The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens

Plant isoflavones can affect accumulation and impact of silver and titania nanoparticles on ovarian cells

Objectives. The application of nanoparticles is experiencing a rapid growth, but it faces a problem of their toxicity, especially adverse effects on female reproduction. Food and medicinal plants and their isoflavones can be protectors against environmental stressors, but their ability to abate the adverse effects of nanoparticles has not been studied yet. In the present study, we examined the effect of silver (AgNPs) and titanium dioxide (titania, TiO2NPs) nanoparticles alone or in combination with plant phytoestrogens/antioxidants (resveratrol, diosgenin, and quercetin) on accumulation of nanoparticles, and progesterone release by cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells.Methods. Porcine granulosa cells were incubated in the presence of AgNPs or TiO2NPs (0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg/ml) alone or in combination with resveratrol, diosgenin or quercetin (10 µg/ml) for 48 h. The accumulation of tested nanoparticles by granulosa cells was assessed under light microscope. Progesterone concentration in culture media was measured by ELISA kit.Results. Cells accumulated both AgNPs and TiO2NPs in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs, but not TiO2NPs, at highest dose (100 µg/ml) resulted in a destruction of cell monolayer. Both Ag-NPs and TiO2NPs reduced progesterone release. Resveratrol, diosgenin, and quercetin promoted accumulation of both AgNPs and TiO2NPs in ovarian cells and inhibited the progesterone output. Furthermore, resveratrol and diosgenin, but not quercetin, prevented the suppressive action of both AgNPs, and TiO2NPs on progesterone release.Conclusions. These observations (1) demonstrate accumulation of AgNPs and TiO2NPs in ovarian cells, (2) confirm the toxic impact of AgNPs, and TiO2NPs on these cells, (3) confirm the inhibitory effects of plant polyphenols/phytoestrogens on ovarian steroidogenesis, (4) show the ability of these isoflavones to increase the accumulation of AgNPs and TiO2NPs, and (5) show their ability to reduce the suppressive effect of AgNPs and TiO2NPs on ovarian progesterone release. The suppressive effect of AgNPs and TiO2NPs on ovarian functions should be taken into account by their exposition. However, these adverse effects could be mitigated by some plant isoflavones.

The Vascular Effects of Isolated Isoflavones-A Focus on the Determinants of Blood Pressure Regulation

Isoflavones are phytoestrogen compounds with important biological activities, including improvement of cardiovascular health. This activity is most evident in populations with a high isoflavone dietary intake, essentially from soybean-based products. The major isoflavones known to display the most important cardiovascular effects are genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, and biochanin A, although the closely related metabolite equol is also relevant. Most clinical studies have been focused on the impact of dietary intake or supplementation with mixtures of compounds, with only a few addressing the effect of isolated compounds. This paper reviews the main actions of isolated isoflavones on the vasculature, with particular focus given to their effect on the determinants of blood pressure regulation. Isoflavones exert vasorelaxation due to a multitude of pathways in different vascular beds. They can act in the endothelium to potentiate the release of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factors. In the vascular smooth muscle, isoflavones modulate calcium and potassium channels, leading to hyperpolarization and relaxation. Some of these effects are influenced by the binding of isoflavones to estrogen receptors and to the inhibition of specific kinase enzymes. The vasorelaxation effects of isoflavones are mostly obtained with plasma concentrations in the micromolar range, which are only attained through supplementation. This paper highlights isolated isoflavones as potentially suitable alternatives to soy-based foodstuffs and supplements and which could enlarge the current therapeutic arsenal. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to better establish their safety profile and elect the most useful applications.

The effects of phytoestrogens on postmenopausal health

Phytoestrogens are a group of non-steroidal polyphenolic plant-based substances, commonly used for the treatment of menopause-related conditions. They have both genomic and non-genomic effects, displaying weak affinity for estrogen receptors (ER) and preferentially binding to ER-B over ER-A. However, evidence for the benefits of phytoestrogen consumption has been limited. We conducted a review of recent literature, focusing on systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting on postreproductive health effects of phytoestrogens. While many trials concerning dietary and supplementary phytoestrogens have been conducted, evidence of clinical efficacy is heterogeneous and inconclusive. There appears to be reduction in the vasomotor symptoms of menopause with phytoestrogen intake; however, it is likely small and slow in onset. Phytoestrogens also appear to improve bone mineral density and markers of cardiovascular risk; however, there is inadequate research regarding long-term outcomes. There appear to be no harmful effects of phytoestrogens on breast, endometrial cancer or colorectal cancer and phytoestrogens intake may in fact be protective. Research regarding the effect of phytoestrogens on cognition is mixed, with most studies reporting no significant association. Overall, individual variations in the metabolism of phytoestrogens and age-related genomic effects may account for the considerable variability in the measured effects of phytoestrogens.

