151
|
Epigenetics in Alzheimer's Disease: Perspective of DNA Methylation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1026-1044. [PMID: 28092081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research over the years has shown that causes of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, but over the past years, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the developing memory formation either under pathological or physiological conditions has become clear. The term epigenetics represents the heredity of changes in phenotype that are independent of altered DNA sequences. Different studies validated that cytosine methylation of genomic DNA decreases with age in different tissues of mammals, and therefore, the role of epigenetic factors in developing neurological disorders in aging has been under focus. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the involvement of different epigenetic mechanisms especially the DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Down to the minutest of details, we tried to discuss the methylation patterns like mitochondrial DNA methylation and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) methylation. Additionally, we mentioned some therapeutic approaches related to epigenetics, which could provide a potential cure for AD. Moreover, we reviewed some recent studies that validate DNA methylation as a potential biomarker and its role in AD. We hope that this review will provide new insights into the understanding of AD pathogenesis from the epigenetic perspective especially from the perspective of DNA methylation.
Collapse
|
152
|
Shukla M, Govitrapong P, Boontem P, Reiter RJ, Satayavivad J. Mechanisms of Melatonin in Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:1010-1031. [PMID: 28294066 PMCID: PMC5652010 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170313123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of higher cognitive functions and an associated loss of memory. The thus far "incurable" stigma for AD prevails because of variations in the success rates of different treatment protocols in animal and human studies. Among the classical hypotheses explaining AD pathogenesis, the amyloid hypothesis is currently being targeted for drug development. The underlying concept is to prevent the formation of these neurotoxic peptides which play a central role in AD pathology and trigger a multispectral cascade of neurodegenerative processes post-aggregation. This could possibly be achieved by pharmacological inhibition of β- or γ-secretase or stimulating the nonamyloidogenic α-secretase. Melatonin the pineal hormone is a multifunctioning indoleamine. Production of this amphiphilic molecule diminishes with advancing age and this decrease runs parallel with the progression of AD which itself explains the potential benefits of melatonin in line of development and devastating consequences of the disease progression. Our recent studies have revealed a novel mechanism by which melatonin stimulates the nonamyloidogenic processing and inhibits the amyloidogenic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) by stimulating α -secretases and consequently down regulating both β- and γ-secretases at the transcriptional level. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the neuroprotective functions of melatonin in AD pathogenesis, including its role in the classical hypotheses in cellular and animal models and clinical interventions in AD patients, and suggest that with early detection, melatonin treatment is qualified to be an anti-AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boontem
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok10210, Thailand
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Chulabhorn Research Institute and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok10210, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
A First-in-Class Small-Molecule that Acts as a Dual Inhibitor of HDAC and PDE5 and that Rescues Hippocampal Synaptic Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:524-539. [PMID: 27550730 PMCID: PMC5399234 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of two independent but synergistic enzymatic activities, histone deacetylases (HDACs, class I and HDAC6) and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), has recently been validated as a potentially novel therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we report the discovery of a new first-in-class small-molecule (CM-414) that acts as a dual inhibitor of PDE5 and HDACs. We have used this compound as a chemical probe to validate this systems therapeutics strategy, where an increase in the activation of cAMP/cGMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) induced by PDE5 inhibition, combined with moderate HDAC class I inhibition, leads to efficient histone acetylation. This molecule rescued the impaired long-term potentiation evident in hippocampal slices from APP/PS1 mice. Chronic treatment of Tg2576 mice with CM-414 diminished brain Aβ and tau phosphorylation (pTau) levels, increased the inactive form of GSK3β, reverted the decrease in dendritic spine density on hippocampal neurons, and reversed their cognitive deficits, at least in part by inducing the expression of genes related to synaptic transmission. Thus, CM-414 may serve as the starting point to discover balanced dual inhibitors with an optimal efficacy and safety profile for clinical testing on AD patients.
Collapse
|
154
|
Kwon MJ, Kim S, Han MH, Lee SB. Epigenetic Changes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Cells 2016; 39:783-789. [PMID: 27871175 PMCID: PMC5125933 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Afflicted neurons in various neurodegenerative diseases generally display diverse and complex pathological features before catastrophic occurrence of massive neuronal loss at the late stages of the diseases. This complex nature of neuronal pathophysiology inevitably implicates systemwide changes in basic cellular activities such as transcriptional controls and signal cascades, and so on, as a cause. Recently, as one of these systemwide cellular changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetic changes caused by protein toxicity have begun to be highlighted. Notably, recent advances in related techniques including next-generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry enable us to monitor changes in the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins and to link these changes in histone PTMs to the specific transcriptional changes. Indeed, epigenetic alterations and consequent changes in neuronal transcriptome are now begun to be extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we will discuss details of our current understandings on epigenetic changes associated with two representative neurodegenerative diseases [AD and polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases] and further discuss possible future development of pharmaceutical treatment of the diseases through modulating these epigenetic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jee Kwon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sunhong Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Myeong Hoon Han
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Rabal O, Sánchez-Arias JA, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, de Miguel I, Pérez-González M, García-Barroso C, Ugarte A, Estella-Hermoso de Mendoza A, Sáez E, Espelosin M, Ursua S, Haizhong T, Wei W, Musheng X, Garcia-Osta A, Oyarzabal J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of First-in-Class Dual Acting Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) and Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8967-9004. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tan Haizhong
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd.,
TEDA, No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth
Avenue, Tianjin 300456, PR China
| | - Wu Wei
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd.,
TEDA, No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth
Avenue, Tianjin 300456, PR China
| | - Xu Musheng
- WuXi Apptec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd.,
TEDA, No. 111 HuangHai Road, Fourth
Avenue, Tianjin 300456, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Eid A, Zawia N. Consequences of lead exposure, and it’s emerging role as an epigenetic modifier in the aging brain. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:254-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
158
|
Arendt T, Stieler JT, Holzer M. Tau and tauopathies. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:238-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
159
|
