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Jordan KL, Koss DJ, Outeiro TF, Giorgini F. Therapeutic Targeting of Rab GTPases: Relevance for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051141. [PMID: 35625878 PMCID: PMC9138223 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases (Rabs) are small proteins that play crucial roles in vesicle transport and membrane trafficking. Owing to their widespread functions in several steps of vesicle trafficking, Rabs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and multiple neurodegenerative diseases. As treatments for neurodegenerative conditions are currently rather limited, the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets, such as Rabs, is of great importance. This review summarises proof-of-concept studies, demonstrating that modulation of Rab GTPases in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can ameliorate disease-related phenotypes, and provides an overview of the current state of the art for the pharmacological targeting of Rabs. Finally, we also discuss the barriers and challenges of therapeutically targeting these small proteins in humans, especially in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Jordan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - David J. Koss
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.J.K.); (T.F.O.)
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.J.K.); (T.F.O.)
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee with a Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
- Correspondence:
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152
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Kluss JH, Bonet-Ponce L, Lewis PA, Cookson MR. Directing LRRK2 to membranes of the endolysosomal pathway triggers RAB phosphorylation and JIP4 recruitment. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105769. [PMID: 35580815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, which are associated with dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), lead to an increased activity of the encoded LRRK2 protein kinase. As such, kinase inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic agents for PD. It is therefore of interest to understand the mechanism(s) by which LRRK2 is activated during cellular signaling. Lysosomal membrane damage represents one way of activating LRRK2 and leads to phosphorylation of downstream RAB substrates and recruitment of the motor adaptor protein JIP4. However, it is unclear whether the activation of LRRK2 would be seen at other membranes of the endolysosomal system, where LRRK2 has also shown to be localized, or whether these signaling events can be induced without membrane damage. Here, we use a rapamycin-dependent oligomerization system to direct LRRK2 to various endomembranes including the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, recycling, early, and late endosomes. Irrespective of membrane location, the recruitment of LRRK2 to membranes results in local accumulation of phosphorylated RAB10, RAB12, and JIP4. We also show that endogenous RAB29, previously nominated as an activator of LRRK2 based on overexpression, is not required for activation of LRRK2 at the Golgi nor lysosome. We therefore conclude that LRRK2 signaling to RAB10, RAB12, and JIP4 can be activated once LRRK2 is accumulated at any cellular organelle along the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA.
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153
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Kalyan G, Slusser-Nore A, Dunlevy JR, Bathula CS, Shabb JB, Muhonen W, Somji S, Sens DA, Garrett SH. Protein interactions with metallothionein-3 promote vectorial active transport in human proximal tubular cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267599. [PMID: 35503771 PMCID: PMC9064079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein 3 (MT-3) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that binds to essential metals required for homeostasis, as well as to heavy metals that have the potential to exert toxic effects on cells. MT-3 is expressed by epithelial cells of the human kidney, including the cells of the proximal tubule. Our laboratory has previously shown that mortal cultures of human proximal tubular (HPT) cells express MT-3 and form domes in the cell monolayer, a morphological feature indicative of vectorial active transport, an essential function of the proximal tubule. However, an immortalized proximal tubular cell line HK-2 lacks the expression of MT-3 and fails to form domes in the monolayer. Transfection of HK-2 cells with the MT-3 gene restores dome formation in these cells suggesting that MT-3 is required for vectorial active transport. In order to determine how MT-3 imparts this essential feature to the proximal tubule, we sought to identify proteins that interact either directly or indirectly with MT-3. Using a combination of pulldowns, co-immunoprecipitations, and mass spectrometry analysis, putative protein interactants were identified and subsequently confirmed by Western analysis and confocal microscopy, following which proteins with direct physical interactions were investigated through molecular docking. Our data shows that MT-3 interacts with myosin-9, aldolase A, enolase 1, β-actin, and tropomyosin 3 and that these interactions are maximized at the periphery of the apical membrane of doming proximal tubule cells. Together these observations reveal that MT-3 interacts with proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization and energy metabolism, and these interactions at the apical membrane support vectorial active transport and cell differentiation in proximal tubule cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazal Kalyan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Jane R. Dunlevy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Chandra S. Bathula
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - John B. Shabb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Wallace Muhonen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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154
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Zhang Z, Li H, Gan H, Tang Z, Guo Y, Yao S, Liuyu T, Zhong B, Lin D. RNF115 Inhibits the Post-ER Trafficking of TLRs and TLRs-Mediated Immune Responses by Catalyzing K11-Linked Ubiquitination of RAB1A and RAB13. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105391. [PMID: 35343654 PMCID: PMC9165487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) critically regulate TLRs-mediated antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity. Here, it is demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF115 inhibits the post-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trafficking of TLRs and TLRs-mediated immune responses by catalyzing ubiquitination of the small GTPases RAB1A and RAB13. It is shown that the 14-3-3 chaperones bind to AKT1-phosphorylated RNF115 and facilitate RNF115 localizing on the ER and the Golgi apparatus. RNF115 interacts with RAB1A and RAB13 and catalyzes K11-linked ubiquitination on the Lys49 and Lys61 residues of RAB1A and on the Lys46 and Lys58 residues of RAB13, respectively. Such a modification impairs the recruitment of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation inhibitor 1 (GDI1) to RAB1A and RAB13, a prerequisite for the reactivation of RAB proteins. Consistently, knockdown of RAB1A and RAB13 in Rnf115+/+ and Rnf115-/- cells markedly inhibits the post-ER and the post-Golgi trafficking of TLRs, respectively. In addition, reconstitution of RAB1AK49/61R or RAB13K46/58R into Rnf115+/+ cells but not Rnf115-/- cells promotes the trafficking of TLRs from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, respectively. These findings uncover a common and step-wise regulatory mechanism for the post-ER trafficking of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430061China
| | - Hong‐Xu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Hu Gan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yu‐Yao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Shu‐Qi Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Tianzi Liuyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryMedical Research InstituteZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
- Department of VirologyCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430061China
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155
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Francis CR, Kushner EJ. Trafficking in blood vessel development. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:291-305. [PMID: 35449244 PMCID: PMC9249721 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels demonstrate a multitude of complex signaling programs that work in concert to produce functional vasculature networks during development. A known, but less widely studied, area of endothelial cell regulation is vesicular trafficking, also termed sorting. After moving through the Golgi apparatus, proteins are shuttled to organelles, plugged into membranes, recycled, or degraded depending on the internal and extrinsic cues. A snapshot of these protein-sorting systems can be viewed as a trafficking signature that is not only unique to endothelial tissue, but critically important for blood vessel form and function. In this review, we will cover how vesicular trafficking impacts various aspects of angiogenesis, such as sprouting, lumen formation, vessel stabilization, and secretion, emphasizing the role of Rab GTPase family members and their various effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Erich J Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA.
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156
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The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492712 PMCID: PMC10363595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of multiple regulatory sites. Protein molecules, mainly RAB GTPases, cytoskeletal proteins and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE), are specifically regulated in response to pathological conditions such as altered cellular microenvironment, stimulation by pathogenic factors, or gene mutation. This interferes with the smooth functioning of endocytosis, translocation, degradation, docking and fusion processes, leading to changes in the secretion of exosomes. Large numbers of secreted exosomes are disseminated by the flow of body fluids and absorbed by the recipient cells. By transmitting characteristic functional proteins and genetic information produced under disease conditions, exosomes can change the physiological state of the recipient cells and their microenvironment. The microenvironment, in turn, affects the occurrence and development of disease. Therefore, this review will discuss the mechanism by which exosome secretion is regulated in cells following the formation of mature secretory multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The overall aim is to find ways to eliminate disease-derived exosomes at their source, thereby providing an important new basis for the clinical treatment of disease.