Serum isoflavones and lignans and odds of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women

OBJECTIVE

Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens present in plant-based foods, which have a potential preventive effect on breast carcinogenesis. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast cancer may differ according to the hormonal environment. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between serum phytoestrogens and odds of breast cancer among Chinese pre- and postmenopausal women.

METHODS

A total of 792 cases and 813 age-matched controls were included. Serum isoflavone (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, and formononetin) and lignan (enterodiol and enterolactone) concentrations were measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.

RESULTS

Significant inverse associations were found between serum total soy isoflavone precursors, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, total lignans, enterodiol, enterolactone, and the odds of breast cancer in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus the lowest serum concentration groups were 0.60 (0.41-0.87) for total soy isoflavones precursors, 0.64 (0.44-0.93) for daidzein, 0.62 (0.43-0.90) for genistein, 0.49 (0.35-0.68) for formononetin, 0.38 (0.25-0.57) for total lignans, 0.49 (0.33-0.73) for enterodiol, and 0.49 (0.33-0.74) for enterolactone. However, the interaction between serum phytoestrogens and menopausal status on odds of breast cancer was statistically significant only for daidzein. No significant association was found between serum equol or gycitein and the odds of breast cancer among either pre- or postmenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher levels of certain serum isoflavones and lignans were associated with reduced odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women, but the interaction was statistically significant only for daidzein.

Protective mechanism of kaempferol against Aβ25-35-mediated apoptosis of pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells through the ER/ERK/MAPK signalling pathway

INTRODUCTION

Progressive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a pathological trait of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β increases free radical production in neuronal cells, leading to neuronal cell death. Hormone replacement therapy can reduce the incidence of AD, and oestrogen significantly improves the clinical signs in patients with AD. However, the long-term use of oestrogen causes a variety of diseases. Phytoestrogens have been reported to bind and activate oestrogen receptors in mammals and humans to produce oestrogen-like or anti-oestrogen-like effects. Kaempferol is a flavonoid phytoestrogen that can produce a certain protective effect in neurons. However, the molecular mechanism of kaempferol in AD is unclear.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study used pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells that were damaged by Aβ_25-35 as an in vitro model of AD, and oestradiol was a positive control. The cells were incubated with kaempferol alone or in combination with fulvestrant (an antagonist of ER) and U0126 (an inhibitor of ERK) in Aβ_25-35 culture. Cell activity was measured by the MTT method. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Gene and protein expression levels were tested by qRT-PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

This study demonstrated that kaempferol protected PC-12 cells from Aβ_25-35-induced cell death and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with fulvestrant (an antagonist of ER) and U0126 (an inhibitor of ERK) significantly increased the apoptosis of PC-12 cells. Moreover, kaempferol promoted the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules, which were blocked by fulvestrant and U0126.

CONCLUSIONS

Kaempferol protected PC-12 cells against Aβ_25-35-induced cell apoptosis through the ER/ERK/MAPK signalling pathway.

Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications

Plant polyphenols are a broad group of bioactive compounds characterized by different chemical and structural properties, low bioavailability, and several in vitro biological activities. Among these compounds, lignans (a non-flavonoid polyphenolic class found in plant foods for human nutrition) have been recently studied as potential modulators of the gut-brain axis. In particular, gut bacterial metabolism is able to convert dietary lignans into therapeutically relevant polyphenols (i.e., enterolignans), such as enterolactone and enterodiol. Enterolignans are characterized by various biologic activities, including tissue-specific estrogen receptor activation, together with anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. However, variation in enterolignans production by the gut microbiota is strictly related to both bioaccessibility and bioavailability of lignans through the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the most important dietary source of lignans, exploring the interesting interplay between gut metabolites, gut microbiota, and the so-called gut-brain axis.

Phytoestrogens for Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Phytoestrogens are a large group of natural compounds found in more than 300 plants. They have a close structural similarity to estrogens, which allow them to bind to both estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, presenting a weak estrogenic activity. Phytoestrogens have been described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-allergic, and anti-tumoral agents. Their role in cancer prevention has been well documented, although their impact on treatment efficiency is controversial. Several reports suggest that phytoestrogens may interfere with the effect of anti-cancer drugs through the regulation of oxidative stress and other mechanisms. Furthermore, some phytoestrogens could exert a protective effect on healthy cells, thus reducing the secondary effects of cancer treatment. In this review, we have studied the recent research in this area to find evidence for the role of phytoestrogens in cancer prevention and therapy efficacy.

[Preventive activities in women's care]

A review is presented of the scientific evidence on preventive activities in women's care in relation to pregnancy follow-up, preventive activities in the planning and follow-up of contraceptive methods, preventive activities in menopause, and the prevention of osteoporotic fractures.