Rui Y, Zheng JQ. Amyloid β oligomers elicit mitochondrial transport defects and fragmentation in a time-dependent and pathway-specific manner. Mol Brain 2016; 9:79. [PMID: 27535553 PMCID: PMC4989350 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small oligomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) are believed to be the culprit for declined brain functions in AD in part through their impairment of neuronal trafficking and synaptic functions. However, the precise cellular actions of Aβ oligomers and underlying mechanisms in neurons remain to be fully defined. Previous studies have identified mitochondria as a major target of Aβ toxicity contributing to early cognitive decline and memory loss in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we report that Aβ oligomers acutely elicit distinct effects on the transport and integrity of mitochondria. We found that acute exposure of hippocampal neurons to Aβ oligomers from either synthetic peptides or AD brain homogenates selectively impaired fast transport of mitochondria without affecting the movement of late endosomes and lysosomes. Extended exposure of hipoocampal neurons to Aβ oligomers was found to result in mitochondrial fragmentation. While both mitochondrial effects induced by Aβ oligomers can be abolished by the inhibition of GSK3β, they appear to be independent from each other. Aβ oligomers impaired mitochondrial transport through HDAC6 activation whereas the fragmentation involved the GTPase Drp-1. These results show that Aβ oligomers can acutely disrupt mitochondrial transport and integrity in a time-dependent and pathway-specific manner. These findings thus provide new insights into Aβ-induced mitochondrial defects that may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Rui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James Q Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Mitochondrial traffic jams in Alzheimer's disease - pinpointing the roadblocks. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1909-17. [PMID: 27460705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vigorous axonal transport of mitochondria, which serves to distribute these organelles in a dynamic and non-uniform fashion, is crucial to fulfill neuronal energetic requirements allowing the maintenance of neurons structure and function. Particularly, axonal transport of mitochondria and their spatial distribution among the synapses are directly correlated with synaptic activity and integrity. Despite the basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains enigmatic, axonal pathology and synaptic dysfunction occur prior the occurrence of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and tau aggregation, the two classical hallmarks of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. Importantly, the early stages of AD are marked by defects on axonal transport of mitochondria as denoted by the abnormal accumulation of mitochondria within large swellings along dystrophic and degenerating neuritis. Within this scenario, this review is devoted to identify the molecular "roadblocks" underlying the abnormal axonal transport of mitochondria and consequent synaptic "starvation" and neuronal degeneration in AD. Understanding the molecular nature of defective mitochondrial transport may provide a new avenue to counteract AD pathology.
Collapse
|
161
|
Maloney B, Lahiri DK. Epigenetics of dementia: understanding the disease as a transformation rather than a state. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:760-774. [PMID: 27302240 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other idiopathic dementias are associated with epigenetic transformations. These transformations connect the environment and genes to pathogenesis, and have led to the investigation of epigenetic-based therapeutic targes for the treatment of these diseases. Epigenetic changes occur over time in response to environmental effects. The epigenome-based latent early-life associated regulation (LEARn) hypothetical model indicates that accumulated environmental hits produce latent epigenetic changes. These hits can alter biochemical pathways until a pathological threshold is reached, which appears clinically as the onset of dementia. The hypotheses posed by LEARn are testable via longitudinal epigenome-wide, envirome-wide, and exposome-wide association studies (LEWAS) of the genome, epigenome, and environment. We posit that the LEWAS design could lead to effective prevention and treatments by identifying potential therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic evidence suggests that dementia is not a suddenly occurring and sharply delineated state, but rather a gradual change in crucial cellular pathways, that transforms an otherwise healthy state, as a result of neurodegeneration, to a dysfunctional state. Evidence from epigenetics could lead to ways to detect, prevent, and reverse such processes before clinical dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Sydow A, Hochgräfe K, Könen S, Cadinu D, Matenia D, Petrova O, Joseph M, Dennissen FJ, Mandelkow EM. Age-dependent neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a novel Ala152Thr-Tau transgenic mouse model of PSP and AD. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 26916334 PMCID: PMC4766625 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mutations of Tau are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the Tau mutation A152T was described as a novel risk factor for frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders and Alzheimer disease. In vitro Tau-A152T shows a decreased binding to microtubules and a reduced tendency to form abnormal fibers. Results To study the effects of this mutation we generated a mouse model expressing human full-length Tau with this mutation (hTau40AT). At young age (2–3 months) immunohistological analysis reveals pathological Tau conformation and Tau-hyperphosphorylation combined with Tau missorting into the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. With increasing age there is Tau aggregation including co-aggregates of endogenous mouse Tau and exogenous human Tau, accompanied by loss of synapses (especially presynaptic failure) and neurons. From ~10 months onwards the mice show a prominent neuroinflammatory response as judged by activation of microglia and astrocytes. This progressive neuroinflammation becomes visible by in vivo bioluminescence imaging after crossbreeding of hTau40AT mice and Gfap-luciferase reporter mice. In contrast to other Tau-transgenic models and Alzheimer disease patients with reduced protein clearance, hTau40AT mice show a strong induction of autophagy. Although Tau-hyperphosphorylation and aggregation is also present in spinal cord and motor cortex (due to the Thy1.2 promoter), neuromotor performance is not affected. Deficits in spatial reference memory are manifest at ~16 months and are accompanied by neuronal death. Conclusions The hTau40AT mice mimic pathological hallmarks of tauopathies including a cognitive phenotype combined with pronounced neuroinflammation visible by bioluminescence. Thus the mice are suitable for mechanistic studies of Tau induced toxicity and in vivo validation of neuroprotective compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0281-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
163
|
Asadollahi K, Rafiee S, Riazi GH, Pooyan S, Afrasiabi A. Trichloroacetic acid treatment as a tricky way for rapid purification of 1N/4R tau protein. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 118:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
164
|
Sharma S, Taliyan R. Epigenetic modifications by inhibiting histone deacetylases reverse memory impairment in insulin resistance induced cognitive deficit in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:285-297. [PMID: 26805421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been reported as a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However the molecular mechanisms of association between these still remain elusive. Various studies have highlighted the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in insulin resistance and cognitive deficits. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the possible neuroprotective role of HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in insulin resistance induced cognitive impairment in mice. Mice were subjected to either normal pellet diet (NPD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. HFD fed mice were treated with SAHA at 25 and 50 mg/kg i.p. once daily for 2 weeks. Serum insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured. A battery of behavioral parameters was performed to assess cognitive functions. Level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) was measured in hippocampus to assess neuroinflammation. To further explore the molecular mechanisms we measured the histone H3 acetylation and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level. HFD fed mice exhibit characteristic features of insulin resistance. These mice also showed a severe deficit in learning and memory along with reduced histone H3 acetylation and BDNF levels. In contrast, the mice treated with SAHA showed significant and dose dependent improvement in insulin resistant condition. These mice also showed improved learning and memory performance. SAHA treatment ameliorates the HFD induced reduction in histone H3 acetylation and BDNF levels. Based upon these results, it could be suggested that HDAC inhibitors exert neuroprotective effects by increasing H3 acetylation and subsequently BDNF level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Tubastatin A, an HDAC6 inhibitor, alleviates stroke-induced brain infarction and functional deficits: potential roles of α-tubulin acetylation and FGF-21 up-regulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19626. [PMID: 26790818 PMCID: PMC4726180 DOI: 10.1038/srep19626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 exists exclusively in cytoplasm and deacetylates cytoplasmic proteins such as α-tubulin. HDAC6 dysfunction is associated with several pathological conditions in the central nervous system. This study investigated the beneficial effects of tubastatin A (TubA), a novel specific HDAC6 inhibitor, in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. Post-ischemic TubA treatment robustly improved functional outcomes, reduced brain infarction, and ameliorated neuronal cell death in MCAO rats. These beneficial effects lasted at least three days after MCAO. Notably, when given at 24 hours after MCAO, TubA still exhibited significant protection. Levels of acetylated α-tubulin were decreased in the ischemic hemisphere on Days 1 and 3 after MCAO, and were significantly restored by TubA. MCAO markedly downregulated fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and TubA significantly reversed this downregulation. TubA also mitigated impaired FGF-21 signaling in the ischemic hemisphere, including up-regulating β-Klotho, and activating ERK and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways. In addition, both TubA and exogenous FGF-21 conferred neuroprotection and restored mitochondrial trafficking in rat cortical neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of TubA likely involve HDAC6 inhibition and the subsequent up-regulation of acetylated α-tubulin and FGF-21.
