilitates the discovery and analysis of "weaker" RNA silencing suppressor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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172
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Mohorianu I, Stocks MB, Applegate CS, Folkes L, Moulton V. The UEA Small RNA Workbench: A Suite of Computational Tools for Small RNA Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1580:193-224. [PMID: 28439835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6866-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA silencing (RNA interference, RNAi) is a complex, highly conserved mechanism mediated by short, typically 20-24 nt in length, noncoding RNAs known as small RNAs (sRNAs). They act as guides for the sequence-specific transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of target mRNAs and play a key role in the fine-tuning of biological processes such as growth, response to stresses, or defense mechanism.High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies are employed to capture the expression levels of sRNA populations. The processing of the resulting big data sets facilitated the computational analysis of the sRNA patterns of variation within biological samples such as time point experiments, tissue series or various treatments. Rapid technological advances enable larger experiments, often with biological replicates leading to a vast amount of raw data. As a result, in this fast-evolving field, the existing methods for sequence characterization and prediction of interaction (regulatory) networks periodically require adapting or in extreme cases, a complete redesign to cope with the data deluge. In addition, the presence of numerous tools focused only on particular steps of HTS analysis hinders the systematic parsing of the results and their interpretation.The UEA small RNA Workbench (v1-4), described in this chapter, provides a user-friendly, modular, interactive analysis in the form of a suite of computational tools designed to process and mine sRNA datasets for interesting characteristics that can be linked back to the observed phenotypes. First, we show how to preprocess the raw sequencing output and prepare it for downstream analysis. Then we review some quality checks that can be used as a first indication of sources of variability between samples. Next we show how the Workbench can provide a comparison of the effects of different normalization approaches on the distributions of expression, enhanced methods for the identification of differentially expressed transcripts and a summary of their corresponding patterns. Finally we describe individual analysis tools such as PAREsnip, for the analysis of PARE (degradome) data or CoLIde for the identification of sRNA loci based on their expression patterns and the visualization of the results using the software. We illustrate the features of the UEA sRNA Workbench on Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapiens datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mohorianu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Moulton
- School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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173
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Mermigka G, Helm JM, Vlatakis I, Schumacher HT, Vamvaka E, Kalantidis K. ERIL1, the plant homologue of ERI-1, is involved in the processing of chloroplastic rRNAs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:839-853. [PMID: 27531275 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the enhancer of RNA interference-1 subfamily of 3'-5' exoribonucleases participate in divergent RNA pathways. They degrade small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), thus suppressing RNA interference, and are involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNAs and the degradation of histone messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Here, we report evidence for the role of the plant homologue of these proteins, which we termed ENHANCED RNA INTERFERENCE-1-LIKE-1 (ERIL1), in chloroplast function. In vitro assays with AtERIL1 proved that the conserved 3'-5' exonuclease activity is shared among all homologues studied. Confocal microscopy revealed that ERL1, a nucleus-encoded protein, is targeted to the chloroplast. To gain insight into its role in plants, we used Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana plants that constitutively overexpress or suppress ERIL1. In the mutant lines of both species we observed malfunctions in photosynthetic ability. Molecular analysis showed that ERIL1 participates in the processing of chloroplastic ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Lastly, our results suggest that the missexpression of ERIL1 may have an indirect effect on the microRNA (miRNA) pathway. Altogether our data point to an additional piece of the puzzle in the complex RNA metabolism of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glykeria Mermigka
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71409, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71110, Greece
| | - Jutta Maria Helm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlatakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71409, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71110, Greece
| | - Heiko Tobias Schumacher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71110, Greece
| | - Evgenia Vamvaka
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71409, Greece
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71409, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion/Crete, GR-71110, Greece
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174
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Abstract
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) creates a natural antiviral defense in plants. However, it has been also a powerful tool for endogenous gene silencing in dicot and monocot plants by exploitation of recombinant viruses, harboring silencing inducing sequences. The Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) based VIGS system is an efficient and rapid RNAi approach that is routinely applied in functional genomics studies of cereals. We present here a protocol for BSMV VIGS application in barley based on mechanical inoculation of the plants with in vitro transcribed recombinant BSMV RNAs as the silencing triggers.