Effects of Drynaria Total Flavonoid on the Microstructure of the Mandible in Ovariectomized Rats

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Drynaria total flavonoids (DTF) on mandible microarchitecture, serum estrogen (E2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) levels in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rat model.

Material/Methods

Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6 per group): sham surgery, ovariectomy (OVX), and low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose DTF. Mandibular osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy; an equal amount of ovary-sized fat tissue was removed from the sham group. The DTF-treated groups were given DTF gavage at different doses for 12 weeks; the sham and OVX groups were given saline. After the treatment phase, the effects of DTF on the microarchitecture of the mandible were evaluated by measuring bone density, maximum load, morphometric parameters, and histopathological alterations. Serum E2, OPG, and RANKL levels were measured.

Results

The OVX group showed obvious osteoporosis in the mandible and decreased serum E2 levels and OPG/RANKL ratio. The low-dose group did not show significant improvement in mandibular microstructure. The middle-dose group showed significantly ameliorated osteoporosis. The high-dose group had further improvement in bone microstructures and increase of OPG/RANKL over the middle-dose group. Furthermore, ovariectomy significantly decreased serum E2, but DTF treatment failed to restore serum E2 levels.

Conclusions

Ovariectomy can cause significant bone loss in the rat mandible and a decrease in serum E2 and OPG/RANKL. DTF significantly improved the mandibular microstructure and restored OPG/RANKL balance, but it did not restore the decreased serum E2 concentration following ovariectomy.

Insight into Polyphenol and Gut Microbiota Crosstalk: Are Their Metabolites the Key to Understand Protective Effects against Metabolic Disorders?

Lifestyle factors, especially diet and nutrition, are currently regarded as essential avenues to decrease modern-day cardiometabolic disorders (CMD), including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Many groups around the world attribute these trends, at least partially, to bioactive plant polyphenols given their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. In fact, polyphenols can prevent or reverse the progression of disease processes through many distinct mechanisms. In particular, the crosstalk between polyphenols and gut microbiota, recently unveiled thanks to DNA-based tools and next generation sequencing, unravelled the central regulatory role of dietary polyphenols and their intestinal micro-ecology metabolites on the host energy metabolism and related illnesses. The objectives of this review are to: (1) provide an understanding of classification, structure, and bioavailability of dietary polyphenols; (2) underline their metabolism by gut microbiota; (3) highlight their prebiotic effects on microflora; (4) discuss the multifaceted roles of their metabolites in CMD while shedding light on the mechanisms of action; and (5) underscore their ability to initiate host epigenetic regulation. In sum, the review clearly documents whether dietary polyphenols and micro-ecology favorably interact to promote multiple physiological functions on human organism.

Is There Such a Thing as "Anti-Nutrients"? A Narrative Review of Perceived Problematic Plant Compounds

Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. The thousands of phytochemicals they contain are implicated in cellular-based mechanisms to promote antioxidant defense and reduce inflammation. While recommendations encourage the intake of fruits and vegetables, most people fall short of their target daily intake. Despite the need to increase plant-food consumption, there have been some concerns raised about whether they are beneficial because of the various ‘anti-nutrient’ compounds they contain. Some of these anti-nutrients that have been called into question included lectins, oxalates, goitrogens, phytoestrogens, phytates, and tannins. As a result, there may be select individuals with specific health conditions who elect to decrease their plant food intake despite potential benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the science of these ‘anti-nutrients’ and weigh the evidence of whether these compounds pose an actual health threat.

Plant-based milks: the dental perspective

Background Consumption of plant-based milk in the UK is increasing at the expense of cow's milk. Cow's milk consumption has traditionally been advocated by the dental profession as 'good for teeth'.Aims To identify the range of plant-based milks available in the UK and compare their nutritional benefits with cow's milk. A secondary aim was to explore reasons behind the increase in popularity of plant-based milks and discuss dental relevance.Methods Branded plant-based milks available in UK supermarkets were identified and nutritional data collected. Data were obtained from product labelling and manufacturer websites. The sample was collected in December 2019.Results Eighty-two products were identified. Differences were observed between plant-based and cow's milk, in particular regarding calcium, iodine, vitamin B12 and sugar content. Sugar content varied from 0-7.6 g/100 ml.Conclusions Dairy is a key source of dietary iodine and many plant-based milks contain much lower levels. Many plant-based milks contain free sugars which are cariogenic. Dentists should be aware of this emerging market and be able to advise patients accordingly.