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157
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Wang Z, Chen M, Pan X, Wang L, Yin C, Lin Q, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Wan B. Knockout of GGPPS1 restrains rab37-mediated autophagy in response to ventilator-induced lung injury. Hum Cell 2022; 35:871-884. [PMID: 35334098 PMCID: PMC8948466 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation may cause ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in patients requiring ventilator support. Inhibition of autophagy is an important approach to ameliorate VILI as it always enhances lung injury after exposure to various stress agents. This study aimed to further reveal the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase large subunit 1 (GGPPS1) knockout and autophagy in VILI using C57BL/6 mice with lung-specific GGPPS1 knockout that were subjected to mechanical ventilation. The results demonstrate that GGPPS1 knockout mice exhibit significantly attenuated VILI based on the histologic score, the lung wet-to-dry ratio, total protein levels, neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, the expression levels of autophagy markers were obviously decreased in GGPPS1 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. The inhibitory effects of GGPPS1 knockout on autophagy were further confirmed by measuring the ultrastructural change of lung tissues under transmission electron microscopy. In addition, knockdown of GGPPS1 in RAW264.7 cells reduced cyclic stretch-induced inflammation and autophagy. The benefits of GGPPS1 knockout for VILI can be partially eliminated through treatment with rapamycin. Further analysis revealed that Rab37 was significantly downregulated in GGPPS1 knockout mice after mechanical ventilation, while it was highly expressed in the control group. Simultaneously, Rab37 overexpression significantly enhances autophagy in cells that are treated with cyclin stretch, including GGPPS1 knockout cells. Collectively, our results indicate that GGPPS1 knockout results in reduced expression of Rab37 proteins, further restraining autophagy and VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Meizi Chen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qiuqi Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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158
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Kumar G, Chawla P, Dhiman N, Chadha S, Sharma S, Sethi K, Sharma M, Tuli A. RUFY3 links Arl8b and JIP4-Dynein complex to regulate lysosome size and positioning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1540. [PMID: 35314681 PMCID: PMC8938454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional movement of lysosomes on microtubule tracks regulates their whole-cell spatial arrangement. Arl8b, a small GTP-binding (G) protein, promotes lysosome anterograde trafficking mediated by kinesin-1. Herein, we report an Arl8b effector, RUFY3, which regulates the retrograde transport of lysosomes. We show that RUFY3 interacts with the JIP4-dynein-dynactin complex and facilitates Arl8b association with the retrograde motor complex. Accordingly, RUFY3 knockdown disrupts the positioning of Arl8b-positive endosomes and reduces Arl8b colocalization with Rab7-marked late endosomal compartments. Moreover, we find that RUFY3 regulates nutrient-dependent lysosome distribution, although autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic cargo degradation are not impaired upon RUFY3 depletion. Interestingly, lysosome size is significantly reduced in RUFY3 depleted cells, which could be rescued by inhibition of the lysosome reformation regulatory factor PIKFYVE. These findings suggest a model in which the perinuclear cloud arrangement of lysosomes regulates both the positioning and size of these proteolytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Prateek Chawla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Dhiman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sanya Chadha
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanupriya Sethi
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Tuli
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
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159
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Ma X, Zhao X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Sun S, Li Y, Long Z, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li R, Tan L, Jiang L, Zhu JK, Li L. MAG2 and MAL Regulate Vesicle Trafficking and Auxin Homeostasis With Functional Redundancy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849532. [PMID: 35371137 PMCID: PMC8966843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a central phytohormone and controls almost all aspects of plant development and stress response. Auxin homeostasis is coordinately regulated by biosynthesis, catabolism, transport, conjugation, and deposition. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized MAIGO2 (MAG2) complex mediates tethering of arriving vesicles to the ER membrane, and it is crucial for ER export trafficking. Despite important regulatory roles of MAG2 in vesicle trafficking, the mag2 mutant had mild developmental abnormalities. MAG2 has one homolog protein, MAG2-Like (MAL), and the mal-1 mutant also had slight developmental phenotypes. In order to investigate MAG2 and MAL regulatory function in plant development, we generated the mag2-1 mal-1 double mutant. As expected, the double mutant exhibited serious developmental defects and more alteration in stress response compared with single mutants and wild type. Proteomic analysis revealed that signaling, metabolism, and stress response in mag2-1 mal-1 were affected, especially membrane trafficking and auxin biosynthesis, signaling, and transport. Biochemical and cell biological analysis indicated that the mag2-1 mal-1 double mutant had more serious defects in vesicle transport than the mag2-1 and mal-1 single mutants. The auxin distribution and abundance of auxin transporters were altered significantly in the mag2-1 and mal-1 single mutants and mag2-1 mal-1 double mutant. Our findings suggest that MAG2 and MAL regulate plant development and auxin homeostasis by controlling membrane trafficking, with functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengbiao Long
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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160
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Kumar R, Francis V, Kulasekaran G, Khan M, Armstrong GAB, McPherson PS. A cell-based GEF assay reveals new substrates for DENN domains and a role for DENND2B in primary ciliogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3088. [PMID: 35196081 PMCID: PMC8865772 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory antennae crucial for cell and organism development, and defects in their biogenesis cause ciliopathies. Ciliogenesis involves membrane trafficking mediated by small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) including Rabs, molecular switches activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The largest family of Rab GEFs is the DENN domain-bearing proteins. Here, we screen all 60 Rabs against two major DENN domain families using a cellular GEF assay, uncovering 19 novel DENN/Rab pairs. The screen reveals Rab10 as a substrate for DENND2B, a protein previously implicated in cancer and severe mental retardation. Through activation of Rab10, DENND2B represses the formation of primary cilia. Through a second pathway, DENND2B functions as a GEF for RhoA to control the length of primary cilia. This work thus identifies an unexpected diversity in DENN domain-mediated activation of Rabs, a previously unidentified non-Rab substrate for a DENN domain, and a new regulatory protein in primary ciliogenesis.
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161
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Maintaining Golgi Homeostasis: A Balancing Act of Two Proteolytic Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050780. [PMID: 35269404 PMCID: PMC8909885 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central hub for cellular protein trafficking and signaling. Golgi structure and function is tightly coupled and undergoes dynamic changes in health and disease. A crucial requirement for maintaining Golgi homeostasis is the ability of the Golgi to target aberrant, misfolded, or otherwise unwanted proteins to degradation. Recent studies have revealed that the Golgi apparatus may degrade such proteins through autophagy, retrograde trafficking to the ER for ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and locally, through Golgi apparatus-related degradation (GARD). Here, we review recent discoveries in these mechanisms, highlighting the role of the Golgi in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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162
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SNARE proteins: zip codes in vesicle targeting? Biochem J 2022; 479:273-288. [PMID: 35119456 PMCID: PMC8883487 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells is mediated by transport vesicles that bud from a precursor compartment and are transported to their destination compartment where they dock and fuse. To reach their intracellular destination, transport vesicles contain targeting signals such as Rab GTPases and polyphosphoinositides that are recognized by tethering factors in the cytoplasm and that connect the vesicles with their respective destination compartment. The final step, membrane fusion, is mediated by SNARE proteins. SNAREs are connected to targeting signals and tethering factors by multiple interactions. However, it is still debated whether SNAREs only function downstream of targeting and tethering or whether they also participate in regulating targeting specificity. Here, we review the evidence and discuss recent data supporting a role of SNARE proteins as targeting signals in vesicle traffic.
