151
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Saric A, Freeman SA. Endomembrane Tension and Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:611326. [PMID: 33490077 PMCID: PMC7820182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells employ diverse uptake mechanisms depending on their specialized functions. While such mechanisms vary widely in their defining criteria: scale, molecular machinery utilized, cargo selection, and cargo destination, to name a few, they all result in the internalization of extracellular solutes and fluid into membrane-bound endosomes. Upon scission from the plasma membrane, this compartment is immediately subjected to extensive remodeling which involves tubulation and vesiculation/budding of the limiting endomembrane. This is followed by a maturation process involving concomitant retrograde transport by microtubule-based motors and graded fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes, organelles that support the degradation of the internalized content. Here we review an important determinant for sorting and trafficking in early endosomes and in lysosomes; the control of tension on the endomembrane. Remodeling of endomembranes is opposed by high tension (caused by high hydrostatic pressure) and supported by the relief of tension. We describe how the timely and coordinated efflux of major solutes along the endocytic pathway affords the cell control over such tension. The channels and transporters that expel the smallest components of the ingested medium from the early endocytic fluid are described in detail as these systems are thought to enable endomembrane deformation by curvature-sensing/generating coat proteins. We also review similar considerations for the lysosome where resident hydrolases liberate building blocks from luminal macromolecules and transporters flux these organic solutes to orchestrate trafficking events. How the cell directs organellar trafficking based on the luminal contents of organelles of the endocytic pathway is not well-understood, however, we propose that the control over membrane tension by solute transport constitutes one means for this to ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amra Saric
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wang H, Li L, Li Y, Li Y, Sha Y, Wen S, You Q, Liu L, Shi M, Zhou H. Intravital imaging of interactions between iNKT and kupffer cells to clear free lipids during steatohepatitis. Theranostics 2021; 11:2149-2169. [PMID: 33500717 PMCID: PMC7797696 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and Kupffer cells represent major hepatic populations of innate immune cells. However, their roles in steatohepatitis remain poorly understood. To elucidate their functions in steatohepatitis development, real-time, in vivo analysis is necessary to understand the pathophysiological events in the dynamic interactions between them during diet-induced steatohepatitis. Methods: We used a steatohepatitis animal model induced by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Multi-photon confocal live imaging and conventional experimental techniques were employed to investigate the hepatic pathological microenvironment of iNKT and Kupffer cells, interactions between them, and the biological effects of these interactions in steatohepatitis. Results: We found that iNKT cells were recruited and aggregated into small clusters and interacted dynamically with Kupffer cells in the early stage of steatohepatitis. Most significantly, the iNKT cells in the cluster cleared free lipids released by necrotic hepatocytes and presented a non-classical activation state with high IFN-γ expression. Furthermore, the Kupffer cells in the cell cluster were polarized to type M1. The transcriptome sequencing of iNKT cells showed upregulation of genes related to phagocytosis and lipid processing. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells to Jα18-/- mice showed that iNKT and Kupffer cell clusters were essential for balancing the liver and peripheral lipid levels and inhibiting liver fibrosis development. Conclusions: Our study identified an essential role for dynamic interactions between iNKT cells and Kupffer cells in promoting lipid phagocytosis and clearance by iNKT cells during early liver steatohepatitis. Therefore, modulating iNKT cells is a potential therapeutic strategy for early steatohepatitis.
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153
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Klegeris A. Regulation of neuroimmune processes by damage- and resolution-associated molecular patterns. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:423-429. [PMID: 32985460 PMCID: PMC7996015 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammatory processes are essential for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis, but they also contribute to various neurological disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, and demyelinating or neurodegenerative diseases. Immune mechanisms in the central nervous system and periphery are regulated by a diverse group of endogenous proteins, which can be broadly divided into the pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and anti-inflammatory resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs), even though there is notable overlap between the DAMP- and RAMP-like activities for some of these molecules. Both groups of molecular patterns were initially described in peripheral immune processes and pathologies; however, it is now evident that at least some, if not all, of these immunomodulators also regulate neuroimmune processes and contribute to neuroinflammation in diverse central nervous system disorders. The review of recent literature demonstrates that studies on DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system still lag behind the much broader research effort focused on their peripheral counterparts. Nevertheless, this review also reveals that over the last five years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the neuroimmune functions of several well-established DAMPs, including high-mobility group box 1 protein and interleukin 33. Novel neuroimmune functions have been demonstrated for other DAMPs that previously were considered almost exclusively as peripheral immune regulators; they include mitochondrial transcription factor A and cytochrome C. RAMPs of the central nervous system are an emerging area of neuroimmunology with very high translational potential since some of these molecules have already been used in preclinical and clinical studies as candidate therapeutic agents for inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic potential of DAMP antagonists and neutralizing antibodies in central nervous system neuroinflammatory diseases is also supported by several of the identified studies. It can be concluded that further studies of DAMPs and RAMPs of the central nervous system will continue to be an important and productive field of neuroimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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154
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Macrophage Proinflammatory Responses to Microorganisms and Transplanted Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249669. [PMID: 33352942 PMCID: PMC7766629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages and those conscripted from the blood/bone marrow are professional phagocytes. They play a role in tissue homeostasis, replacement, and healing, and are the first-line responders to microbial (viral, bacterial, and fungi) infections. Intrinsic ameboid-type motility allows non-resident macrophages to move to the site of inflammation or injury, where, in response to the inflammatory milieu they perform the anti-microbial and/or tissue repair functions. Depending on the need and the signaling from the surrounding tissue and other immune cells, macrophages acquire morphologically and functionally different phenotypes, which allow them to play either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. As such, the macrophages are also the major players in the rejection of the transplanted organs making an excellent target for the novel anti-rejection therapies in clinical transplantation. In this review, we describe some of the less covered aspects of macrophage response to microbial infection and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics Houston, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR), University Rennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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155
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Wu X, Thylur RP, Dayanand KK, Punnath K, Norbury CC, Gowda DC. IL-4 Treatment Mitigates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Reducing Parasitemia, Dampening Inflammation, and Lessening the Cytotoxicity of T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:118-131. [PMID: 33239419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine responses to malaria play important roles in both protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Although the roles of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in immunity and pathogenesis to the blood stage malaria are largely known, the role of IL-4 remains less understood. IL-4 targets many cell types and induces multiple effects, including cell proliferation, gene expression, protection from apoptosis, and immune regulation. Accordingly, IL-4 has been exploited as a therapeutic for several inflammatory diseases. Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum manifests in many organ-specific fatal pathologies, including cerebral malaria (CM), driven by a high parasite load, leading to parasite sequestration in organs and consequent excessive inflammatory responses and endothelial damage. We investigated the therapeutic potential of IL-4 against fatal malaria in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6J mice, an experimental CM model. IL-4 treatment significantly reduced parasitemia, CM pathology, and mortality. The therapeutic effect of IL-4 is mediated through multiple mechanisms, including enhanced parasite clearance mediated by upregulation of phagocytic receptors and increased IgM production, and decreased brain inflammatory responses, including reduced chemokine (CXCL10) production, reduced chemokine receptor (CXCR3) and adhesion molecule (LFA-1) expression by T cells, and downregulation of cytotoxic T cell lytic potential. IL-4 treatment markedly reduced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and brain pathology. STAT6, PI3K-Akt-NF-κB, and Src signaling mediated the cellular and molecular events that contributed to the IL-4-dependent decrease in parasitemia. Overall, our results provide mechanistic insights into how IL-4 treatment mitigates experimental CM and have implications in developing treatment strategies for organ-specific fatal malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Ramesh P Thylur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Kiran K Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Kishore Punnath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