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175
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Chang CH, Hsu FC, Lee SC, Lo YS, Wang JD, Shaw J, Taliansky M, Chang BY, Hsu YH, Lin NS. The Nucleolar Fibrillarin Protein Is Required for Helper Virus-Independent Long-Distance Trafficking of a Subviral Satellite RNA in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2586-2602. [PMID: 27702772 PMCID: PMC5134973 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA trafficking plays pivotal roles in regulating plant development, gene silencing, and adaptation to environmental stress. Satellite RNAs (satRNAs), parasites of viruses, depend on their helper viruses (HVs) for replication, encapsidation, and efficient spread. However, it remains largely unknown how satRNAs interact with viruses and the cellular machinery to undergo trafficking. Here, we show that the P20 protein of Bamboo mosaic potexvirus satRNA (satBaMV) can functionally complement in trans the systemic trafficking of P20-defective satBaMV in infected Nicotiana benthamiana The transgene-derived satBaMV, uncoupled from HV replication, was able to move autonomously across a graft union identified by RT-qPCR, RNA gel blot, and in situ RT-PCR analyses. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the major nucleolar protein fibrillarin is coprecipitated in the P20 protein complex. Notably, silencing fibrillarin suppressed satBaMV-, but not HV-, phloem-based movement following grafting or coinoculation with HV Confocal microscopy revealed that the P20 protein colocalized with fibrillarin in the nucleoli and formed punctate structures associated with plasmodesmata. The mobile satBaMV RNA appears to exist as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex composed of P20 and fibrillarin, whereas BaMV movement proteins, capsid protein, and BaMV RNA are recruited with HV coinfection. Taken together, our findings provide insight into movement of satBaMV via the fibrillarin-satBaMV-P20 RNP complex in phloem-mediated systemic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11106, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shan Lo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Da Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jane Shaw
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Ban-Yang Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11106, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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176
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Moglia A, Acquadro A, Eljounaidi K, Milani AM, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Genre A, Cankar K, Beekwilder J, Comino C. Genome-Wide Identification of BAHD Acyltransferases and In vivo Characterization of HQT-like Enzymes Involved in Caffeoylquinic Acid Synthesis in Globe Artichoke. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1424. [PMID: 27721818 PMCID: PMC5033976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) is a rich source of compounds promoting human health (phytonutrients), among them caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), mainly represented by chlorogenic acid (CGA), and dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs). The enzymes involved in their biosynthesis belong to the large family of BAHD acyltransferases. Following a survey of the globe artichoke genome, we identified 69 BAHD proteins carrying the catalytic site (HXXXD). Their phylogenetic analysis together with another 43 proteins, from 21 species, representative of the BAHD family, highlighted their grouping in seven major clades. Nine globe artichoke acyltransferases clustered in a sub-group of Clade V, with 3 belonging to hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and 2 to hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) like proteins. We focused our attention on the former, HQT1, HQT2, and HQT3, as they are known to play a key role in CGA biosynthesis. The expression of genes coding for the three HQTs and correlation of expression with the CQA content is reported for different globe artichoke tissues. For the first time in the globe artichoke, we developed and applied the virus-induced gene silencing approach with the goal of assessing in vivo the effect of HQT1 silencing, which resulted in a marked reduction of both CGA and diCQAs. On the other hand, when the role of the three HQTs was assessed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana through their transient overexpression, significant increases in mono- and diCQAs content were observed. Using transient GFP fusion proteins expressed in N. benthamiana leaves we also established the sub-cellular localization of these three enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Kaouthar Eljounaidi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna M. Milani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Comino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
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177
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Bejerman N, Mann KS, Dietzgen RG. Alfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus P protein is a local and systemic RNA silencing supressor which inhibits programmed RISC activity and prevents transitive amplification of RNA silencing. Virus Res 2016; 224:19-28. [PMID: 27543392 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants employ RNA silencing as an innate defense mechanism against viruses. As a counter-defense, plant viruses have evolved to express RNA silencing suppressor proteins (RSS), which target one or more steps of the silencing pathway. In this study, we show that the phosphoprotein (P) encoded by the negative-sense RNA virus alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV), a species of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae, is a suppressor of RNA silencing. ADV P has a relatively weak local RSS activity, and does not prevent siRNA accumulation. On the other hand, ADV P strongly suppresses systemic RNA silencing, but does not interfere with the short-distance spread of silencing, which is consistent with its lack of inhibition of siRNA accumulation. The mechanism of suppression appears to involve ADV P binding to RNA-induced silencing complex proteins AGO1 and AGO4 as shown in protein-protein interaction assays when ectopically expressed. In planta, we demonstrate that ADV P likely functions by inhibiting miRNA-guided AGO1 cleavage and prevents transitive amplification by repressing the production of secondary siRNAs. As recently described for lettuce necrotic yellows cytorhabdovirus P, but in contrast to other viral RSS known to disrupt AGO activity, ADV P sequence does not contain any recognizable GW/WG or F-box motifs, which suggests that cytorhabdovirus P proteins may use alternative motifs to bind to AGO proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Bejerman
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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178