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163
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Impact of endolysosomal dysfunction upon exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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164
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Martinez R, Huang W, Buck H, Rea S, Defnet AE, Kane MA, Shapiro P. Proteomic Changes in the Monolayer and Spheroid Melanoma Cell Models of Acquired Resistance to BRAF and MEK1/2 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3293-3311. [PMID: 35128241 PMCID: PMC8811929 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway inhibitors are important therapies for treating many cancers. However, acquired resistance to most protein kinase inhibitors limits their ability to provide durable responses. Approximately 50% of malignant melanomas contain activating mutations in BRAF, which promotes cancer cell survival through the direct phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK/ERK 1/2 (MEK1/2) and the activation of ERK1/2. Although the combination treatment with BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors is a recommended approach to treat melanoma, the development of drug resistance remains a barrier to achieving long-term patient benefits. Few studies have compared the global proteomic changes in BRAF/MEK1/2 inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells under different growth conditions. The current study uses high-resolution label-free mass spectrometry to compare relative protein changes in BRAF/MEK1/2 inhibitor-resistant A375 melanoma cells grown as monolayers or spheroids. While approximately 66% of proteins identified were common in the monolayer and spheroid cultures, only 6.2 or 3.6% of proteins that significantly increased or decreased, respectively, were common between the drug-resistant monolayer and spheroid cells. Drug-resistant monolayers showed upregulation of ERK-independent signaling pathways, whereas drug-resistant spheroids showed primarily elevated catabolic metabolism to support oxidative phosphorylation. These studies highlight the similarities and differences between monolayer and spheroid cell models in identifying actionable targets to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Martinez
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Heather Buck
- Nathan
Schnaper Internship Program in Translational Cancer Research, Marlene
and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Samantha Rea
- Nathan
Schnaper Internship Program in Translational Cancer Research, Marlene
and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Amy E. Defnet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
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165
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Jiang X, Yang L, Gao Q, Liu Y, Feng X, Ye S, Yang Z. The Role of RAB GTPases and Its Potential in Predicting Immunotherapy Response and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:828373. [PMID: 35154286 PMCID: PMC8833848 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.828373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, in which aberrant activation of the RAS signaling pathway appears frequently. RAB proteins (RABs) are the largest Ras small GTPases superfamily that regulates intracellular membrane trafficking pathways. The dysregulation of RABs have been found in various diseases including cancers. Compared with other members of Ras families, the roles of RABs in colorectal cancer are less well understood. Methods: We analyzed the differential expression and clinicopathological association of RABs in CRC using RNA sequencing and genotyping datasets from TCGA samples. Moreover, the biological function of RAB17 and RAB34 were investigated in CRC cell lines and patient samples. Results: Of the 62 RABs we analyzed in CRC, seven (RAB10, RAB11A, RAB15, RAB17, RAB19, RAB20, and RAB25) were significantly upregulated, while six (RAB6B, RAB9B, RAB12, RAB23, RAB31, and RAB34) were significantly downregulated in tumor tissues as compared to normal. We found that the upregulated-RABs, which were highly expressed in metabolic activated CRC subtype (CMS3), are associated with cell cycle related pathways enrichment and positively correlated with the mismatch repair (MMR) genes in CRC, implying their role in regulating cell metabolism and tumor growth. While, high expression of the downregulated-RABs were significantly associated with poor prognostic CRC mesenchymal subtypes (CMS4), immune checkpoint genes, and tumor infiltrating immune cells, indicating their role in predicting prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. Interestingly, though RAB34 mRNA is downregulated in CRC, its high expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that RAB17 overexpression can promote cell proliferation via cell cycle regulation. While, RAB34 overexpression can promote cell migration and invasion and is associated with PD-L1/PD-L2 expression increase in CRC cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that RABs may play important roles in regulating cell cycle and immune-related pathways, therefore might be potential biomarkers in predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in CRC.
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166
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Hellicar J, Stevenson NL, Stephens DJ, Lowe M. Supply chain logistics - the role of the Golgi complex in extracellular matrix production and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273996. [PMID: 35023559 PMCID: PMC8767278 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissues are determined by the composition and quality of their extracellular matrix. This, in turn, is highly dependent on the function and organisation of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex plays a vital role in directing matrix output by co-ordinating the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing of matrix components prior to their secretion. These modifications have broad impacts on the secretion and subsequent assembly of matrix components, as well as their function in the extracellular environment. In this Review, we highlight the role of the Golgi in the formation of an adaptable, healthy matrix, with a focus on proteoglycan and procollagen secretion as example cargoes. We then discuss the impact of Golgi dysfunction on connective tissue in the context of human disease and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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167
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Zhang J, Jiang Z, Shi A. Rab GTPases: The principal players in crafting the regulatory landscape of endosomal trafficking. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4464-4472. [PMID: 36051867 PMCID: PMC9418685 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, diverse cargos are sorted into endosomes and directed to various destinations, including extracellular macromolecules, membrane lipids, and membrane proteins. Some cargos are returned to the plasma membrane via endocytic recycling. In contrast, others are delivered to the Golgi apparatus through the retrograde pathway, while the rest are transported to late endosomes and eventually to lysosomes for degradation. Rab GTPases are major regulators that ensure cargos are delivered to their proper destinations. Rabs are localized to distinct endosomes and play predominant roles in membrane budding, vesicle formation and motility, vesicle tethering, and vesicle fusion by recruiting effectors. The cascades between Rabs via shared effectors or the recruitment of Rab activators provide an additional layer of spatiotemporal regulation of endocytic trafficking. Notably, several recent studies have indicated that disorders of Rab-mediated endocytic transports are closely associated with diseases such as immunodeficiency, cancer, and neurological disorders.
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168
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Rab2A regulates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease downstream of AMPK-TBC1D1 axis by stabilizing PPARγ. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001522. [PMID: 35061665 PMCID: PMC8809606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately a quarter of the population worldwide, and persistent overnutrition is one of the major causes. However, the underlying molecular basis has not been fully elucidated, and no specific drug has been approved for this disease. Here, we identify a regulatory mechanism that reveals a novel function of Rab2A in the progression of NAFLD based on energy status and PPARγ. The mechanistic analysis shows that nutrition repletion suppresses the phosphorylation of AMPK-TBC1D1 signaling, augments the level of GTP-bound Rab2A, and then increases the protein stability of PPARγ, which ultimately promotes the hepatic accumulation of lipids in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that blocking the AMPK-TBC1D1 pathway in TBC1D1S231A-knock-in (KI) mice led to a markedly increased GTP-bound Rab2A and subsequent fatty liver in aged mice. Our studies also showed that inhibition of Rab2A expression alleviated hepatic lipid deposition in western diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice by reducing the protein level of PPARγ and the expression of PPARγ target genes. Our findings not only reveal a new molecular mechanism regulating the progression of NAFLD during persistent overnutrition but also have potential implications for drug discovery to combat this disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately a quarter of the global population; persistent overnutrition is one of the major causes, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study shows that overnutrition suppresses the phosphorylation of AMPK and TBC1D1, augmenting the level of GTP-bound Rab2A and increasing the stability of PPARγ, which ultimately promotes the hepatic accumulation of lipids.
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169
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Jiang L, Zhang T, Lu K, Qi S. The progress in C9orf72 research: ALS/FTD pathogenesis, functions and structure. Small GTPases 2022; 13:56-76. [PMID: 33663328 PMCID: PMC9707547 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1892443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) expansion in C9orf72 is accounted for a large proportion of the genetic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The hypotheses of how the massive G4C2 repeats in C9orf72 destroy the neurons and lead to ALS/FTD are raised and improving. As a multirole player, C9orf72 exerts critical roles in many cellular processes, including autophagy, membrane trafficking, immune response, and so on. Notably, the partners of C9orf72, through which C9orf72 participates in the cell activities, have been identified. Notably, the structures of the C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex shed light on its activity as GTPase activating proteins (GAP). In this manuscript, we reviewed the latest research progress in the C9orf72-mediated ALS/FTD, the physiological functions of C9orf72, and the putative function models of C9orf72/C9orf72-containing complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tizhong Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,CONTACT Shiqian Qi Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
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170
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Martínez-Morales JC, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Roles of receptor phosphorylation and Rab proteins in G protein-coupled receptor function and trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:144-153. [PMID: 34969830 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G Protein-Coupled Receptors form the most abundant family of membrane proteins and are crucial physiological players in the homeostatic equilibrium, which we define as health. They also participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases and are frequent targets of therapeutic intervention. Considering their importance, it is not surprising that different mechanisms regulate their function, including desensitization, resensitization, internalization, recycling to the plasma membrane, and degradation. These processes are modulated in a highly coordinated and specific way by protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, protein adaptors, interaction with multifunctional complexes, molecular motors, phospholipid metabolism, and membrane distribution. This review describes significant advances in the study of the regulation of these receptors by phosphorylation and endosomal traffic (where signaling can take place); we revisited the bar code hypothesis and include two additional observations: a) that different phosphorylation patterns seem to be associated with internalization and endosome sorting for recycling or degradation, and b) that, surprisingly, phosphorylation of some G protein-coupled receptors appears to be required for proper receptor insertion into the plasma membrane. Significance Statement G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation is an early event in desensitization/ signaling switching, endosomal traffic, and internalization. These events seem crucial for receptor responsiveness, cellular localization, and fate (recycling/ degradation) with important pharmacological/ therapeutic implications. Phosphorylation sites vary depending on the cells in which they are expressed and on the stimulus that leads to such covalent modification. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that phosphorylation also seems to be required for proper insertion into the plasma membrane for some receptors.