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156
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Kwon W, Freeman SA. Phagocytosis by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Recognition, Resolution, Recycling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604205. [PMID: 33281830 PMCID: PMC7691529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident phagocytes are responsible for the routine binding, engulfment, and resolution of their meals. Such populations of cells express appropriate surface receptors that are tailored to recognize the phagocytic targets of their niche and initiate the actin polymerization that drives internalization. Tissue-resident phagocytes also harbor enzymes and transporters along the endocytic pathway that orchestrate the resolution of ingested macromolecules from the phagolysosome. Solutes fluxed from the endocytic pathway and into the cytosol can then be reutilized by the phagocyte or exported for their use by neighboring cells. Such a fundamental metabolic coupling between resident phagocytes and the tissue in which they reside is well-emphasized in the case of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells; specialized phagocytes that are responsible for the turnover of photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Photoreceptors are prone to photo-oxidative damage and their long-term health depends enormously on the disposal of aged portions of the outer segment. The phagocytosis of the POS by the RPE is the sole means of this turnover and clearance. RPE are themselves mitotically quiescent and therefore must resolve the ingested material to prevent their toxic accumulation in the lysosome that otherwise leads to retinal disorders. Here we describe the sequence of events underlying the healthy turnover of photoreceptors by the RPE with an emphasis on the signaling that ensures the phagocytosis of the distal POS and on the transport of solutes from the phagosome that supersedes its resolution. While other systems may utilize different receptors and transporters, the biophysical and metabolic manifestations of such events are expected to apply to all tissue-resident phagocytes that perform regular phagocytic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whijin Kwon
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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157
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Imbert PRC, Saric A, Pedram K, Bertozzi CR, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. An Acquired and Endogenous Glycocalyx Forms a Bidirectional "Don't Eat" and "Don't Eat Me" Barrier to Phagocytosis. Curr Biol 2020; 31:77-89.e5. [PMID: 33096038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages continuously survey their environment in search of pathogens or apoptotic corpses or debris. Targets intended for clearance expose ligands that initiate their phagocytosis ("eat me" signals), while others avoid phagocytosis by displaying inhibitory ligands ("don't eat me" signals). We report that such ligands can be obscured by the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins that coat pathogenic as well as malignant phagocytic targets. In addition, a reciprocal barrier of self-synthesized or acquired glycocalyx components on the macrophage surface shrouds phagocytic receptors, curtailing their ability to engage particles. The coating layers of macrophages and their targets hinder phagocytosis by both steric and electrostatic means. Their removal by enzymatic means is shown to markedly enhance phagocytic efficiency. In particular, we show that the removal of mucins, which are overexpressed in cancer cells, facilitates their clearance. These results shed light on the physical barriers that modulate phagocytosis, which have been heretofore underappreciated. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R C Imbert
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Amra Saric
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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158
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Taefehshokr N, Yin C, Heit B. Rab GTPases in the differential processing of phagocytosed pathogens versus efferocytosed apoptotic cells. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:123-135. [PMID: 32990320 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important feature of innate immunity in which invading microorganisms are engulfed, killed and degraded - and in some immune cells, their antigens presented to adaptive immune system. A closely related process, efferocytosis, removes apoptotic cells, and is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. Both phagocytosis and efferocytosis are tightly regulated processes that involve target recognition and uptake through specific receptors, followed by endolysosomal trafficking and processing of the internalized target. Central to the uptake and trafficking of these targets are the Rab family of small GTPases, which coordinate the engulfment and trafficking of both phagocytosed and efferocytosed materials through the endolysosomal system. Because of this regulatory function, Rab GTPases are often targeted by pathogens to escape phagocytosis. In this review, we will discuss the shared and differential roles of Rab GTPases in phagocytosis and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Associate Scientist, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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159
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DnaJA4 is involved in responses to hyperthermia by regulating the expression of F-actin in HaCaT cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:456-462. [PMID: 32925288 PMCID: PMC7909315 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperthermia in combination with DnaJA4-knockout (KO) obviously affects the anti-viral immunity of HaCaT cells. The mechanisms of this process are not yet fully explored. However, it is known that DnaJA4 interacts with actin cytoskeleton after hyperthermia. Our aim was to investigate the effects of DnaJA4 on F-actin in HaCaT cells following hyperthermia. Methods Wild-type (WT) and DnaJA4-KO HaCaT cells were isolated at either 37°C (unheated) or 44°C (hyperthermia) for 30 min followed by testing under conditions of 37°C and assessing at 6, 12, and 24 h after hyperthermia. The cytoskeleton was observed with immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of F-actin and relevant pathway protein. Results DnaJA4-KO and hyperthermia changed the cytoskeleton morphology of HaCaT cells. F-actin expression levels were elevated in DnaJA4-KO cells compared with WT cells (6364.33 ± 989.10 vs. 4272.67 ± 918.50, P < 0.05). In response to hyperthermia, F-actin expression levels of both WT and DnaJA4-KO cells showed a tendency to decrease followed by an obvious recovery after hyperthermia (WT cells: unheated vs. 6 h after hyperthermia or 24 h after hyperthermia: 0.34 ± 0.02 vs. 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.31 ± 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05; DnaJA4-KO cells: unheated vs. 6 h after hyperthermia or 24 h after hyperthermia: 0.44 ± 0.01 vs. 0.30 ± 0.01, 0.51 ± 0.02, P < 0.001, P < 0.01). WT cells restored to baseline levels observed in the unheated condition, while DnaJA4-KO cells exceeded baseline levels in the recovery. As the upstream factors of F-actin, a similar profile in rho-associated serine/threonine kinase 1 (ROCK 1) and RhoA expressions was observed after hyperthermia. While E-cadherin expression was decreased in response to hyperthermia, it was increased in DnaJA4-KO cells compared with WT cells. Conclusions Hyperthermia affects the expression levels of F-actin in HaCaT cells. DnaJA4 knockout increases the expression of F-actin in HaCaT cells after hyperthermia. DnaJA4 regulates the expressions of F-actin and the related pathway proteins in response to hyperthermia in HaCaT cells.
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160
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Jiang T, Zhang G, Lou Z. Role of the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1788. [PMID: 33014877 PMCID: PMC7506081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are a major feature of tumors, including various metabolic forms, such as energy, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are important modules in regulating lipid metabolism and play an essential role in metabolic diseases. In the previous decades, the regulatory range of SREBPs has been markedly expanded. It was found that SREBPs also played a critical role in tumor development. SREBPs are involved in energy supply, lipid supply, immune environment and inflammatory environment shaping in tumor cells, and as a protective umbrella to support the malignant proliferation of tumor cells. Natural medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, as an important part of drug therapy, demonstrates the multifaceted effects of SREBPs regulation. This review summarizes the core processes in the involvement of SREBPs in tumors and provides a comprehensive understanding of the pathways through which natural drugs target the SREBP pathway and regulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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161
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibits Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Airway Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5287131. [PMID: 32879883 PMCID: PMC7448217 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5287131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytes such as dendritic cells and macrophages can ingest particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter. Epithelial cells are nonprofessional phagocytes that cannot ingest pathogenic microorganisms, but they can ingest apoptotic cells. Inhibition of the engulfment of apoptotic cells by the airway epithelium can cause severe airway inflammation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenesis-promoting factor that can mediate allergic airway inflammation and can promote airway epithelial cells (AECs) proliferation, but it is not clear whether it affects the engulfment of apoptotic cells by AECs. In the present study, VEGF inhibited engulfment of apoptotic cells by AECs via binding to VEGF receptor(R)2. This inhibitory effect of VEGF was not influenced by masking of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells and was partially mediated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. VEGF inhibition of phagocytosis involved polymerization of actin and downregulation of the expression of the phagocytic-associated protein Beclin-1 in AECs. Since engulfment of apoptotic cells by AECs is an important mechanism for airway inflammation regression, VEGF inhibition of the engulfment of apoptotic cells by airway epithelial cells may be important for mediating allergic airway inflammation.