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Ju Z, Wang L, Cao D, Zuo J, Zhu H, Fu D, Luo Y, Zhu B. A viral satellite DNA vector-induced transcriptional gene silencing via DNA methylation of gene promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2016; 223:99-107. [PMID: 27422476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been widely used for plant functional genomics study at the post-transcriptional level using various DNA or RNA viral vectors. However, while virus-induced transcriptional gene silencing (VITGS) via DNA methylation of gene promoter was achieved using several plant RNA viral vectors, it has not yet been done using a satellite DNA viral vector. In this study, a viral satellite DNA associated with tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which has been modified as a VIGS vector in previous research, was developed as a VITGS vector. Firstly, the viral satellite DNA VIGS vector was further optimized to a more convenient p1.7A+2mβ vector with high silencing efficiency of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Secondly, the constructed VITGS vector (TYLCCNV:35S), which carried a portion of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, could successfully induce heritable transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in the 35S-GFP transgenic N. benthamiana line 16c plants. Moreover, bisulfite sequencing results revealed higher methylated cytosine residues at CG, CHG and CHH sites of the 35S promoter sequence in TYLCCNV:35S-inoculated plants than in TYLCCNV-inoculated line 16c plants (control). Overall, these results demonstrated that the viral satellite DNA vector could be used as an effective VITGS vector to study DNA methylation in plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ju
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Dongyan Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Daqi Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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179
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Kasai A, Bai S, Hojo H, Harada T. Epigenome Editing of Potato by Grafting Using Transgenic Tobacco as siRNA Donor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161729. [PMID: 27564864 PMCID: PMC5001710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, it is possible to induce heritable transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) via RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) using artificially synthesized small RNA (siRNA) homologous to the 5'-flanking region of the target gene. As the siRNA signal with a specific RNA determinant moves through plasmodesmata and sieve elements, we attempted to induce TGS of a transgene and an endogenous gene of potato (Solanum tuberosum) rootstock by grafting using siRNA produced in a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) scion. Our results provide evidence that this system can induce TGS of target genes in tubers formed on potato rootstock. The TGS is maintained in the progeny tubers lacking the transported siRNAs. Our findings reveal that epigenome editing using mobile RNA has the potential to allow breeding of artificial sport cultivars in vegetative propagation crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kasai
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hatsune Hojo
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takeo Harada
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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180
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The entangled history of animal and plant microRNAs. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 17:127-134. [PMID: 27549410 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs (sRNAs) that regulate gene expression in development and adaptive responses to the environment. The early days in the sRNA field was one of the most exciting and promising moments in modern biology, attracting large investments to the understanding of the underlining mechanisms and their applications, such as in gene therapy. miRNAs and other sRNAs have since been extensively studied in animals and plants, and are currently well established as an important part of most gene regulatory processes in animals and as master regulators in plants. Here, this review presents the critical discoveries and early misconceptions that shaped our current understanding of RNA silencing by miRNAs in most eukaryotes, with a focus on plant miRNAs. The presentation and language used are simple to facilitate a clear comprehension by researchers and students from various backgrounds. Hence, this is a valuable teaching tool and should also draw attention to the discovery processes themselves, such that scientists from various fields can gain insights from the successful and rapidly evolving miRNA field.
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181
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Cheng Y, Wang W, Yao J, Huang L, Voegele RT, Wang X, Kang Z. Two distinct Ras genes from Puccinia striiformis
exhibit differential roles in rust pathogenicity and cell death. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3910-3922. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Wumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Juanni Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
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182
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Tan CM, Li CH, Tsao NW, Su LW, Lu YT, Chang SH, Lin YY, Liou JC, Hsieh LC, Yu JZ, Sheue CR, Wang SY, Lee CF, Yang JY. Phytoplasma SAP11 alters 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana by suppressing NbOMT1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4415-25. [PMID: 27279277 PMCID: PMC5301940 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial phytopathogens that release virulence effectors into sieve cells and act systemically to affect the physiological and morphological state of host plants to promote successful pathogenesis. We show here that transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing the secreted effector SAP11 from Candidatus Phytoplasma mali exhibit an altered aroma phenotype. This phenomenon is correlated with defects in the development of glandular trichomes and the biosynthesis of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). IBMP is a volatile organic compound (VOC) synthesized by an O-methyltransferase, via a methylation step, from a non-volatile precursor, 3-isobutyl-2-hydroxypyrazine (IBHP). Based on comparative and functional genomics analyses, NbOMT1, which encodes an O-methyltransferase, was found to be highly suppressed in SAP11-transgenic plants. We further silenced NbOMT1 through virus-induced gene silencing and demonstrated that this enzyme influenced the accumulation of IBMP in N. benthamiana In vitro biochemical analyses also showed that NbOMT1 can catalyse IBHP O-methylation in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Our study suggests that the phytoplasma effector SAP11 has the ability to modulate host VOC emissions. In addition, we also demonstrated that SAP11 destabilized TCP transcription factors and suppressed jasmonic acid responses in N. benthamiana These findings provide valuable insights into understanding how phytoplasma effectors influence plant volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Su