Collapse
|
166
|
Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington C, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik C, Hof PR. Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation and Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies, and Possible Neuroprotective Strategies. Biomolecules 2016; 6:6. [PMID: 26751493 PMCID: PMC4808800 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of misprocessed and aggregated proteins is a common final pathway of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by the extraneuronal deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein in the form of plaques and the intraneuronal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the form of filaments. Based on the biochemically diverse range of pathological tau proteins, a number of approaches have been proposed to develop new potential therapeutics. Here we discuss some of the most promising ones: inhibition of tau phosphorylation, proteolysis and aggregation, promotion of intra- and extracellular tau clearance, and stabilization of microtubules. We also emphasize the need to achieve a full understanding of the biological roles and post-translational modifications of normal tau, as well as the molecular events responsible for selective neuronal vulnerability to tau pathology and its propagation. It is concluded that answering key questions on the relationship between Aβ and tau pathology should lead to a better understanding of the nature of secondary tauopathies, especially AD, and open new therapeutic targets and strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Charles Harrington
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA.
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Luc Buée
- Laboratory Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Université Lille and INSERM U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France.
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Claude Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Whitehouse A, Doherty K, Yeh HH, Robinson AC, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Snowden J, Thompson JC, Davidson YS, Mann DMA. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:245-57. [PMID: 24861260 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is clinically and pathologically heterogeneous. Although associated with variations in MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72, the pathogenesis of these, and of other nongenetic, forms of FTLD, remains unknown. Epigenetic factors such as histone regulation by histone deacetylases (HDAC) may play a role in the dysregulation of transcriptional activity, thought to underpin the neurodegenerative process. METHODS The distribution and intensity of HDACs 4, 5 and 6 was assessed semi-quantitatively in immunostained sections of temporal cortex with hippocampus, and cerebellum, from 33 pathologically confirmed cases of FTLD and 27 controls. RESULTS We found a significantly greater intensity of cytoplasmic immunostaining for HDAC4 and HDAC6 in granule cells of the dentate gyrus in cases of FTLD overall compared with controls, and specifically in cases of FTLD tau-Picks compared with FTLD tau-MAPT and controls. No differences were noted between FTLD-TDP subtypes, or between the different genetic and nongenetic forms of FTLD. No changes were seen in HDAC5 in any FTLD or control cases. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of HDAC4 and/or HDAC6 could play a role in the pathogenesis of FTLD-tau associated with Pick bodies, although their lack of immunostaining implies that such changes do not contribute directly to the formation of Pick bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Whitehouse
- Clinical and Cognitive Sciences Research Group, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Fan HC, Chi CS, Cheng SN, Lee HF, Tsai JD, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Targeting New Candidate Genes by Small Molecules Approaching Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E26. [PMID: 26712747 PMCID: PMC4730273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are among the most feared of the disorders that afflict humankind for the lack of specific diagnostic tests and effective treatments. Understanding the molecular, cellular, biochemical changes of NDs may hold therapeutic promise against debilitating central nerve system (CNS) disorders. In the present review, we summarized the clinical presentations and biology backgrounds of NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and explored the role of molecular mechanisms, including dys-regulation of epigenetic control mechanisms, Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein kinase (ATM), and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of NDs. Targeting these mechanisms may hold therapeutic promise against these devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Cacabelos R, Torrellas C. Epigenetics of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30483-543. [PMID: 26703582 PMCID: PMC4691177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variability (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone modifications, microRNA regulation) is common in physiological and pathological conditions. Epigenetic alterations are present in different tissues along the aging process and in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epigenetics affect life span and longevity. AD-related genes exhibit epigenetic changes, indicating that epigenetics might exert a pathogenic role in dementia. Epigenetic modifications are reversible and can potentially be targeted by pharmacological intervention. Epigenetic drugs may be useful for the treatment of major problems of health (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disorders, brain disorders). The efficacy and safety of these and other medications depend upon the efficiency of the pharmacogenetic process in which different clusters of genes (pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, pleiotropic) are involved. Most of these genes are also under the influence of the epigenetic machinery. The information available on the pharmacoepigenomics of most drugs is very limited; however, growing evidence indicates that epigenetic changes are determinant in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions and in drug response and drug resistance. Consequently, pharmacoepigenetic studies should be incorporated in drug development and personalized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Sanchez-Mut JV, Gräff J. Epigenetic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:347. [PMID: 26734709 PMCID: PMC4681781 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in Western societies. It progresses asymptomatically during decades before being belatedly diagnosed when therapeutic strategies have become unviable. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with AD, the vast majority of AD cases do not show strong genetic underpinnings and are thus considered a consequence of non-genetic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms allow for the integration of long-lasting non-genetic inputs on specific genetic backgrounds, and recently, a growing number of epigenetic alterations in AD have been described. For instance, an accumulation of dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms in aging, the predominant risk factor of AD, might facilitate the onset of the disease. Likewise, mutations in several enzymes of the epigenetic machinery have been associated with neurodegenerative processes that are altered in AD such as impaired learning and memory formation. Genome-wide and locus-specific epigenetic alterations have also been reported, and several epigenetically dysregulated genes validated by independent groups. From these studies, a picture emerges of AD as being associated with DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, suggesting a general repressed chromatin state and epigenetically reduced plasticity in AD. Here we review these recent findings and discuss several technical and methodological considerations that are imperative for their correct interpretation. We also pay particular focus on potential implementations and theoretical frameworks that we expect will help to better direct future studies aimed to unravel the epigenetic participation in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Sanchez-Mut
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory - UPGRAEFF, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Gräff