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162
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Kang JW, Yan J, Ranjan K, Zhang X, Turner JR, Abraham C. Myeloid Cell Expression of LACC1 Is Required for Bacterial Clearance and Control of Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1051-1067. [PMID: 32693188 PMCID: PMC8139320 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss-of-function variants in the laccase domain containing 1 (LACC1) gene are associated with immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. It is not clear how LACC1 balances defenses against intestinal bacteria vs intestinal inflammation or what cells are responsible for this balance in humans or mice. METHODS Lacc1-/- mice and mice with myeloid-specific disruption of Lacc1 (Lacc1Δmye) were given oral Salmonella Typhimurium or dextran sodium sulfate. CD45RBhiCD4+T cells were transferred to Lacc1-/-Rag2-/- mice to induce colitis. Organs were collected and analyzed by histology and protein expression. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, lamina propria macrophages, and mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells were examined. We performed assays to measure intestinal permeability, cell subsets, bacterial uptake and clearance, reactive oxygen species, nitrite production, autophagy, signaling, messenger RNA, and cytokine levels. RESULTS Lacc1-/- mice developed more severe T-cell transfer colitis than wild-type mice and had an increased burden of bacteria in intestinal lymphoid organs, which expressed lower levels of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cytokines and higher levels of Th2 cytokines. Intestinal lymphoid organs from mice with deletion of LACC1 had an increased burden of bacteria after oral administration of S Typhimurium and after administration of dextran sodium sulfate compared with wild-type mice. In macrophages, expression of LACC1 was required for toll-like receptor-induced uptake of bacteria, which required PDK1, and of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)- and nuclear factor κB-dependent induction of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and autophagy. Expression of LACC1 by dendritic cells was required for increasing expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and reducing expression of Th2 cytokines upon coculture with CD4+ T cells. Mice with LACC1-deficient myeloid cells had an increased burden of bacteria and altered T-cell cytokines in intestinal lymphoid organs, similar to Lacc1-/- mice. Complementation of cytokines produced by myeloid cells to cocultures of LACC1-deficient myeloid cells and wild-type CD4+ T cells restored T-cell cytokine regulation. When S Typhimurium-infected Lacc1Δmye mice were injected with these myeloid cell-derived cytokines, intestinal tissues increased production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines, and bacteria were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of Lacc1 in mice increases the burden of bacteria in intestinal lymphoid organs and intestinal inflammation after induction of chronic colitis. LACC1 expression by myeloid cells in mice is required to clear bacteria and to regulate adaptive T-cell responses against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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163
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Formation and Maturation of the Phagosome: A Key Mechanism in Innate Immunity against Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091298. [PMID: 32854338 PMCID: PMC7564318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism in innate immune defense, and in maintaining homeostasis to eliminate apoptotic cells or microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pyogenes and Legionella pneumophila. After internalizing microbial pathogens via phagocytosis, phagosomes undergo a series of ‘maturation’ steps, to form an increasingly acidified compartment and subsequently fuse with the lysosome to develop into phagolysosomes and effectively eliminate the invading pathogens. Through this mechanism, phagocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells, are involved in the processing of microbial pathogens and antigen presentation to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. Therefore, phagocytosis plays a role in the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. However, intracellular bacteria have evolved diverse strategies to survive and replicate within hosts. In this review, we describe the sequential stages in the phagocytosis process. We also discuss the immune evasion strategies used by pathogens to regulate phagosome maturation during intracellular bacterial infection, and indicate that these might be used for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.
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164
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Sun R, Hedl M, Abraham C. TNFSF15 Promotes Antimicrobial Pathways in Human Macrophages and These Are Modulated by TNFSF15 Disease-Risk Variants. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:249-272. [PMID: 32827707 PMCID: PMC7689184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TNFSF15 genetic variants leading to increased TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15) expression confer risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and TNFSF15 is being explored as a therapeutic target in IBD patients. Although the focus for TNFSF15-mediated inflammatory outcomes has been predominantly on its action on T cells, TNFSF15 also promotes inflammatory outcomes in human macrophages. Given the critical role for macrophages in bacterial clearance, we hypothesized that TNFSF15 promotes antimicrobial pathways in human macrophages and that macrophages from TNFSF15 IBD risk carriers with higher TNFSF15 expression have an advantage in these antimicrobial outcomes. METHODS We analyzed protein expression, signaling, bacterial uptake, and intracellular bacterial clearance in human monocyte-derived macrophages through flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and gentamicin protection. RESULTS Autocrine/paracrine TNFSF15 interactions with death receptor 3 (DR3) were required for optimal levels of pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced bacterial clearance in human macrophages. TNFSF15 induced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1-dependent bacterial uptake and promoted intracellular bacterial clearance through reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide synthase 2, and autophagy up-regulation. The TNFSF15-initiated TNF receptor-associated factor 2/receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/RIP3 pathway was required for mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation, and, in turn, induction of each of the antimicrobial pathways; the TNFSF15-initiated Fas-associated protein with death domain/mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1/caspase-8 pathway played a less prominent role in antimicrobial functions, despite its key role in TNFSF15-induced cytokine secretion. Complementation of signaling pathways or antimicrobial pathways restored bacterial uptake and clearance in PRR-stimulated macrophages where TNFSF15:DR3 interactions were inhibited. Monocyte-derived macrophages from high TNFSF15-expressing rs6478108 TT IBD risk carriers in the TNFSF15 region showed increased levels of the identified antimicrobial pathways. CONCLUSIONS We identify that autocrine/paracrine TNFSF15 is required for optimal PRR-enhanced antimicrobial pathways in macrophages, define mechanisms regulating TNFSF15-dependent bacterial clearance, and determine how the TNFSF15 IBD risk genotype modulates these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara Abraham
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Clara Abraham, MD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street (LMP 1080), New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.
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165
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Morrissey MA, Kern N, Vale RD. CD47 Ligation Repositions the Inhibitory Receptor SIRPA to Suppress Integrin Activation and Phagocytosis. Immunity 2020; 53:290-302.e6. [PMID: 32768386 PMCID: PMC7453839 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD47 acts as a "don't eat me" signal that protects cells from phagocytosis by binding and activating its receptor SIPRA on macrophages. CD47 suppresses multiple different pro-engulfment "eat me" signals, including immunoglobulin G (IgG), complement, and calreticulin, on distinct target cells. This complexity has limited understanding of how the "don't eat me" signal is transduced biochemically. Here, we utilized a reconstituted system with a defined set of signals to interrogate the mechanism of SIRPA activation and its downstream targets. CD47 ligation altered SIRPA localization, positioning SIRPA for activation at the phagocytic synapse. At the phagocytic synapse, SIRPA inhibited integrin activation to limit macrophage spreading across the surface of the engulfment target. Chemical reactivation of integrin bypassed CD47-mediated inhibition and rescued engulfment, similar to the effect of a CD47 function-blocking antibody. Thus, the CD47-SIRPA axis suppresses phagocytosis by inhibiting inside-out activation of integrin signaling in the macrophage, with implications to cancer immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadja Kern
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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166
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Hayashi M, Guida E, Inokawa Y, Goldberg R, Reis LO, Ooki A, Pilli M, Sadhukhan P, Woo J, Choi W, Izumchenko E, Gonzalez LM, Marchionni L, Zhavoronkov A, Brait M, Bivalacqua T, Baras A, Netto GJ, Koch W, Singh A, Hoque MO. GULP1 regulates the NRF2-KEAP1 signaling axis in urothelial carcinoma. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/645/eaba0443. [PMID: 32817372 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway results in the transactivation of NRF2 target genes, consequently inducing cell proliferation and other phenotypic changes in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrated that GULP1 was a KEAP1-binding protein that maintained actin cytoskeleton architecture and helped KEAP1 to sequester NRF2 in the cytoplasm. In urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), silencing of GULP1 facilitated the nuclear accumulation of NRF2, led to constitutive activation of NRF2 signaling, and conferred resistance to the platinum drug cisplatin. Knockdown of GULP1 in UCB cells promoted tumor cell proliferation in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. In primary UCB, GULP1 silencing was more prevalent in muscle-invasive UCB compared to nonmuscle-invasive UCB. GULP1 knockdown cells showed resistance to cisplatin treatment. In parallel with decreased GULP1 expression, we observed increased expression of NRF2, HMOX1, and other candidate antioxidant genes in cisplatin-resistant cells. Furthermore, low or no expression of GULP1 was observed in most cisplatin nonresponder cases. Silencing of GULP1 was associated with GULP1 promoter hypermethylation in cell lines and primary tumors, and a high frequency of GULP1 promoter methylation was observed in multiple sets of primary clinical UCB samples. Together, our findings demonstrate that GULP1 is a KEAP1-binding protein that regulates KEAP1-NRF2 signaling in UCB and that promoter hypermethylation of GULP1 is a potential mechanism of GULP1 silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Elisa Guida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yoshikuni Inokawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Rachel Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Ooki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Manohar Pilli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pritam Sadhukhan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Juhyung Woo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonel Maldonado Gonzalez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics-Gynecologic Specialties, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, B301, 1101 33rd Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mariana Brait