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Shu Heng Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi Yu Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Cyuan Liou
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Hsieh
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Zu Yu
- Department of Applied Zoology, Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Rong Sheue
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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183
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Liu N, Xie K, Jia Q, Zhao J, Chen T, Li H, Wei X, Diao X, Hong Y, Liu Y. Foxtail Mosaic Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Monocot Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1801-7. [PMID: 27225900 PMCID: PMC4936545 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique to study gene function in plants. However, very few VIGS vectors are available for monocot plants. Here we report that Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) can be engineered as an effective VIGS system to induce efficient silencing of endogenous genes in monocot plants including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica). This is evidenced by FoMV-based silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS) and magnesium chelatase in barley, of PDS and Cloroplastos alterados1 in foxtail millet and wheat, and of an additional gene IspH in foxtail millet. Silencing of these genes resulted in photobleached or chlorosis phenotypes in barley, wheat, and foxtail millet. Furthermore, our FoMV-based gene silencing is the first VIGS system reported for foxtail millet, an important C4 model plant. It may provide an efficient toolbox for high-throughput functional genomics in economically important monocot crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Ke Xie
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Qi Jia
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Tianyuan Chen
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Huangai Li
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xiang Wei
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (N.L., K.X., Q.J., J.Z., T.C., X.W., H.L., Y.L.); Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (X.D.); Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China (Y.H.); and Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (J.Z.)
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184
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Clark NM, Hinde E, Winter CM, Fisher AP, Crosti G, Blilou I, Gratton E, Benfey PN, Sozzani R. Tracking transcription factor mobility and interaction in Arabidopsis roots with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27288545 PMCID: PMC4946880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand complex regulatory processes in multicellular organisms, it is critical to be able to quantitatively analyze protein movement and protein-protein interactions in time and space. During Arabidopsis development, the intercellular movement of SHORTROOT (SHR) and subsequent interaction with its downstream target SCARECROW (SCR) control root patterning and cell fate specification. However, quantitative information about the spatio-temporal dynamics of SHR movement and SHR-SCR interaction is currently unavailable. Here, we quantify parameters including SHR mobility, oligomeric state, and association with SCR using a combination of Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) techniques. We then incorporate these parameters into a mathematical model of SHR and SCR, which shows that SHR reaches a steady state in minutes, while SCR and the SHR-SCR complex reach a steady-state between 18 and 24 hr. Our model reveals the timing of SHR and SCR dynamics and allows us to understand how protein movement and protein-protein stoichiometry contribute to development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States.,Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hinde
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Cara M Winter
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Adam P Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Giuseppe Crosti
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
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185
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Meng LH, Wang RH, Zhu BZ, Zhu HL, Luo YB, Fu DQ. Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Solanum rostratum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156228. [PMID: 27258320 PMCID: PMC4892644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum rostratum is a “super weed” that grows fast, is widespread, and produces the toxin solanine, which is harmful to both humans and other animals. To our knowledge, no study has focused on its molecular biology owing to the lack of available transgenic methods and sequence information for S. rostratum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for the study of gene function in plants; therefore, in the present study, we aimed to establish tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS in S. rostratum. The genes for phytoene desaturase (PDS) and Chlorophyll H subunit (ChlH) of magnesium protoporphyrin chelatase were cloned from S. rostratum and used as reporters of gene silencing. It was shown that high-efficiency VIGS can be achieved in the leaves, flowers, and fruit of S. rostratum. Moreover, based on our comparison of three different types of infection methods, true leaf infection was found to be more efficient than cotyledon and sprout infiltration in long-term VIGS in multiple plant organs. In conclusion, the VIGS technology and tomato genomic sequences can be used in the future to study gene function in S. rostratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Huan Meng
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui-Heng Wang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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186
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Kubota K, Ng JCK. Lettuce chlorosis virus P23 Suppresses RNA Silencing and Induces Local Necrosis with Increased Severity at Raised Temperatures. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:653-62. [PMID: 26828232 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0219-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing functions as an antivirus defense strategy in plants, one that plant viruses counter by producing viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). VSRs have been identified in three members of the genus Crinivirus but they do not all share identical suppression mechanisms. Here, we used Agrobacterium co-infiltration assays to investigate the suppressor activity of proteins encoded by Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV). Of 7 LCV proteins (1b, P23, HSP70 homolog, P60, CP, CPm, and P27) tested for the suppression of silencing of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana plants, only P23 suppressed the onset of local silencing. Small-interfering (si)RNA accumulation was reduced in leaves co-infiltrated with P23, suggesting that P23 inhibited the accumulation or enhanced the degradation of siRNA. P23 also inhibited the cell-to-cell and systemic movement of RNA silencing in GFP-expressing transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Expression of P23 via agroinfiltration of N. benthamiana leaves induced local necrosis that increased in severity at elevated temperatures, a novelty given that a direct temperature effect on necrosis severity has not been reported for the other crinivirus VSRs. These results further affirm the sophistication of crinivirus VSRs in mediating the evasion of host's antiviral defenses and in symptom modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kubota