Network Pharmacology to Identify the Pharmacological Mechanisms of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Derived from Trachelospermum jasminoides in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

BACKGROUND This study used a network pharmacology approach to identify the pharmacological mechanisms of a traditional Chinese medicine derived from Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Known compounds of T. jasminoides were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Chemistry (CASC) database, and a literature search. Putative targets of identified compounds were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction. RA-related targets were achieved from the Therapeutic Target database, Drugbank database, Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built by STRING. CluGO was utilized for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. RESULTS A total of 354 potential targets were predicted for the 17 bioactive compounds in T. jasminoides; 69 of these targets overlapped with RA-related targets. A PPI network was composed and 2 clusters of 59 and 42 nodes each were excavated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the overlapping targets and the 2 clusters was mainly grouped into immunity, inflammation, estrogen, anxiety, and depression processes. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrated that T. jasminoides alleviates RA through the interleukin-17 signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and other immune and inflammatory-related processes. It also may exert effects in regulating cell differentiation and potentially has anti-anxiety, anti-depression, and estrogen-like effects.

Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Hormones throughout a Human Lifespan: A Review

Dietary phytoestrogens are bioactive compounds with estrogenic activity. With the growing popularity of plant-based diets, the intake of phytoestrogen-rich legumes (especially soy) and legume-derived foods has increased. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests these compounds may have an effect on hormones and health, although the results of human trials are unclear. The effects of dietary phytoestrogens depend on the exposure (phytoestrogen type, matrix, concentration, and bioavailability), ethnicity, hormone levels (related to age, sex, and physiological condition), and health status of the consumer. In this review, we have summarized the results of human studies on dietary phytoestrogens with the aim of assessing the possible hormone-dependent outcomes and health effects of their consumption throughout a lifespan, focusing on pregnancy, childhood, adulthood, and the premenopausal and postmenopausal stages. In pregnant women, an improvement of insulin metabolism has been reported in only one study. Sex hormone alterations have been found in the late stages of childhood, and goitrogenic effects in children with hypothyroidism. In premenopausal and postmenopausal women, the reported impacts on hormones are inconsistent, although beneficial goitrogenic effects and improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk markers have been described in postmenopausal individuals. In adult men, different authors report goitrogenic effects and a reduction of insulin in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Further carefully designed studies are warranted to better elucidate the impact of phytoestrogen consumption on the endocrine system at different life stages.

The influence of phytoestrogens on different physiological and pathological processes: An overview

Functional foods have nutritional properties and organic functions, which are beneficial to health. Certain types of functional food components are so-called phytoestrogens, non-steroidal compounds derived from the metabolism of precursors contained in plants, which originate secondary metabotypes known to induce biological responses and by mimicry or modulating the action of endogenous estrogen. These molecules are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to reproduction, bone remodeling, skin, cardiovascular, nervous, immune systems, and metabolism. This review aimed to present an overview of phytoestrogens regarding their chemical structure, actions, and effects in the organism given several pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated beneficial phytoestrogen actions, such as lipid profile improvement, cognitive function, menopause, oxidative stress, among others. Phytoestrogens effects are not completely elucidated, being necessary future research to understand the exact action mechanisms, whether they are via estrogen receptor or whether other hidden mechanisms produce these effects. Thus, this review makes a general approach to the phytoestrogen actions, beneficial effects, risk and limitations. However, the complexities of biological effects after ingestion of phytoestrogens and the differences in their metabolism and bioavailability indicate that interpretation of either risk or benefits needs to be made with caution.

Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?

Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.

Clinical expression of endocrine disruptors in children

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Health status is the result of complex interaction between individual factors, general environmental factors and specific factors as nutrition or the presence of chemicals. Aim of this review is to point out the more recent knowledge covering the role of the endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) on pediatric population wellbeing.

RECENT FINDINGS

Prenatal, postnatal life and puberty are the three main temporal windows of susceptibility when EDCs may act. The mechanism is independent from dose or duration of exposition, sex, age or combination of chemicals and may also be transgenerational, affecting both growth and pubertal timing. A window of susceptibility for breast cancer has been detected. Thyroid gland is influenced by environmental chemicals, both in utero and during childhood. Alteration in Thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and neurodevelopmental impairment have been demonstrate. It has been detected a pro-obesogenic action of specific chemicals, impairing also glucose homeostasis during childhood.

SUMMARY

With a multidisciplinary approach and the use of big data platforms, an attempt has to be made to verify biological variations related to a disease, and how much the risk is influenced by the presence of the endocrine disruptors. This may help the future generation to better interpret uncommunicable diseases.

Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?

Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine-disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower than S-EDCs. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea, and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.