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171
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Rab GTPases in Parkinson's disease: a primer. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:961-974. [PMID: 34414419 PMCID: PMC8709891 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a prominent and debilitating movement disorder characterized by the death of vulnerable neurons which share a set of structural and physiological properties. Over the recent years, increasing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases can directly as well as indirectly contribute to the cellular alterations leading to PD. Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking events, and alterations in certain membrane trafficking steps can be particularly disruptive to vulnerable neurons. Here, we describe current knowledge on the direct links between altered Rab protein function and PD pathomechanisms.
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172
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Hatoyama Y, Homma Y, Hiragi S, Fukuda M. Establishment and analysis of conditional Rab1- and Rab5-knockout cells using the auxin-inducible degron system. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273782. [PMID: 34817057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two small GTPases, Rab1 and Rab5, are key membrane trafficking regulators that are conserved in all eukaryotes. They have recently been found to be essential for cell survival and/or growth in cultured mammalian cells, thereby precluding the establishment of Rab1-knockout (KO) and Rab5-KO cells, making it extremely difficult to assess the impact of complete Rab1 or Rab5 protein depletion on cellular functions. Here, we generated and analyzed cell lines with conditional KO (CKO) of either Rab1 (Rab1A and Rab1B) or Rab5 (Rab5A, Rab5B and Rab5C) by using the auxin-inducible protein degradation system. Rab1 CKO and Rab5 CKO led to eventual cell death from 18 h and 48 h, respectively, after auxin exposure. After acute Rab1 protein depletion, the Golgi stack and ribbon structures were completely disrupted, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking was severely inhibited. Moreover, we discovered a novel Rab1-depletion phenotype: perinuclear clustering of early endosomes and delayed transferrin recycling. In contrast, acute Rab5 protein depletion resulted in loss of early endosomes and late endosomes, but lysosomes appeared to be normal. We also observed a dramatic reduction in the intracellular signals of endocytic cargos via receptor-mediated or fluid-phase endocytosis in Rab5-depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hatoyama
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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173
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Soelch S, Beaufort N, Loessner D, Kotzsch M, Reuning U, Luther T, Kirchner T, Magdolen V. Rab31-dependent regulation of transforming growth factor ß expression in breast cancer cells. Mol Med 2021; 27:158. [PMID: 34906074 PMCID: PMC8670132 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small GTP-binding protein Rab31 plays an important role in the modulation of tumor biological-relevant processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. As an underlying mechanism, Rab31 is presumed to act as a molecular switch between a more proliferative and an invasive phenotype. This prompted us to analyze whether Rab31 overexpression in breast cancer cells affects expression of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like processes when compared to Rab31 low-expressing cells. METHODS Commercially available profiler PCR arrays were applied to search for differentially expressed genes in Rab31 high- and low-expressing CAMA-1 breast cancer cells. Differential expression of selected candidate genes in response to Rab31 overexpression in CAMA-1 cells was validated by independent qPCR and protein assays. RESULTS Gene expression profiling of key genes involved in EMT, or its reciprocal process MET, identified 9 genes being significantly up- or down-regulated in Rab31 overexpressing CAMA-1 cells, with the strongest effects seen for TGFB1, encoding TGF-ß1 (> 25-fold down-regulation in Rab31 overexpressing cells). Subsequent validation analyses by qPCR revealed a strong down-regulation of TGFB1 mRNA levels in response to increased Rab31 expression not only in CAMA-1 cells, but also in another breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Using ELISA and Western blot analysis, a considerable reduction of both intracellular and secreted TGF-ß1 antigen levels was determined in Rab31 overexpressing cells compared to vector control cells. Furthermore, reduced TGF-ß activity was observed upon Rab31 overexpression in CAMA-1 cells using a sensitive TGF-ß bioassay. Finally, the relationship between Rab31 expression and the TGF-ß axis was analyzed by another profiler PCR array focusing on genes involved in TGF-ß signaling. We found 12 out of 84 mRNAs significantly reduced and 7 mRNAs significantly increased upon Rab31 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Rab31 is a potent modulator of the expression of TGF-ß and other components of the TGF-ß signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Soelch
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Beaufort
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum Der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81576, Munich, Germany.
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174
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Christensen JR, Kendrick AA, Truong JB, Aguilar-Maldonado A, Adani V, Dzieciatkowska M, Reck-Peterson SL. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 cargo diversity is mediated by the combinatorial assembly of FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes. eLife 2021; 10:74538. [PMID: 34882091 PMCID: PMC8730729 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, intracellular components are organized by the microtubule motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) and kinesins, which are linked to cargos via adaptor proteins. While ~40 kinesins transport cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, a single dynein moves cargo in the opposite direction. How dynein transports a wide variety of cargos remains an open question. The FTS–Hook–FHIP (‘FHF’) cargo adaptor complex links dynein to cargo in humans and fungi. As human cells have three Hooks and four FHIP proteins, we hypothesized that the combinatorial assembly of different Hook and FHIP proteins could underlie dynein cargo diversity. Using proteomic approaches, we determine the protein ‘interactome’ of each FHIP protein. Live-cell imaging and biochemical approaches show that different FHF complexes associate with distinct motile cargos. These complexes also move with dynein and its cofactor dynactin in single-molecule in vitro reconstitution assays. Complexes composed of FTS, FHIP1B, and Hook1/Hook3 colocalize with Rab5-tagged early endosomes via a direct interaction between FHIP1B and GTP-bound Rab5. In contrast, complexes composed of FTS, FHIP2A, and Hook2 colocalize with Rab1A-tagged ER-to-Golgi cargos and FHIP2A is involved in the motility of Rab1A tubules. Our findings suggest that combinatorial assembly of different FTS–Hook–FHIP complexes is one mechanism dynein uses to achieve cargo specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Christensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Agnieszka A Kendrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Joey B Truong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Vinit Adani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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175
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Abstract
Birnaviruses are members of the Birnaviridae family, responsible for major economic losses to poultry and aquaculture. The family is composed of non-enveloped viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), the prototypic family member, is the etiological agent of Gumboro disease, a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease in the poultry industry worldwide. We previously demonstrated that IBDV hijacks the endocytic pathway for establishing the viral replication complexes on endosomes associated with the Golgi complex (GC). In this work, we report that IBDV reorganizes the GC to localize the endosome-associated replication complexes without affecting its secretory functionality. Analyzing crucial proteins involved in the secretory pathway, we showed the essential requirement of Rab1b for viral replication. Rab1b comprises a key regulator of GC transport and we demonstrate that transfecting the negative mutant Rab1b N121I or knocking down Rab1b expression by RNA interference significantly reduces the yield of infectious viral progeny. Furthermore, we showed that the Rab1b downstream effector Golgi-specific BFA resistance factor 1 (GBF1), which activates the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1), is required for IBDV replication since inhibiting its activity by treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) or Golgicide A (GCA) significantly reduces the yield of infectious viral progeny. Finally, we show that ARF1 dominant negative-mutant T31N over-expression hampered the IBDV infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IBDV requires the function of the Rab1b-GBF1-ARF1 axis to promote its replication, making a substantial contribution to the field of birnaviruses-host cell interactions. IMPORTANCE Birnaviruses are unconventional members of the dsRNA viruses, being the lack of a transcriptionally active core the main differential feature. This structural trait, among others that resemble the plus single-stranded (+ssRNA) viruses features, suggests that birnaviruses might follow a different replication program from that conducted by prototypical dsRNA members and have argued the hypothesis that birnaviruses could be evolutionary links between +ssRNA and dsRNA viruses. Here, we present original data showing the IBDV-induced GC reorganization and the crosstalk between IBDV and the Rab1b-GBF1-ARF1 mediated intracellular trafficking pathway. The replication of several +ssRNA viruses depends on the cellular protein GBF1, but its role in the replication process is not clear. Thus, our findings make a substantial contribution to the field of birnaviruses-host cells and provide further evidence supporting the proposed evolutionary connection role of birnaviruses, an aspect which we consider especially relevant for researchers working in the virology field.