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory - UPGRAEFF, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Hernández-Ortega K, Garcia-Esparcia P, Gil L, Lucas JJ, Ferrer I. Altered Machinery of Protein Synthesis in Alzheimer's: From the Nucleolus to the Ribosome. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:593-605. [PMID: 26512942 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes and protein synthesis have been reported to be altered in the cerebral cortex at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modifications in the hippocampus with disease progression have not been assessed. Sixty-seven cases including middle-aged (MA) and AD stages I-VI were analyzed. Nucleolar chaperones nucleolin, nucleophosmin and nucleoplasmin 3, and upstream binding transcription factor RNA polymerase I gene (UBTF) mRNAs are abnormally regulated and their protein levels reduced in AD. Histone modifications dimethylated histone H3K9 (H3K9me2) and acetylated histone H3K12 (H3K12ac) are decreased in CA1. Nuclear tau declines in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG), and practically disappears in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. Subunit 28 ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) expression is altered in CA1 and DG in AD. Several genes encoding ribosomal proteins are abnormally regulated and protein levels of translation initiation factors eIF2α, eIF3η and eIF5, and elongation factor eEF2, are altered in the CA1 region in AD. These findings show alterations in the protein synthesis machinery in AD involving the nucleolus, nucleus and ribosomes in the hippocampus in AD some of them starting at first stages (I-II) preceding neuron loss. These changes may lie behind reduced numbers of dendritic branches and reduced synapses of CA1 and DG neurons which cause hippocampal atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hernández-Ortega
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gil
- Department of Genetics, Medical School, Alfonso X el Sabio University (UAX), Villanueva de la Cañada; Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Lucas
- Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Neuropathology, CIBERNED (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Zhu T, Zhao D, Song Z, Yuan Z, Li C, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yin X, Hassan MF, Yang L. HDAC6 alleviates prion peptide-mediated neuronal death via modulating PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:91-102. [PMID: 26507311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) controls several major cellular responses to stress that play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, including aggresome formation, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the specific role of HDAC6 in prion diseases is not known. In this study, we examined the relationship between HDAC6 and cellular response to the neurotoxic synthetic prion protein fragment PrP106-126. We determined that exposure of cerebral cortical neurons to this fragment alters the expression and localization of HDAC6. Suppression of HDAC6 activity or knockdown of HDAC6 expression exacerbates the neuronal cell death induced by PrP106-126, but that overexpression of HDAC6 alleviates PrP106-126-induced neuronal death. We also found that this protective effect of HDAC6 involves the activation of autophagy and modulation of PI3K-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Overexpression of HDAC6 in neurons-induced autophagy correlated with a reduction in phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated p70S6K in response to PrP106-126 stimulation, conversely, HDAC6 deficiency interfered with autophagy and increased phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated 70S6K. In addition, HDAC6 also appears to modulate the phosphorylation of Akt; overexpression of HDAC6 increased the phosphorylated Akt, but HDAC6 deficiency resulted in further reduction of phosphorylated Akt. Overall, we demonstrate that HDAC6 protects neurons from toxicity of prion peptide, and that this protection occurs at through the regulation of the PI3k-Akt-mTOR axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaosi Li
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Farooque Hassan
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Garcia-Barroso C, Sanzhez-Arias J, Mederos S, Rabal O, Ugarte A, Franco R, Pascual-Lucas M, Segura V, Perea G, Oyarzabal J, Garcia-Osta A. Concomitant histone deacetylase and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition synergistically prevents the disruption in synaptic plasticity and it reverses cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:108. [PMID: 26457123 PMCID: PMC4599811 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the implication of histone acetylation in memory processes, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been postulated as potential modulators of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, dose-dependent side effects have been described in patients with the currently available broad-spectrum HDACIs, explaining why their therapeutic potential has not been realized for chronic diseases. Here, by simultaneously targeting two independent enzyme activities, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), we propose a novel mode of inhibitory action that might increase the therapeutic specificity of HDACIs. RESULTS The combination of vorinostat, a pan-HDACI, and tadalafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, rescued the long-term potentiation impaired in slices from APP/PS1 mice. When administered in vivo, the combination of these drugs alleviated the cognitive deficits in AD mice, as well as the amyloid and tau pathology, and it reversed the reduced dendritic spine density on hippocampal neurons. Significantly, the combination of vorinostat and tadalafil was more effective than each drug alone, both against the symptoms and in terms of disease modification, and importantly, these effects persisted after a 4-week washout period. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the pharmacological potential of a combination of molecules that inhibit HDAC and PDE5 as a therapeutic approach for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Garcia-Barroso
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Sanzhez-Arias
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - S Mederos
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Ugarte
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - R Franco
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pascual-Lucas
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Segura
- Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Perea
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Osta
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Grüninger F. Invited review: Drug development for tauopathies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:81-96. [PMID: 25354646 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many different approaches to treating tauopathies are currently being explored, with a few compounds already in clinical development (including small molecules such as anti-aggregation compound LMTX and active vaccines AADvac1 and ACI-35). This review aims to summarize the status of the clinical candidates and to highlight the emerging areas of research that hold promise for drug development. Tau is post-translationally modified in several different ways (phosphorylated, acetylated, glycosylated and truncated). The extent of these modifications can be manipulated to influence tau aggregation state and pathogenesis and the enzymes involved provide tractable targets for drug intervention. In addition, modulation of tau expression levels is an attractive therapeutic approach. Finally, the recently described prion-like spreading of tau between cells opens up novel avenues from the tau drug development perspective. The review compares the merits of small-molecule and antibody-based therapies and emphasizes the need for amenable clinical biomarkers for drug development, particularly PET imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Grüninger
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Disease & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epigenetic dysregulation, including aberrations in histone acetylation, is also associated with AD. We show here for the first time that ApoE4 increases nuclear translocation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human neurons, thereby reducing BDNF expression, whereas ApoE3 increases histone 3 acetylation and upregulates BDNF expression. Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, which have been implicated in AD, caused effects similar to ApoE4. Blocking low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptor with receptor-associated protein (RAP) or LRP-1 siRNA abolished the ApoE effects. ApoE3 also induced expression of protein kinase C ε (PKCε) and PKCε retained HDACs in the cytosol. PKCε activation and ApoE3 supplementation prevented ApoE4-mediated BDNF downregulation. PKCε activation also reversed Aβ oligomer- and ApoE4-induced nuclear import of HDACs, preventing the loss in BDNF. ApoE4 induced HDAC6-BDNF promoter IV binding, which reduced BDNF exon IV expression. Nuclear HDAC4 and HDAC6 were more abundant in the hippocampus of ApoE4 transgenic mice than in ApoE3 transgenic mice or wild-type controls. Nuclear translocation of HDA6 was also elevated in the hippocampus of AD patients compared with age-matched controls. These results provide new insight into the cause of synaptic loss that is the most important pathologic correlate of cognitive deficits in AD.