Apigenin Attenuates the Allergic Reactions by Competitively Binding to ER With Estradiol

Apigenin (API) is a natural phytoestrogen with properties including anti-inflammatory and other abilities. This study aims to 1) systematically validate that excessive estrogen exacerbates allergic reactions; 2) explore the anti-allergic effects and mechanisms of API. We conduct a survey of college students, indicating that of the 505 effective results, 70 individuals were self-reported allergic and 74.1% of them were women, which proved the gender difference in allergic reactions. BALB/c mice are grouped into the negative control group (N-Ctrl), the OVA-sensitized group (P-Ctrl), the estrogenized OVA-sensitized group (E2), and three treatment groups administrating different dose of API (E2 + API/L/M/H). In vivo data indicated that API treatment significantly inhibited the enhancement of estradiol on clinical symptoms. Moreover, we found that high doses of API inhibited Th2 type humoral response and mast cell degranulation levels in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, medium, and high doses of API significantly reduced the potentiation of estradiol on ER expression, attenuated the transmission of estrogen/ER signaling, thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 in the MAPK. Besides, we found that API competitively bound to ER with estradiol, and showed a weak selectivity to ERβ. Overall, we identified API can be beneficial in allergic disease.

The effect of a randomized 12-week soy drink intervention on everyday mood in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

Dietary soy may improve menopausal symptoms, and subsequently mediate mood. This novel study examines various doses of dietary soy drink on everyday mood stability and variability in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Community-dwelling women (n = 101), within 7 years postmenopause, consumed daily either a low (10 mg, n = 35), medium (35 mg, n = 37), or high (60 mg, n = 29) dose of isoflavones, for 12 weeks. Menopausal symptoms and repeated measures of everyday mood (positive [PA] and negative [NA] affect) (assessed at four time points per day for 4 consecutive days, using The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) were completed at baseline and follow-up.

RESULTS

The dietary soy intervention had no effect on everyday mood stability (for PA [F{2,70} = 0.95, P = 0.390] and NA [F{2,70} = 0.72, P = 0.489]) or variability (for PA [F{2,70} = 0.21, P = 0.807] and for NA [F{2,70} = 0.15, P = 0.864]), or on menopausal symptoms (for vasomotor [F{2,89} = 2.83, P = 0.064], psychological [F{2,88} = 0.63, P = 0.535], somatic [F{2,89} = 0.32, P = 0.729], and total menopausal symptoms [F{2,86} = 0.79, P = 0.458]). There were between-group differences with the medium dose reporting higher PA (low, mean 24.2, SD 6; and medium, mean 29.7, SD 6) and the low dose reporting higher NA (P = 0. 048) (low, mean 11.6, SD 2; and high, mean 10.6, SD 1) in mood scores. Psychological (baseline M = 18 and follow-up M = 16.5) and vasomotor (baseline M = 4.2 and follow-up M = 3.6) scores declined from baseline to follow-up for the overall sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Soy isoflavones had no effect on mood at any of the doses tested. Future research should focus on the menopause transition from peri to postmenopause as there may be a window of vulnerability, with fluctuating hormones and increased symptoms which may affect mood.

Hormone therapy for first-line management of menopausal symptoms: Practical recommendations

Hormone therapy use has undergone dramatic changes over the past 20 years. Widespread use of hormone therapy in the 1980s and 1990s came to an abrupt halt in the early 2000s after initial findings of the Women’s Health Initiative trial were published and the study was terminated. Since then, much has been learned about the characteristics of women most likely to benefit from hormone therapy. There is general agreement that women younger than 60 years or who initiate hormone therapy within 10 years of menopause onset gain short-term benefit in terms of symptomatic relief and long-term benefit in terms of protection from chronic diseases that affect postmenopausal women. Despite accumulating evidence in support of hormone therapy for symptomatic menopausal women, the slow response by the medical community has led to a ‘large and unnecessary burden of suffering’ by women worldwide. Greater efforts are clearly needed to educate physicians and medical students about the pathophysiology of menopause and the role of hormone therapy in supporting women through the transition. This article provides a brief historical perspective of events that led to the backlash against hormone therapy, explores the current position of guideline groups, and provides practical recommendations to guide first-line management of symptomatic menopausal women.