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176
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Niu Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Jiang W, Tao R, Chen Y, Han Y. Silencing FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain containing 1 (FGD1) suppresses melanoma progression by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12193-12205. [PMID: 34783295 PMCID: PMC8810171 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2005877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the leading cause of death among skin cancers despite the availability of diverse treatments. FGD1 plays an important role in multiple cancers, but how it works in cutaneous melanoma has not been illustrated. Thus, this study was intended to investigate the roles of FGD1 and its underlying mechanisms in cutaneous melanoma. Bioinformatics tools and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to analyze the expression of FGD1 in cutaneous melanoma. After the knockdown of FGD1 in melanoma cells, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation assays and transwell assays. Western blot was used to check the expression of key factors in PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, nude mice models were used to study the role of FGD1 in melanoma development and metastasis in vivo. The data demonstrated that FGD1 was up-regulated and predicted a poor clinical outcome for cutaneous melanoma patients. Knockdown of FGD1 inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT were significantly decreased, while the expressions of PI3K and AKT showed no marked difference in the knockdown group. Meanwhile, knockdown of FGD1 suppressed the development of melanoma in vivo. This study suggested that knockdown of FGD1 could block melanoma formation and proliferation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. FGD1 might be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Niu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqian Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youbai Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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177
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Hernandez SJ, Fote G, Reyes-Ortiz AM, Steffan JS, Thompson LM. Cooperation of cell adhesion and autophagy in the brain: Functional roles in development and neurodegenerative disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100089. [PMID: 34786551 PMCID: PMC8579148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesive connections directed by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by autophagy are seemingly disparate functions that are molecularly intertwined, each regulating the other. This is an emerging field in the brain where the interplay between adhesion and autophagy functions at the intersection of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. The ECM and adhesion proteins regulate autophagic responses to direct protein clearance and guide regenerative programs that go awry in brain disorders. Concomitantly, autophagic flux acts to regulate adhesion dynamics to mediate neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity with functional disruption contributed by neurodegenerative disease. This review highlights the cooperative exchange between cellular adhesion and autophagy in the brain during health and disease. As the mechanistic alliance between adhesion and autophagy has been leveraged therapeutically for metastatic disease, understanding overlapping molecular functions that direct the interplay between adhesion and autophagy might uncover therapeutic strategies to correct or compensate for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hernandez
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gianna Fote
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea M. Reyes-Ortiz
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joan S. Steffan
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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178
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Schneider K, Farr T, Pinter N, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Braus GH, Kämper J. The Nma1 protein promotes long distance transport mediated by early endosomes in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:334-352. [PMID: 34817894 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early endosomes (EEs) are part of the endocytic transport pathway and resemble the earliest class of transport vesicles between the internalization of extracellular material, their cellular distribution or vacuolar degradation. In filamentous fungi, EEs fulfill important functions in long distance transport of cargoes as mRNAs, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Formation and maturation of early endosomes is controlled by the specific membrane-bound Rab-GTPase Rab5 and tethering complexes as CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering). In the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis, Rab5a is the prominent GTPase to recruit CORVET to EEs; in rab5a deletion strains, this function is maintained by the second EE-associated GTPase Rab5b. The tethering- and core-subunits of CORVET are essential, buttressing a central role for EE transport in U. maydis. The function of EEs in long distance transport is supported by the Nma1 protein that interacts with the Vps3 subunit of CORVET. The interaction stabilizes the binding of Vps3 to the CORVET core complex that is recruited to Rab5a via Vps8. Deletion of nma1 leads to a significantly reduced number of EEs, and an increased conversion rate of EEs to late endosomes. Thus, Nma1 modulates the lifespan of EEs to ensure their availability for the various long distance transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Theresa Farr
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Niko Pinter
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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179
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Villanueva-Mendoza C, Tuson M, Apam-Garduño D, de Castro-Miró M, Tonda R, Trotta JR, Marfany G, Valero R, Cortés-González V, Gonzàlez-Duarte R. The Genetic Landscape of Inherited Retinal Diseases in a Mexican Cohort: Genes, Mutations and Phenotypes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111824. [PMID: 34828430 PMCID: PMC8624043 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to provide the genetic diagnosis of a large cohort of patients affected with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) from Mexico. Our data add valuable information to the genetic portrait in rare ocular diseases of Mesoamerican populations, which are mostly under-represented in genetic studies. A cohort of 144 unrelated probands with a clinical diagnosis of IRD were analyzed by next-generation sequencing using target gene panels (overall including 346 genes and 65 intronic sequences). Four unsolved cases were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing (WES). The pathogenicity of new variants was assessed by in silico prediction algorithms and classified following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 105 probands, with a final diagnostic yield of 72.9%; 17 cases (11.8%) were partially solved. Eighteen patients were clinically reclassified after a genetic diagnostic test (17.1%). In our Mexican cohort, mutations in 48 genes were found, with ABCA4, CRB1, RPGR and USH2A as the major contributors. Notably, over 50 new putatively pathogenic variants were identified. Our data highlight cases with relevant clinical and genetic features due to mutations in the RAB28 and CWC27 genes, enrich the novel mutation repertoire and expand the IRD landscape of the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miquel Tuson
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (M.d.C.-M.); (G.M.)
| | - David Apam-Garduño
- Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City 04030, Mexico; (C.V.-M.); (D.A.-G.)
| | | | - Raul Tonda
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.T.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Jean Remi Trotta
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.T.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Gemma Marfany
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (M.d.C.-M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Valero
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (M.d.C.-M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (V.C.-G.); (R.G.-D.)
| | - Vianney Cortés-González
- Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City 04030, Mexico; (C.V.-M.); (D.A.-G.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (V.C.-G.); (R.G.-D.)
| | - Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (M.d.C.-M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (V.C.-G.); (R.G.-D.)