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
α-Synuclein inclusion bodies are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, and contain aggregated α-synuclein and a variety of recruited factors, including protein chaperones, proteasome components, ubiquitin and the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO-1. Cell culture and animal model studies suggest that misfolded, aggregated α-synuclein is actively translocated via the cytoskeletal system to a region of the cell where other factors that help to lessen the toxic effects can also be recruited. SUMO-1 covalently conjugates to various intracellular target proteins in a way analogous to ubiquitination to alter cellular distribution, function and metabolism and also plays an important role in a growing list of cellular pathways, including exosome secretion and apoptosis. Furthermore, SUMO-1 modified proteins have recently been linked to cell stress responses, such as oxidative stress response and heat shock response, with increased SUMOylation being neuroprotective in some cases. Several recent studies have linked SUMOylation to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, while other evidence implicates the lysosomal pathway. Other reports depict a direct mechanism whereby sumoylation reduced the aggregation tendency of α-synuclein, and reduced the toxicity. However, the precise role of SUMO-1 in neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this review, we explore the potential direct or indirect role(s) of SUMO-1 in the cellular response to misfolded α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
178
|
Abstract
Maintenance of neuronal polarity and regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics are vital during development and to uphold synaptic activity in neuronal networks. Here we show that soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) disrupts actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics via activation of RhoA and inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in cultured hippocampal neurons. The contact of Aβ with the extracellular membrane promotes RhoA activation, leading to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction, which might be responsible for hampered neuronal pathfinding and migration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inhibition of HDAC6 by Aβ increases the level of heterodimeric acetylated tubulin and acetylated tau, both of which have been found altered in AD. We also find that the loss of HDAC6 activity perturbs the integrity of axon initial segment (AIS), resulting in mislocalization of ankyrin G and increased MT instability in the AIS concomitant with loss of polarized localization of tau and impairment of action potential firing.
Collapse
|
179
|
Whitfield JF, Chiarini A, Dal Prà I, Armato U, Chakravarthy B. The Possible Roles of the Dentate Granule Cell's Leptin and Other Ciliary Receptors in Alzheimer's Neuropathology. Cells 2015; 4:253-74. [PMID: 26184316 PMCID: PMC4588035 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentate-gyral granule cells in the hippocampus plus dentate gyrus memory-recording/retrieving machine, unlike most other neurons in the brain, are continuously being generated in the adult brain with the important task of separating overlapping patterns of data streaming in from the outside world via the entorhinal cortex. This "adult neurogenesis" is driven by tools in the mature granule cell's cilium. Here we report our discovery of leptin's LepRb receptor in this cilium. In addition, we discuss how ciliary LepRb signaling might be involved with ciliary p75NTR and SSTR3 receptors in adult neurogenesis and memory formation as well as attenuation of Alzheimer's neuropathology by reducing the production of its toxic amyloid-β-derived drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Balu Chakravarthy
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Lu X, Wang L, Yu C, Yu D, Yu G. Histone Acetylation Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26136662 PMCID: PMC4468862 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that histone acetylation, as one of the epigenetic modifications or markers, plays a key role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Histone acetylases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the well-known covalent enzymes that modify the reversible acetylation of lysine residues in histone amino-terminal domains. In AD, however, the roles of these enzymes are controversial. Some recent studies indicate that HDAC inhibitors are neuroprotective by regulating memory and synaptic dysfunctions in cellular and animal models of AD; while on the other hand, increase of histone acetylation have been implicated in AD pathology. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the roles of histone acetylation covalent enzymes in AD and discuss how targeting these enzymes can ultimately lead to therapeutic approaches for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemato-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Caijia Yu
- The Commonwealth Medical College , Scranton, PA , USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple Clinical Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Mortenson JB, Heppler LN, Banks CJ, Weerasekara VK, Whited MD, Piccolo SR, Johnson WE, Thompson JW, Andersen JL. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) promotes the pro-survival activity of 14-3-3ζ via deacetylation of lysines within the 14-3-3ζ binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12487-96. [PMID: 25770209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospho-binding protein 14-3-3ζ acts as a signaling hub controlling a network of interacting partners and oncogenic pathways. We show here that lysines within the 14-3-3ζ binding pocket and protein-protein interface can be modified by acetylation. The positive charge on two of these lysines, Lys(49) and Lys(120), is critical for coordinating 14-3-3ζ-phosphoprotein interactions. Through screening, we identified HDAC6 as the Lys(49)/Lys(120) deacetylase. Inhibition of HDAC6 blocks 14-3-3ζ interactions with two well described interacting partners, Bad and AS160, which triggers their dephosphorylation at Ser(112) and Thr(642), respectively. Expression of an acetylation-refractory K49R/K120R mutant of 14-3-3ζ rescues both the HDAC6 inhibitor-induced loss of interaction and Ser(112)/Thr(642) phosphorylation. Furthermore, expression of the K49R/K120R mutant of 14-3-3ζ inhibits the cytotoxicity of HDAC6 inhibition. These data demonstrate a novel role for HDAC6 in controlling 14-3-3ζ binding activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William E Johnson
- the Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - J Will Thompson