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Trinity Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alexander Baras
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Wayne Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mohammad O Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. .,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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167
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Ju Y, Guo H, Edman M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Application of advances in endocytosis and membrane trafficking to drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:118-141. [PMID: 32758615 PMCID: PMC7853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of drug delivery have led to the development of a variety of drug delivery systems (DDS) designed for site-specific delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Since efficient uptake of drug carriers into target cells is central to effective drug delivery, a comprehensive understanding of the biological pathways for cellular internalization of DDS can facilitate the development of DDS capable of precise tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Diverse methods have been applied to study the internalization mechanisms responsible for endocytotic uptake of extracellular materials, which are also the principal pathways exploited by many DDS. Chemical inhibitors remain the most commonly used method to explore endocytotic internalization mechanisms, although genetic methods are increasingly accessible and may constitute more specific approaches. This review highlights the molecular basis of internalization pathways most relevant to internalization of DDS, and the principal methods used to study each route. This review also showcases examples of DDS that are internalized by each route, and reviews the general effects of biophysical properties of DDS on the internalization efficiency. Finally, options for intracellular trafficking and targeting of internalized DDS are briefly reviewed, representing an additional opportunity for multi-level targeting to achieve further specificity and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Maria Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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168
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Hatsuzawa K, Sakurai C. Regulatory Mechanism of SNAP23 in Phagosome Formation and Maturation. Yonago Acta Med 2020; 63:135-145. [PMID: 32884432 PMCID: PMC7435115 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synaptosomal associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP23), a plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE), is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is generally involved in fusion of the plasma membrane and secretory or endosomal recycling vesicles during several types of exocytosis. SNAP23 is expressed in phagocytes, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and functions in both exocytosis and phagocytosis. This review focuses on the function of SNAP23 in immunoglobulin G Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages. SNAP23 and its partner SNAREs mediate fusion of the plasma membrane with intracellular organelles or vesicles to form phagosomes as well as the fusion of phagosomes with endosomes or lysosomes to induce phagosome maturation, characterized by reactive oxygen species production and acidification. During these processes, SNAP23 function is regulated by phosphorylation. In addition, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis, which tightly promotes or suppresses phagosome maturation depending on the foreign target, requires SNAP23 function. SNAP23 that is enriched on the phagosome membrane during LC3-associated phagocytosis may be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated, thereby enhancing or inhibiting subsequent phagosome maturation, respectively. These findings have increased our understanding of the SNAP23-associated membrane trafficking mechanism in phagocytes, which has important implications for microbial pathogenesis and innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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169
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Sachdeva K, Goel M, Sundaramurthy V. Heterogeneity in the endocytic capacity of individual macrophage in a population determines its subsequent phagocytosis, infectivity and subcellular trafficking. Traffic 2020; 21:522-533. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sachdeva
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Manisha Goel
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
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170
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A Fish Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Uses a Novel Intracytoplasmic Tail Networking Mechanism to Cross-Inhibit the Phagocytic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145146. [PMID: 32708174 PMCID: PMC7404264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses, including phagocytosis. The precise mechanisms of IpLITR-mediated regulation of the phagocytic process are not entirely understood, but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use classical as well as novel pathways for controlling immune cell-mediated target engulfment. To date, all functional assessments of IpLITR-mediated regulatory actions have focused on the independent characterization of select IpLITR-types in transfected cells. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, many IpLITRs share similar extracellular Ig-like domains, thus it is possible that various IpLITR actions are influenced by cross-talk mechanisms between different IpLITR-types; analogous to the paired innate receptor paradigm in mammals. Here, we describe in detail the co-expression of different IpLITR-types in the human embryonic AD293 cell line and examination of their receptor cross-talk mechanisms during the regulation of the phagocytic response using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoprecipitation protocols. Overall, our data provides interesting new insights into the integrated control of phagocytosis via the antagonistic networking of independent IpLITR-types that requires the selective recruitment of inhibitory signaling molecules for the initiation and sustained cross-inhibition of phagocytosis.
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171
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Vorselen D, Labitigan RLD, Theriot JA. A mechanical perspective on phagocytic cup formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:112-122. [PMID: 32698097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a widespread and evolutionarily conserved process with diverse biological functions, ranging from engulfment of invading microbes during infection to clearance of apoptotic debris in tissue homeostasis. Along with differences in biochemical composition, phagocytic targets greatly differ in physical attributes, such as size, shape, and rigidity, which are now recognized as important regulators of this process. Force exertion at the cell-target interface and cellular mechanical changes during phagocytosis are emerging as crucial factors underlying sensing of such target properties. With technological developments, mechanical aspects of phagocytosis are increasingly accessible experimentally, revealing remarkable organizational complexity of force exertion. An increasingly high-resolution picture is emerging of how target physical cues and cellular mechanical properties jointly govern important steps throughout phagocytic engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo D Labitigan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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172
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Kaźmierczak Z, Szostak-Paluch K, Przybyło M, Langner M, Witkiewicz W, Jędruchniewicz N, Dąbrowska K. Endocytosis in cellular uptake of drug delivery vectors: Molecular aspects in drug development. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115556. [PMID: 32828419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery vectors are widely applied to increase drug efficacy while reducing the side effects and potential toxicity of a drug. They allow for patient-tailored therapy, dose titration, and therapeutic drug monitoring. A major part of drug delivery systems makes use of large nanocarriers: liposomes or virus-like particles (VLPs). These systems allow for a relatively large amount of cargo with good stability of vectors, and they offer multiple options for targeting vectors in vivo. Here we discuss endocytic pathways that are available for drug delivery by large nanocarriers. We focus on molecular aspects of the process, including an overview of potential molecular targets for studies of drug delivery vectors and for future solutions allowing targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Szostak-Paluch
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, Wrocław, Poland; Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Technical Problems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Przybyło
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Technical Problems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland; Lipid Systems sp z o.o., Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Langner
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Fundamental Technical Problems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław, Poland; Lipid Systems sp z o.o., Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital, Wrocław, Poland.
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173
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Gao P, Mu M, Chen Y, He J, Tao X, Song C. Yes-associated protein upregulates filopodia formation to promote alveolar epithelial-cell phagocytosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 225:44-49. [PMID: 32554050 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells engulf particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter by phagocytosis, which is driven by cytoskeletal rearrangements. Phagocytosis by alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) helps to maintain the alveolar homeostasis. Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, affects proliferation, differentiation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement of AECs, but it is not clear whether YAP regulates phagocytosis. In this study, interference with YAP expression inhibited phagocytosis in MLE-12 cells and in primary cultures of AEC. Filopodia formation promoted phagocytosis in AECs, and YAP enhanced filopodia formation in AECs. Blocking PI3K signaling resulted in reduced YAP protein expression and inhibition of phagocytosis. The results indicate that YAP expression was regulated by PI3K signaling and promoted phagocytosis in AECs by upregulating filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Mimi Mu
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Tao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China.