Analisis Daya Terima Dan Kadar Isoflavon Fortem Dia_Tri Sebagai Dukungan Gizi Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Background: Indonesia is the country with the sixth most DM sufferers in the world with the number of DM patients reaches 10.3 million people and are expected to increase annually. Dietary modifications combined with pharmacological interventions could be the main approach in the control of DM. FortemDia_Tri is a development of diet modification of Tempe flour-based and green beans as the main source of Isoflavone and other materials such as skim milk flour, red rice flour, canola oil, and maltodextrin are recommended for patients with type 2 DM.Purpose: The study aimed to analyse the power of 5 formula Fortem Dia_Tri and the value of isoflavones in the best formula allocated for a type 2 DM patient.Methods: The type of research used in this research was experimental by formulation of 5 formula Fortem Dia_Tri. Study subjects were 40 people to test acceptability of the formula. Analysis of isoflavone levels was performed using the HPLC method.Result: There was a significant difference in the receipt of both color, aroma, taste, viscosity, and overall with P value <0.001. Formula FD03 is the most preferred formula with a score of 6.6-7.2 (likes). Followed by the formula FD05 with the value of 5.75-6.34 (somewhat like), While FD01, FD02, FD03 in neutral categories. The value of isoflavone levels of the 2 best formulas was FD05 of 241.77719 μg/ml or in 60.44 mg isoflavone/250 ml, and followed by a FD03 of 174.39759 μg/ml or an offering of 34.87 mg of isoflavone/200 ml.Conclusion: The most preferred formula of panelist was the FD03 formula. The two best formulas have a level of isoflavones that were already in accordance with the needs of isoflavone per day for diabetes mellitus type 2 patients.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Indonesia merupakan negara dengan penderita Diabetes Melitus (DM)  tipe 2 terbanyak ke enam di dunia yang mencapai 10,3 juta jiwa. Modifikasi diet yang dikombinasikan dengan intervensi farmakologis bisa sebagai pendekatan utama dalam pengendalian DM. Fortem Dia_Tri merupakan pengembangan modifikasi diet sebagai dukungan gizi tambahan berbahan dasar tepung tempe dan kacang hijau sebagai sumber utama isoflavon  dan bahan lain seperti tepung susu skim, tepung beras merah, minyak canola, dan maltodekstrin yang direkomendasikan untuk pasien DM tipe 2.Tujuan :Menganalisis daya terima 5 formula Fortem Dia_Tri dan nilai isoflavon pada formula terbaik yang diperuntukkan untuk pasien DM tipe 2.Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan September-Oktober. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini  ialah eksperimental dengan meracik 5 formula Fortem Dia_Tri. Subjek  dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa S2 Ilmu Gizi Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta sebanyak 40 orang untuk uji daya terima berdasarkan warna, aroma, rasa, kekentalan, dan keseluruhan. Skala yang digunakan untuk uji hedonik adalah 9 skala. Analisis kadar isoflavon menggunakan metode High Performance Liquid ( HPLC).Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan daya terima yang signifikan baik warna, aroma, rasa, kekentalan, dan keseluruhan dengan p value <0,0001 Formula FD03 adalah formula yang paling disukai dengan skor 6,6-7,2 (suka). Disusul dengan formula FD05 dengan nilai 5,75-6,34 (agak suka), sedangkan FD01, FD02, FD03 dalam kategori netral. Nilai kadar isoflavon dari 2 formula terbaik yaitu FD05 sebesar 241,77719 μg/ml atau persaji 60,44 mg isoflavon /250 ml, dan diikuti FD03 sebesar 174,39759 μg/ml atau persaji 34,87 mg isoflavon / 200 ml.Kesimpulan : Formula yang paling disukai panelis adalah formula FD03. Kedua formula terbaik (FD03 dan FD05) mempunyai kadar isoflavon yang sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan isoflafon per hari untuk pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2.

Biotransformation of dietary phytoestrogens by gut microbes: A review on bidirectional interaction between phytoestrogen metabolism and gut microbiota

Phytoestrogens are a class of plant produced polyphenolic compounds with diphenolic structure, which is similar to 17β-estradiol. These phytoestrogens preferentially bind to estrogen receptors, however, with weak affinity. Recently, many studies have found that these phytoestrogens can be transformed by gut microbiota through novel enzymatic reactions into metabolites with altered bioactivity. Recent studies have also implied that these metabolites could possibly modulate the host gut ecosystem, gene expression, metabolism and the immune system. Thus, isolating gut microbes capable of biotransforming phytoestrogens and characterizing the novel enzymatic reactions involved are principal to understand the mechanisms of beneficial effects brought by gut microbiota and their metabolism on phytoestrogens, and to provide the theoretical knowledge for the development of functional probiotics. In the present review, we summarized works on gut microbial biotransformation of phytoestrogens, including daidzin (isoflavone), phenylnaringenin (prenylflavonoid), lignans, resveratrol (stilbene) and ellagitannins. We mainly focus on gut bacterial isolation, metabolic pathway characterization, and the bidirectional interaction of phytoestrogens with gut microbes to illustrate the novel metabolic capability of gut microbiota and the methods used in these studies.

Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity: how to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?

Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.