- First author: NARO Agricultural Research Center, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; second author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - James C K Ng
- First author: NARO Agricultural Research Center, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; second author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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187
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Singh G, Tiwari M, Singh SP, Singh S, Trivedi PK, Misra P. Silencing of sterol glycosyltransferases modulates the withanolide biosynthesis and leads to compromised basal immunity of Withania somnifera. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25562. [PMID: 27146059 PMCID: PMC4857139 DOI: 10.1038/srep25562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyse transfer of glycon moiety to sterols and their related compounds to produce diverse glyco-conjugates or steryl glycosides with different biological and pharmacological activities. Functional studies of SGTs from Withania somnifera indicated their role in abiotic stresses but details about role under biotic stress are still unknown. Here, we have elucidated the function of SGTs by silencing SGTL1, SGTL2 and SGTL4 in Withania somnifera. Down-regulation of SGTs by artificial miRNAs led to the enhanced accumulation of withanolide A, withaferin A, sitosterol, stigmasterol and decreased content of withanoside V in Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) lines. This was further correlated with increased expression of WsHMGR, WsDXR, WsFPPS, WsCYP710A1, WsSTE1 and WsDWF5 genes, involved in withanolide biosynthesis. These variations of withanolide concentrations in silenced lines resulted in pathogen susceptibility as compared to control plants. The infection of Alternaria alternata causes increased salicylic acid, callose deposition, superoxide dismutase and H2O2 in aMIR-VIGS lines. The expression of biotic stress related genes, namely, WsPR1, WsDFS, WsSPI and WsPR10 were also enhanced in aMIR-VIGS lines in time dependent manner. Taken together, our observations revealed that a positive feedback regulation of withanolide biosynthesis occurred by silencing of SGTLs which resulted in reduced biotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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188
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Litholdo CG, Parker BL, Eamens AL, Larsen MR, Cordwell SJ, Waterhouse PM. Proteomic Identification of Putative MicroRNA394 Target Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana Identifies Major Latex Protein Family Members Critical for Normal Development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2033-47. [PMID: 27067051 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the F-Box protein Leaf Curling Responsiveness (LCR) is regulated by microRNA, miR394, and alterations to this interplay in Arabidopsis thaliana produce defects in leaf polarity and shoot apical meristem organization. Although the miR394-LCR node has been documented in Arabidopsis, the identification of proteins targeted by LCR F-box itself has proven problematic. Here, a proteomic analysis of shoot apices from plants with altered LCR levels identified a member of the Latex Protein (MLP) family gene as a potential LCR F-box target. Bioinformatic and molecular analyses also suggested that other MLP family members are likely to be targets for this post-translational regulation. Direct interaction between LCR F-Box and MLP423 was validated. Additional MLP members had reduction in protein accumulation, in varying degrees, mediated by LCR F-Box. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines, in which MLP28 expression was reduced through an artificial miRNA technology, displayed severe developmental defects, including changes in leaf patterning and morphology, shoot apex defects, and eventual premature death. These phenotypic characteristics resemble those of Arabidopsis plants modified to over-express LCR Taken together, the results demonstrate that MLPs are driven to degradation by LCR, and indicate that MLP gene family is target of miR394-LCR regulatory node, representing potential targets for directly post-translational regulation mediated by LCR F-Box. In addition, MLP28 family member is associated with the LCR regulation that is critical for normal Arabidopsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso G Litholdo
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia; §Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- ¶Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Darlington NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew L Eamens
- ‖School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Martin R Larsen
- **Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- ¶Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Darlington NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- From the ‡School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia; ‡‡Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
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189
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Abstract
Intracellular trafficking and asymmetric localization of RNA molecules within cells are a prevalent process across phyla involved in developmental control and signaling and thus in the determination of cell fate. In addition to intracellular localization, plants support the trafficking of RNA molecules also between cells through plasmodesmata (PD), which has important roles in the cell-to-cell and systemic communication during plant growth and development. Viruses have developed strategies to exploit the underlying plant RNA transport mechanisms for the cell-to-cell and systemic dissemination of infection. In vivo RNA visualization methods have revolutionized the study of RNA dynamics in living cells. However, their application in plants is still in its infancy. To gain insights into the RNA transport mechanisms in plants, we study the localization and transport of Tobacco mosaic virus RNA using MS2 tagging. This technique involves the tagging of the RNA of interest with repeats of an RNA stem-loop (SL) that is derived from the origin of assembly of the bacteriophage MS2 and recruits the MS2 coat protein (MCP). Thus, expression of MCP fused to a fluorescent marker allows the specific visualization of the SL-carrying RNA. Here we describe a detailed protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression and in vivo visualization of MS2-tagged mRNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata CONICET, Fac. Cs. Exactas, U.N.L.P., La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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190