- the Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Fontaine SN, Sabbagh JJ, Baker J, Martinez-Licha CR, Darling A, Dickey CA. Cellular factors modulating the mechanism of tau protein aggregation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1863-79. [PMID: 25666877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition worldwide. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, a number of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated tau in a variety of brain regions. While tau normally plays an important role in stabilizing the microtubule network of the cytoskeleton, its dissociation from microtubules and eventual aggregation into pathological deposits is an area of intense focus for therapeutic development. Here we discuss the known cellular factors that affect tau aggregation, from post-translational modifications to molecular chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Fontaine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Tang BL. Class II HDACs and neuronal regeneration. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1225-33. [PMID: 24604703 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vastly more superior regenerative capacity of the axons of peripheral nerves over central nervous system (CNS) neurons has been partly attributed to the former's intrinsic capacity to initiate and sustain the functionality of a new growth cone. Growth cone generation involves a myriad of processes that centers around the organization of microtubule bundles. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) modulate a wide range of key neuronal processes such as neural progenitor differentiation, learning and memory, neuronal death, and degeneration. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be beneficial in attenuating neuronal death and promoting neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. Recent advances have provided insights on how manipulating HDAC activities, particularly the type II HDACs 5 and 6, which deacetylate tubulin, may benefit axonal regeneration. These advances are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Leyk J, Goldbaum O, Noack M, Richter-Landsberg C. Inhibition of HDAC6 modifies tau inclusion body formation and impairs autophagic clearance. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:1031-46. [PMID: 25434725 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous inclusions in nerve cells and glia are a defining neuropathological hallmark in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Their occurrence may be related to malfunctions of the proteolytic degradation systems. In cultured oligodendrocytes, proteasomal inhibition leads to protein aggregate formation resembling coiled bodies, which are characteristic for PSP and CBD. Large protein aggregates are excluded from the proteasome and can only be degraded by autophagy, a lysosomal pathway. Autophagy is a highly selective process, which requires a variety of receptor proteins for ubiquitinated proteins, such as p62 and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). HDAC6 is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, and alpha-tubulin is its major substrate. HDAC6 is considered as a sensor of proteasomal stress; it is involved in the autophagosomal pathway and can mediate the retrograde transport of ubiquitinated proteins along the microtubules. As we have shown recently, HDAC6 is present in oligodendrocytes and its inhibition leads to morphological alterations, microtubule bundling, modulation of acetylation, and phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether HDAC6 is involved in protein aggregate formation in oligodendrocytes and whether its inhibition modifies the consequences of MG-132-induced inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The data show that HDAC6 and acetylated tau are recruited to protein aggregates after proteasomal inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 by the selective inhibitor tubastatin A (TST) and its small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated downregulation alters the assembly of MG-132-induced compact protein aggregates. After TST treatment, they appear more diffusely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. This is not a protective means but promotes the onset of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the heat shock response is altered, and TST suppresses the MG-132-stimulated induction of HSP70. To test whether the alteration of protein aggregate formation is related to the influence of HDAC6 on the autophagic degradation system, an oligodendroglial cell line, i.e., OLN-93 cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and tau, was used. During autophagosome formation, endogenous LC3 is processed to LC3-I, which is then converted to LC3-II. An increase of LC3-II is used as a reliable marker for autophagosome formation and abundance. It is demonstrated that inhibition of HDAC6 leads to the accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomal vacuoles and an increase in LC3-II immunoreactivity, but the autophagic flux is rather impaired. Hence, the inhibition or dysregulation of HDAC6 contributes to stress responses and pathological processes in oligodendrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Leyk
- Department of Neurosciences, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, POB 2503, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Alzheimer's disease and epigenetic diet. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
186
|
Hyttinen JM, Amadio M, Viiri J, Pascale A, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by aggrephagy and implications for aggregation diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:16-28. [PMID: 25062811 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Processing of misfolded proteins is important in order for the cell to maintain its normal functioning and homeostasis. Three systems control the quality of proteins: chaperone-mediated refolding, proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, and finally, when the two others fail, aggrephagy, as selective form of autophagy, degrades ubiquitin-labelled aggregated cargos. In this route misfolded proteins gradually form larger aggregates, aggresomes and they eventually become double membrane-wrapped organelles called autophagosomes, which become degraded when they fuse to lysosomes, for reuse by the cell. The stages, the main molecules participating in the process, and the regulation of aggrephagy are discussed here, as is the role of protein aggregation in protein accumulation diseases. In particular, we emphasize that both Alzheimer's disease and age-related macular degeneration, two of the most common pathologies in the aged, are characterized by altered protein clearance and deposits. Based on the hypothesis that manipulations of autophagy may be potentially useful in these and other aggregation-related diseases, we will discuss some promising therapeutic strategies to counteract protein aggregates-induced cellular toxicity.