Protective effect of genistein in a rat model of ischemic acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND

This study determined the possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant renal protective effect of genistein, a soy isoflavone, against kidney damage and functional disorders following renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in male rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The animals were dedicated to five groups (n = 7 per group): Sham, Sham + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg in 1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), Sham + DMSO (1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), I/R (bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by 24 h reperfusion), I/R + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg). 24-h urine samples, blood and tissue samples of the kidney were collected at the end of 24 h reperfusion period.

RESULTS

Compared to sham, sham + Geni and sham + DMSO groups, IR injury (IRI) ended in kidney dysfunction (decreased creatinine clearance, and increased fractional excretion of sodium), increased levels of malondialdehyde, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, gluthatione peroxidase, and catalase), increased gene expression levels of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), as well as histological damages in kidney tissue. Genistein administration decreased all the changes. Therefore, genistein apparently protects the kidney against IRI by mitigating both oxidative stress and inflammation. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of genistein probably exert important roles in improving functional disorders and offer renal protection against IRI.

Comparison of the Polyphenolic Profile of Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. Sprouts in Different Germination Stages Using the UHPLC-Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Identification and quantification of polyphenols in plant material are of great interest since they make a significant contribution to its total bioactivity. In the present study, an UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS approach using the variable data acquisition mode (vDIA) was developed and applied for rapid separation, identification, and quantification of the main polyphenolic compounds in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. sprouts in different germination stages. Based on accurate MS data and fragment ions identification strategy, a total of 29 compounds were identified by comparing their accurate masses, fragment ions, retention times, and literatures. Additionally, a number of 30 compounds were quantified by comparing to the reference standards. Data were statistically analysed. For both plant species, the sprouts of the third germination day are valuable sources of bioactive compounds and could be used in phytotherapy and nutrition. Although Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover) is considered to be a reference for natural remedies in relieving menopause disorders, alfalfa also showed a high level of biological active compounds with estrogenic activity.

Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?

Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.

Insight into the molecular evidence supporting the remarkable chemotherapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L

Hibiscus sabdariffa or roselle tea is popular around the globe for its antioxidant capability along with various other health benefits. Besides, it has uses in Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of several diseases. However, the investigation for the anticancer potential of the plant began roughly in the last decade that emerged with encouraging results. Both crude extracts and pure compounds of the plant were reported to induce chemoprevention, selective cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and anti-metastasis effects in varied types of human cancer cells. The plant contains a high quantity of polyphenolic compounds and at least two of them were proven to induce potent anticancer effects. Although, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity was roughly estimated in several studies. The present review aimed to assemble all ambiguous information to report the molecular evidence establishing the potent anticancer activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its implication for cancer therapy. This study suggests that Hibiscus sabdariffa is an ideal candidate to investigate its role as a herbal supplement for cancer prevention and treatment. With excellent safety and tolerability record, polyphenolic compounds from the plant need better designed clinical trials.

Potential of ToxCast Data in the Safety Assessment of Food Chemicals

Tox21 and ToxCast are high-throughput in vitro screening programs coordinated by the U.S. National Toxicology Program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, respectively, with the goal of forecasting biological effects in vivo based on bioactivity profiling. The present study investigated whether mechanistic insights in the biological targets of food-relevant chemicals can be obtained from ToxCast results when the chemicals are grouped according to structural similarity. Starting from the 556 direct additives that have been identified in the ToxCast database by Karmaus et al. [Karmaus, A. L., Trautman, T. D., Krishan, M., Filer, D. L., and Fix, L. A. (2017). Curation of food-relevant chemicals in ToxCast. Food Chem. Toxicol. 103, 174-182.], the results showed that, despite the limited number of assays in which the chemical groups have been tested, sufficient results are available within so-called "DNA binding" and "nuclear receptor" target families to profile the biological activities of the defined chemical groups for these targets. The most obvious activity identified was the estrogen receptor-mediated actions of the chemical group containing parabens and structurally related gallates, as well the chemical group containing genistein and daidzein (the latter 2 being particularly active toward estrogen receptor β as a potential health benefit). These group effects, as well as the biological activities of other chemical groups, were evaluated in a series of case studies. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that high-throughput screening data could add to the evidence considered for regulatory risk assessment of food chemicals and to the evaluation of desirable effects of nutrients and phytonutrients. The data will be particularly useful for providing mechanistic information and to fill data gaps with read-across.

Gut dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and T cell-mediated autoimmune processes are assumed to be involved in its pathogenesis. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that commensal bacteria interact with the host immune system and that the alteration of commensal bacteria composition, termed dysbiosis, is associated with various autoimmune diseases including CNS autoimmune diseases. In this review, we introduce recent findings regarding the association between gut microbiota and MS and related diseases and microbiota function in an animal model of MS.