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180
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Schechter M, Sharon R. An Emerging Role for Phosphoinositides in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1725-1750. [PMID: 34151859 PMCID: PMC8609718 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent data support an involvement of defects in homeostasis of phosphoinositides (PIPs) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Genetic mutations have been identified in genes encoding for PIP-regulating and PIP-interacting proteins, that are associated with familial and sporadic PD. Many of these proteins are implicated in vesicular membrane trafficking, mechanisms that were recently highlighted for their close associations with PD. PIPs are phosphorylated forms of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol. Their composition in the vesicle’s membrane of origin, as well as membrane of destination, controls vesicular membrane trafficking. We review the converging evidence that points to the involvement of PIPs in PD. The review describes PD- and PIP-associated proteins implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and autophagy, and highlights the involvement of α-synuclein in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Schechter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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181
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Mareninova OA, Dillon DL, Wightman CJM, Yakubov I, Takahashi T, Gaisano HY, Munson K, Ohmuraya M, Dawson D, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Rab9 Mediates Pancreatic Autophagy Switch From Canonical to Noncanonical, Aggravating Experimental Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:599-622. [PMID: 34610499 PMCID: PMC8715155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagosome, the central organelle in autophagy process, can assemble via canonical pathway mediated by LC3-II, the lipidated form of autophagy-related protein LC3/ATG8, or noncanonical pathway mediated by the small GTPase Rab9. Canonical autophagy is essential for exocrine pancreas homeostasis, and its disordering initiates and drives pancreatitis. The involvement of noncanonical autophagy has not been explored. We examine the role of Rab9 in pancreatic autophagy and pancreatitis severity. METHODS We measured the effect of Rab9 on parameters of autophagy and pancreatitis responses using transgenic mice overexpressing Rab9 (Rab9TG) and adenoviral transduction of acinar cells. Effect of canonical autophagy on Rab9 was assessed in ATG5-deficient acinar cells. RESULTS Pancreatic levels of Rab9 and its membrane-bound (active) form decreased in rodent pancreatitis models and in human disease. Rab9 overexpression stimulated noncanonical and inhibited canonical/LC3-mediated autophagosome formation in acinar cells through up-regulation of ATG4B, the cysteine protease that delipidates LC3-II. Conversely, ATG5 deficiency caused Rab9 increase in acinar cells. Inhibition of canonical autophagy in Rab9TG pancreas was associated with accumulation of Rab9-positive vacuoles containing markers of mitochondria, protein aggregates, and trans-Golgi. The shift to the noncanonical pathway caused pancreatitis-like damage in acinar cells and aggravated experimental pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The results show that Rab9 regulates pancreatic autophagy and indicate a mutually antagonistic relationship between the canonical/LC3-mediated and noncanonical/Rab9-mediated autophagy pathways in pancreatitis. Noncanonical autophagy fails to substitute for its canonical counterpart in protecting against pancreatitis. Thus, Rab9 decrease in experimental and human pancreatitis is a protective response to sustain canonical autophagy and alleviate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dustin L Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carli J M Wightman
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith Munson
- Department of Physiology, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - David Dawson
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
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182
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Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 Regulate pIgR/pIgA Transcytosis through TRIM21-Mediated Polyubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910466. [PMID: 34638806 PMCID: PMC8508952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) transcytosis across mucosal epithelial cells plays an essential role in mucosal immunity. The general trafficking process has been well investigated, yet the elaborate regulatory mechanisms remain enigmatic. We identified a new pIgR interacting protein, the Rab11 effector Rab11-FIP1. Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 knockdown additively impaired pIgA transcytosis in both polarized and incompletely polarized cells. Moreover, Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 knockdown exhibited more significant inhibitory effects on pIgA transcytosis in incompletely polarized cells than in polarized cells. Interestingly, the trafficking process of pIgA in incompletely polarized cells is distinct from that in polarized cells. In incompletely polarized cells, the endocytic pIgR/pIgA was first transported from the basolateral plasma membrane to the vicinity of the centrosome where Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 bound to it, before the Rab11a-positive endosomes containing pIgR/pIgA, Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 were further transported to the apical plasma membrane via Golgi apparatus. During the trafficking process, TRIM21 mediated the K11-linked polyubiquitination of Rab11-FIP1 and the K6-linked polyubiquitination of Rab11-FIP5 to promote their activation and pIgA transcytosis. This study indicates that polyubiquitinated Rab11-FIP1 and Rab11-FIP5 mediated by TRIM21 cooperatively facilitate pIgA transcytosis and provides new insights into the intracellular trafficking process of pIgA in incompletely polarized cells.
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183
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Domínguez Cadena LC, Schultz TE, Zamoshnikova A, Donovan ML, Mathmann CD, Yu CH, Mori G, Stow JL, Blumenthal A. Rab6b localizes to the Golgi complex in murine macrophages and promotes tumor necrosis factor release in response to mycobacterial infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:1067-1076. [PMID: 34555867 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a central role in the host control of mycobacterial infections. Expression and release of TNF are tightly regulated, yet the molecular mechanisms that control the release of TNF by mycobacteria-infected host cells, in particular macrophages, are incompletely understood. Rab GTPases direct the transport of intracellular membrane-enclosed vesicles and are important regulators of macrophage cytokine secretion. Rab6b is known to be predominantly expressed in the brain where it functions in retrograde transport and anterograde vesicle transport for exocytosis. Whether it executes similar functions in the context of immune responses is unknown. Here we show that Rab6b is expressed by primary mouse macrophages, where it localized to the Golgi complex. Infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) resulted in dynamic changes in Rab6b expression in primary mouse macrophages in vitro as well as in organs from infected mice in vivo. We further show that Rab6b facilitated TNF release by M. bovis BCG-infected macrophages, in the absence of discernible impact on Tnf messenger RNA and intracellular TNF protein expression. Our observations identify Rab6b as a positive regulator of M. bovis BCG-induced TNF trafficking and secretion by macrophages and positions Rab6b among the molecular machinery that orchestrates inflammatory cytokine responses by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Domínguez Cadena
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas E Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alina Zamoshnikova
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meg L Donovan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carmen D Mathmann
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Giorgia Mori
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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184
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Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Structural Biology of LRRK2 and its Interaction with Microtubules. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2494-2504. [PMID: 34423856 PMCID: PMC9290818 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a major cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and a risk factor for its sporadic form. LRRK2 hyperactivity has also been reported in sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an appealing target for PD small‐molecule therapeutics. At a cellular level, increasing evidence suggests that LRRK2 regulates membrane trafficking. Under some conditions LRRK2 also associates with microtubules, the cellular tracks used by dynein and kinesin motors to move membranes. At a structural level, however, relatively little was known about LRRK2. An important step toward bridging this gap took place last year with the publication of structures of LRRK2's cytosolic and microtubule‐bound forms. Here, we review the main findings from these studies and discuss what we see as the major challenges going forward with a focus on areas that will require structural information. We also introduce the structural techniques—cryo‐electron microscopy and cryo‐electron tomography—that were instrumental to solving the structures of LRRK2. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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185
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Neuman SD, Lee AR, Selegue JE, Cavanagh AT, Bashirullah A. A novel function for Rab1 and Rab11 during secretory granule maturation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs259037. [PMID: 34342349 PMCID: PMC8353522 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is an essential process whereby specific cargo proteins are secreted in a stimulus-dependent manner. Cargo-containing secretory granules are synthesized in the trans-Golgi network (TGN); after budding from the TGN, granules undergo modifications, including an increase in size. These changes occur during a poorly understood process called secretory granule maturation. Here, we leverage the Drosophila larval salivary glands as a model to characterize a novel role for Rab GTPases during granule maturation. We find that secretory granules increase in size ∼300-fold between biogenesis and release, and loss of Rab1 or Rab11 reduces granule size. Surprisingly, we find that Rab1 and Rab11 localize to secretory granule membranes. Rab11 associates with granule membranes throughout maturation, and Rab11 recruits Rab1. In turn, Rab1 associates specifically with immature granules and drives granule growth. In addition to roles in granule growth, both Rab1 and Rab11 appear to have additional functions during exocytosis; Rab11 function is necessary for exocytosis, while the presence of Rab1 on immature granules may prevent precocious exocytosis. Overall, these results highlight a new role for Rab GTPases in secretory granule maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arash Bashirullah
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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186
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Cai R, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zou Q, Pu Y, Yu C, Cai Z. Role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113481. [PMID: 34302876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK), a serine/threonine kinase regulated by the small GTPase RhoA, is involved in regulating cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Numerous studies have shown that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway can promote Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurrence. ROCK activation increases β-secretase activity and promotes amyloid-beta (Aβ) production; moreover, Aβ further activates ROCK. This is suggestive of a possible positive feedback role for Aβ and ROCK. Moreover, ROCK activation promotes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and abnormal synaptic contraction. Additionally, ROCK activation can promote the neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia and astrocytes to release inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ROCK is a promising drug target in AD; further, there is a need to elucidate the specific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuoLan Cai
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YangYang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - ZhenTing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YinShuang Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China.
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187
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Large Rab GTPases: Novel Membrane Trafficking Regulators with a Calcium Sensor and Functional Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147691. [PMID: 34299309 PMCID: PMC8303950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are major coordinators of intracellular membrane trafficking, including vesicle transport, membrane fission, tethering, docking, and fusion events. Rab GTPases are roughly divided into two groups: conventional “small” Rab GTPases and atypical “large” Rab GTPases that have been recently reported. Some members of large Rab GTPases in mammals include Rab44, Rab45/RASEF, and Rab46. The genes of these large Rab GTPases commonly encode an amino-terminal EF-hand domain, coiled-coil domain, and the carboxyl-terminal Rab GTPase domain. A common feature of large Rab GTPases is that they express several isoforms in cells. For instance, Rab44’s two isoforms have similar functions, but exhibit differential localization. The long form of Rab45 (Rab45-L) is abundantly distributed in epithelial cells. The short form of Rab45 (Rab45-S) is predominantly present in the testes. Both Rab46 (CRACR2A-L) and the short isoform lacking the Rab domain (CRACR2A-S) are expressed in T cells, whereas Rab46 is only distributed in endothelial cells. Although evidence regarding the function of large Rab GTPases has been accumulating recently, there are only a limited number of studies. Here, we report the recent findings on the large Rab GTPase family concerning their function in membrane trafficking, cell differentiation, related diseases, and knockout mouse phenotypes.