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Mann KS, Bejerman N, Johnson KN, Dietzgen RG. Cytorhabdovirus P3 genes encode 30K-like cell-to-cell movement proteins. Virology 2016; 489:20-33. [PMID: 26700068 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses encode movement proteins (MP) to facilitate cell-to-cell transport through plasmodesmata. In this study, using trans-complementation of a movement-defective turnip vein-clearing tobamovirus (TVCV) replicon, we show for the first time for cytorhabdoviruses (lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) and alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV)) that their P3 proteins function as MP similar to the TVCV P30 protein. All three MP localized to plasmodesmata when ectopically expressed. In addition, we show that these MP belong to the 30K superfamily since movement was inhibited by mutation of an aspartic acid residue in the critical 30K-specific LxD/N50-70G motif. We also report that Nicotiana benthamiana microtubule-associated VOZ1-like transcriptional activator interacts with LNYV P3 and TVCV P30 but not with ADV P3 or any of the MP point mutants. This host protein, which is known to interact with P3 of sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus, may be involved in aiding the cell-to-cell movement of LNYV and TVCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicolas Bejerman
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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191
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Chávez-Calvillo G, Contreras-Paredes CA, Mora-Macias J, Noa-Carrazana JC, Serrano-Rubio AA, Dinkova TD, Carrillo-Tripp M, Silva-Rosales L. Antagonism or synergism between papaya ringspot virus and papaya mosaic virus in Carica papaya is determined by their order of infection. Virology 2016; 489:179-91. [PMID: 26765969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism between unrelated plant viruses has not been thoroughly described. Our studies show that two unrelated viruses, papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) produce different symptomatic outcomes during mixed infection depending on the inoculation order. Synergism occurs in plants infected first with PRSV or in plants infected simultaneously with PRSV and PapMV, and antagonism occurs in plants infected first with PapMV and later inoculated with PRSV. During antagonism, elevated pathogenesis-related (PR-1) gene expression and increased reactive oxygen species production indicated the establishment of a host defense resulting in the reduction in PRSV titers. Polyribosomal fractioning showed that PRSV affects translation of cellular eEF1α, PR-1, β-tubulin, and PapMV RNAs in planta, suggesting that its infection could be related to an imbalance in the translation machinery. Our data suggest that primary PapMV infection activates a defense response against PRSV and establishes a protective relationship with the papaya host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Mora-Macias
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Juan C Noa-Carrazana
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Angélica A Serrano-Rubio
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tzvetanka D Dinkova
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF
| | - Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato Guanajuato, Mexico
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192
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Buhrow LM, Clark SM, Loewen MC. Identification of an attenuated barley stripe mosaic virus for the virus-induced gene silencing of pathogenesis-related wheat genes. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:12. [PMID: 26839581 PMCID: PMC4736275 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has become an emerging technology for the rapid, efficient functional genomic screening of monocot and dicot species. The barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) has been described as an effective VIGS vehicle for the evaluation of genes involved in wheat and barley phytopathogenesis; however, these studies have been obscured by BSMV-induced phenotypes and defense responses. The utility of BSMV VIGS may be improved using a BSMV genetic background which is more tolerable to the host plant especially upon secondary infection of highly aggressive, necrotrophic pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum. RESULTS BSMV-induced VIGS in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) cv. 'Fielder' was assessed for the study of wheat genes putatively related to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), the necrotrophism of wheat and other cereals by F. graminearum. Due to the lack of 'Fielder' spike viability and increased accumulation of Fusarium-derived deoxynivalenol contamination upon co-infection of BSMV and FHB, an attenuated BSMV construct was generated by the addition of a glycine-rich, C-terminal peptide to the BSMV γ b protein. This attenuated BSMV effectively silenced target wheat genes while limiting disease severity, deoxynivalenol contamination, and yield loss upon Fusarium co-infection compared to the original BSMV construct. The attenuated BSMV-infected tissue exhibited reduced abscisic, jasmonic, and salicylic acid defense phytohormone accumulation upon secondary Fusarium infection. Finally, the attenuated BSMV was used to investigate the role of the salicylic acid-responsive pathogenesis-related 1 in response to FHB. CONCLUSIONS The use of an attenuated BSMV may be advantageous in characterizing wheat genes involved in phytopathogenesis, including Fusarium necrotrophism, where minimal viral background effects on defense are required. Additionally, the attenuated BSMV elicits reduced defense hormone accumulation, suggesting that this genotype may have applications for the investigation of phytohormone-related signaling, developmental responses, and pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann M. Buhrow
- />Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Shawn M. Clark
- />Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Michele C. Loewen
- />Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
- />Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
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193