Biphasic Dose-Response Induced by Phytochemicals: Experimental Evidence

Many phytochemicals demonstrate nonmonotonic dose/concentration-response termed biphasic dose-response and are considered to be hormetic compounds, i.e., they induce biologically opposite effects at different doses. In numerous articles the hormetic nature of phytochemicals is declared, however, no experimental evidence is provided. Our aim was to present the overview of the reports in which phytochemical-induced biphasic dose-response is experimentally proven. Hence, we included in the current review only articles in which the reversal of response between low and high doses/concentrations of phytochemicals for a single endpoint was documented. The majority of data on biphasic dose-response have been found for phytoestrogens; other reports described these types of effects for resveratrol, sulforaphane, and natural compounds from various chemical classes such as isoquinoline alkaloid berberine, polyacetylenes falcarinol and falcarindiol, prenylated pterocarpan glyceollin1, naphthoquinones plumbagin and naphazarin, and panaxatriol saponins. The prevailing part of the studies presented in the current review was performed on cell cultures. The most common endpoint tested was a proliferation of tumor and non-cancerous cells. Very few experiments demonstrating biphasic dose-response induced by phytochemicals were carried out on animal models. Data on the biphasic dose-response of various endpoints to phytochemicals may have a potential therapeutic or preventive implication.

Production of O-desmethylangolensin, tetrahydrodaidzein, 6'-hydroxy-O-desmethylangolensin and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid in fermented soy beverage by lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium strains

Isoflavones intake is associated with health benefits. The metabolism of isoflavones by bacteria plays a key role in their biotransformation. Therefore, commercial soy drink was fermented by 11 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 9 bifidobacteria strains. The majority of the strains showed deglycosylation of the isoflavone glycosides present in soy drink and appearance of the aglycones daidzein, genistein and glycitein. Moreover, we observed the further transformation of daidzein into O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and tetrahydrodaidzein, alongside with dihydrodaidzein (DHD) and a putative isomer of DHD. On the other hand, genistein was transformed by nearly all strains into 6-hydroxy-O-desmethylangolensin (6-hydroxy-O-DMA), but no dihydrogenistein production was registered. A high concentration of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid was observed, suggesting the degradation of O-DMA and 6-hydroxy-O-DMA. The potential of LAB and Bifidobacterium strains to produce functional soy drink enriched with bioactive isoflavones is demonstrated in this work.

Targeting Abdominal Obesity and Its Complications with Dietary Phytoestrogens

In the assessment of the health risk of an obese individual, both the amount of adipose tissue and its distribution and metabolic activity are essential. In adults, the distribution of adipose tissue differs in a gender-dependent manner and is regulated by sex steroids, especially estrogens. Estrogens affect adipocyte differentiation but are also involved in the regulation of the lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammatory activity of the adipose tissue. Their deficiency results in unfavorable changes in body composition and increases the risk of metabolic complications, which can be partially reversed by hormone replacement therapy. Therefore, the idea of the supplementation of estrogen-like compounds to counteract obesity and related complications is compelling. Phytoestrogens are natural plant-derived dietary compounds that resemble human estrogens in their chemical structure and biological activity. Supplementation with phytoestrogens may confer a range of beneficial effects. However, results of studies on the influence of phytoestrogens on body composition and prevalence of obesity are inconsistent. In this review, we present data from in vitro, animal, and human studies regarding the role of phytoestrogens in adipose tissue development and function in the context of their potential application in the prevention of visceral obesity and related complications.

A Review on Sources and Pharmacological Aspects of Sakuranetin

Sakuranetin belongs to the group of methoxylated flavanones. It is widely distributed in Polyomnia fruticosa and rice, where it acts as a phytoalexin. Other natural sources of this compound are, among others, grass trees, shrubs, flowering plants, cheery, and some herbal drugs, where it has been found in the form of glycosides (mainly sakuranin). Sakuranetin has antiproliferative activity against human cell lines typical for B16BL6 melanoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and colon cancer (Colo 320). Moreover, sakuranetin shows antiviral activity towards human rhinovirus 3 and influenza B virus and was reported to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiparasitic, antimutagenic, and antiallergic properties. The aim of this review is to present the current status of knowledge of pro-health properties of sakuranetin.

Puerarin as potential treatment in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes, and the most leading cause of visual loss around the world. The lack of effective and approved treatment in DR is a major challenge for diabetic patients. Nowadays, natural compounds have got attention of the researchers for management of DR. Many evidences suggest that puerarin as a natural polyphenol exerts advantageous effects against DR. In the present review, we summarized the protective effects of puerarin against DR, and discussed the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Puerarin attenuates retinal neovascularization and neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus, and the underlying mechanisms are related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties of the compound. In conclusion, puerarin might be a potential adjuvant agent for the prevention and treatment of DR. However, comprehensive studies are necessary to show its effectiveness and safety, particularly in human.