Collapse
|
187
|
Davinelli S, Calabrese V, Zella D, Scapagnini G. Epigenetic nutraceutical diets in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:800-5. [PMID: 25389957 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing support that environmental influences and individual genetic susceptibility may increase the incidence and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epigenetic mechanisms encompass a complex regulatory network of modifications with considerable impact on health and disease risk. Abnormal epigenetic regulation is a hallmark in many pathological conditions including AD. It is well recognized that numerous bioactive dietary components mediate epigenetic modifications associated with the pathophysiology of several diseases. Although the influences of dietary factors on epigenetic regulation have been extensively investigated, only few studies have explored the effects of specific food components in regulating epigenetic patterns during neurodegeneration and AD. Epigenetic nutritional research has substantial potential for AD and may represent a window of opportunity to complement other interventions. Here, we provide a brief overview of the main mechanisms involved in AD, some of which may be epigenetically modulated by bioactive food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Davinelli
- Giovanni Scapagnini, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on amygdaloid histone acetylation and neuropeptide Y expression: a role in anxiety-like and alcohol-drinking behaviours. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1207-20. [PMID: 24528596 PMCID: PMC4140694 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism. Here, we investigated the effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) on amygdaloid HDAC-induced histone deacetylation and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression and on anxiety-like and alcohol-drinking behaviours in alcohol-preferring (P) and -non-preferring (NP) rats. It was found that P rats displayed higher anxiety-like and alcohol-drinking behaviours, higher amygdaloid nuclear, but not cytosolic, HDAC activity, which was associated with increased HDAC2 protein levels and deficits in histone acetylation and NPY expression in the central (CeA) and medial nucleus of amygdala (MeA), as compared to NP rats. TSA treatment attenuated the anxiety-like and alcohol-drinking behaviours, with concomitant reductions in amygdaloid nuclear, but not cytosolic HDAC activity, and HDAC2, but not HDAC4, protein levels in the CeA and MeA of P rats, without effect in NP rats. TSA treatment also increased global histone acetylation (H3-K9 and H4-K8) and NPY expression in the CeA and MeA of P, but not in NP rats. Histone H3 acetylation within the NPY promoter was also innately lower in the amygdala of P rats compared with NP rats; which was normalized by TSA treatment. Voluntary ethanol intake in P, but not NP rats, produced anxiolytic effects and decreased the HDAC2 levels and increased histone acetylation in the CeA and MeA. These results suggest that higher HDAC2 expression-related deficits in histone acetylation may be involved in lower NPY expression in the amygdala of P rats, and operative in controlling anxiety-like and alcohol-drinking behaviours.
Collapse
|
189
|
Axonal Transport Defects in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
190
|
Coppedè F. The potential of epigenetic therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Genet 2014; 5:220. [PMID: 25071843 PMCID: PMC4094885 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Available treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, do not arrest disease progression but mainly help keeping patients from getting worse for a limited period of time. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone tail modifications are dynamically regulated in neurons and play a fundamental role in learning and memory processes. In addition, both global and gene-specific epigenetic changes and deregulated expression of the writer and eraser proteins of epigenetic marks are believed to contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Studies in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases have highlighted the potential role of epigenetic drugs, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases and methyl donor compounds, in ameliorating the cognitive symptoms and preventing or delaying the motor symptoms of the disease, thereby opening the way for a potential application in human pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is assumed that epigenetic modifications are reversible and could potentially be targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions. Epigenetic drugs are gaining particular interest as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AREAS COVERED This article covers relevant information from over 50 different epigenetic drugs including: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors; histone deacetylase inhibitors; histone acetyltransferase modulators; histone methyltransferase inhibitors; histone demethylase inhibitors; non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) and dietary regimes. The authors also review the pharmacoepigenomics and the pharmacogenomics of epigenetic drugs. The readers will gain insight into i) the classification of epigenetic drugs; ii) the mechanisms by which these drugs might be useful in AD; iii) the pharmacological properties of selected epigenetic drugs; iv) pharmacoepigenomics and the influence of epigenetic drugs on genes encoding CYP enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors; and v) the genes associated with the pharmacogenomics of anti-dementia drugs. EXPERT OPINION Epigenetic drugs reverse epigenetic changes in gene expression and might open future avenues in AD therapeutics. Unfortunately, clinical trials with this category of drugs are lacking in AD. The authors highlight the need for pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies to properly evaluate any efficacy and safety issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Professor,Camilo José Cela University, Chair of Genomic Medicine , Madrid , Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Yan J. Interplay between HDAC6 and its interacting partners: essential roles in the aggresome-autophagy pathway and neurodegenerative diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:567-80. [PMID: 24932665 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic localization and possession of two deacetylase domains and a ubiquitin-binding domain make histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) a unique histone deacetylase. HDAC6 interacts with a number of proteins in the cytoplasm. Some of these proteins can be deacetylated by HDAC6 deacetylase activity. Others can affect HDAC6 functions by modulating its catalytic activity or ubiquitin-binding capability. Over the last decade, HDAC6 has been shown to play important roles in the aggresome-autophagy pathway, which selectively targets on protein aggregates or damaged organelles for their accumulation and clearance in cells. HDAC6-interacting partners are integral components in this pathway with regard to their regulatory roles through interaction with HDAC6. The aggresome-autophagy pathway appears to be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases as accumulation of protein aggregates are hallmarks in these diseases. In the current review, I discuss the molecular details of how HDAC6 and its interacting partners regulate each individual step in the aggresome-autophagy pathway and also provide perspectives of how HDAC6 can be targeted in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
|
194
|
Cook C, Stankowski JN, Carlomagno Y, Stetler C, Petrucelli L. Acetylation: a new key to unlock tau's role in neurodegeneration. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:29. [PMID: 25031639 PMCID: PMC4075151 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of tau protein as a major constituent of neurofibrillary tangles spurred considerable effort devoted to identifying and validating pathways through which therapeutics may alleviate tau burden in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with sport- and military-related injuries. Most tau-based therapeutic strategies have previously focused on modulating tau phosphorylation, given that tau species present within neurofibrillary tangles are hyperphosphorylated on a number of different residues. However, the recent discovery that tau is modified by acetylation necessitates additional research to provide greater mechanistic insight into the spectrum of physiological consequences of tau acetylation, which may hold promise as a novel therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss recent findings evaluating tau acetylation in the context of previously accepted notions regarding tau biology and pathophysiology. We also examine the evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective and beneficial consequences of inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC)6, a tau deacetylase, including its effect on microtubule stabilization. We also discuss the rationale for pharmacologically modulating HDAC6 in tau-based pathologies as a novel therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey Cook
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Yari Carlomagno
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Abstract
Recent data support the view that epigenetic processes play a role in memory consolidation and help to transmit acquired memories even across generations in a Lamarckian manner. Drugs that target the epigenetic machinery were found to enhance memory function in rodents and ameliorate disease phenotypes in models for brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Chorea Huntington, Depression or Schizophrenia. In this review, I will give an overview on the current knowledge of epigenetic processes in memory function and brain disease with a focus on Morbus Alzheimer as the most common neurodegenerative disease. I will address the question whether an epigenetic therapy could indeed be a suitable therapeutic avenue to treat brain diseases and discuss the necessary steps that should help to take neuroepigenetic research to the next level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Seto E, Yoshida M. Erasers of histone acetylation: the histone deacetylase enzymes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a018713. [PMID: 24691964 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl functional groups from the lysine residues of both histone and nonhistone proteins. In humans, there are 18 HDAC enzymes that use either zinc- or NAD(+)-dependent mechanisms to deacetylate acetyl lysine substrates. Although removal of histone acetyl epigenetic modification by HDACs regulates chromatin structure and transcription, deacetylation of nonhistones controls diverse cellular processes. HDAC inhibitors are already known potential anticancer agents and show promise for the treatment of many diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Seto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Cau P, Navarro C, Harhouri K, Roll P, Sigaudy S, Kaspi E, Perrin S, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Lévy N. WITHDRAWN: Nuclear matrix, nuclear envelope and premature aging syndromes in a translational research perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014:S1084-9521(14)00058-5. [PMID: 24685615 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.022. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cau
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(2).
| | - Claire Navarro
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1)
| | - Karim Harhouri
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1)
| | - Patrice Roll
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(2)
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(3)
| | - Elise Kaspi
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(2)
| | - Sophie Perrin
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1)
| | - Annachiara De Sandre-Giovannoli
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(3)
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(1); AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France(3).