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188
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Selma-Soriano E, Ortega A, Cortes R, Redon J. Small Rab GTPases in Intracellular Vesicle Trafficking: The Case of Rab3A/Raphillin-3A Complex in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7679. [PMID: 34299299 PMCID: PMC8303874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Rab GTPases, the largest group of small monomeric GTPases, regulate vesicle trafficking in cells, which are integral to many cellular processes. Their role in neurological diseases, such as cancer and inflammation have been extensively studied, but their implication in kidney disease has not been researched in depth. Rab3a and its effector Rabphillin-3A (Rph3A) expression have been demonstrated to be present in the podocytes of normal kidneys of mice rats and humans, around vesicles contained in the foot processes, and they are overexpressed in diseases with proteinuria. In addition, the Rab3A knockout mice model induced profound cytoskeletal changes in podocytes of high glucose fed animals. Likewise, RphA interference in the Drosophila model produced structural and functional damage in nephrocytes with reduction in filtration capacities and nephrocyte number. Changes in the structure of cardiac fiber in the same RphA-interference model, open the question if Rab3A dysfunction would produce simultaneous damage in the heart and kidney cells, an attractive field that will require attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Estela Selma-Soriano
- Physiopathology of Cellular and Organic Oxidative Stress Group, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Josep Redon
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.M.-A.); (R.C.)
- CIBERObn, Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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189
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Sharma A, Kumar G, Sharma S, Walia K, Chouhan P, Mandal B, Tuli A. Methods for binding analysis of small GTP-binding proteins with their effectors. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:235-250. [PMID: 34752335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins often do not function as a single biomolecular entity; instead, they frequently interact with other proteins and biomolecules forming complexes. There is increasing evidence depicting the essentiality of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) governing a wide array of cellular processes. Thus, it is crucial to understand PPIs. Commonly used approaches like genetic (e.g., Yeast Two-Hybrid, Y2H), optical (e.g., Surface Plasmon Resonance, SPR; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, FRET), and biochemical have rendered ease in developing interactive protein maps as freely available information in protein databases on the web. The underlying basis of traditional protein interaction analysis is the core of biochemical methodologies providing direct evidence of interactions. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is a powerful biochemical technique that facilitates identifying novel interacting partners of a protein of interest in vivo, allowing specific capture of their complexes on an immunoglobulin. Here, using Arf-like (Arl) GTPase-8b (Arl8b) and Pleckstrin Homology Domain-Containing Family M Member 1 (PLEKHM1) as an example of small GTPase-effector pair, we provide a detailed protocol for performing Y2H and Co-IP assays to confirm the interaction between a small GTPase and its effector protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kshitiz Walia
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Chouhan
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Bidisha Mandal
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Tuli
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
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190
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Yousefi R, Jevdokimenko K, Kluever V, Pacheu-Grau D, Fornasiero EF. Influence of Subcellular Localization and Functional State on Protein Turnover. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071747. [PMID: 34359917 PMCID: PMC8306977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is an equilibrium of paramount importance that maintains cellular performance by preserving an efficient proteome. This equilibrium avoids the accumulation of potentially toxic proteins, which could lead to cellular stress and death. While the regulators of proteostasis are the machineries controlling protein production, folding and degradation, several other factors can influence this process. Here, we have considered two factors influencing protein turnover: the subcellular localization of a protein and its functional state. For this purpose, we used an imaging approach based on the pulse-labeling of 17 representative SNAP-tag constructs for measuring protein lifetimes. With this approach, we obtained precise measurements of protein turnover rates in several subcellular compartments. We also tested a selection of mutants modulating the function of three extensively studied proteins, the Ca2+ sensor calmodulin, the small GTPase Rab5a and the brain creatine kinase (CKB). Finally, we followed up on the increased lifetime observed for the constitutively active Rab5a (Q79L), and we found that its stabilization correlates with enlarged endosomes and increased interaction with membranes. Overall, our data reveal that both changes in protein localization and functional state are key modulators of protein turnover, and protein lifetime fluctuations can be considered to infer changes in cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Yousefi
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (R.Y.); (K.J.); (V.K.)
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Kristina Jevdokimenko
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (R.Y.); (K.J.); (V.K.)
| | - Verena Kluever
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (R.Y.); (K.J.); (V.K.)
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Eugenio F. Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (R.Y.); (K.J.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence:
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191
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Zhou X, Shafique K, Sajid M, Ali Q, Khalili E, Javed MA, Haider MS, Zhou G, Zhu G. Era-like GTP protein gene expression in rice. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e250700. [PMID: 34259718 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.250700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutations are genetic changes in the genome sequences and have a significant role in biotechnology, genetics, and molecular biology even to find out the genome sequences of a cell DNA along with the viral RNA sequencing. The mutations are the alterations in DNA that may be natural or spontaneous and induced due to biochemical reactions or radiations which damage cell DNA. There is another cause of mutations which is known as transposons or jumping genes which can change their position in the genome during meiosis or DNA replication. The transposable elements can induce by self in the genome due to cellular and molecular mechanisms including hypermutation which caused the localization of transposable elements to move within the genome. The use of induced mutations for studying the mutagenesis in crop plants is very common as well as a promising method for screening crop plants with new and enhanced traits for the improvement of yield and production. The utilization of insertional mutations through transposons or jumping genes usually generates stable mutant alleles which are mostly tagged for the presence or absence of jumping genes or transposable elements. The transposable elements may be used for the identification of mutated genes in crop plants and even for the stable insertion of transposable elements in mutated crop plants. The guanine nucleotide-binding (GTP) proteins have an important role in inducing tolerance in rice plants to combat abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Linyi University, College of Life Science, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - K Shafique
- Government Sadiq College Women University, Department of Botany, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Sajid
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Q Ali
- University of Lahore, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - E Khalili
- Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - M A Javed
- University of the Punjab Lahore, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M S Haider
- University of the Punjab Lahore, Department of Plant Pathology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - G Zhou
- Yangzhou University, The Ministry of Education of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Zhu
- Yangzhou University, The Ministry of Education of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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192
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Tavares LA, Januário YC, daSilva LLP. HIV-1 Hijacking of Host ATPases and GTPases That Control Protein Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622610. [PMID: 34307340 PMCID: PMC8295591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) modifies the host cell environment to ensure efficient and sustained viral replication. Key to these processes is the capacity of the virus to hijack ATPases, GTPases and the associated proteins that control intracellular protein trafficking. The functions of these energy-harnessing enzymes can be seized by HIV-1 to allow the intracellular transport of viral components within the host cell or to change the subcellular distribution of antiviral factors, leading to immune evasion. Here, we summarize how energy-related proteins deviate from their normal functions in host protein trafficking to aid the virus in different phases of its replicative cycle. Recent discoveries regarding the interplay among HIV-1 and host ATPases and GTPases may shed light on potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Tavares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yunan C Januário
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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193
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Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Garstka MA, Błażewska KM. Targeting Small GTPases and Their Prenylation in Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9677-9710. [PMID: 34236862 PMCID: PMC8389838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A fundamental role
of pancreatic β-cells to maintain proper
blood glucose level is controlled by the Ras superfamily of small
GTPases that undergo post-translational modifications, including prenylation.
This covalent attachment with either a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl
group controls their localization, activity, and protein–protein
interactions. Small GTPases are critical in maintaining glucose homeostasis
acting in the pancreas and metabolically active tissues such as skeletal
muscles, liver, or adipocytes. Hyperglycemia-induced upregulation
of small GTPases suggests that inhibition of these pathways deserves
to be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in treating T2D.