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174
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a complex process by which cells within most organ systems remove pathogens and cell debris. Phagocytosis is usually followed by inflammatory pathway activation, which promotes pathogen elimination and inhibits pathogen growth. Delayed pathogen elimination is the first step in sepsis development and a key factor in sepsis resolution. Phagocytosis thus has an important role during sepsis and likely contributes to all of its clinical stages. However, only a few studies have specifically explored and characterized phagocytic activity during sepsis. Here, we describe the phagocytic processes that occur as part of the immune response preceding sepsis onset and identify the elements of phagocytosis that might constitute a predictive marker of sepsis outcomes. First, we detail the key features of phagocytosis, including the main receptors and signaling hallmarks associated with different phagocytic processes. We then discuss how the initial events of phagosome formation and cytoskeletal remodeling might be associated with known sepsis features, such as a cytokine-driven hyperinflammatory response and immunosuppression. Finally, we highlight the unresolved mechanisms of sepsis development and progression and the need for cross-disciplinary approaches to link the clinical complexity of the disease with basic cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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175
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Bao HR, Chen JL, Li F, Zeng XL, Liu XJ. Relationship between PI3K/mTOR/RhoA pathway-regulated cytoskeletal rearrangements and phagocytic capacity of macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9207. [PMID: 32520207 PMCID: PMC7279697 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between PI3K/mTOR/RhoA signaling regulated cytoskeletal rearrangements and phagocytic capacity of macrophages. RAW264.7 macrophages were divided into four groups; blank control, negative control, PI3K-RNAi, and mTOR-RNAi. The cytoskeletal changes in the macrophages were observed. Furthermore, the phagocytic capacity of macrophages against Escherichia coli is reported as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and percent phagocytosis. Transfection yielded 82.1 and 81.5% gene-silencing efficiencies against PI3K and mTOR, respectively. The PI3K-RNAi group had lower mRNA and protein expression levels of PI3K, mTOR, and RhoA than the blank and negative control groups (Р<0.01). The mTOR-RNAi group had lower mRNA and protein levels of mTOR and RhoA than the blank and the negative control groups (Р<0.01). Macrophages in the PI3K-RNAi group exhibited stiff and inflexible morphology with short, disorganized filopodia and reduced number of stress fibers. Macrophages in the mTOR-RNAi group displayed pronounced cellular deformations with long, dense filopodia and an increased number of stress fibers. The PI3K-RNAi group exhibited lower MFI and percent phagocytosis than blank and negative control groups, whereas the mTOR-RNAi group displayed higher MFI and percent phagocytosis than the blank and negative controls (Р<0.01). Before and after transfection, the mRNA and protein levels of PI3K were both positively correlated with mTOR and RhoA (Р<0.05), but the mRNA and protein levels of mTOR were negatively correlated with those of RhoA (Р<0.05). Changes in the phagocytic capacity of macrophages were associated with cytoskeletal rearrangements and were regulated by the PI3K/mTOR/RhoA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Bao
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - J L Chen
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - X L Zeng
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - X J Liu
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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176
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis: Our Current Understanding of a Universal Biological Process. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1066. [PMID: 32582172 PMCID: PMC7280488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells. Phagocytosis is found in many types of cells and it is, in consequence an essential process for tissue homeostasis. However, only specialized cells termed professional phagocytes accomplish phagocytosis with high efficiency. Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts are among these dedicated cells. These professional phagocytes express several phagocytic receptors that activate signaling pathways resulting in phagocytosis. The process of phagocytosis involves several phases: i) detection of the particle to be ingested, ii) activation of the internalization process, iii) formation of a specialized vacuole called phagosome, and iv) maturation of the phagosome to transform it into a phagolysosome. In this review, we present a general view of our current understanding on cells, phagocytic receptors and phases involved in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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177
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Mizobuchi H, Yamamoto K, Tsutsui S, Yamashita M, Nakata Y, Inagawa H, Kohchi C, Soma GI. A unique hybrid characteristic having both pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype transformed by repetitive low-dose lipopolysaccharide in C8-B4 microglia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8945. [PMID: 32488176 PMCID: PMC7265460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is regarded as an inducer of inflammation, previous studies have suggested that repetitive low-dose LPS has neuroprotective effects via immunomodulation of microglia, resident macrophages of brain. However, microglia transformed by the stimulus of repetitive low-dose LPS (REPELL-microglia) are not well characterized, whereas microglia transformed by repetitive high-dose LPS are well studied as an endotoxin tolerance model in which the induction of pro-inflammatory molecules is suppressed. In this study, to characterize REPELL-microglia, the gene expression and phagocytic activity of REPELL-microglia were analyzed with the murine C8-B4 microglia cell line. The REPELL-microglia were characterized by a high expression of pro-inflammatory molecules (Nos2, Ccl1, IL-12B, and CD86), anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-10, Arg1, Il13ra2, and Mrc1), and neuroprotective molecules (Ntf5, Ccl7, and Gipr). In addition, the phagocytic activity of REPELL-microglia was promoted as high as that of microglia transformed by single low-dose LPS. These results suggest the potential of REPELL-microglia for inflammatory regulation, neuroprotection, and phagocytic clearance. Moreover, this study revealed that gene expression of REPELL-microglia was distinct from that of microglia transformed by repetitive high-dose LPS treatment, suggesting the diversity of microglia transformation by different doses of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamamoto
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Yamashita
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan.,Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan.,Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan. .,Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan. .,Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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178
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Sun R, Abraham C. IL23 Promotes Antimicrobial Pathways in Human Macrophages, Which Are Reduced With the IBD-Protective IL23R R381Q Variant. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:673-697. [PMID: 32474165 PMCID: PMC7490566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)23 is a major contributor to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and is being pursued as a therapeutic target, both through targeting IL23 alone or in combination with IL12. Unexpected trial outcomes highlight the importance of understanding the cell types through which IL23 regulates immune responses, and how IL23 and IL12 compare in these responses. Macrophages are key players in IBD, and IL23 recently was found to promote inflammatory outcomes in human macrophages. This raises the possibility that IL23 may be required for additional essential macrophage functions, in particular microbial clearance, such that either blocking the IL23 pathway or the IL23R-R381Q IBD-protective variant may reduce macrophage-mediated microbial clearance. METHODS We analyzed protein expression, signaling, bacterial uptake, and intracellular bacterial clearance in human monocyte-derived macrophages through Western blot, flow cytometry, and gentamicin protection. RESULTS Autocrine/paracrine IL23 was critical for optimal levels of pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced intracellular bacterial clearance in human macrophages. Mechanisms regulated by IL23 included induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1-dependent bacterial uptake, and up-regulation of reactive oxygen species through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase members, nitric oxide synthase 2, and autophagy through ATG5 and ATG16L1. Complementing these pathways in IL23R-deficient macrophages restored PRR-induced bacterial uptake and clearance. Janus kinase 2, TYK2, and STAT3 were required for IL23-induced mechanisms. IL23 and IL12 induced antimicrobial pathways to similar levels in human macrophages. Relative to IL23R-R381, transfected IL23R-Q381, or monocyte-derived macrophages from IL23R-Q381 carriers showed reduced bacterial uptake and clearance. CONCLUSIONS We identify that autocrine/paracrine IL23 is required for optimal PRR-enhanced macrophage bacterial uptake and intracellular bacterial clearance, define mechanisms regulating IL23R-induced bacterial clearance, and determine how the IBD-protective IL23R-R381Q variant modulates these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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179
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Walpole GFW, Grinstein S. Endocytosis and the internalization of pathogenic organisms: focus on phosphoinositides. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32494357 PMCID: PMC7233180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their comparatively low abundance in biological membranes, phosphoinositides are key to the regulation of a diverse array of signaling pathways and direct membrane traffic. The role of phosphoinositides in the initiation and progression of endocytic pathways has been studied in considerable depth. Recent advances have revealed that distinct phosphoinositide species feature prominently in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis as well as in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Moreover, a variety of intracellular and cell-associated pathogens have developed strategies to commandeer host cell phosphoinositide metabolism to gain entry and/or metabolic advantage, thereby promoting their survival and proliferation. Here, we briefly survey the current knowledge on the involvement of phosphoinositides in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis and highlight several examples of molecular mimicry employed by pathogens to either “hitch a ride” on endocytic pathways endogenous to the host or create an entry path of their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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180
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RIAM-VASP Module Relays Integrin Complement Receptors in Outside-In Signaling Driving Particle Engulfment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051166. [PMID: 32397169 PMCID: PMC7291270 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic integrins and complement receptors αMβ2/CR3 and αXβ2/CR4 are classically associated with the phagocytosis of iC3b-opsonized particles. The activation of this receptor is dependent on signals derived from other receptors (inside-out signaling) with the crucial involvement of the Rap1-RIAM-Talin-1 pathway. Here, we analyze the implication of RIAM and its binding partner VASP in the signaling events occurring downstream of β2 integrins (outside-in) during complement-mediated phagocytosis. To this end, we used HL-60 promyelocytic cell lines deficient in RIAM or VASP or overexpressing EGFP-tagged VASP to determine VASP dynamics at phagocytic cups. Our results indicate that RIAM-deficient HL-60 cells presented impaired particle internalization and altered integrin downstream signaling during complement-dependent phagocytosis. Similarly, VASP deficiency completely blocked phagocytosis, while VASP overexpression increased the random movement of phagocytic particles at the cell surface, with reduced internalization. Moreover, the recruitment of VASP to particle contact sites, amount of pSer157-VASP and formation of actin-rich phagocytic cups were dependent on RIAM expression. Our results suggested that RIAM worked as a relay for integrin complement receptors in outside-in signaling, coordinating integrin activation and cytoskeletal rearrangements via its interaction with VASP.