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Ma L, Huang X, Yu R, Jing XL, Xu J, Wu CA, Zhu CX, Liu HM. Elevated Ambient Temperature Differentially Affects Virus Resistance in Two Tobacco Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:94-100. [PMID: 26474332 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-14-0300-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral defense of plants is usually enhanced by an elevated temperature under natural conditions. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we carried out temperature shift experiments with Nicotiana glutinosa plants that were infected with Potato virus X (PVX) or the necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVY(N)). The virus titer of the plants was found to be much lower when they were maintained at 30°C compared with 22°C, particularly in the upper leaves. PVX resistance at 30°C persisted for a short period even when temperature was shifted back to 22°C. In contrast, N. benthamiana lost the virus resistance immediately after the temperature dropped to 22°C. Expression analysis of two RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in N. glutinosa (NgRDR) showed that a 12-day treatment at 30°C increased the expression of NgRDR1, while NgRDR6 was not affected. In addition, the NgRDR6 mRNA level correlated with the PVX titer but was unaffected by PVY(N) infection. These observations indicate that PVX and PVY(N), although they are both RNA viruses, might trigger different defense responses at elevated temperatures. Our study provides valuable data for a better understanding of the temperature-regulated host virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - X Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - R Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - X L Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - J Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - C A Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - C X Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - H M Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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194
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Plug-and-Play Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthetic Gene Discovery in Engineered Yeast. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:143-78. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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195
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Kang M, Seo JK, Song D, Choi HS, Kim KH. Establishment of an Agrobacterium-mediated Inoculation System for Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 31:433-7. [PMID: 26674677 PMCID: PMC4677753 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.06.2015.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The infectious full-length cDNA clones of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) isolates KW and KOM, which were isolated from watermelon and oriental melon, respectively, were constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We successfully inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana with the cloned CGMMV isolates KW and KOM by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. Virulence and symptomatic characteristics of the cloned CGMMV isolates KW and KOM were tested on several indicator plants. No obvious differences between two cloned isolates in disease development were observed on the tested indicator plants. We also determined full genome sequences of the cloned CGMMV isolates KW and KOM. Sequence comparison revealed that only four amino acids (at positions 228, 699, 1212, and 1238 of the replicase protein region) differ between the cloned isolates KW and KOM. A previous study reported that the isolate KOM could not infect Chenopodium amaranticolor, but the cloned KOM induced chlorotic spots on the inoculated leaves. When compared with the previously reported sequence of the original KOM isolate, the cloned KOM contained one amino acid mutation (Ala to Thr) at position 228 of the replicase protein, suggesting that this mutation might be responsible for induction of chlorotic spots on the inoculated leaves of C. amaranticolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 565-852,
Korea
| | - Dami Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Hong-Soo Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 565-852,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
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196
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Chantreau M, Chabbert B, Billiard S, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Functional analyses of cellulose synthase genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum) by virus-induced gene silencing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1312-24. [PMID: 25688574 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) bast fibres are located in the stem cortex where they play an important role in mechanical support. They contain high amounts of cellulose and so are used for linen textiles and in the composite industry. In this study, we screened the annotated flax genome and identified 14 distinct cellulose synthase (CESA) genes using orthologous sequences previously identified. Transcriptomics of 'primary cell wall' and 'secondary cell wall' flax CESA genes showed that some were preferentially expressed in different organs and stem tissues providing clues as to their biological role(s) in planta. The development for the first time in flax of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to functionally evaluate the biological role of different CESA genes in stem tissues. Quantification of transcript accumulation showed that in many cases, silencing not only affected targeted CESA clades, but also had an impact on other CESA genes. Whatever the targeted clade, inactivation by VIGS affected plant growth. In contrast, only clade 1- and clade 6-targeted plants showed modifications in outer-stem tissue organization and secondary cell wall formation. In these plants, bast fibre number and structure were severely impacted, suggesting that the targeted genes may play an important role in the establishment of the fibre cell wall. Our results provide new fundamental information about cellulose biosynthesis in flax that should facilitate future plant improvement/engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chantreau
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Reims, France
- UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- UMR CNRS 8198 Laboratoire de Génétique & Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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197
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Strategies for altering plant traits using virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1287:25-41. [PMID: 25740354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2453-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis in model and crop plants has made possible the identification of a vast number of genes potentially associated with economically important complex traits. The ultimate goal is to assign functions to these genes by using forward and reverse genetic screens. Plant viruses have been developed for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to generate rapid gene knockdown phenotypes in numerous plant species. To fulfill its potential for high-throughput phenomics, it is of prime importance to ensure that parameters conditioning the VIGS response, i.e., plant-virus interactions and associated loss-of-function screens, are "fit for purpose" and optimized to unequivocally conclude the role of a gene of interest in relation to a given trait. This chapter will review and discuss the different strategies used for the development of VIGS-based phenomics in model and crop species.