This Perspective presents how inhibition of various points in the
mevalonate pathway might affect protein prenylation and functioning
of diabetes-affected tissues and contribute to chronic inflammation
involved in diabetes mellitus (T2D) development. We also demonstrate
the currently available molecular tools to decipher the mechanisms
linking the mevalonate pathway’s enzymes and GTPases with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Malgorzata A Garstka
- Core Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Tumor and Immunology, Precision Medical Institute, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port, School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, DaMingGong, Jian Qiang Road, Wei Yang district, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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194
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RAB10 Interacts with ABCB4 and Regulates Its Intracellular Traffic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137087. [PMID: 34209301 PMCID: PMC8268348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB4 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 4) is an ABC transporter expressed at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes where it ensures phosphatidylcholine secretion into bile. Genetic variations of ABCB4 are associated with several rare cholestatic diseases. The available treatments are not efficient for a significant proportion of patients with ABCB4-related diseases and liver transplantation is often required. The development of novel therapies requires a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating ABCB4 expression, intracellular traffic, and function. Using an immunoprecipitation approach combined with mass spectrometry analyses, we have identified the small GTPase RAB10 as a novel molecular partner of ABCB4. Our results indicate that the overexpression of wild type RAB10 or its dominant-active mutant significantly increases the amount of ABCB4 at the plasma membrane expression and its phosphatidylcholine floppase function. Contrariwise, RAB10 silencing induces the intracellular retention of ABCB4 and then indirectly diminishes its secretory function. Taken together, our findings suggest that RAB10 regulates the plasma membrane targeting of ABCB4 and consequently its capacity to mediate phosphatidylcholine secretion.
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195
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Myasnikov A, Zhu H, Hixson P, Xie B, Yu K, Pitre A, Peng J, Sun J. Structural analysis of the full-length human LRRK2. Cell 2021; 184:3519-3527.e10. [PMID: 34107286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 regulates critical cellular processes at membranous organelles and forms microtubule-based pathogenic filaments, yet the molecular basis underlying these biological roles of LRRK2 remains largely enigmatic. Here, we determined high-resolution structures of full-length human LRRK2, revealing its architecture and key interdomain scaffolding elements for rationalizing disease-causing mutations. The kinase domain of LRRK2 is captured in an inactive state, a conformation also adopted by the most common PD-associated mutation, LRRK2G2019S. This conformation serves as a framework for structure-guided design of conformational specific inhibitors. We further determined the structure of COR-mediated LRRK2 dimers and found that single-point mutations at the dimer interface abolished pathogenic filamentation in cells. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into physiological and pathological roles of LRRK2 and establishes a structural template for future therapeutic intervention in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Cryo-EM and Tomography Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patricia Hixson
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Boer Xie
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kaiwen Yu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Aaron Pitre
- Cell & Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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196
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Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. Endosomes as Signaling Platforms for IL-6 Family Cytokine Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688314. [PMID: 34141712 PMCID: PMC8204807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the name-giving cytokine of a family of eleven members, including IL-6, CNTF, LIF, and IL-27. IL-6 was first recognized as a B-cell stimulating factor but we now know that the cytokine plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of inflammatory processes as well as in inflammation associated cancer. Moreover, IL-6 is involved in metabolic regulation and it has been shown to be involved in major neural activities such as neuroprotection, which can help to repair and to reduce brain damage. Receptor complexes of all members formed at the plasma membrane contain one or two molecules of the signaling receptor subunit GP130 and the mechanisms of signal transduction are well understood. IL-6 type cytokines can also signal from endomembranes, in particular the endosome, and situations have been reported in which endocytosis of receptor complexes are a prerequisite of intracellular signaling. Moreover, pathogenic GP130 variants were shown to interfere with spatial activation of downstream signals. We here summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial regulation of IL-6 family cytokine signaling and discuss its relevance for pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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197
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Jin H, Tang Y, Yang L, Peng X, Li B, Fan Q, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Wu B, Huang M, Tang S, Liu J, Li H. Rab GTPases: Central Coordinators of Membrane Trafficking in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648384. [PMID: 34141705 PMCID: PMC8204108 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression involves invasion, migration, metabolism, autophagy, exosome secretion, and drug resistance. Cargos transported by membrane vesicle trafficking underlie all of these processes. Rab GTPases, which, through coordinated and dynamic intracellular membrane trafficking alongside cytoskeletal pathways, determine the maintenance of homeostasis and a series of cellular functions. The mechanism of vesicle movement regulated by Rab GTPases plays essential roles in cancers. Therefore, targeting Rab GTPases to adjust membrane trafficking has the potential to become a novel way to adjust cancer treatment. In this review, we describe the characteristics of Rab GTPases; in particular, we discuss the role of their activation in the regulation of membrane transport and provide examples of Rab GTPases regulating membrane transport in tumor progression. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications and the potential as a cancer therapeutic target of Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanxin Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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198
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Homma Y, Fukuda M. Knockout analysis of Rab6 effector proteins revealed the role of VPS52 in the secretory pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 561:151-157. [PMID: 34023780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rab small GTPases regulate intracellular membrane trafficking by interacting with specific binding proteins called Rab effectors. Although Rab6 is implicated in basement membrane formation and secretory cargo trafficking, its precise regulatory mechanisms have remained largely unknown. In the present study we established five knockout cell lines for candidate Rab6 effectors and discovered that knockout of VPS52, a subunit of the GARP complex, resulted in attenuated secretion and lysosomal accumulation of secretory cargos, the same as Rab6-knockout does. We also evaluated the functional importance of the previously uncharacterized C-terminal region of VPS52 for restoring these phenotypes, as well as for the sorting of lysosomal proteins. Our findings suggest that VPS52 is an effector protein that is responsible for the Rab6-dependent secretory cargo trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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199
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Omar J, Rosenbaum E, Efergan A, Sneineh BA, Yeheskel A, Maruta Y, Fukuda M, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Biochemical and structural insights into Rab12 interactions with RILP and its family members. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10317. [PMID: 33986343 PMCID: PMC8119438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside its biosynthetic functions, the small GTPase Rab12 negatively regulates mast cell (MC) exocytosis by its interaction with RILP to promote retrograde transport of the MC secretory granules. Given the role of Rab effectors in mediating Rab functions, in this study we used biochemical and in silico tools to decipher Rab12 interactions with its RILP family effectors. We show that Rab12 interacts with RILP, RILP-L1 and RILP-L2 independently of each other, whereby lysine-71, in mouse Rab12, is critical for Rab12 interactions with RILP-L1 or RILP-L2, but is dispensable for the binding of RILP. Focusing on RILP, and relying on molecular dynamics simulations, functional mutational analyses and peptide inhibition assays, we propose a model for the Rab12-RILP complex, consisting of a RILP homodimer and a single molecule of active Rab12, that interacts with the RILP homology domain (RHD) of one RILP monomer and a C-terminal threonine in the other monomer via its switch I and switch II regions. Mutational analyses of RILP RHD also demonstrate its involvement in the regulation of MC secretory granule transport. Jointly, our results provide structural and functional insights into the Rab12-RILP complex on the basis of which new tools could be generated for decoding Rab12 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Omar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Rosenbaum
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Efergan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bayan Abu Sneineh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computational assisted drug-design unit, Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuto Maruta
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, AobayamaSendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, AobayamaSendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Chemical Manipulation of the Endosome Trafficking Machinery: Implications for Oligonucleotide Delivery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050512. [PMID: 34063104 PMCID: PMC8148136 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNA and splice switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) all have immense potential as therapeutic agents, potential that is now being validated as oligonucleotides enter the clinic. However, progress in oligonucleotide-based therapeutics has been limited by the difficulty in delivering these complex molecules to their sites of action in the cytosol or nucleus of cells within specific tissues. There are two aspects to the delivery problem. The first is that most types of oligonucleotides have poor uptake into non-hepatic tissues. The second is that much of the oligonucleotide that is taken up by cells is entrapped in endosomes where it is pharmacologically inert. It has become increasingly recognized that endosomal trapping is a key constraint on oligonucleotide therapeutics. Thus, many approaches have been devised to address this problem, primarily ones based on various nanoparticle technologies. However, recently an alternative approach has emerged that employs small molecules to manipulate intracellular trafficking processes so as to enhance oligonucleotide actions. This review presents the current status of this chemical biology approach to oligonucleotide delivery and seeks to point out possible paths for future development.
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