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181
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Mao F, Mu H, Wong NK, Liu K, Song J, Qiu J, Lin Y, Zhang X, Xu D, Xiang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Hemocyte phagosomal proteome is dynamically shaped by cytoskeleton remodeling and interorganellar communication with endoplasmic reticulum during phagocytosis in a marine invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6577. [PMID: 32313134 PMCID: PMC7171069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosomes are task-force organelles of innate immune systems, and evolutionary diversity and continuity abound in the protein machinery executing this coordinately regulated process. In order to clarify molecular mechanisms underlying phagocytosis, we studied phagocyte response to beads and Vibrio species, using hemocytes of the Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as a marine invertebrate model. Phagosomes from different stages of phagocytosis were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation, and more than 400 phagosome-associated proteins were subsequently identified via high-throughput quantitative proteomics. In modeling key networks of phagosomal proteins, our results support the essential roles of several processes driving phagosome formation and maturation, including cytoskeleton remodeling and signal transduction by Rab proteins. Several endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated proteins were identified, while live cell imaging confirms an apparent intimate interaction between the ER and phagosomes. In further quantitative proteomic analysis, the signal transducers CgRhoGDI and CgPI4K were implicated. Through experimental validation, CgRhoGDI was shown to negatively regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling in the formation of oyster phagosomes, while CgPI4K signaling drives phagosome maturation and bacterial killing. Our current work illustrates the diversity and dynamic interplay of phagosomal proteins, providing a framework for better understanding host-microbe interactions during phagosome activities in under-examined invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Mu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Song
- College of Oceanology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Qiu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and the Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China. .,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China. .,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISEE, CAS, Guangzhou, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
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182
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Navinés-Ferrer A, Martín M. Long-Tailed Unconventional Class I Myosins in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072555. [PMID: 32272642 PMCID: PMC7177449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-tailed unconventional class I myosin, Myosin 1E (MYO1E) and Myosin 1F (MYO1F) are motor proteins that use chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce mechanical work along the actin cytoskeleton. On the basis of their motor properties and structural features, myosins perform a variety of essential roles in physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, cell adhesion, and migration. The long tailed unconventional class I myosins are characterized by having a conserved motor head domain, which binds actin and hydrolyzes ATP, followed by a short neck with an isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif, which binds calmodulin and is sensitive to calcium, and a tail that contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH), a tail homology 1 domain (TH1), wherein these domains allow membrane binding, a tail homology 2 domain (TH2), an ATP-insensitive actin-binding site domain, and a single Src homology 3 domain (SH3) susceptible to binding proline rich regions in other proteins. Therefore, these motor proteins are able to bind actin, plasma membrane, and other molecules (adaptor, kinases, membrane proteins) that contribute to their function, ranging from increasing membrane tension to molecular trafficking and cellular adhesion. MYO1E and MYO1F function in host self-defense, with a better defined role in innate immunity in cell migration and phagocytosis. Impairments of their function have been identified in patients suffering pathologies ranging from tumoral processes to kidney diseases. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of specific features and functions of MYO1E and MYO1F in various tissues, as well as their involvement in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Navinés-Ferrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Martín
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Clinic and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ARADyAL research network, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4024541; Fax: +34-93-4035882
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183
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Rosales C. Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:377-396. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir0220-574rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico
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184
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Rohrbach A, Meyer T, Stelzer EHK, Kress H. Measuring Stepwise Binding of Thermally Fluctuating Particles to Cell Membranes without Fluorescence. Biophys J 2020; 118:1850-1860. [PMID: 32229315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal motions enable a particle to probe the optimal interaction state when binding to a cell membrane. However, especially on the scale of microseconds and nanometers, position and orientation fluctuations are difficult to observe with common measurement technologies. Here, we show that it is possible to detect single binding events of immunoglobulin-G-coated polystyrene beads, which are held in an optical trap near the cell membrane of a macrophage. Changes in the spatial and temporal thermal fluctuations of the particle were measured interferometrically, and no fluorophore labeling was required. We demonstrate both by Brownian dynamic simulations and by experiments that sequential stepwise increases in the force constant of the bond between a bead and a cell of typically 20 pN/μm are clearly detectable. In addition, this technique provides estimates about binding rates and diffusion constants of membrane receptors. The simple approach of thermal noise tracking points out new strategies in understanding interactions between cells and particles, which are relevant for a large variety of processes, including phagocytosis, drug delivery, and the effects of small microplastics and particulates on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Meyer
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main, Germany
| | - Holger Kress
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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185
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Saclier M, Lapi M, Bonfanti C, Rossi G, Antonini S, Messina G. The Transcription Factor Nfix Requires RhoA-ROCK1 Dependent Phagocytosis to Mediate Macrophage Skewing during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E708. [PMID: 32183151 PMCID: PMC7140652 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MPs) are immune cells which are crucial for tissue repair. In skeletal muscle regeneration, pro-inflammatory cells first infiltrate to promote myogenic cell proliferation, then they switch into an anti-inflammatory phenotype to sustain myogenic cells differentiation and myofiber formation. This phenotypical switch is induced by dead cell phagocytosis. We previously demonstrated that the transcription factor Nfix, a member of the nuclear factor I (Nfi) family, plays a pivotal role during muscle development, regeneration and in the progression of muscular dystrophies. Here, we show that Nfix is mainly expressed by anti-inflammatory macrophages. Upon acute injury, mice deleted for Nfix in myeloid line displayed a significant defect in the process of muscle regeneration. Indeed, Nfix is involved in the macrophage phenotypical switch and macrophages lacking Nfix failed to adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype and interact with myogenic cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that phagocytosis induced by the inhibition of the RhoA-ROCK1 pathway leads to Nfix expression and, consequently, to acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Our study identified Nfix as a link between RhoA-ROCK1-dependent phagocytosis and the MP phenotypical switch, thus establishing a new role for Nfix in macrophage biology for the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Graziella Messina
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (M.L.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (S.A.)