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Lico C, Benvenuto E, Baschieri S. The Two-Faced Potato Virus X: From Plant Pathogen to Smart Nanoparticle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1009. [PMID: 26635836 PMCID: PMC4646960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus X (PVX) is a single-stranded RNA plant virus, historically investigated in light of the detrimental effects on potato, the world's fourth most important food commodity. The study of the interactions with cells, and more generally with the plant, both locally and systemically, significantly contributed to unveil the mechanisms underlying gene silencing, fundamental not only in plant virology but also in the study of gene expression regulation. Unraveling the molecular events of PVX infection paved the way for the development of different viral expression vectors and consequential applications in functional genomics and in the biosynthesis of heterologous proteins in plants. Apart from that, the ease of manipulation and the knowledge of the virus structure (particle dimensions, shape and physicochemical features) are inspiring novel applications, mainly focused on nanobiotechnology. This review will lead the reader in this area, spanning from fundamental to applied research, embracing fields from plant pathology to vaccine and drug-targeted delivery, imaging and material sciences. Due to the versatile moods, PVX holds promise to become an interesting nanomaterial, in view to create the widest possible arsenal of new "bio-inspired" devices to face evolving issues in biomedicine and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology , ENEA, Rome, Italy
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199
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Bally J, Nakasugi K, Jia F, Jung H, Ho SYW, Wong M, Paul CM, Naim F, Wood CC, Crowhurst RN, Hellens RP, Dale JL, Waterhouse PM. The extremophile Nicotiana benthamiana has traded viral defence for early vigour. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15165. [PMID: 27251536 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A single lineage of Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant(1) and has been instrumental in making revolutionary discoveries about RNA interference (RNAi), viral defence and vaccine production. It is peerless in its susceptibility to viruses and its amenability in transiently expressing transgenes(2,3). These unparalleled characteristics have been associated both positively and negatively with a disruptive insertion in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 gene, Rdr1(4-6). For a plant so routinely used in research, the origin, diversity and evolution of the species, and the basis of its unusual abilities, have been relatively unexplored. Here, by comparison with wild accessions from across the spectrum of the species' natural distribution, we show that the laboratory strain of N. benthamiana is an extremophile originating from a population that has retained a mutation in Rdr1 for ∼0.8 Myr and thereby traded its defence capacity for early vigour and survival in the extreme habitat of central Australia. Reconstituting Rdr1 activity in this isolate provided protection. Silencing the functional allele in a wild strain rendered it hypersusceptible and was associated with a doubling of seed size and enhanced early growth rate. These findings open the way to a deeper understanding of the delicate balance between protection and vigour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bally
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- School of Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kenlee Nakasugi
- School of Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fangzhi Jia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hyungtaek Jung
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mei Wong
- School of Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chloe M Paul
- School of Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fatima Naim
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Craig C Wood
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ross N Crowhurst
- Mount Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Mount Albert Research Centre, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James L Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- School of Molecular Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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200
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Saeed M, Briddon RW, Dalakouras A, Krczal G, Wassenegger M. Functional Analysis of Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus/Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite RNA Silencing Suppressors. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:697-714. [PMID: 26512705 PMCID: PMC4690014 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In South Asia, Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus species and a specific betasatellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). The post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppression activities of the transcriptional activator protein (TrAP), C4, V2 and βC1 proteins encoded by Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV)/CLCuMuB were assessed in Nicotiana benthamiana. A variable degree of local silencing suppression was observed for each viral protein tested, with V2 protein exhibiting the strongest suppression activity and only the C4 protein preventing the spread of systemic silencing. The CLCuKoV-encoded TrAP, C4, V2 and CLCuMuB-encoded βC1 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. TrAP was shown to bind various small and long nucleic acids including single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNA and DNA molecules. C4, V2, and βC1 bound ssDNA and dsDNA with varying affinities. Transgenic expression of C4 under the constitutive 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter and βC1 under a dexamethasone inducible promoter induced severe developmental abnormalities in N. benthamiana. The results indicate that homologous proteins from even quite closely related begomoviruses may differ in their suppressor activity and mechanism of action. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt D-67435, Germany.
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, PO Box 577, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, PO Box 577, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Athanasios Dalakouras
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt D-67435, Germany.
| | - Gabi Krczal
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt D-67435, Germany.
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP AgroScience GmbH, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt D-67435, Germany.
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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