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Cau P, Navarro C, Harhouri K, Roll P, Sigaudy S, Kaspi E, Perrin S, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Lévy N. Nuclear matrix, nuclear envelope and premature aging syndromes in a translational research perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 29:125-47. [PMID: 24662892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lamin A-related progeroid syndromes are genetically determined, extremely rare and severe. In the past ten years, our knowledge and perspectives for these diseases has widely progressed, through the progressive dissection of their pathophysiological mechanisms leading to precocious and accelerated aging, from the genes mutations discovery until therapeutic trials in affected children. A-type lamins are major actors in several structural and functional activities at the nuclear periphery, as they are major components of the nuclear lamina. However, while this is usually poorly considered, they also play a key role within the rest of the nucleoplasm, whose defects are related to cell senescence. Although nuclear shape and nuclear envelope deformities are obvious and visible events, nuclear matrix disorganization and abnormal composition certainly represent the most important causes of cell defects with dramatic pathological consequences. Therefore, lamin-associated diseases should be better referred as laminopathies instead of envelopathies, this later being too restrictive, considering neither the key structural and functional roles of soluble lamins in the entire nucleoplasm, nor the nuclear matrix contribution to the pathophysiology of lamin-associated disorders and in particular in defective lamin A processing-associated aging diseases. Based on both our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and the biological and clinical consequences of progeria and related diseases, therapeutic trials have been conducted in patients and were terminated less than 10 years after the gene discovery, a quite fast issue for a genetic disease. Pharmacological drugs have been repurposed and used to decrease the toxicity of the accumulated, unprocessed and truncated prelaminA in progeria. To date, none of them may be considered as a cure for progeria and these clinical strategies were essentially designed toward reducing a subset of the most dramatic and morbid features associated to progeria. New therapeutic strategies under study, in particular targeting the protein expression pathway at the mRNA level, have shown a remarkable efficacy both in vitro in cells and in vivo in mice models. Strategies intending to clear the toxic accumulated proteins from the nucleus are also under evaluation. However, although exceedingly rare, improving our knowledge of genetic progeroid syndromes and searching for innovative and efficient therapies in these syndromes is of paramount importance as, even before they can be used to save lives, they may significantly (i) expand the affected childrens' lifespan and preserve their quality of life; (ii) improve our understanding of aging-related disorders and other more common diseases; and (iii) expand our fundamental knowledge of physiological aging and its links with major physiological processes such as those involved in oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cau
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Claire Navarro
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Karim Harhouri
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrice Roll
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Elise Kaspi
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Sophie Perrin
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Annachiara De Sandre-Giovannoli
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; INSERM, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'enfants Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Staszewski O, Prinz M. Glial epigenetics in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:609-16. [PMID: 24652504 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation shapes the differentiation and response to stimuli of all tissues and cells beyond what genetics would dictate. Epigenetic regulation acts through covalent modifications of DNA and histones while leaving the nucleotide code intact. However, these chromatin modifications are known to be vital components of the regulation of cell fate and response. With regards to the central nervous system (CNS), little is known about how epigenetic regulation shapes the function of neural cell types. The focus of research so far has been on epigenetic regulation of neuronal function and the role of epigenetics in tumorigenesis. However, the glial cell compartment, which makes up 90 % of all CNS cells, has so far received scant attention as to how epigenetics shape their differentiation and function. Here, we highlight current knowledge about epigenetic changes in glial cells occurring during CNS injury, neuroinflammatory conditions and neurodegenerative disease. This review offers an overview of the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in glial cells in CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Selenica ML, Benner L, Housley SB, Manchec B, Lee DC, Nash KR, Kalin J, Bergman JA, Kozikowski A, Gordon MN, Morgan D. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition improves memory and reduces total tau levels in a mouse model of tau deposition. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:12. [PMID: 24576665 PMCID: PMC3978441 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Tau pathology is associated with a number of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Few treatments have been demonstrated to diminish the impact of tau pathology in mouse models and none are yet effective in humans. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an enzyme that removes acetyl groups from cytoplasmic proteins, rather than nuclear histones. Its substrates include tubulin, heat shock protein 90 and cortactin. Tubastatin A is a selective inhibitor of HDAC6. Modification of tau pathology by specific inhibition of HDAC6 presents a potential therapeutic approach in tauopathy. Methods We treated rTg4510 mouse models of tau deposition and non-transgenic mice with tubastatin (25 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%) from 5 to 7 months of age. Cognitive behavior analysis, histology and biochemical analysis were applied to access the effect of tubastatin on memory, tau pathology and neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume). Results We present data showing that tubastatin restored memory function in rTg4510 mice and reversed a hyperactivity phenotype. We further found that tubastatin reduced the levels of total tau, both histologically and by western analysis. Reduction in total tau levels was positively correlated with memory improvement in these mice. However, there was no impact on phosphorylated forms of tau, either by histology or western analysis, nor was there an impact on silver positive inclusions histologically. Conclusion Potential mechanisms by which HDAC6 inhibitors might benefit the rTg4510 mouse include stabilization of microtubules secondary to increased tubulin acetylation, increased degradation of tau secondary to increased acetylation of HSP90 or both. These data support the use of HDAC6 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents against tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Linda Selenica
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA ; College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Leif Benner
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Steven B Housley
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Barbara Manchec
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Daniel C Lee
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA ; College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kevin R Nash
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA ; College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jay Kalin
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joel A Bergman
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alan Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA ; College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA ; College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|