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186
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Giladi A, Cohen M, Medaglia C, Baran Y, Li B, Zada M, Bost P, Blecher-Gonen R, Salame TM, Mayer JU, David E, Ronchese F, Tanay A, Amit I. Dissecting cellular crosstalk by sequencing physically interacting cells. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:629-637. [PMID: 32152598 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between neighboring cells underlies many biological processes, including cell signaling, proliferation and differentiation. Current single-cell genomic technologies profile each cell separately after tissue dissociation, losing information on cell-cell interactions. In the present study, we present an approach for sequencing physically interacting cells (PIC-seq), which combines cell sorting of physically interacting cells (PICs) with single-cell RNA-sequencing. Using computational modeling, PIC-seq systematically maps in situ cellular interactions and characterizes their molecular crosstalk. We apply PIC-seq to interrogate diverse interactions including immune-epithelial PICs in neonatal murine lungs. Focusing on interactions between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo, we map T cell-DC interaction preferences, and discover regulatory T cells as a major T cell subtype interacting with DCs in mouse draining lymph nodes. Analysis of T cell-DC pairs reveals an interaction-specific program between pathogen-presenting migratory DCs and T cells. PIC-seq provides a direct and broadly applicable technology to characterize intercellular interaction-specific pathways at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yael Baran
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre Bost
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Systems Biology Group, Center for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI) and USR 3756, Institut Pasteur CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Complexité du vivant, Paris, France
| | - Ronnie Blecher-Gonen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomer-Meir Salame
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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187
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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188
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Liu S, Zheng SC, Li YL, Li J, Liu HP. Hemocyte-Mediated Phagocytosis in Crustaceans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:268. [PMID: 32194551 PMCID: PMC7062681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental particles, as well as remove self-apoptotic cells/cell debris to maintain tissue homeostasis. In crustacean, phagocytosis by hemocyte has also been well-recognized as a crucial defense mechanism for the host against infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, in particular focusing on the related receptors for recognition and internalization of pathogens as well as the downstream signal pathways and intracellular regulators involved in the process of hemocyte phagocytosis. We attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the phagocytic mechanism of different hemocytes and their contribution to the host defense immunity in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Lian Li
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Science and Medicine, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, United States
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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189
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Agarwal M, Biswas P, Bhattacharya A, Sinha DK. Reactive oxygen species-mediated cytoplasmic stiffening impairs the phagocytic ability of the macrophage. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.236471. [PMID: 32005700 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic ability of macrophages empowers them to enforce innate immunity. RAW264.7, THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages display considerable variability with regards to their phagocytic ability. We identify the underlying causes that attenuate the phagocytic abilities of a macrophage. Deformability of the cytoplasm and cortex influences the macrophage's phagocytic ability, and macrophages use the large cell-to-cell variability of their cytoplasmic stiffness to modulate their phagocytic ability. We find that the more-deformable macrophages have a higher phagocytic ability than those that are less deformable. Further, the subcellular spatial variability of cortex stiffness gives rise to more-deformable subdomains on the membrane for pathogen ingestion. We report a previously unknown negative-feedback loop that is triggered by the phagocytic oxidative burst. Macrophages utilize the excess reactive oxygen species to stiffen the cytoplasm, reducing their phagocytic propensity. In organisms, ageing or pathological conditions impair the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Our findings identify the targets that could potentially be utilized for restoring the phagocytic ability of the defunct macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Agarwal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Parijat Biswas
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sinha
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
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190
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Liu S, Ning XH, Guan XL, Li XP, Sun L. Characterization of Streptococcus iniae-induced microRNA profiles in Paralichthys olivaceus and identification of pol-3p-10740_175 as a regulator of antibacterial immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:860-867. [PMID: 31756455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many biological activities including immune defense against pathogens. In this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing technology to examine miRNAs in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with Streptococcus iniae at different times. A total of 1038 miRNAs were identified, of which, 249 were novel miRNAs, and 81 showed differential expression (named DEmiRNAs) after S. iniae infection. Of the 81 DEmiRNAs identified, 34 and 58 occurred at 6 h and 24 h post-infection, respectively; most DEmiRNAs were strongly time-specific, and only 13.6% of the DEmiRNAs were shared between the two time points. A total of 9582 target genes were predicted for the 81 DEmiRNAs. The putative target genes were enriched in various GO and KEGG pathways of biological processes and molecular/cellular functions, in particular endocytosis, regulation of transcription, lysososme, and the signaling pathways of MAPK, ErbB, and AMPK. One of the DEmiRNAs, pol-3p-10740_175, was found to target dual specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6) and repress the expression of the latter. Transfection of flounder FG cells with pol-3p-10740_175 caused a significant inhibition on S. iniae invasion. The results of this study provided the first S. iniae-induced miRNA profile in Japanese flounder and indicated that flounder miRNAs play an important role in antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Hui Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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191
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Phagocytosis assays with different pH-sensitive fluorescent particles and various readouts. Biotechniques 2020; 68:245-250. [PMID: 32079414 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental mechanism of innate immunity and its impairment is associated with severe chronic diseases, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Investigating phagocytosis requires flexible tools and assay conditions, such as different fluorescent particle types, detection colors and readouts. We comprehensively evaluated and optimized phagocytosis assays using particles labeled with fluorescent pH-sensitive pHrodo® dyes, facilitating the specific detection of phagocytosed particles. Beads, bacterial and yeast particles labeled with pHrodo red and green were tested for their uptake by THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages by flow cytometry and high-content imaging. Whereas the latter allowed kinetic phagocytosis measurement, the former demonstrated the feasibility of using cell sorting for periods of up to 6 h, enabling downstream applications such as pooled genetic screens.
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192
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Belchamber KBR, Donnelly LE. Targeting defective pulmonary innate immunity - A new therapeutic option? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107500. [PMID: 32061706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary conditions now account for 1 in 15 deaths in the US and mortality is increasing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is due to become the 3rd largest cause of mortality by 2030 and mortality from other respiratory conditions such as asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis are not reducing. There is an urgent need for novel therapies to address this problem as many of the current strategies targeting inflammation are not sufficient. The innate immune system of the lung is an important defence against invading pathogens, but in many chronic pulmonary diseases, this system mounts an inappropriate response. In COPD, macrophages are increased in number, but fail to clear pathogens correctly and become highly activated. This leads to increased damage and remodelling of the airways. In idiopathic fibrosis, there is a switch of macrophage phenotype to a cell that promotes abnormal repair. Neutrophils also display dysfunction in COPD where aberrant migratory profiles may lead to increased damage to lung tissue and emphysema; while in cystic fibrosis the proteolytic lung environment damages neutrophil receptors leading to ineffective phagocytosis and migration. Targeting the innate immune system to restore 'normal function' could have enormous benefits. Improving phagocytosis of pathogens could reduce exacerbations and hence the associated decline in lung function, and novel therapeutics such as sulforaphane appear to do this in vitro. Other natural products such as resveratrol and derivatives also have anti-inflammatory properties. Statins have traditionally been used to manage cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolaemia, however these molecules also have beneficial effects on the innate immune cells. Statins have been shown to be anti-inflammatory and restore aberrant neutrophil chemotaxis in aged cells. Other possible agents that may be efficacious are senolytics. These compounds include natural products such as quercetin which have anti-inflammatory properties but can also suppress viral replication. As viruses have been shown to suppress phagocytosis of macrophages, it is possible that these compounds could have benefit during viral exacerbations to protect this innate response. These compounds demonstrate that it is possible to address defective innate responses in the lung but a better understanding of the mechanisms driving defective innate immunity in pulmonary disease may lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B R Belchamber
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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193
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Hoy Z, Wright TW, Elliott M, Malone J, Bhagwat S, Wang J, Gigliotti F. Combination Immunotherapy with Passive Antibody and Sulfasalazine Accelerates Fungal Clearance and Promotes the Resolution of Pneumocystis-Associated Immunopathogenesis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00640-19. [PMID: 31611280 PMCID: PMC6977122 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00640-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary immune response protects healthy individuals against Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). However, the immune response also drives immunopathogenesis in patients who develop severe PcP, and it is generally accepted that optimal treatment requires combination strategies that promote fungal killing and also provide effective immunomodulation. The anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine programs macrophages for enhanced Pneumocystis phagocytosis and also suppresses PcP-related immunopathogenesis. Anti-Pneumocystis antibody opsonizes Pneumocystis organisms for greater phagocytosis and may also mask antigens that drive immunopathogenesis. Thus, we hypothesized that combining antibody and sulfasalazine would have the dual benefit of enhancing fungal clearance while dampening immunopathogenesis and allow the rescue of severe PcP. To model a clinically relevant treatment scenario in mice, therapeutic interventions were withheld until clear symptoms of pneumonia were evident. When administered individually, both passive antibody and sulfasalazine improved pulmonary function and enhanced Pneumocystis clearance to similar degrees. However, combination treatment with antibody and sulfasalazine produced a more rapid improvement, with recovery of body weight, a dramatic improvement in pulmonary function, reduced lung inflammation, and the rapid clearance of the Pneumocystis organisms. Accelerated fungal clearance in the combination treatment group was associated with a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis of Pneumocystis Both passive antibody and sulfasalazine resulted in the suppression of Th1 cytokines and a marked increase in lung macrophages displaying an alternatively activated phenotype, which were enhanced by combination treatment. Our data support the concept that passive antibody and sulfasalazine could be an effective and specific adjunctive therapy for PcP, with the potential to accelerate fungal clearance while attenuating PcP-associated immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Terry W Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jane Malone
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Samir Bhagwat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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194
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Jubrail J, Africano‐Gomez K, Herit F, Mularski A, Bourdoncle P, Oberg L, Israelsson E, Burgel P, Mayer G, Cunoosamy DM, Kurian N, Niedergang F. Arpin is critical for phagocytosis in macrophages and is targeted by human rhinovirus. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e47963. [PMID: 31721415 PMCID: PMC6945061 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus is a causative agent of severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterised by an increased number of alveolar macrophages with diminished phagocytic functions, but how rhinovirus infection affects macrophage function is still unknown. Here, we describe that human rhinovirus 16 impairs bacterial uptake and receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages. The stalled phagocytic cups contain accumulated F-actin. Interestingly, we find that human rhinovirus 16 downregulates the expression of Arpin, a negative regulator of the Arp2/3 complex. Importantly, re-expression of the protein rescues defective internalisation in human rhinovirus 16-treated cells, demonstrating that Arpin is a key factor targeted to impair phagocytosis. We further show that Arpin is required for efficient uptake of multiple targets, for F-actin cup formation and for successful phagosome completion in macrophages. Interestingly, Arpin is recruited to sites of membrane extension and phagosome closure. Thus, we identify Arpin as a central actin regulator during phagocytosis that it is targeted by human rhinovirus 16, allowing the virus to perturb bacterial internalisation and phagocytosis in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | | | - Floriane Herit
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Anna Mularski
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Pierre Bourdoncle
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
| | - Lisa Oberg
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Pierre‐Regis Burgel
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinINSERM, U1016, CNRSUMR 8104ParisFrance
- Department of PneumologyHospital Cochin, AP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Late‐stage developmentRespiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity (RIA)BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Translational Science and Experimental MedicineResearch and Early DevelopmentRespiratory Inflammation and AutoimmunityBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Nisha Kurian
- Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmune Precision Medicine UnitPrecision Medicine, Oncology R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
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195
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Molecular Mechanisms of Calcium Signaling During Phagocytosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:103-128. [PMID: 32399828 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger involved in the regulation of numerous cellular functions including vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal rearrangements and gene transcription. Both global as well as localized Ca2+ signals occur during phagocytosis, although their functional impact on the phagocytic process has been debated. After nearly 40 years of research, a consensus may now be reached that although not strictly required, Ca2+ signals render phagocytic ingestion and phagosome maturation more efficient, and their manipulation make an attractive avenue for therapeutic interventions. In the last decade many efforts have been made to identify the channels and regulators involved in generating and shaping phagocytic Ca2+ signals. While molecules involved in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) of the STIM and ORAI family have taken center stage, members of the canonical, melastatin, mucolipin and vanilloid transient receptor potential (TRP), as well as purinergic P2X receptor families are now recognized to play significant roles. In this chapter, we review the recent literature on research that has linked specific Ca2+-permeable channels and regulators to phagocytic function. We highlight the fact that lipid mediators are emerging as important regulators of channel gating and that phagosomal ionic homeostasis and Ca2+ release also play essential parts. We predict that improved methodologies for measuring these factors will be critical for future advances in dissecting the intricate biology of this fascinating immune process.
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196
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Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins having at least one C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) on the cell surface and either a short intracellular signaling tail or a transmembrane domain that facilitates interaction with a second protein, often the Fc receptor common gamma chain (FcRγ), that mediates signaling. Many CLRs directly recognize microbial cell walls and influence innate immunity by activating inflammatory and antimicrobial responses in phagocytes. In this review, we examine the contributions of certain CLRs to activation and regulation of phagocytosis in cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils.
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197
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Nascimento Da Conceicao V, Sun Y, Zboril EK, De la Chapa JJ, Singh BB. Loss of Ca 2+ entry via Orai-TRPC1 induces ER stress, initiating immune activation in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs237610. [PMID: 31722977 PMCID: PMC10682644 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cellular stresses is associated with inflammation; however, the mechanisms are not well identified. Here, we provide evidence that loss of Ca2+ influx induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in primary macrophages and in murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7, in which the unfolded protein response is initiated to modulate cytokine production, thereby activating the immune response. Stressors that initiate the ER stress response block store-dependent Ca2+ entry in macrophages prior to the activation of the unfolded protein response. The endogenous Ca2+ entry channel is dependent on the Orai1-TRPC1-STIM1 complex, and the presence of ER stressors decreased expression of TRPC1, Orai1 and STIM1. Additionally, blocking Ca2+ entry with SKF96365 also induced ER stress, promoted cytokine production, activation of autophagy, increased caspase activation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ER stress inducers inhibited cell cycle progression, promoted the inflammatory M1 phenotype, and increased phagocytosis. Mechanistically, restoration of Orai1-STIM1 expression inhibited the ER stress-mediated loss of Ca2+ entry that prevents ER stress and inhibits cytokine production, and thus induced cell survival. These results suggest an unequivocal role of Ca2+ entry in modulating ER stress and in the induction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Emily K Zboril
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jorge J De la Chapa
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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198
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Barger SR, Gauthier NC, Krendel M. Squeezing in a Meal: Myosin Functions in Phagocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 30:157-167. [PMID: 31836280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated, actin-dependent process of internalization of large extracellular particles, such as pathogens or apoptotic cells. Engulfment of phagocytic targets requires the activity of myosins, actin-dependent molecular motors, which perform a variety of functions at distinct steps during phagocytosis. By applying force to actin filaments, the plasma membrane, and intracellular proteins and organelles, myosins can generate contractility, directly regulate actin assembly to ensure proper phagocytic internalization, and translocate phagosomes or other cargo to appropriate cellular locations. Recent studies using engineered microenvironments and phagocytic targets have demonstrated how altering the actomyosin cytoskeleton affects phagocytic behavior. Here, we discuss how studies using genetic and biochemical manipulation of myosins, force measurement techniques, and live-cell imaging have advanced our understanding of how specific myosins function at individual steps of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Mira Krendel
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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199
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Maxfield FR, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Singh RK. Digestive exophagy: Phagocyte digestion of objects too large for phagocytosis. Traffic 2019; 21:6-12. [PMID: 31664749 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes carry out several essential functions, including killing and digesting infectious organisms, clearing denatured proteins, removing dead cells and removing several types of debris from the extracellular space. Many of these functions involve phagocytosis, the engulfment of a target in a specialized endocytic process and then fusion of the new phagosome with lysosomes. Phagocytes such as macrophages can phagocytose targets that are several micrometers in diameter (eg, dead cells), but in some cases they encounter much larger objects. We have studied two such examples in some detail: large deposits of lipoproteins such as those in the wall of blood vessels associated with atherosclerosis, and dead adipocytes, which are dozens of micrometers in diameter. We describe a process, which we call digestive exophagy, in which macrophages create a tight seal in contact with the target, acidify the sealed zone and secrete lysosomal contents into the contact zone. By this process, hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes occurs in a compartment that is outside the cell. We compare this process to the well characterized digestion of bone by osteoclasts, and we point out key similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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200
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Kim GT, Hahn KW, Sohn K, Yoon SY, Kim JW. PLAG enhances macrophage mobility for efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils via membrane redistribution of P2Y2. FEBS J 2019; 286:5016-5029. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guen Tae Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science and Nano Technology Hannam University Daejeon South Korea
| | - Kyu Woong Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science and Nano Technology Hannam University Daejeon South Korea
| | - Ki‐Young Sohn
- Division of Global New Drug Development ENZYCHEM Lifesciences Jecheon South Korea
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Division of Global New Drug Development ENZYCHEM Lifesciences Jecheon South Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon South Korea
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